1. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Artificial Intelligence (AI), has evolved drastically over

the years, touching various aspects
of our lives. It is a technology that has not only fascinated us but also significantly impacted
how we live, work, and interact with the world around us. Within the vast landscape of AI,
there exist several distinct Domains of Artificial Intelligence, each with its unique
characteristics and applications. According to Statista, the global AI market, with a value
of billion 113.60 GBP in 2023, is on a continuous growth trajectory, primarily fueled by
substantial investments.

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a machine to learn patterns and make
predictions.

In its simplest form, Artificial Intelligence is a field that combines computer science and
robust datasets to enable problem-solving. AI does not replace human decisions; instead,
AI adds value to human judgment. Think of AI as a smart helper that can understand
things, learn from examples, and do tasks on its own without needing to be told exactly
what to do each time. For example, AI can:
• Understand Language: AI can understand and respond to what you say, like
virtual assistants such as Siri or Alexa.
• Recognize Images: AI can look at pictures and recognize what is in them, like
identifying animals in photos.
• Make Predictions: AI can analyze data to make predictions, like predicting the
weather or suggesting what movie you might like to watch next.
• Play Games: AI can play games and learn to get better at them, like playing chess
or video games.
• Drive Cars: AI can help cars drive themselves by sensing the road and making
decisions to stay safe.
What is not AI?
When we talk about machines, not all of them are considered Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Here are some examples:
• Traditional Rule-Based Systems: These machines follow set rules without learning
from data.
• Simple Automation Tools: Basic tools like timers or calculators do specific tasks but
do not think or learn.
• Mechanical Devices: Machines like pulleys or gears work based on physics but do
not learn or think.
 • Fixed-Function Hardware: Devices like microwave ovens perform tasks without
learning or thinking.
• Non-Interactive Systems: Machines that do not change based on new information,
like a basic electric fan.
• Basic Sensors: Sensors collect data but do not analyze or understand it.
Artificial Intelligence machines are different. They learn from data and can make decisions on their
own. For example, a smart washing machine can adjust its settings based on what it is washing. AI
goes beyond just following rules; it can learn, adapt, and make decisions based on data and context.

2. Evolution of AI The history of AI can be traced back to ancient times, with philosophical
discussions about the nature of intelligence and the possibility of creating artificial beings.
However, the modern era of AI began in the mid-20th century with significant
developments and milestones:

Source:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Timeline-diagram-showing-the-history-of-artificial-intelligence_fig1_364826401

Time Period Key Events and Developments

1950 was a landmark year for the question of machine intelligence because of
Alan Turing's famous paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence." In this
1950 paper, Turing proposed a thought experiment called the "imitation game" (later
known as the Turing test).

The Dartmouth Conference was organized by McCarthy that marked the

birthplace of AI as a field. The term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined by John
1956
McCarthy. McCarthy, along with Turing, Minsky, and Simon, laid the foundation for
AI.
Significant progress in AI research that led to the development of expert systems,
1960-1970 early neural networks, exploration of symbolic reasoning, and problem-solving
techniques.
 Time Period Key Events and Developments
Mixed optimism and skepticism about AI with breakthroughs in machine learning,
1980-1990
and neural networks led to "AI winter".
Resurgence of interest and progress in AI with advancements in computing
power, data availability, and algorithmic innovation. Also, there were
21st Century breakthroughs in machine learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning.
That led to transformative applications of AI in healthcare, finance,
transportation, and entertainment.

3. Types of AI
Computer scientists have identified three levels of AI based on predicted growth in its
ability to analyze data and make predictions.

1. Narrow AI:
• Focuses on single tasks like predicting purchases or planning schedules.
• Rapidly growing in consumer applications, such as voice-based shopping and
virtual assistants like Siri.
• Capable of handling specific tasks effectively, but lacks broader understanding.
2. Broad AI:
• Acts as a midpoint between Narrow and General AI.
• More versatile than Narrow AI, capable of handling a wider range of related tasks.
•Often used in businesses to integrate AI into specific processes, requiring
domain-specific knowledge and data.
3. General AI:
• Refers to machines that can perform any intellectual task a human can.
• Currently, AI lacks abstract thinking, strategizing, and creativity like humans.
• Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) may emerge, potentially leading to self-aware
machines, but this is far from current capabilities.

4. Domains of AI
Artificial Intelligence (AI) encompasses various fields, each focusing on different aspects of
replicating human intelligence and performing tasks traditionally requiring human intellect.
These fields are classified based on the type of data input they handle:
 a) Data Science: Data Science deals with numerical, alphabetical, and alphanumeric data
inputs. It involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of large volumes of data to
extract insights and patterns using statistical methods, machine learning algorithms, and
data visualization techniques.
b) Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP focuses on processing text and speech
inputs to enable computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
It involves tasks such as language translation, sentiment analysis, text
summarization, and speech recognition, facilitating communication between humans
and machines through natural language interfaces.
c) Computer Vision: Computer Vision deals with visual data inputs, primarily images
and videos. It enables computers to interpret and understand visual information, and
perform tasks such as object detection, image classification, facial recognition, and
scene understanding, enabling applications such as autonomous vehicles, medical
imaging, and augmented reality.

Activity:
Divide the students into groups and provide them with a list of real-world applications without
specifying which domain each application belongs to. Ask each group to categorize the
applications into the three domains: Data Science, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and
Computer Vision.
1. Gesture recognition for human-computer interaction
2. Chatbots for customer service
3. Spam email detection
4. Autonomous drones for surveillance
5. Google Translate
6. Fraud detection in financial transactions
7. Augmented reality applications (e.g., Snapchat filters)
8. Sports analytics for performance optimization
9. Object detection in autonomous vehicles
10. Recommendation systems for e-commerce platforms
11. Customer segmentation for targeted marketing
12. Text summarization for news articles
13. Automated subtitles for videos
14. Medical image diagnosis
15. Stock prediction
 Natural Language
Data Science Computer Vision
Processing

a. Data Science
Data might be facts, statistics, opinions, or any kind of content that is recorded in some
format. This could include voices, photos, names, and even dance moves! It surrounds us
and shapes our experiences, decisions, and interactions. For example:
• Your search recommendations, Google Maps history are based on your previous data.
• Amazon's personalized recommendations are influenced by your shopping habits.
• Social media activity, cloud storage, textbooks, and more are all forms of data.
It is often referred to as the "new oil" of the 21st century. Did you know? 90% of the world's
data has been created in just the last 2 years, compared to the previous 6 million years of
human existence.
Type of Data
• Structured Data
• Unstructured Data
• Semi-structured Data
Structured data is like a neatly arranged table, with rows and columns that make it
easy to understand and work with. It includes information such as names, dates,
addresses, and stock prices. Because of its organized nature, it is straightforward to
analyze and manipulate, making it a preferred format for many data-related tasks.
On the other hand, unstructured data lacks any specific organization, making it more
challenging to analyze compared to structured data. Examples of unstructured data
include images, text documents, customer comments, and song lyrics. Since unstructured
data does not follow a predefined format, extracting meaningful insights from it requires
specialized tools and techniques.
Semi-structured data falls somewhere between structured and unstructured data.
While not as organized as structured data, it is easier to handle than unstructured data.
Semi-structured data uses metadata to identify certain characteristics and organize data
into fields, allowing for some level of organization and analysis. An example of semi-
structured data is a social media video with hashtags used for categorization, blending
structured elements like hashtags with unstructured content like the video itself.
 Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Unstructured-semi-structured-and-structured-data_fig4_236860222
b. Natural Language Processing:
It refers to the field of computer science and AI that focuses on teaching machines to
understand and process languages in both written and spoken form, just like humans do.
The goal of an NLP-Trained model is to be capable of “understanding” the contents of
documents, including the slangs, sarcasm, inner meaning, and contextual definitions of the
language in which the text was written.
Differences Between NLP, NLU, and NLG?

Source: https://www.baeldung.com/cs/natural-language-processing-understanding-generation

Natural Language Processing (NLP): This is the broad umbrella term encompassing
everything related to how computers interact with human language. Think of it as the "what"
- what computers can do with human language. It is like the whole library - filled with
different tools and techniques for working with language data.
Natural Language Understanding (NLU): This is a subfield of NLP that focuses on
understanding the meaning of human language. It analyzes text and speech, extracting
information, intent, and sentiment. NLU helps computers understand the language and
what it means. Imagine finding a specific book in the library.
Natural Language Generation (NLG): This is another subfield of NLP, but instead of
understanding, it focuses on generating human language. It takes structured data as input
and turns it into coherent and readable text or speech. Think of this as writing a new book
based on the information gathered in the library.
c. Computer Vision:
Computer Vision is like giving computers the ability to see and understand the world
through digital images and videos, much like how humans use their eyes to perceive their
surroundings. In this domain, computers analyze visual information from images and
videos to recognize objects, understand scenes, and make decisions based on what they
"see."
When we take a digital image, it is essentially a grid of tiny colored dots called pixels. Each
pixel represents a tiny portion of the image and contains information about its color and
intensity.
Resolution is expressed as the total number of pixels along the width and height of
the image. For example, an image with a resolution of 1920x1080 pixels has 1920 pixels
horizontally and 1080 pixels vertically. Higher resolution images have more pixels,
providing more detail.
Now, here's where AI comes in. To make sense of these images, computers convert
them into numbers. They break down the image into a series of numbers that represent the
color and intensity of each pixel. This numerical representation allows AI algorithms to
process the image mathematically and extract meaningful information from it. For instance,
AI algorithms might learn to recognize patterns in these numbers that correspond to
specific objects, like cars or faces. By analyzing large amounts of labeled image data, AI
systems can "learn" to identify objects accurately.

Cognitive Computing (Perception, Learning, Reasoning)

Cognitive Computing is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that aims to mimic the
way the human brain works in processing information and making decisions. It involves
building systems that can understand, reason, learn, and interact with humans in a natural
and intuitive way.

2. The platform (Cognitive computing) uses

1.This is a platform based on Artificial Machine Learning, Reasoning, Natural
Intelligence and Signal processing. Language Processing (NLP) and Computer
Vision to compute results.

3.Cognitive computing improves human 4.Cognitive computing tries to mimic the

decision making human brain

Examples of cognitive computing software: IBM Watson, Deep mind, Microsoft Cognitive
service etc.
In summary, Cognitive Computing integrates Data Science, Natural Language Processing,
and Computer Vision to create intelligent systems that can understand and interact with
humans in a human-like manner. By combining these technologies, Cognitive Computing
enables machines to process and interpret diverse types of data, communicate effectively
in natural language, and perceive and understand visual information, thereby extending the
capabilities of traditional AI systems.
5. AI Terminologies
• Artificial intelligence machines don’t think.
They calculate. They represent some of the
newest, most sophisticated calculating
machines in human history. It is a computer
system that can perform tasks that ordinarily
require human intelligence or human
interference.
• Some can perform what is called machine
learning as they acquire new data. Machine
learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on developing
algorithms and models that enable computers to learn from data and make
predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed.
• Others, using calculations arranged in ways inspired by neurons in the human brain,
can even perform deep learning with multiple levels of calculations. Deep learning
is an AI function that imitates the working of the human brain in processing data and
creating patterns for use in decision making.
o The structure of Deep Learning is inspired by the structure of the neurons and
neuron connections in the human brain.
o Neural networks, also known as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), are a
subset of Machine Learning and the core heart and concept of Machine
Learning.
o They comprise of node layers, containing an input layer, one or multiple
hidden layers, and an output layer.
o If the output of any node is above a specified threshold, that node is activated,
sending data to the next layer of the network.
o Otherwise, no data is passed along to the next layer of the network.
o If the number of Layers including the Input and Output Layer is more than
three, then it is called a Deep Neural Network.
 MACHINE LEARNING DEEP LEARNING
1. Works on small dataset for accuracy 1. Works on Large dataset
2. Dependent on Low-end machine 2. Heavily dependent on high-end
machine
3. Divides the tasks into sub-tasks, 3. Solves problem end to end
solves them individually and
finally combine the results
4. Takes less time to train 4. Takes longer time to train
5. Testing time may increase 5. Less time to test the data

Example: Imagine you are given the job to sort items in the meat department at a grocery
store. You realize that there are dozens of products and very less time to sort them
manually. How will you use artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning to
help with your work?

To separate the chicken, beef, and pork, you could create a programmed rule in the format of if-else
statements. This allows the machine to recognize what is on the label and route it to the correct basket.
To improve the performance of the machine, you expose it to more data to ensure that the machine is
trained on numerous characteristics of each type of meat, such as size, shape, and color. The more data
you provide for the algorithm, the better the model gets. By providing more data and adjusting parameters,
the machine minimizes errors by repetitive guess work.

Deep learning models eliminate the need for feature extractions. Decide the algorithms based on deep
learning to sort meat by removing the need to define what each product looks like. Feature extraction is
built into the process without human input. Once you have provided the deep learning model with dozens
of meat pictures, it processes the images through different layers of neural networks. The layers can then
learn an implicit representation of the raw data on their own.

Types of Machine Learning

Supervised learning

● Supervised learning is a type of machine learning where the model learns from
labelled data, which means that the input data is accompanied by the correct output.
● In supervised learning, the algorithm learns to map input data to output labels based
on example input-output pairs provided during the training phase.
● The goal of supervised learning is to learn a mapping function from input variables to
output variables so that the model can make predictions on unseen data.
● Examples of supervised learning algorithms include linear regression, logistic
regression, decision trees, support vector machines (SVM), and neural networks.

Unsupervised Learning:

● Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where the model learns from
unlabelled data, which means that the input data is not accompanied by the
correct output. In unsupervised learning, the algorithm tries to find hidden
● patterns or structure in the input data without explicit guidance. The goal of
unsupervised learning is to explore and discover inherent structures or
● relationships within the data, such as clusters, associations, or anomalies.
Examples of unsupervised learning algorithms include k-means clustering,
● hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis (PCA), and autoencoders.
Reinforcement Learning:
1.

2.

3.

4.

● Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to make

decisions by interacting with an environment to maximize cumulative rewards.
● In reinforcement learning, the agent learns through trial and error by taking actions
and receiving feedback from the environment in the form of rewards or penalties.
● The goal of reinforcement learning is to learn a policy or strategy that guides the agent
to take actions that lead to the highest cumulative reward over time.
● Reinforcement learning is commonly used in scenarios where the agent must make a
sequence of decisions over time, such as playing games, controlling robots, or
managing financial portfolios.
● Examples of reinforcement learning algorithms include Q-learning, deep Q-networks
(DQN), policy gradients, and actor-critic methods.
6. Benefits and limitations of AI
BENEFITS:
1. Increased efficiency and productivity: AI automates tasks, analyzes data faster, and
optimizes processes, leading to increased efficiency and productivity across various
sectors.
2. Improved decision-making: AI analyzes vast amounts of data and identifies patterns
that humans might miss, assisting in data-driven decision-making and potentially leading
to better outcomes.
3. Enhanced innovation and creativity: AI tools can generate new ideas, explore
possibilities, and automate repetitive tasks, freeing up human resources for more
creative pursuits and innovation.
4. Progress in science and healthcare: AI aids in drug discovery, medical
diagnosis, and personalized medicine, contributing to advancements in healthcare
and scientific research.

LIMITATIONS:
1. Job displacement: Automation through AI raises concerns about job displacement
and the need for workforce retraining and upskilling.
2. Ethical considerations: Concerns exist around bias in AI algorithms, potential
misuse for surveillance or manipulation, and the need for ethical guidelines and
regulations.
3. Lack of explainability: Some AI models, particularly complex ones, lack
transparency in their decision-making, making it difficult to understand how they
arrive at their outputs.
4. Data privacy and security: Large-scale data collection and use for AI development
raise concerns about data privacy and security vulnerabilities.
o Earn a credential on IBM Skills Build on the topic Artificial Intelligence Fundamentals
using the link:
https://students.yourlearning.ibm.com/activity/PLAN-CC702B39D429
o Semantris, is an NLP-Based game by Google based on Word association powered by
semantic search.
https://experiments.withgoogle.com/semantris
o This is a game built with machine learning. We draw, and a neural network tries to guess
what you're drawing.
https://quickdraw.withgoogle.com/
o The experiment based on the computer vision domain of AI. It identifies that you draw
and suggests the related images. To play the game, visit the following link on any
computing device with speakers.
https://www.autodraw.com/
Extension Activities: These activities provide opportunities for students to explore various
aspects of artificial intelligence, develop critical thinking skills, and engage in hands-on
learning experiences in the classroom.

1. AI in the News: Have students research recent news articles or stories related to
artificial intelligence? They can explore topics such as AI advancements, ethical dilemmas,
or AI applications in various industries. Students can then present their findings to the class
and facilitate discussions on the implications of these developments.

2. AI Applications Showcase: Divide students into small groups and assign each group a
specific AI application or technology (e.g., virtual assistants, self-driving cars, healthcare
diagnostics). Ask students to research and create presentations or posters showcasing how
their assigned AI technology works, its benefits, potential drawbacks, and real-world
examples of its use.
3. AI Coding Projects: Introduce students to basic coding concepts and tools used in AI
development, such as Python programming language and machine learning libraries like
TensorFlow or scikit-learn. Guide students through hands-on coding projects where they
can build simple AI models, such as image classifiers or chatbots. Encourage
experimentation and creativity in designing and training their AI systems.
4. AI Film Analysis: Screen and analyze films or documentaries that explore themes
related to artificial intelligence, such as "Ex Machina," "Her" "I, Robot," or "The Social
Dilemma." After watching the films, facilitate discussions on how AI is portrayed, its
potential impact on society, and ethical considerations raised in the narratives.
EXERCISE
A. Multiple-choice questions (MCQs):
1. Who is often referred to as the "Father of AI"?
a. Alan Turing
b. John McCarthy
c. Marvin Minsky
d. Herbert A. Simon
2. In which year was the term "Artificial Intelligence" first used by John McCarthy?
a. 1930
b. 1955
c. 1970
d. 2000
3. What does the term "Data is the new oil" imply?
a. Data is as valuable as oil.
b. Data is used as fuel for machines.
c. Data is a non-renewable resource.
d. Data and oil are unrelated.
4. Divya was learning neural networks. She understood that there were three layers in a
neural network. Help her identify the layer that does processing in the neural network.
a. Output layer
b. Hidden layer
c. Input layer
d. Data layer
5. Which category of machine learning occurs in the presence of a supervisor or teacher?
a. Unsupervised Learning
b. Reinforcement Learning
c. Supervised Learning
d. Deep Learning
6. What does Deep Learning primarily rely on to mimic the human brain?
a. Traditional Programming
b. Artificial Neural Networks
c. Machine Learning Algorithms
d. Random Decision Making
7. What is the role of reinforcement learning in machine learning?
a. Creating rules automatically
b. Recognizing patterns in untagged data
c. Rewarding desired behaviors and/or penalizing undesirable ones
d. Mimicking human conversation through voice or text
8. Which AI application is responsible for automatically separating emails into "Spam" and
"Not Spam" categories?
a. Gmail
b. YouTube
c. Flipkart
d. Watson

B. Fill in the Blanks:

1. To determine if a machine or application is AI-based, consider its ability to perform
tasks that typically require _______________ intelligence.
2. Artificial intelligence (AI) enables a machine to carry out cognitive tasks typically
performed by ________.
3. Supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning are three categories of
________.
4. ________________ is a subset of artificial intelligence that is entirely based on
artificial neural networks.
5. Machine learning can be used for online fraud detection to make cyberspace a
________ place.
C. True or False:
1. Chatbots like Alexa and Siri are examples of virtual assistants. 2. Supervised learning
involves training a computer system without labeled input data. 3. Unstructured data can
be easily analyzed using traditional relational database
techniques.
4. Deep learning typically requires less time to train compared to machine learning.
5. Machine learning is not used in everyday applications like virtual personal assistants
and fraud detection.

D. Short Answer Questions:

1. How is machine learning related to AI?
2. Define Data. List the types of data.
3. Define machine learning.
4. What is deep learning, and how does it differ from traditional machine learning?
5. What do you mean by Reinforcement Learning? Write any two applications of
Reinforcement Learning at School.
6. How do you understand whether a machine/application is AI based or not? Explain
with the help of an example.

E. Case-study/Application Oriented Questions:

1. A hospital implemented an AI system to assist doctors in diagnosing diseases based
on medical images such as X-rays and MRI scans. However, some patients expressed
concerns about the accuracy and reliability of the AI diagnoses. How can the hospital
address these concerns?