QUESTION 1
(a) Explain in brief what symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults are.
(b) Define and explain what an electrical short is.
(c) Write short notes on the six (06) requirements that a protection system must fulfil for
It to be used in an electrical system. [20 Marks]
QUESTION 2
Explain the meaning of the terminologies listed below;
i. All – or – nothing relay
ii. Burden
iii. Characteristic Quantity
iv. Carrier – blocking
v. Earthling transformer
vi. Inverse time - delay relay with definite time – I.D.M.T
vii. Knee – point e.m.f
viii. Protected zone
ix. Protective relay
x. Through – fault [20 Marks]
QUESTION 3
(a) Define a fuse.
(b) List any five advantages and disadvantages and three disadvantages of using a fuse to
protect an electric circuit.
(c) List any four desirable characteristics of a fuse element.
(d) List any three reasons as to why silver is the most preferred metal when it comes
Element.
(e) With the help of a diagram, explain in brief the construction and operation of a High
Rupturing Capacity (H.R.C) fuse.
(d) Calculate the minimum fusing current for a 30A fuse which has a fusing factor of
1.75. [20 Marks]
QUESTION 4
(a) List the five parameters that be known in order to determine actual operating of a
protective relay time.
(b) With the help of a diagram, write brief notes on the construction an operation of a
non – directional over current relay.
(c) Determine the actual operating time of a 5A, 3sec. over current relay having a current
Setting of 125% and a time multiplier of 0.7 connected to power supply circuit through
a 1000/5 C.T when the fault current in the primary circuit is 6400A.
PSM 2 4 6 8 12
TIME (SEC.) 9 5.8 4.2 3 2.8
[20 Marks]
QUESTION 5
(a) Briefly explain any four types of faults that can take place in a three phase
Transformer.
(b) With the help of a neat diagram, explain the construction and operation of a
Bulchholz
relay. Also state any two advantages and two disadvantages of using it.
(e) A 3 – phase, 200kVA, 11000/400V transformer is connected in delta/star. The current
Transformers on the lower side have a turn ratio of 500/5. What will be the C.T ratio on
The high voltage side? [20 Marks]
QUESTION 6
(a) With the help of diagrams outline the fundamental principles of operation of the
Merz – Price protection;
(i) Balanced voltage scheme
(ii) Balanced current scheme
(b) A 10kV, 3 – phase star – connected alternator is earthed through a 10Ω non – inductive
Resistor. The alternator is protected by a circulating current system in which the relay operates
When an out – of – balance of 1A takes place. Calculate the percentage of each of the winding
Which remains unprotected against earth fault when the machine is operating at normal
Voltage. [20 Marks]
QUESTION 7
(a) With the aid of a neat diagram, explain the principle of operation of a Definite Distance
Impedance relay of the pivoted beam type.
(b) Consider a three section distributor shown in the diagram below. An impedance relay is
Connected to a circuit breaker, a voltage and current transformer at the feeding end of each
Section.
D
ALT
.
0.1 0.1 0.1Ω
A B Ω C
Ω
F
If zero impedance short – circuit occurs at D, calculate:
(i) The short – circuit current.
(ii) The fall of potential at points B and C.
(iii) A suitable voltage/current (impedance) setting of each sectional relay to facilitate operation.
[20 Marks]
QUESTION 8
(a) Define lightning.
(b) With appropriate diagrams where applicable, write brief notes on the construction of the
below
Listed types of lightning arresters:
(i) Rod Gap
(ii) Horn Gap
(iii) Multigap
(iv) Expulsion
[20
Marks]
