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Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Kari T. Koskinen · Helena Kortelainen

Jussi Aaltonen · Teuvo Uusitalo
Kari Komonen · Joseph Mathew
Jouko Laitinen Editors

Proceedings of the
10th World Congress
on Engineering Asset
Management
(WCEAM 2015)
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
About this Series

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest

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Kari T. Koskinen Helena Kortelainen
•

Jussi Aaltonen Teuvo Uusitalo

•

Kari Komonen Joseph Mathew

•

Jouko Laitinen
Editors

Proceedings of the
10th World Congress
on Engineering Asset
Management
(WCEAM 2015)

123
Editors
Kari T. Koskinen Kari Komonen
Tampere University of Technology Promaint ry
Tampere Helsinki
Finland Finland

Helena Kortelainen Joseph Mathew

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Asset Institute
Tampere Brisbane, QLD
Finland Australia

Jussi Aaltonen Jouko Laitinen

Tampere University of Technology Tampere University of Technology
Tampere Tampere
Finland Finland

Teuvo Uusitalo
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
Tampere
Finland

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
ISBN 978-3-319-27062-3 ISBN 978-3-319-27064-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27064-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930822

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

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of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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Printed on acid-free paper

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The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
Foreword

The 10th World Congress on Engineering Asset Management, WCEAM 2015, was
held in Tampere Hall, Tampere, Finland, from 28 to 30 September 2015. It was
organised by the Technical University of Tampere (TUT) and VTT Technical
Research Centre of Finland. A total of just over 130 delegates participated in this
year’s congress comprising academics, practitioners and scientists from 22 coun-
tries, who contributed over 90 papers and workshop sessions. The event comprised
a pre-congress welcome reception followed by the full congress programme which
included six keynote addresses, breakout sessions and panel discussions, a gala
dinner and a closing session on the final day.
The objective of WCEAM is to bring together leading academics, industry
practitioners and research scientists from around the world to:
• Advance the body of knowledge in engineering asset management;
• Strengthen the link between industry, academia and research;
• Promote the development and application of research; and
• Reinforce the critical need for our assets to deliver more sustainable outcomes.
The WCEAM2015 congress slogan was Keep and Grow value. “Value” is one
of the key concepts in asset management. The recent international standard ISO
55000 states that asset management supports the realisation of value while bal-
ancing financial, environmental and social costs, risks, quality of service and per-
formance related to assets. Thus value can take different forms—in addition to
monetary value, the motivations for better management of assets may arise from
environmental or social factors, from skills and competence development, from
mitigation or adaptation to climate change or from sustainability targets. The var-
ious dimensions of value were addressed in panel discussions and in workshops,
and in several conference papers.
For asset intensive businesses, Infrastructure and Asset Management is a high
cost function whose optimisation is necessary to maximise the performance of
assets to deliver profitability and long-term sustainability. There is a realisation that
superior performance can be delivered through enhanced strategic and operating

v
vi Foreword

decisions made by the board, the executive, and engineering personnel given their
access to high quality information. Recent surveys indicate that 60 % of asset
managers are not confident that the information that is available to them fulfils this
criterion. So decisions made based on this information are also questionable. It is
clear that by improving information availability and quality decision makers
(operational and strategic) are far better equipped to arrive at informed decisions
and therefore better placed to manage profitability and long-term business
continuity.
The management of assets is a complex sequence of tasks now being pivoted on
information systems. We live in the age of the information revolution which con-
tinues through the “Internet of Things”, Industrial Internet, “Internet of Services”,
“Industry 4.0” and “Big Data”, where systems integration and connectivity and
products providing asset intelligence are being contemplated for adoption by owner
operators of asset intensive organisations.
Most organisations aspire to predict asset performance and gear their strategies
and operations in accordance with the plant’s (predictability) profile. Few organi-
sations have reached this stage of maturity, nevertheless it remains a nirvana for
leading visionaries and a key to long-term competitive success. The information
required to manage asset predictability is complex and deep. Industrial Internet
could provide a novel, promising platform in managing assets at this level and its
early establishment would be critical in the journey to a predictable asset perfor-
mance state. A number of this year’s congress presentations largely reflect this
theme. We acknowledge the generous contributions of the following keynotes and
closing speaker at this year’s event:
• Dr. Kari Komonen, Finnish Maintenance Society (Promaint), “Some funda-
mental issues within strategic physical asset management”
• Prof. Jayantha P. Liyanage, University of Stavanger, Norway, “Assets under
uncertain conditions: trends and scenarios”
• Dr. Jari Hämäläinen, Cargotec, Finland, “Future of Engineering Asset
Management”
• Prof. Ming Jian Zuo, University of Electronic Science and Technology, China,
“Dynamic modelling of mechanical systems for fault diagnosis and health
management”
• Dr. Johannes Gutleber, CERN, Switzerland, “Particle accelerators—pushing the
frontiers of science and technology”
• Ype Wijnia, Asset Resolutions BV, Netherlands, “The asset management pro-
cess reference model for infrastructures”
• Darren Covington, Mainpac, Australia, “Delivering Operational Effectiveness in
Asset Intensive Industries through Asset Intelligence”
Foreword vii

This year’s congress hosted two panel sessions both of which were convened by
Profs. Kerry Brown, Curtin University and Robyn Keast, Southern Cross
University, Australia. They were:
• ISO 55000 Asset Management, “Provocation or Promise”
• Serious Gaming.
Panellists for the ISO 55000 Panel comprised Dr. Kari Komonen, Finnish
Maintenance Society; Dr. Christoph Heinz, University of Applied Sciences,
Switzerland; Dr. Erik Helmns Nielsen, CEO of Reliasset Denmark; Mr. Alistair
Crombie, GexCon Norway; Ing. Irene Roda Ph.D. student, Politecnico di Milano,
Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering, Italy and
Prof. Joe Amadi-Echendu, Engineering and Technology Management University of
Pretoria.
Questions that were directed to the panel included:
• Do the ISO Asset Management Standards require a new way of working?
• Are the ISO Standards capable of being a blueprint for action?
• What does the future for asset management under ISO 55000 look like?”
Together with Assistant Prof. Rob Schoenmaker, Delft Technical University,
Profs. Brown and Keast convened the session on Serious Games: Simulation &
Learning for Asset Management “Learning to Fish the Common Pool”. Learning
through Games, the session allowed participants to explore big issues through
experiential activities such as:
• Expanding skill sets beyond technical expertise;
• Integrating operational and managerial systems elements;
• Identifying and operationalising changed emphasis from hard assets to service
delivery through assets;
• Highlighting human dimensions and behaviour, power dynamics, coalition
building, diversity of stakeholder perspectives and agile responses.
The congress also hosted the European Federation of National Maintenance
Societies (EFNMS) workshop on Physical asset management. EFMNS has devel-
oped a workshop programme which helps participants to understand the require-
ments of asset management system and the requirements of physical asset
management at a practical level. This workshop was led by Erik Helms Nielsen
from Reliasset in Denmark and Dr. Kari Komonen from the Finnish national
maintenance society.
The Gala Dinner was held at the Tampere Hall which facilitated added net-
working amongst conference delegates. The best paper award was presented to
Prof. Lin Ma, Dr. Michael Cholette and Dr. Fengfeng Li, of Queensland University
of Technology, Australia for their paper titled, “Reliability modelling for electricity
transmission networks using maintenance records”.
viii Foreword

Best Paper Award ceremony. From Left, Joe Mathew, Michael Cholette, Helena Kortelainen,
Lin Ma, Kari T. Koskinen. Photo Jyrki Latokartano, 2015

This year’s Lifetime Achievement Award for exceptional dedication and con-
tribution to advancing the field of Engineering Asset Management was presented to
Dr. Kari Komonen of Finnish Maintenance Society (Promaint). ISEAM’s Lifetime
Achievement Award recognizes and promotes individuals who have made a
significant contribution to research, application and practice of a discipline or in
engineering asset management over a continued period of time. This contribution
may be a new innovation, new knowledge or ways to improve professional practice
in excess of the norm and have a lasting impact in the field. The recipient must have
exhibited leadership and inspired others on a national or international level.
Dr. Komonen is the third ever recipient of the award which was presented at the
Gala Dinner of the 10th WCEAM.

Dr. Komonen receiving the award from Joe Mathew, ISEAM Chair. Photo Jyrki Latokartano,
2015
Foreword ix

Another highlight of the evening was the performance of “The Professors’

Band” made up of six professors of the TUT, who entertained the delegates at the
congress dinner. The illustrious band was led by the Congress Chair.

The Professors Band. Photo Jyrki Latokartano, 2015

Three post-conference workshops were also held at the VTT premises in

Tampere to discuss “Transformation towards service business in technology-centric
firms” and “Digitization and business models for asset service delivery”. The
post-conference workshops were attended by 100 participants.
All full papers submitted for review, have been refereed by specialist members
of a peer review panel for technical merit and will be published in the Congress
proceedings by Springer Verlag in early 2016.
The Chairs are indebted to the Congress Organising Committee (OC) for the
success of this congress. In particular, we would like to thank Jussi Aaltonen,
Teuvo Uusitalo, Kari Komonen, Jouko Laitinen and Annukka Tiensuu for their
splendid efforts in organising a very successful event.
WCEAM 2015 is the tenth in the annual series of peer-reviewed conferences
hosted under the auspices of the International Society of Engineering Asset
Management (ISEAM) as its forum for exchange of information on recent advances
in engineering asset management. After the inaugural WCEAM in July 2006 in the
Gold Coast, Australia, through the support of various international bodies, ISEAM
has hosted WCEAM 2007 in Harrogate, UK, Beijing, China in 2008, Athens,
Greece in 2009, Brisbane, Australia in 2010, Cincinnati, USA in 2011, Daejeon
City, Korea in 2012, Hong Kong in 2013 and Pretoria in 2014.
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x Foreword

The next WCEAM which will be the 11th in the series, will be held in con-
junction with the 2016 QR2SME from 25 to 28 July 2016 in Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan
China, while WCEAM 2017 will be held in Australia. Details will become available
at www.wceam.com in due time.

Prof. Kari T. Koskinen

Congress Chair
Prof. Seppo Virtanen
Co-chair
Helena Kortelainen
Co-chair
Adj. Prof. Joseph Mathew
Co-chair
Contents

Development of Industrial Internet-Related Asset Management

Services with Customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Toni Ahonen, Tiina Valjakka, Inka Lappalainen and Maaria Nuutinen
Maintenance in Real Estate and Manufacturing Industries:
Differences, Problems, Needs and Potentials - Four Case Studies . . . . . . 13
Basim Al-Najjar, Anders Ingwald and Mirka Kans
Reducing the Delivery Time in Food Distribution SMEs
Using a Multi-agent System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Fahed Algassem, Qingping Yang and Yuen Au
Stagewise Process Towards Collaborative and Value-Driven
Decisions in Maintenance Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Maaren Ali-Marttila, Salla Marttonen-Arola, Antti Ylä-Kujala,
Juhani Ukko, Tero Rantala, Tiina Sinkkonen, Sanna Pekkola,
Minna Saunila, Olli Pekkarinen and Timo Kärri
Development of the Mathematical Model to Optimise
Preventive Maintenance Activities for Service Organisations . . . . . . . . . 51
Barrak Alsubaie, Qingping Yang and Joe Au
Management System for Value Improvement of Services
Toward Long Term Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Michihiro Amagasa and Kenichi Uchiyama
A Data Fusion Approach of Multiple Maintenance Data
Sources for Real-World Reliability Modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Kazi Arif-Uz-Zaman, Michael E. Cholette, Fengfeng Li, Lin Ma
and Azharul Karim
Asset Planning Performance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Daniel Arthur, R. Schoenmaker, Melinda Hodkiewicz
and Sugandree Muruvan

xi
xii Contents

Evaluation of Internet-of-Things Platforms for Asset Management . . . . 97

Jere Backman and Heli Helaakoski
Requirements and Needs—A Foundation for Reducing
Maintenance-Related Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Marcus Bengtsson and Antti Salonen
The Use of Mobile Technologies and Their Economic
Benefits in Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Jaime Campos, Erkki Jantunen, David Baglee, Eduardo Gilabert,
Luca Fumagalli and Christos Emmanouilidis
Successful Creation of Radical Manufacturing Technology
Innovations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Pooja Chaoji and Miia Martinsuo
Simulating the Impact of Deferred Equipment Maintenance . . . . . . . . . 133
Peter Chemweno, Liliane Pintelon and Peter Muchiri
Improving Online Risk Assessment with Equipment
Prognostics and Health Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Jamie Coble, Xiaotong Liu, Chris Briere and Pradeep Ramuhalli
Agile Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Alastair C. Crombie
Big Data in Asset Management: Knowledge Discovery
in Asset Data by the Means of Data Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Diego Galar, Mirka Kans and Bernard Schmidt
Use of Generational Models for Asset Management
Strategies in an Australian Metro Rail Organisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Ralph Godau and Mary McGeoch
Inequality Indices Based on the Notion of Shannon-Entropy
for the Assessments of Industrial Fleets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Vicente Gonzalez-Prida, Marcos E. Orchard, Carmen Martin,
Adolfo Crespo and Andrés F. Soto
Availability Simulation Based on Pseudo-random Failure Rates:
A Case Study on Industrial Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
V. González-Prida, L. Barberá, A. Crespo and A. Guillén
Standards as Reference to Build a PHM-Based Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Antonio J. Guillén, Vicente González-Prida, Juan Fco Gómez
and Adolfo Crespo
Adaptive Transient Event Detection for Industrial Applications . . . . . . 215
Florian Hammer, Abdellatif Bey-Temsamani
and Agusmian P. Ompusunggu
Contents xiii

Strategic Asset Information Management: Experiences

from Finnish Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Jyri Hanski, Jere Jännes, Ville Ojanen and Pasi Valkokari
Renewal of Manufacturing Firms Through Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Jussi Heikkilä, Pooja Chaoji and Miia Martinsuo
Simulation as a Tool in Evaluating Combat Aircraft
Shock Absorber Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Arttu Heininen, Jussi Aaltonen, Kari T. Koskinen and Juha Huitula
Decision Making in Asset Management: Optimal Allocation
of Resources for Maximizing Value Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Christoph Heitz, Lilach Goren and Jörg Sigrist
From CAPEX to OPEX—The Handover Management Paradigm . . . . . 269
Malcolm Hide
A Pattern Recognition Methodology for Fault Detection:
A Circuit Breaker Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
V. Pesenti Campagnoni, S. Ierace, F. Floreani and S. Cavalieri
Service Management Models for Railway Infrastructure,
an Ecosystem Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Anders Ingwald and Mirka Kans
Safety Integrity Under Demanding Conditions: A Study
on Permit-to-Work (PTW) Systems in the Marine-Subsea Sector. . . . . . 305
Shambhu Jayakumar and Jayantha P. Liyanage
Maintenance 4.0 in Railway Transportation Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Mirka Kans, Diego Galar and Adithya Thaduri
Business Models for After Sales Services—Current State
and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Mirka Kans and Anders Ingwald
Remote Condition Based Maintenance in Modern
Life Cycle Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Juha Kautto, Christo Roux, Igor Elias and Ari Numminen
Decision Making Situations Define Data Requirements
in Fleet Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Sini-Kaisu Kinnunen, Salla Marttonen-Arola, Antti Ylä-Kujala,
Timo Kärri, Toni Ahonen, Pasi Valkokari and David Baglee
Leveraging the Opportunities of Big Data and the Industrial
Internet in Engineering Asset Management Organisations. . . . . . . . . . . 365
A. Koronios, J. Gao and A. Pishdad
xiv Contents

Fleet Service Generation—Challenges in Corporate Asset

Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Helena Kortelainen, Ari Happonen and Sini-Kaisu Kinnunen
Life Cycle Cost Calculations Supporting Service Offering;
Case Study of Air Conditioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Susanna Kunttu, Tero Välisalo, Outi Kettunen and Sakari Aulanko
Challenges and Opportunities in Capturing Design Knowledge . . . . . . . 389
Timo Lehtonen, Nillo Halonen, Jarkko Pakkanen, Tero Juuti
and Petri Huhtala
Reliability Modelling for Electricity Transmission Networks
Using Maintenance Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Fengfeng Li, Michael E. Cholette and Lin Ma
Enhancing Information About Sustainability Features
for Sustainable Housing Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Shi Yee Wong, Connie Susilawati, Wendy Miller
and Asti Mardiasmo
Development and Implementation of a Maturity Model for
Professionalising Maintenance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Ravish P.Y. Mehairjan, Martin van Hattem, Dhiradj Djairam
and Johan J. Smit
A Case Study on Replacement Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Christinah Mohloki, J.E. Amadi-Echendu and Luis Barberá-Martínez
Influence of Human Resources on Implementation of Guidelines
for Engineering Asset Management: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Cillia R. Molomo-Mphephu and J.E. Amadi‐Echendu
Reliability Assessment in Asset Management—An Utility
Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
S. Rao Palakodeti
Managing Industrial Maintenance—Networked Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Olli Pekkarinen and Maaren Ali-Marttila
Advanced Fault Tree Analysis for Improved Quality
and Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Jussi-Pekka Penttinen and Timo Lehtinen
Supporting Asset Management Decision-Making—New Value
Creation Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Minna Räikkönen, Tero Välisalo, Daryna Shylina and Sara Tilabi
Contents xv

A Framework for Implementing Value-Based Approach

in Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Irene Roda, Ajith Kumar Parlikad, Marco Macchi and Marco Garetti
Integrated Planning in Autonomous Shipping—Application
of Maintenance Management and KPIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Harald Rødseth and Brage Mo
Increased Profit and Technical Condition Through New
KPIs in Maintenance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Harald Rødseth, Per Schjølberg, Martin Kirknes
and Thor Inge Bernhardsen
Public Asset Management—Concept and Framework for Public
Schools with the Life-Cycle Costing Model Reversed LCC . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Erling Salicath and Jayantha P. Liyanage
Activity-Based Life-Cycle Costing of Public Assets: A Case Study
of Schools in Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Erling Salicath, Jayantha P. Liyanage and Didrik Fladberg
Capturing Value-Added Processes During Service Life of Public
Assets in Norway—Learning from ISO 55000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Erling Salicath, Jayantha P. Liyanage and Didrik Fladberg
Downtime Costing—Attitudes in Swedish Manufacturing Industry . . . . 539
Antti Salonen and Mohamad Tabikh
Simulator-Based Eco-drive Training for Fleet Drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Turuna S. Seecharan, Birsen Donmez, Huei-Yen Winnie Chen
and Andrew K.S. Jardine
Evaluation of Feature Extraction Techniques for Intelligent Fault
Diagnostics of High-Pressure LNG Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
J.S. Seo, T.H. Jeon, J.H. Park and H.E. Kim
Comparison of the Sensitivity of Different Sensor Technologies
to Imbalance Severity in Low Speed Wind Turbines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Md Rifat Shahriar, Pietro Borghesani and Andy C.C. Tan
Circulate Your Idling Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Anna-Maria Talonpoika, Timo Kärri and Miia Pirttilä
Advanced RCM Industry Case—Modeling and Advanced Analytics
(ELMAS) for Improved Availability and Cost-Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Miikka Tammi, Ville Vuorela and Timo Lehtinen
xvi Contents

Change from Machines to Production Systems—An Approach

and Qualitative Methods for the Assessment of System Safety
and System Availability Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Risto Tiusanen
Incorporating Data Warehouse Technology into Asset Information
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Amy J.C. Trappey, Charles V. Trappey, Lin Ma and Acer C.C. Chang
Spare Part Stock Modeling and Cost Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Joel Turpela and Timo Lehtinen
Industrial Fleet Services: Introduction and Application Case. . . . . . . . . 621
Simone Turrin and Mohamed-Zied Ouertani
Equipment and Process Condition Monitoring for Asset
Management in Small Modular Nuclear Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Belle R. Upadhyaya, Jamie B. Coble and J. Wesley Hines
ESP and the Question Advanced Sensor Technology:
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Ikechukwu Kingsley Uzoma
Simulation Models Supporting Multiple Assets Along
the Product Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Henri Vainio, Jussi Aaltonen, Kari T. Koskinen and Miia Martinsuo
Designing Performance Measures for Asset Management Systems
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Jiaqiang Wang, Zhongkai Chen and Ajith Parlikad
Towards Quantification of Asset Management Optimality . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Ype Wijnia
Mapping Time-Variant Modelling of Tool Wears and Cutting
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Peipei Zhang and Yan Guo
Managing Strategic Risks in the Electricity and Gas Distribution
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Qikai Zhuang and Anton Janssen
Development of Industrial
Internet-Related Asset Management
Services with Customers

Toni Ahonen, Tiina Valjakka, Inka Lappalainen

and Maaria Nuutinen

Abstract An increasing number of product and service providers aim to gain a

competitive advantage through new services enabled by the Industrial Internet. In
order to develop and successfully provide Industrial Internet-related services, a
company needs to build up related capabilities and construct a strong value
proposition in line with real customer needs. This customer and service perspective
of the Industrial Internet has so far been rather little studied. Supporting conceptual
tools are required. The development of the services relies on how well customers’
business and production environments and management of assets are understood,
and therefore this paper proposes a framework that creates necessary new knowl-
edge for the development of new Industrial Internet-related services.

1 Introduction

There is a wide ongoing debate on the new opportunities related to the Industrial
Internet. While the Industrial Internet is claimed to change businesses radically,
many companies are still only trying to get first ideas of what the Industrial Internet
means for them. From an asset management perspective, there is also an
acknowledged need to create more thorough understanding about the full potential
of the Industrial Internet in different domains, and to further understand how cus-
tomers are willing to manage their assets, and what they are ready to pay for and to
start developing collaboratively related services. While effective use of data for

T. Ahonen (&)
T. Valjakka
I. Lappalainen
M. Nuutinen

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
e-mail: toni.ahonen@vtt.fi
T. Valjakka
e-mail: tiina.valjakka@vtt.fi
I. Lappalainen
e-mail: inka.lappalainen@vtt.fi
M. Nuutinen
e-mail: maaria.nuutinen@vtt.fi

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 1

K.T. Koskinen et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th World Congress
on Engineering Asset Management (WCEAM 2015), Lecture Notes
in Mechanical Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-27064-7_1
2 T. Ahonen et al.

customers’ decision-making is in the core of the development needs, there are many
sources of complexity and requirements stemming from the customers’ business
environment that need to be understood well. The success factors relating to col-
laboration and better understanding of the customer’s business processes have
actually increased in significance stressed in service research (e.g. Edvardsson et al.
2007; Vargo and Lusch 2008; Lappalainen et al. 2014).
While companies see many new possibilities to create value for the customer,
certain matters are also hindering the service development. One reason for
unsuccessful trials in the past has been that the services have not been sufficiently
integrated into customers’ decision-making processes and the results of the
development work have not been easy to adopt.
The Industrial Internet is expected to result in a significant productivity leap with
new business models created. Productivity gains equivalent to 2.5–5 % are con-
sidered possible from Internet of Things (IoT) applications in discrete and process
manufacturing industries and IoT applications are expected to spread to more than
80 % of manufacturing by 2025 (Manyika et al. 2013). However, Porter and
Heppelmann (2014) state that it is a dangerous oversimplification to suggest that the
Internet of Things “changes everything”. They note that the rules of competition
and competitive advantage still apply. Companies need to find their own per-
spective for the Industrial Internet and develop solutions that fit the concrete needs
of their customers. In order to do this, the service solution needs to be adapted to the
customer’s business drivers and situation. In order to be useful, the service needs to
properly integrate into customers’ production and business processes and their
management. The means to understand value in use for beneficiaries have been
studied rather lot in the service literature (e.g. Edvardsson et al. 2012; Toivonen and
Sundbo 2011). However, related practical conceptual tools are called for supporting
more collaborative Industrial Internet service development.
In this paper we aim to construct a framework to define customers’ business
drivers for the Industrial Internet and the related value-capturing points.

2 Industrial Internet and Related Services

as Value Creators

Porter and Heppelmann (2014) present ten questions that a company should answer
when altering its strategy in a smart connected world. With respect to the topic of
this paper, two of them are the most focal questions: “which set of smart, connected
product (and service) capabilities and features should the company pursue” and
“what data must the company capture, secure, and analyse to maximise the value of
its offering?”. In this brief literature review we discuss these topics in the light of
recent studies on the Industrial Internet and service research.
Development of Industrial Internet-Related … 3

2.1 Exploration of the Value Creation Potential

The initial business case to justify the adoption of the Industrial Internet is often
based on incremental results in increased revenues or savings. Early adopters have
started creating solutions for predictive maintenance and remote asset management,
and new means for improving worker productivity, safety and working conditions.
However, there seems to be a common understanding of a need to make visions of
how new revenue streams can be created through new products, services, differ-
entiated customer experiences and totally new business models.
Today’s Industrial Internet solutions are only the beginning of digitalisation that
will go through different industrial systems and enable a productivity leap with all
industrial resources (Owens 2014). However, companies need to adopt thorough
approaches to understanding alternative value creation logics and constructing
related business models based on data. A large installed base with a great amount of
data provides a potential for productivity improvements by, for instance, identifying
productivity gaps through benchmarking across industries (Kunttu et al. 2011).
However, the integration of data coming from different sources and tacit knowledge
often dispersed across the organisation is a challenge. For instance, data collected
by maintenance management systems is, in many cases, underexploited for
decision-making at different hierarchical levels of the asset systems. The potential
for different types of data may be studied at operational, tactical and strategic levels,
and thus within different time horizons (Kortelainen et al. 2015).
Furthermore, it is essential to note that when the value creation logic changes,
the mutual roles of business parties in terms of limited-strong dependency also
change. In our recent study we defined four alternative provider’s strategic value
propositions, which also describe different customer relationships as follows
(1) functionality and the provision of resources on demand with either short- or
long-term contracts, (2) availability-driven partnering with more integrated
decision-making with the customer, (3) performance partnering with the focus on
the overall efficiency of the customer’s business (e.g. Overall Equipment
Efficiency), and (4) strategic partnerships or value partnering where the focus is
moved to the customers’ business and innovative solutions in a holistic or value
network manner. The deepened service relationships increasingly focus on sus-
tainability aspects alongside overall efficiency, and adopt a broader and more
integrated perspective on value creation (Lappalainen et al. 2014; cf. Vargo and
Lusch 2008).

2.2 Customer Involvement and Capabilities Around Data

Customer involvement in new service development is increasingly important. In

service research, where the topic has been studied broadly (e.g. Edvardsson et al.
2012), roles such as ideator, designer, tester and innovator are typically identified.
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4 T. Ahonen et al.

Considering the idea generation phase of new service development, as our main
focus, according to Alam and Perry (2002), for instance, customer involvement is
characterised as follows: state needs, problems and their solution, criticise existing
service; identify gaps in the market; provide a wish list (service requirements); state
new service adoption criteria. Since customers have trouble imagining and giving
feedback about something that they have not experienced (Matthing et al. 2004),
product and service developers need to assume a more active role in finding the
relevant information. Matthing et al. state that involving the customer in the
development process of a service helps in learning about the customer’s latent
needs. On the other hand, identifying the customer’s existing strategic needs can be
supported by systematic methods for learning about the customer’s business, for
instance through a value chain analysis or applications of uncertainty management
(Crain and Abraham 2008; Ahonen et al. 2011).
Furthermore, evidence-based decision-making and the development of new
services around data requires totally new capabilities in the organisation.
Companies need to have scientists who can process the data, find patterns, and
translate them into useful business information (McAfee and Brynjolfsson 2012).
Companies also need to have a clear strategy for how to use data and analytics to
compete, and how to deploy the right technology architecture and capabilities such
as analytics tools (Barton and Court 2012).
Based on our brief literature review, we state that there is a need to construct new
approaches to analyse more systematically and collaboratively customer needs,
specifically related to Industrial Internet-related asset management services and
related value-capturing points.

3 Research Design

A qualitative case study approach was selected in order to understand the dynamics
and requirements related to the collaborative development of asset management
services enabled by the Industrial Internet (Yin 2009). Furthermore, we adopted a
constructive research approach in order to structure a framework for gathering
relevant customer understanding.
Our case company is an SME, a family-owned company providing machines,
robotic solutions and equipment with lifecycle service to ensure sustainable pro-
duction for their customers. Highly automatised production equipment with digi-
talization has enabled new service development to optimise customer performance
in a more advanced manner.
Thematic interviews with representatives from the case company and one of
their key customers were applied as the main data collection method. Interviewees
from the case company represented all organisational levels and key roles, such as
owners, development/operation managers, sales and maintenance. In addition, the
owner and CEO of one their key customer was interviewed. The customer was
selected due to their long-term relationship and their strong interest in the
Development of Industrial Internet-Related … 5

collaborative and innovative development of services enabled by the Industrial

Internet. Altogether, six interviews were conducted between April and June 2014.
Interviews took approximately one and half hours and were conducted in mixed
pairs of authors to ensure multidisciplinary views. In addition to notes, they were
recorded and later transcribed.
The qualitative analysis was conducted according to five main themes (Table 1).
Then, based on empirical findings we structured a framework for supporting the
construction of mutual understanding between the provider and customer regarding
the needs and potential for Industrial Internet-enabled asset management.

Table 1 Case specific findings

Theme Findings
Possibilities for common growth Uncertainty in economy has been recognised to hinder
the investment opportunities among customers, and
thus the hardened competition also requires that a
company’s value proposal needs to stand out in a new
way. The growth opportunities are seen to be realised
in close collaboration with the most innovative
customers with whom it is valuable to study new
business opportunities
Customers’ value expectations When considering customers’ culture related to asset
management, corrective maintenance is often
emphasised, decision-making is cost-driven and the
value of preventive and condition-based maintenance
is still not fully understood. However, forerunners are
already far ahead with respect to strategic asset
management
Lifecycle thinking is still to be developed and the total
cost of ownership is still not widely considered and
understood. Forerunners and larger companies with
more capital-intensive production take better into
account provider’s feedback and are more
systematically considering the management of the
assets
Customer readiness and expectations Customers vary greatly in their preferences and it
towards the Industrial Internet seems that the potential customers for Industrial
Internet-related services are those with great volume
and high availability performance requirements. These
customers are well aware of the methodology for
managing the assets and currently seek easiness in
analysing the production performance and are
expecting more automation for the analytics
(continued)
6 T. Ahonen et al.

Table 1 (continued)
Theme Findings
Capabilities in own organisation for The most focal issue is how to discuss, further explore,
collaborative development and affect the factors behind the real problems
experienced by the customers. The ways to
collaboratively analyse the costs and profits in terms
of daily decisions and working methods are still
lacking
The steps towards the Industrial Internet will take
place incrementally, and the case organisation needs to
be ready to develop the offering in line with the
identified steps that the customer is ready to take.
Finding the relevant personnel at different levels of the
customer organisation is crucial. Commitment of the
management is the key issue since the value of the
solutions needs to be derived from the business
aspects as the starting point for the development. The
involvement of field personnel seems important; while
the technical expertise needs to be exploited, the role
in the identification of weak signals related to how
customers are willing to manage their production
assets is regarded as increasingly important
Collection of information about the Currently field operations include a variety of
customer in daily operations opportunities to more widely and proactively discuss
the problems and potentials of the customer
production performance. Experienced field workers
already receive much information by walking through
the production lines, with respect to, for example, how
the assets are being maintained and utilised. In
long-term relationships, the experienced field workers
are also very much trusted by the customers. Still, a
systematic approach for further analysing and
elaborating collaboratively the identified potential
needs to be developed

4 Framework for Developing Industrial Internet Enabled

Asset Management Services

4.1 Case Specific Findings and Implications

for the Framework

Table 1 presents the findings from our case study with regards to the five themes
related to the development of Industrial Internet-related services.
Based on empirical findings, it can be concluded that discussions on the value of
preventive and predictive maintenance services provide a relevant basis for building
mutual understanding for deepened collaboration possibilities enabled by the
Industrial Internet. Furthermore, we conclude that lifecycle management issues
Development of Industrial Internet-Related … 7

need to be addressed carefully in the discussions. There seems to be a great

potential related to, together, increasing understanding of the criticality of cus-
tomers’ assets, identifying the bottlenecks and creating a mutual strategy of how
overall equipment efficiency can be improved.

4.2 Identification of the Required Information

and Knowledge

At the very early stage of the development a service provider should define which
sorts of strategic and operational issues are relevant with respect to the targeted
Industrial Internet service and related customer relationship. The following sections
propose a framework for a collaborative discussion with the customer, directing
further service development.
We have chosen two drivers for rough segmentation of customers’ business
drivers for industrial internet, namely: (1) productivity management and (2) quality
and innovativeness. Quality assurance and cost-efficiency represent low-hanging
fruits of interest for a large number of companies at the moment. More holistic
productivity management and innovativeness for sustainable value creation repre-
sent larger opportunities where a company may gather and utilise data from various
sources to make significant changes in its value proposal and better integrate into
the customers’ businesses. Table 2 shows an example of the segmentation with
respect to high-level drivers for managing the assets.
In order to identify the customer’s position, and specify the value-capturing
points and further investigate the specific needs, capabilities and prerequisites of the
customer, we suggest contemplation of the following issues with the customer.
Here, our empirical results are supplemented with previous studies on asset man-
agement (e.g. Kunttu et al. 2011).
• High-level asset management drivers: More thorough knowledge of the
business drivers will support in the identification of the elements emphasised in
the service solutions. The customers may vary with respect to drivers for e.g.
capacity, cost efficiency, quality, safety resource efficiency and non-failure
policies. Table 2 proposes a depiction of the high-level drivers. Customer
specific drivers related to safety, availability, quality, capacity and sustainable
value creation need to be well understood.
• Risks: Management of the safety and environmental risks related to the cus-
tomers’ operational environment need to be understood thoroughly in order to
provide solutions.
• The most focal phenomena related to production: The information-based
service needs to be integrated with customers’ operations and decision-making.
Increased understanding of the relevant decision-making points enables a focus
on the provision of information in purposeful forms, to be directly integrated
into operative practices.
8 T. Ahonen et al.

Table 2 An example of segmentation of customers’ Industrial Internet business drivers

Cost-efficiency Productivity management
Quality optimisation and Capital intensive production Capital intensive production
innovations towards with high demand for quality, with high utilisation rate and
sustainable value combined with flexibility of the high generic requirement for
creation production system to adapt to system availability, combined
market changes and new with tight competition with
innovative product and service respect to quality. Total cost of
concepts that align with the ownership issues and predictive
increasing demand for operations and maintenance are
sustainable solutions. The emphasised. The most focal
techno-economic questions and techno-economic questions to be
availability performance addressed are related to effective
requirements are focused on technology-supported
delivery time requirements and dependability management
energy and resource efficient practices (with reliability,
management of the assets maintainability and maintenance
support performance aspects)
throughout the system lifecycle.
The goals for sustainability, with
economic, environmental and
societal aspects in balance are of
major importance and driven by
the market
Quality ensurance Cost-driven production with a Capital intensive production for
focus on specialised products basic products with high volume
with ensured quality. Companies demand, under heavy
are seeking ways to operate with competition. Good
high energy and resource understanding of the lifecycle
efficiency costs and profits, with demand
for effective optimisation of
those with the help of enabling
technologies and well-allocated
services. Demand for high
availability performance of the
production assets with a focus
on critical system parts
supported by enhanced
technologies

• Life cycles of the customer’s assets: Asset management emphasises an inte-

grated approach, with asset development (capacity and investments), operation
and upkeep of assets. The lifecycles of the customers’ assets need to be known
for profitable value creation opportunities.
• Criticality and production structure: The criticality of the equipment con-
sidered from the perspective of production efficiency is dependent e.g. on the
redundancy, integration level and reliability structure of the system and the
value of failure-based production losses. All three aspects of availability per-
formance should be considered here, namely reliability, maintainability and
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 CHAPTER XI

ONE day, while sinking an exploratory shaft, Chalender came upon a

vein of the snowflake marble that underlay that region. He bored a
tunnel through this frost that had become stone; and laid a royal
pavement for the rural Croton to march upon to town.
The first slab of marble that Chalender cut served him as a pretext
for a visit to Tuliptree Farm. He brought it across country in a wagon
and laid it down at Patty’s feet. He said he had been writing a poem
all the way over, but the jolting of the wagon had knocked the meter
askew, and the sight of RoBards had knocked the whole thing out of
his sconce.
That was his way. He had hoped not to find RoBards at home.
Finding him there, he was impudent enough to conceal his dismay in
its own exaggeration. He pretended to be caught in a rendezvous
and played the scene with an imitation of the bombast of the
popular young actor, Edwin Forrest.
Patty laughed equally at Chalender’s burlesque of guilt and at her
husband’s efforts to pretend amusement. Then she insisted that the
slab be set down before the fireplace as a hearthstone, to replace
the old block of slate that had been quietly cracking and chipping for
years.
This whim of hers offended her husband exquisitely, but she
thwarted him by a show of hysterics, and he dared not protest; for
she was once more in one of those states of mind and body where
she must not be crossed. She was like a rose-tree budding every
year with a new flower. Her third baby had died in the spring
following the great fire. Still Nature would not relent, and another
was already aglow within her protesting flesh. And in the fall of
1837, that baby followed its brother to the grave. But that was to be
expected.
 Nobody counted on raising more than half the children the Lord
allotted. It was a woman’s duty to bear enough to have a few left to
mature. Since nobody had discovered a preventive of disease, it was
evidently Heaven’s pleasure to take back its loaned infants after
running them through a brief hell of whooping cough, chicken pox,
measles, fits, red gum, and scarlatina.
Patty was an unheroic mother. She fought the doctor’s and the
nurse’s orders to keep the babies bandaged tightly, and she was
impatient with the theory that it was a good thing for a baby to cry
all the time, and that it was well to have all the diseases and get
them over with—or go under with them.
Heaven was pleased that a wife should multiply her kind. What
else was she for? If Heaven subtracted, that was the pleasure of
Heaven. The orders were to bear much fruit. Families of sixteen or
more children were not unusual, and a dozen was hardly more than
normal. Most of the family would soon be found in the graveyard,
but that had always been so. The death rate among mothers was
horrible, too; but they died in the line of duty and their husbands
remembered them tenderly—unless their successors were over-
jealous. And it was a man’s duty to keep on taking wives so that the
race should not perish—as it was a soldier’s duty, as soon as one
charger died under him, to capture another.
Patty grew almost blasphemous over the curse upon her sex. She
resented her seizure by one of the wandering souls, and the long
exile it meant from “the pursuit of happiness.” She called it
“unconstitutional!” When the day of travail came she screamed like a
tormented child, and when her hard-won puppet was taken from her
she wept like a little girl whose toy is wrested away.
Those weird deaths of souls hardly yet born were devastating to
RoBards. He frightened Patty so by the first hideous sob she heard
from him that he concealed his grief from her and sought only to
console her as if he had lost nothing. It cost him heavily to deny
himself the relief of outcry.
 On one subject at least he and Patty did not disagree. She would
not have her lost babies taken to either of the graveyards at White
Plains and Armonk. She asked to have their hardly tenanted bodies
kept on the farm, and chose for them a nook where a covey of
young tulip trees had gathered like a little outpost of sentinels.
Always she vowed that she would have no more children: it hurt
too much to see them die. And RoBards, though he longed for a
forest of sons about him, felt a justice in her claim that she should
have the decision since she carried the burden. But she was so
tempting and so temptable that now and again passion blinded them
again to peril, and she was trapped anew. Sometimes, in his black
agonies of mourning, RoBards believed that these children were
snatched from them because they were conceived in tempests of
rapture, and not in the mood of prayer and consecration with which
the preacher, Dr. Chirnside, declared the parental altar should be
approached.
But Patty mocked RoBards’s solemnity when he broached the
subject, and giggled at him as she peeked between her fingers and
snickered, “Shame on you!” She had two weapons that always put
him to utter rout—a naughty smile of pretended shock, and the
quivering upper lip and tremulous wet eyelids of being about to cry.
Often when her frivolous hilarities angered him and he made
ready to denounce her, the mere tightening of the silken threads of
her eyebrows and the puckering of her thimble chin admonished him
that a shower of tears was in her sky, and he forbore. He could not
endure to give her pain. His whole desire was to make her life one
long, long blissfulness.
Yet he seemed disqualified for this. He could rarely achieve
entertainment. She did not find the luxury in his society that he
found in hers. He had her beauty to bask in and she had only his
tiresome earnestness or labored humor. Nowadays when he was
kept in the city for a week or two during the sessions of the courts,
she would not go to town with him. She pretended that it was the
quiet contentment of the farmstead that held her, but he was not
convinced.
Patty’s father and mother still lived at Tuliptree Farm, and both
were so querulous that Patty could hardly endure them. Yet she
would not stay in town.
It was more than a coincidence that Harry Chalender was
neighbors with her now. He carried the city with him. He was New
York enough for her.
The times being hard and fees hard to collect, RoBards closed up
the house in St. John’s Square. He could not rent it, but it was
expensive to keep up, and lonely; so he took a room at the gorgeous
new Astor House.
Often when he came to the farm from the hot town he would note
a strange elusiveness in Patty, the guilt of a mouse caught nibbling a
cake. Or, else, she would be a little too glad to see him. The most
suspicious trait was her occasional unusual solicitude for him: her
anxiety to be sure just when he would return.
Sometimes when he rode into the yard Cuff would say, “You jest
missed Mista Chalenda.” He felt that he read a veiled disappointment
in the ivory eyeballs as they rolled away from his scrutiny. But how
could he ask an ex-slave such questions as rose to his tortured
mind? How could he resent a servant’s unspoken criticism, without
exposing the whole problem of his wife’s integrity?
He would say to Patty carelessly:
“Anybody been here?”
But what could he say when she answered:
“Only that stupid Harry Chalender, with his eternal talk of culverts
and protection walls and drunken teamsters, and the prospects of a
strike.”
He had long ago learned that beneath her yawn was a readiness
to fight. He was usually worn out with the worry and fag of the law
courts where even the judges sat in shirt-sleeves and spat tobacco
between their cocked-up feet. He came home for peace; but to
Patty, a hot argument brought refreshment from a day of languor or
of boredom from her dull parents, or of light coquetry with a
flattering gallant.
She always whipped her husband out. She would whimper and
make him a brute, or she would rail and storm till he implored her
for quiet, to cheat the hungry ears of the servants or to appease the
two terrified children who hung about his knees; or to escape the
sullen glare of Patty’s father and mother.
He felt that, instead of browbeating or being browbeaten by a
delicate woman, he ought to go over to Sing Sing and horsewhip
Harry Chalender. But that also had its inconveniences, and he had no
stomach for adding his own name to the list of knockabouts that
accompanied the building of the aqueduct.
For, all along the right of way, as the landholders had prophesied,
there was drunken brawling. A river of alcohol paralleled the dry bed
for the Croton. Farmers turned their homes into grog shops. Village
tavern-owners and city saloon-keepers set up shanties under the
dusty trees, whether the easily corrupted magistrates gave them
licenses or not.
Together with drink came every other form of dissipation.
Gamblers and cheap tricksters abounded, and those burly harpies
strangely miscalled “light women” came out of their overcrowded
lairs in town until the innocent countryside was one sordid
bacchanal.
Whipped up with liquor and the mad eloquence it inspired, the
laboring men began to talk of their rights and wrongs and, above all,
of their right to organize. In England the first efforts of the lower
classes to combine against the upper, and form a new Jacquerie had
been dealt with sharply, but without permanent success.
The laws of the United States were strict enough, but loose talk of
democracy was undermining them, and the toilers were gaining a
sense of unity. They called themselves “Workies” with an
affectionate self-pity, and early in 1838 they achieved a turn-out (or,
as they called it recently, “a strike”) for higher wages.
This mutiny had a short life, for the hard times and the vast mobs
of unemployed made it easy for the contractors to replace the
strikers, and the magistrates were severe. The contractors caused a
panic by agreeing never on any terms to re-employ the ringleaders,
and there were soon no ringleaders. The others made haste to beg
for mercy and to resume their picks and shovels with gratitude.
One day Patty, to escape from the gloom of her parents, ordered
Cuff to hitch up the carry-all and drive her over to see the
construction camp. As she sat gossiping with Harry Chalender, who
pointed out the rising walls of masonry, a quarrel arose between two
laborers in a ditch. They bandied words like Hamlet and Laertes in
the tomb of Ophelia, and then as if the first and second
gravediggers had fallen afoul, they raised their picks and began a
dreadful fencing match that set Patty to shrieking and swooning.
Chalender was capable as any other carpet knight of prodigies of
valor so long as a lady’s eyes were upon him. He left Patty’s carriage
wheel and ran shouting commands to desist. When the battlers paid
him no heed, he was foolhardy enough to leap down between them.
One pick dealt him a glancing blow on the skull, while the other
struck deep into the sinews across his shoulder blades.
Cuff told RoBards afterward that Miss Patty, instead of fainting at
the sight of Chalender’s blood, sprang to the ground across the
wheel and ran to him like a fury, slashing at the laborers with her
fingernails.
The workmen were aghast enough at the white victim they had
unwittingly laid low, and they lifted him from the ditch. Patty
dropped to the heap of fresh soil and took his bleeding form into her
arms, tore away his shirt and with desperate immodesty made
bandages of her own white pantaloons and stenched the gouts of
red.
 Then she ordered that Chalender be picked up and placed in her
own carry-all. And she brought him home with her.
When RoBards came up from New York, Cuff told him the story
before he reached the house. On the doorsill Patty confronted him
with white defiance. She waited for him to speak.
She dared him to speak. What could he say?
She had saved the life of a wounded man. She had brought home
a dying friend. The Good Samaritan had done no more and no less.
RoBards could have wished the victim had been anyone else in the
world, but he could hardly have wished his wife unequal to such a
crisis.
She stood waiting for him, grim, wan, her nostrils wide and taut,
her lips thin and tight, her eyes ransacking his very soul.
And so he said:
“You are wonderful!”
And then she broke down across the arm he thrust out to catch
her; and she wept upon his heart, caressing his cheek with stroking
hands, while she sobbed:
“I love you. You are so sweet. Poor Harry, I thought they had
killed him! He was so stupid! But you are so sweet!”
And never was word bitterer in a man’s ears than that reiterated
“sweet.”
 CHAPTER XII

FIENDS of suspicion laughed at the tenderness in RoBards’ heart as

he upheld his wife. The fiends called it “complacency.” Fiends of
irony mocked that complacency and told him that it was not lofty
idealism or even consideration for her that withheld his wrath, but
only a voluptuous unwillingness to surrender the possession of her
pretty form.
But whatever his true motives, he was more helpless than
Chalender, where he found him prone on a couch in the library,
biting on a mouthful of tufted quilt and stuffing it down his throat to
stifle his howls of pain as the country doctor swabbed with a coarse
towel the dirty red channel in his back.
Chalender rolled his eyes up whitely at RoBards from the pit of
hell, and then his gaunt face turned into snowflake marble as his
head fell forward and he fainted.
All that night RoBards acted as nurse for him, and forgiveness
bled from him for any real or imagined injury he had received from
Chalender. Hating the man as he did and believing that Chalender
had seduced his wife’s interest and perhaps her very honor, he could
not but feel that the wretch was doing penance enough.
At midnight he had to walk out under the star-sprinkled roof of the
tuliptree to give his eyes repose from the sight of anguish. The night
brooded above, so beautiful, so benign that he wondered how God,
the indubitable God who stared down at his little world he had
made, could endure the hell he had created for the punishment of
his creatures.
A few hours had drained RoBards’ heart of resentment against the
one rival in his one love, yet it was said and preached that God kept
in the center of this world an eternal vat of liquid fire where
numberless children of his parentage screamed everlastingly in vain
for so much as a drop of water on their foreheads. And all because
six thousand years before one man Adam had broken a contract
imposed upon him.
Lawyer and believer in laws, RoBards could not fathom such
ruthlessness, such rigor in a code of entailed sin. Humanity was
growing kindlier toward its prisoners. Thirty or forty years ago, the
French under the lead of Doctor Pinel had relapsed to the old Greek
theory that the insane were innocent invalids, and should be treated
kindly, not flogged and chained and reviled. This seemed to cast a
doubt upon the belief that the mad folk were inhabited by devils, but
the effects of gentleness were amazing. And recently this infection of
modern weakness and effeminacy had led to a theory of softer
methods toward criminals.
Good and pious men had protested against the cessation of capital
punishment for thieves, but theft had not been increased by mercy.
In the British Navy, the flogging of sailors had been discontinued and
there were sentimentalists who pleaded that American sailors also
should be protected from the horror of being stripped and lashed till
their bare backs bled. But this dangerous leniency had not yet been
tried.
Over at this Sing Sing prison, however, where Chalender was
building his section of the aqueduct, so called “prison reform” was
under trial, and no great harm had come of it as yet. Where three
thousand lashes with the cat-o’-six tails had been the monthly total,
less than three hundred were inflicted now. Women were reading
the Bible to the prisoners now and then. All the good old rigidities of
discipline were giving way.
The world was turning slowly and painfully from the ancient faith
in cruelty and in men made crueler by a most cruel God, and
RoBards felt his power to hate Chalender seeping out of his heart
like sand stealing from the upper chamber of an hourglass. He tried
to hold it, because it seemed indecent to endure the existence of
one he suspected of so much as an inclination toward his sacred
wife. But it slipped away in spite of him. When he needed his hate, it
was gone.
Night after night he fell asleep in his chair at the bedside of his
panting enemy, who moaned when he slept, but when he was
awake smothered all sound and simply sweat and stared and
gnawed at the quilt like a trapped rat.
When RoBards woke he would often find Patty at his side, staring
at Chalender while big tears slipped from her cheek and fell,
streaking the air with a glistening thread of light. And she mopped
with a little handkerchief the clammy forehead of Chalender, on
whose knotted brow big drops of sweat glowed like tears from
squeezed eyelids.
RoBards was too tired to resent. He would lift himself heavily from
his chair and go to his breakfast, and then to the gig that was to
carry him to New York. He would sleep for miles, but his horse knew
the way. He slept through hours of courtroom boredom, too, but at
night in his room at the Astor House he was wide awake.
Below him Broadway roared in the flare of its gas lamps, the
busses going to and fro like vast glowworms. But his thoughts were
in Westchester.
He was further depressed by a hanging. At the new Tombs prison
the first execution had just taken place. The dead criminal had
murdered his wife, the pretty hot corn girl, whose cry, “Lily white
corn! Buy my lily white corn!” rang in RoBards’ ears. It seemed
impossible that any man should destroy so pretty a thing, a thing
that he must have loved much once. The thought of the pretty girl
made him anxious for his own pretty Patty. He was glad that he had
not throttled her in one of his onsets of mad justice. He longed to
hurry home to hear her voice and be sure of her.
But he could not go back for many days. And then a shift in the
docket suddenly released him and he set out at once. The long drive
was an ordeal, but there was a wonderful sense of perfectness in his
heart when his dusty horse at last turned into the road that gave his
home to his eyes. He was the pilgrim whose strength just lasts the
pilgrimage out. There was his Mecca, the Jerusalem of his heart’s
desire! His home, the place established by his father, the fireside
where his wife awaited him, the fane where his children were
gathered.
It was the spirit of the time to let the poetic mood exult in high
apostrophic strains. He felt a longing to cry out something beginning
with “O thou——!” He could not find the word enormous enough for
his love, but the inarticulateness of his ecstasy shattered his soul
with a joyous awe.
Oh, that House where it waited on its hill, throned on its hill and
reigning there! Thou Tulip Tree! that standest there like a guardian
seneschal! or like the canopy above a throne! like something—he
knew not what, except that it was beautiful and noble and beyond
all things precious.
As the horse plodded up the steep road, RoBards’ heart climbed,
too. He was uplifted with a vague piety, such as he had felt when
first he saw the dome of the Statehouse at Albany and felt the glory
of citizenship, felt the majesty of his State. This home was the
capitol of that people which was his family. It bore the name he
bore, as a franchise, a title, a dignity, and therewith a mighty
responsibility.
It was his duty, it must be his pride, to keep that name clean and
high; to keep that home a temple of unsullied honor. No enemy must
tear it down, no slander must soil its whiteness, no treachery must
dishonor it from within.
The sun, sinking behind it, threw out spokes of light as from the
red hub of a tremendous invisible wheel. The sun had the look of an
heraldic device.
The home was as quiet, too, as an armorial bearing. The children
were taking their afternoon nap, no doubt, in the nursery. No doubt
the old people were asleep in their upper room. His wife, where was
she? He would love to find her stretched out slumbering across her
bed like a long Easter lily laid along a pulpit.
He did not see even Cuff, the old negro, who was doubtless asleep
in the barn on a pile of harness. RoBards tied his horse to the
hitching post and moved with a lordly leisure to the porch. He had
actually forgotten that there was a stranger in his house. His heart
had been too perfectly attuned to admit a discord.
He paused on the top step and surveyed his domain. Along the
contour of the horizon—and his horizon was his own—a team of big
white horses moved, leaning against the collars that ruffed their
necks. The plough they dragged through the soil flashed back the
sunset as its keen share bounded from a sharp stone. After it
plodded the farmer, the lines about his loins, his whip sketching a
long scrawl across the sky. He was going to put in his winter wheat.
Along another hill an orchard was etched, the sky visible beneath
the branches that joined to form arches in a green colonade. Old
fences of rail and stone staggered up and down the slopes, each of
them a signature of some purchase his father had made, some
parcel of land bought from some dead farmer. Beneath RoBards’
eyes, was the little garrison of tulip trees where his babies slept on
earth. There was dew on his lashes and an edged pebble in his
throat as his lips knit in a grimace of regret. Yet there was a holiness
about his pain, and a longing that nothing should disturb this
Sabbath in his soul.
He turned to enter the open door, but he heard murmurs and a
kind of hissing whisper that surprised him. He moved toward his
library, and there, stretched out on the couch where he himself had
sometimes rested when worn out with his lawbooks, he saw Harry
Chalender lying on his right side. The quilt had fallen from one
shoulder, since his left arm was lifted to enfold the woman who sat
curled on a hassock before him and had just laid her lips upon his.
RoBards could not move, or speak. He seemed not even to think
or feel. He merely existed there. He was nothing but a witness, all
witness. After a long kiss and a long sigh of bitter-sweet bliss, Patty
murmured:
“How wicked we are! how wicked!”

“HOW WICKED WE ARE! HOW WICKED!”

Then she turned her beautiful head and stared across her
shoulder and saw RoBards. He could think of nothing but of how
beautiful she was.
Chalender did not turn his head; but the amorous curve of his lips
was fixed in a mask of love—inane, and petrified.
 Patty waited for RoBards to speak. But he did not know what to
say, or to think. And he could not move.
 CHAPTER XIII

IF Chalender had only risen in self-defence or reached for a weapon

or spoken a word, whether of bravado or cowardice, it would have
been easy for RoBards to rush him. If his lip had merely quirked with
that flippant smile of his at life, it would have been a rapture to
throttle him.
But his lip was still pathetic with an arrested kiss, and in his eyes
was the pain of desire. He did not know that RoBards was looking at
him.
The animal instinct to destroy the man who had won his wife’s
caress was checked by an instinct equally animal: the disability to
attack the helpless and unresisting.
First wrath had thrust RoBards forward. But his feet grew leaden
upon the floor, as a multitude of impulses and instincts flung out of
his soul and crowded about his will, restraining it like a mob of
peacemakers, a sheriff’s posse of deputies.
He had come from thoughts of piety before the meaning of his
home, and his heart was devout. His eyes had just left off embracing
with a mighty tenderness the graves of his two little children.
The bare imaginations of their mother’s infidelity and its
punishment were like sacrilegious rioters abusing the calm church
within him.
In his revolt, he could have called his eyes liars for presenting his
wife to him in another man’s arms, and before he could see through
the haze that clouded his vision, she was standing erect and staring
at him with a dignity that defied either his suspicions or his revenge.
He could have killed Patty for her own recklessness with her honor,
which was his now. He understood in a wild flash of thought-
lightning why the husband of “the pretty hot-corn girl” must have
struck her dead.
Chalender had not moved, did not suspect. He was wounded; his
fever was high. He might not live.
Perhaps he had been in a delirium. Perhaps Patty had been merely
trying to quiet him. But she had been saying, “How wicked we are!”
as if cheaply absolving herself of sin by confession.
Suppose RoBards charged her with disloyalty and she denied it.
What proof had he? He was the only witness. He could not divorce
her for merely kissing a wounded visitor.
Divorce! How loathsome! Nobody had yet forgotten old Aaron
Burr’s brief marriage to old Betty Jumel or the recent noisome
lawsuit that followed, in which Burr flattered her with four
corespondents to her one for him.
As a lawyer RoBards had many divorce trials brought to him and
he abominated them. He had never had a nightmare so vile as the
thought that he might have to choose between clamorous divorce
and smothered disgrace.
He wanted to die now rather than make the choice. To kill
Chalender would seem almost a lesser horror. But that also meant
exposure to the public. The burial of Chalender would but throw
open his own home like a broken grave. It was only a detail that
Chalender had saved his life the night of the fire when RoBards
could not climb back to the wharf and no one else heard or heeded
him.
To butcher a wounded man, guilty so ever; to strip a woman stark
before the mob, evil so ever; to brand his children, to blotch his
home with scandal—pure infamy! But, on the other hand, to spare a
slimy reptile; to be the cheap victim of a woman’s duplicity; to leave
his children to her foul ideals; to make his home a whited sepulcher
—infamy again. He felt that the children must be first to be
considered. But which way was their welfare to be sought?
 Then the children themselves ran in upon his swooning mind,
Imogene and Keith. He felt their tendril fingers wrap about his inert
hands. He heard their piping cries of welcome. He fell back from the
door and was so weak, so sick that they easily pulled him to his
knees and clambered on his back and beat him, commanding
“Giddap!” and “Whoa, Dobbin!”
The very attitude was a degradation. He was actually crawling, a
brute beast on all fours with his young on his back. When he flung
them off Keith bumped his head and began to cry, Immy to howl
and boo-hoo! And they ran to their mother protesting that their Papa
was mean, and hurted them. They turned to Chalender for
protection. And this was Chalender’s first warning that RoBards had
come home—home! what a dirtied word it was now—“home!”
RoBards scrambled to his feet and dashed out of the intolerable
place.
Only the old tulip tree had dignity now. With a Brahmanic majesty
it waved its long-sleeved arms above him and warned him that he
must not let life drive him mad. His decision one way or the other
did not matter much. Nothing he did or left undone mattered much.
The leaves would come and go and come anew. The farmer was still
striding along after his plough in a silhouette cut out against a
scarlet west.
Just one thing seemed important: the house pleaded with him not
to dishonor it. It was older than he. It had cradled him. It had
cradled his children. It wanted to cradle their children’s children. The
lengthening shadow of the chimney had crept along the grass now
till it lay like a soft coverlet on the beds of the little twain that had
been lent him for a while. The very chimney had a soul of its own,
and a good name. It seemed to implore him not to brand it as a
place of evil resort.
His knees gave way and he dropped to the ground, rendered idiot
by the contradiction of his impulses. He saw old negro Cuff staring at
him. The farmer’s wife paused at the back door to wonder. At an
upper window Patty’s Teen leaned out to fix on him the white stare
of her black face.
Then someone came stepping toward him as timidly as a rabbit in
dew-chilled grass. Someone sank down by him with a puff of floating
silk and a drift of perfume across his nostrils. And then his wife
spoke in the coldest calmest voice he had ever heard from her, as if
his discovery of her had discovered her to herself and had aged her
in a moment.
“Mist’ RoBards!” she pleaded, “Mist’ RoBards if it will save you any
trouble, I’ll kill myself. I’ll fling myself down the well, or let you kill
me if you would like that better. Some day you were bound to catch
us together, Harry and me. I’m almost glad you did at last. I’ve been
bad enough to destroy my own soul, but don’t let me break your
heart or ruin your life. I’m not worth your grieving for, Mist’ RoBards.
I’ve been as wicked as I could be and for a long while, and now
you’ve found me out—and I’m glad. Even if you kill me, I’m glad.”
But he was not glad. Suspicion had burned and hurt, but
knowledge was a knife through the heart; it was mortal. It killed
something in him. One soul of his many souls was slain. His other
souls were in a panic about its deathbed, as Patty went on, her voice
queerly beautiful for all the hideous things it told:
“Harry doesn’t know that you saw him—us. Nobody does. He isn’t
in his right mind. He is weak and sick and I made myself pretty just
to make him quit laughing at me. And if he dies, it will be my fault.
“And that would be funny—for such a worthless little fool as me to
cause so much trouble for two men, two such fine men. He is fine,
in spite of all his wickedness, and he’s doing a great work that must
go on. Let me go away and disappear somewhere. I’ll drown myself
in your river, if I can find a place deep enough. And Harry need
never know why. I don’t want him to know that you saw us. I
couldn’t stand that. It’s of you I’m thinking. I don’t want him to
know that you know about this terrible thing. It isn’t so bad, if he
doesn’t know you know. For then you’d have to kill him, I suppose.
 “But please don’t kill him, for then they’ll try you and send you to
prison or hang you and choke you to death before all the people.
Oh, don’t let that happen, David. You couldn’t be so cruel to me as
to let them kill you and hurt you and bury you in the Potter’s Field
on my account—don’t do that to me, Davie. I’ve loved you. In my
way, I’ve loved you. I’m not good enough for you, but—if any harm
should come to you, I’d die. Don’t look like that, Mist’ RoBards! Oh,
don’t look so helpless and heartbroken and so unhappy. Don’t
torture me to death that way!”
And then it was he that sobbed and not she. He could feel her
clutching at him and lifting him from the grass reeking with his tears.
She drew his head into her soft arms and into her lap and set her
lips against his cheek, but dared not kiss him, though her tears beat
on his clenched eyelids like the first big drops of a long rain.
One little mercy was vouchsafed him and that was the sinking of
the sun behind the hill; the blessed twilight came with its infinite
suavity and the impalpable veils it draws across the harsh edges of
things and thoughts.
He saw the tide of the evening wind where it eddied along the
grass and overflowed his hands and his face. He heard the farmer
go up the dusty lane that muffled the tread of the tired horses, but
not the little clink-clink of the harness rings. He supposed that the
farmer was staring and wondering at him as he himself stared inside
his own eyelids at the world within him, and wondered at that.
It grew cold. His wife’s hands chilled as they clenched his. He
could feel her shiver. He could just hear her whisper through her
chattering teeth:
“Please come in, Mist’ RoBards.”
He put away her arms and got to his feet. Then his dignity took on
the look of mere sulkiness. When he saw Patty unable to rise, and
huddled in a dismal heap, he bent and lifted her to her feet. She
seemed unable to stand or walk; so his arm of its own volition or
habit went round her to hold her up.
 And at that she threw her arms about him and buried her face in
his breast and sobbed. He looked through blurred eyes at the
ambiguous sky where stars were thrilling in the rosy afterglow. In
the dark house someone was lighting lamps. The lamps and the
stars were tenderly beautiful, but they came only when all else was
black.
From the hall door a rug of warm yellow ran across the porch and
down the steps into the path. The children began to call, “Mamma!
Papa! where are you?”
The house yearned toward him with its deep bosom. Something
with the arms of a spirit reached out from it and drew him in.
It was wrong to yield, but he had an utter need of peace for a
while. He was wounded worse than Chalender, and needed more
care.
All that night it was as if Indians prowled about the house,
savages that longed to drag forth the people within, to howl slanders
and truths about them, to fasten them to stakes and dance a torture
dance about them, cut off their eyelids and blind them with ruthless
light. There were no Indians to fear now, save the stealthy reporters
and the more merciless newspapers.
But the house baffled them; it was a strong stockade. They should
not have its children yet a while. It had won another day in its long
battle against the invading strangers.
 CHAPTER XIV

THAT night RoBards slept apart from his wife—in the spare room. He
owed that much to his wrongs and she dared not try to wheedle him
into the dangerous neighborhood of her beauty.
But first they heard the children’s prayers together. It was bitter to
hear their sleepy voices asking forgiveness for their tiny sins and
murmuring, “God bless Mamma and Papa and Mister Chalender!
Amen!” Then the wet little good-night kisses scalded the cheeks of
the divided parents who leaned across the cradles as across coffins
and waited till sleep carried their babes away to the huge nursery of
night. Then they parted without a word, without the challenge of a
look.
He slept, too. All night he slept, better than ever. His strength had
been shattered in a moment as if a bolt of lightning had riven him.
He was a dead man until the morning brought resurrection and the
problems of the daylight.
The first thing he heard was a loud shout:
“Jump her, boys! jump her! No water! There’s no water! We’ve got
to get some gunpowder! Up she goes! Down she comes!”
It was Harry Chalender in a delirium fighting the Great Fire again.
His frenzy gave him the horrible sanctity of the insane.
The doctor came over after breakfast. He shook his head. The
wound was dangerous: the pick-blade had made an ugly gouge and
gangrene might set in. There was pus in the wound. There was
fever, of course, high, racking fever that fried his flesh till the very
skin seemed to crackle.
RoBards had not expected to go back to town for several days. He
had needed the cool remoteness of his farm. But now the solitude
was like that uttermost calm into which the angels fell and made it
Pandemonium. Now the place was crowded with invisible devils
gibbering at him, shaking their horned heads over him in hilarious
contempt, tempting him to everything desperate.
He made an excuse to Patty that he had to return to the city. He
spoke to her with the coldest formality. She made no effort to detain
him, but this was plainly not from indifference, for she answered like
a condemned prisoner in the dock.
“All right, Mist’ RoBards. I understand.”
It broke his heart to see her meek. All the fire of pride was gone
out of her. She was a whipped cur thing, and he could not put out
his hand to caress her.
Something in him, a god or a fiend, tried to persuade him that she
was not to blame, that she had been the prey of currents stronger
than herself. But whether the god or the fiend whispered him this,
the other of the two spirits denied it as a contemptible folly.
According to the law, women, as soon as they married, lost all
rights to their souls, wills, properties, and destinies: yet if men were
to forgive their wives for infidelities no home would be safe. This
new-fangled mawkishness toward the wicked must have a limit
somewhere.
He had to go into his library for a lawbook that he had brought
with him on an earlier visit to his home—“visit” seemed the nice,
exact word, for he was only a visitor now. Harry Chalender was the
master of the house.
RoBards expected to find the usurper in a delirium. But Chalender
was out of the cloud for the moment. With a singularly fresh and
boyish cheer, he sang out:
“Hello, David! How’s my old crony? Don’t let me keep you out of
your shop. Go ahead and work and don’t mind me. I’m pretty sick, I
suppose, or I’d take myself out of your way. Forgive me, won’t you?”
He asked forgiveness for a possible inconvenience, but kept in his
black heart the supposed secret of his treachery! Yet something
compelled RoBards to laugh and say that he was to make himself at
home and feel right welcome. The dishonest glance he cast toward
Chalender was met with a look of smiling honesty that reminded
David of some lines he had heard the English actor Kean deliver at
the theatre:

“My tables—meet it is I set it down,

That one may smile and smile and be a villain.”

Yet he smiled himself, and felt that many a villain was more the
hero than he. He hurried out of the room, fleeing from the helpless
sick man who smiled and had no conscience to trouble him.
He found that his horse had gone lame and could not take him all
the way to New York. He drove the limping nag only so far as White
Plains, and sent Cuff back with him. He waited in front of Purdy’s
Store until the Red Bird coach was ready to start. He saw Dr.
Chirnside waiting for the same stage, and he dreaded the ordeal of
the old preacher’s garrulity. But there was no escape. The parson
had come up to look over the churches in the Bedford Circuit and he
was pretty sure to indulge in one of his long tirades against the evils
of the times—especially the appalling atheism of the country, an
inheritance from the Revolutionary sentiments. The colleges were
full of it—of atheism, drunkenness, gambling—but Dr. Chirnside
seemed to dread atheism far less than he dreaded the other sects of
his own faith. Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians were gaining a
foothold in the countryside and he almost choked when he referred
to the Catholics.
All the way down to New York Dr. Chirnside’s tongue kept pace
with the galloping horses. He began with the stage itself. He
remembered when even carriages were almost unknown in the rural
districts. Gentlemen rode horses and carried their necessaries in
valises swung from the saddle; ladies rode on pillions. Then light
wagons came in, and carioles next, gigs, chaises, and chairs. And
now stages with their luxury and their speed of nearly ten miles an
hour!
As if that were not enough, a steam railroad was to ruin the peace
of the country. Had Mr. RoBards ridden behind one of the engines
that now drew the railway cars from the City Hall all the way to
Harlem? No? He had been fortunate in his abstemiousness.
“The speed of these trains is only another instance of our mad
passion for hurry. After a time people will return to their sanity, and
the stage coaches will drive the fire-breathing monsters back to the
oblivion they came from.
“Another evil of the railroad is that it will bring more and more of
the wicked city element into the country. The aqueduct has
practically ruined an entire region. Have you seen the hollow
Chinese wall they are building for the Croton water? Ah, yes!
Indeed! Most impressive, but if man’s work destroys God’s beautiful
country where will be the profit?
“The Continental Sabbath will soon destroy the rural peace as it
has already destroyed New York’s good name. The chains are no
longer drawn across Broadway before the church services and any
Tom, Dick, or Harry may now drive his rattletrap past the sacred
edifice on his way to some pagan holiday.
“In the good old days even taking a walk on Sunday was
recognized as a disrespect to the Lord. Nowadays men go driving!
And not always without fair companions of the most frivolous sort.
In my day a gentleman, passing his most intimate friend on the way
to church, would greet him with a cold and formal nod. Nowadays
people smile and laugh on Sunday as if it were merely a day like
another! Where will it end? I tremble to think of it.
“I have just witnessed an example of the extent to which the new
lawlessness is carrying us. Fortunately I was able to deal with it
sternly.”
He told how some of the aqueduct laborers had spent their
Sunday off, not in pious meditation and fasting, but in sauntering
about the country. Their paganism had gone so far that when they
came upon a patch of wild whortleberries growing by the roadside,
they brazenly began to pick and eat them and gather others to take
to their camp.
“Driving home from the service I chanced to see them, and I
determined to put a stop at once to this violation of the laws of God
and man. I ordered the county sheriff to arrest the culprits. They
were fined a shilling each for the sacrilege.
“Unfortunately, this was not the end of it. The depths of human
depravity were disclosed in the behavior of these gross men. Only
last Sabbath, instead of going to church, they hung about the
village. Most unluckily, the sheriff’s daughter carelessly went into the
garden and picked a few currants for the midday dinner. Whereupon
the laborers called on her father and demanded that he arrest his
own daughter. He had to do it, too, and pay her fine of a shilling. It
will be a lesson to the wicked girl, but it rather undoes the good I
was able to impress on the laborers.”
Dr. Chirnside was aghast at such levity, such contempt for sacred
things, but RoBards took no comfort in the thought that, since man’s
quenchless thirst for horrors could be slaked with such trivial
atrocities, his own tragedy was only one example more.
He felt an almost irresistible impulse to seize the clergyman by the
sleeve and cry:
“What would you say if I told you of what has been going on in
my own home? My wife is a member of your congregation; she has
been brought up with every warning against immodesty of thought
or action, and yet—and yet——”
He could not frame the story even in thought. He could not tell it.
Yet if he did not tell, the secret would gnaw his heart away like a rat
caged within.
Dr. Chirnside could hardly have found appropriate gloom for this
disaster since he was already in such despair over the habits of the
modern women, that he had no superlatives left for their dishonor.
 As the stage swung down into the city, lurching through mudholes
that occasionally compelled it to take to the sidewalk and scatter the
pedestrians like chickens, he pointed out a girl strolling along with a
greyhound on the leash of a blue silk ribbon.
“See how our girls walk abroad unattended,” he gasped. “That
young female has at least a dog to protect her, but it is appalling
how careless parents are. No wonder our foreign critics are aghast
at the license we allow our ladies. They go about without a father or
a husband to guard them from the insolence of bystanders. It is the
custom, too, to permit couples who have been formally betrothed to
be alone together without any guardian. In most of the homes sofas
have been imported for them to sit upon. No wonder that New
England people say that their old custom of bundling was less
immodest. The very word sofa implies an Oriental luxury.
“The dress of our women, too, is absolutely disgusting. When I
was young there was an outcry against a new fashion of shortening
the skirts in the rear so that the heels were visible. People frankly
cried ‘Shame!’ at the sight of them. Nowadays ankles are openly
exposed. Look at that pretty creature stepping across the gutter. She
is actually lifting her petticoats out of the mud. No wonder those
men all crane their necks to ogle! And her satin shoes are hardly
more than cobwebs!
“Their immodesty does not stop at the ankles. The bare bosom is
seen! Really! I blush to mention what young females of excellent
family do not blush to reveal.
“It is perilous to health, too. You see our ladies gadding about in
the bitterest weather with their necks uncovered, while gentlemen
shiver under their great coats with five or six capes and heavy stocks
and mufflers besides.
“But the men are hardly more modest. This new fashion of—dare I
refer to it?—of buttoning the pantaloons down the front instead of
on the sides! It is astounding. One or two sermons have already
been preached against it and I think I shall refer to it myself next
Sabbath. Pardon me!”
There was a respite while he took out his pocketbook and made a
note of this urgent matter. RoBards remembered his own
memorandum that a man may smile and be a rake as well. He could
hardly keep from plucking at the parson’s sleeve and confessing:
“When you are in your pulpit, cry out also that one of the town’s
pets, the popular Harry Chalender, has ruined the good name of my
wife and our children and stained the old RoBards mansion with the
wreckage of the Seventh Thou-shalt-not!”
But Dr. Chirnside was putting up his pencil and putting forth his
lean, cold hand for a farewell clasp. The stage was nearing City Hall
Park and he must get out his fare and get down at his parsonage.
And a little further below was the Astor House, which RoBards
must call home henceforth.
Dr. Chirnside had referred for his “thirteenthly” to the barbaric
luxury of the new hotel, and to the evil influence of such hostelries
on home-life. It had a bathtub on every floor! What Oriental luxury
would come next? In many of the more religious states bathing was
a misdemeanor, but in New York every crime flourished—and every
slothfulness. The modern woman, unlike her mother, was too
shiftless to care for her own household or even to oversee her
servants: she preferred to live in a hotel and have more time and
convenience for her idle mischiefs.
But RoBards mused dismally that his home had gone to wrack and
ruin first, and that the hotel was his only refuge.
 CHAPTER XV

THE sumptuousness of the Astor House only emphasized RoBards’

exile. From his window he would look down upon the seething
throngs along Broadway, the tall beavers of the men and the poke
bonnets of the women bobbing along as on a stream.
He would seek escape from solitude overlooking the multitude by
retreating to the inner court and the fountain flaunting its crystal
plumes in the turfed garden. But there was that quadrangle of
many-windowed walls about him, and he felt Argus eyes upon him
everywhere. Behind every curtain somebody seemed to be watching
him. The expense of the luxurious hotel was heavy—a dollar a day it
cost him, but he could not face boarding-house inquisitiveness.
In his office he would sit and brood across his pine table with its
green baize cover, and stare at the pine boxes that held his books
and the files of his cases tied with red tape. He would dip his quill
into the inkstand of gray stone and make careless scratches on the
paper before him. When he looked at them afterward they made
him wonder if he were going mad. These crazy designs would serve
as evidence for his commitment to any asylum.
On the margins of his briefs he would wake to find that he had
been making crude contours of Patty’s scoop hat, her big eyes, or
the nape of her neck. He would blot her out in a fury of rage, and
attack his work.
The case of Jessamine vs. the City of New York was still hanging
fire. Many of the claims of people who were forced to sell their lands
for the aqueduct were still unsettled though their farms were
covered with stone and trenched with ditches.
Yet now RoBards felt that the city had its justice. He had fought
for the country and the country had betrayed him. Vile wickedness
had found shelter and prosperity in the gentlest seclusions.
 It was a mockery that he should be the counsel for old Jessamine.
What did he owe the dotard except hatred for bringing into the
world so pretty a perjurer? The father had made Tuliptree Farm
almost untenable by his whimpering stupidity and the daughter had
driven him into exile by her ruthless frivolity.
From his law office and his hotel RoBards would flee to a club. He
had joined the fashionable Union Club just formed, but the members
always asked him about his wife, and he had to speak of her with
affection and respect.
The affection was still in his heart, but the respect—he marveled
at his ability to adore one whom he despised, to hang his whole life
on the broken reed of a little woman’s wavering fancy.
He frequented the theatre but he found discomfort there, since
almost all the stories dealt with tragic or comic flirtations. He liked to
go to the Bowery Theatre, but it was always burning down. Mary
Taylor, “Our Mary” as they called her, puzzled him because she had a
reputation for private morality and yet she was a convincing actress
of spicy rôles. Patty was not an actress at all—she was positively
imbecile in the drawing-room plays she had taken part in; yet her
private life proved that her home was but a stage to her. Behind the
private life of people there was so often another private life. And he
had never been admitted until now to the green room of his own
domestic theatre. Patty was a convincing actress of Innocence.
Moods of retaliation were frequent. There were opportunities
enough. It amazed him now that he was alone in the city to see how
many chances were offered him to make some other husband a fool.
Young girls of fifteen or sixteen, who had not yet been married, or
were only betrothed, dazed him by the black wisdom in their eyes.
They scampered and made pretenses of terror before him like
kittens or puppies begging him to pursue them.
Others were to be had of a more public character. It was
estimated that there were ten thousand downright wicked women in
the town. The streets at night were so crowded with them that
innocent young girls, poor seamstresses or polite damsels whom
some emergency forced to be abroad, were not only ogled and
bespoken, but sometimes seized and kissed by the loiterers.
The haunts of evil were well known, some of them foul dens, but
others mansions. Yet the very sense that Patty had absolved him of
obligation to her; that she herself had severed their contract,
annulled the temptation. What excitement could he find it taking
sneakingly what nobody could prevent his taking openly?
Besides, as a lawyer he knew that the traps of blackmail lay all
about the town—springes to catch woodcocks. The heads of many
families were paying perennial taxes on such indiscretions. He knew
of one banker who had been mulcted of thirty thousand dollars just
because he chanced to be in the house where Helen Jewett was
murdered. The trial of the young clerk charged with the crime was
enormously exploited by the noisy newspapers.
That clerk was ruined for life, and he might well have wished that
he had been employed by Mr. Tappan, the abolitionist silk merchant
who compelled each of his clerks to sign a pledge never to visit a
theatre or make acquaintance with actor, actress, or other person of
evil life, never to be out of his boarding house after ten o’clock at
night, never to miss the two prayer meetings a week, or the two
Sunday services, or fail to report of a Monday morning the church,
the preacher, and the text of the day before.
A final check upon any recklessness in RoBards’ lonely humors
was the feeling that if he also sinned he would be robbed of his
precious indignation against Patty. He was no prig, no prude. He had
lived. But just now the one food of his soul was the sense of being
cruelly wronged. It was gall, but it sustained him somehow.
In the eyes of the law a husband’s infidelity was almost negligible,
but RoBards felt that if he were to break his vows he would acquit
Patty of blame for being false to hers. There were families in town,
according to gossip-mongers and the gossip papers, where husband