Download the full version of the ebook now at ebookgrade.

com

NSCA's Guide to Sport and Exercise Nutrition

National Strength & Conditioning
Association

https://ebookgrade.com/product/nscas-guide-to-
sport-and-exercise-nutrition-national-strength-
conditioning-association/

Explore and download more ebook at https://ebookgrade.com

 Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that
you can download immediately if you are interested.

Nutrition for Sport and Exercise

https://ebookgrade.com/product/nutrition-for-sport-and-exercise/

ebookgrade.com

Nutrition for Sport and Exercise 4th Edition by Marie

Dunford

https://ebookgrade.com/product/nutrition-for-sport-and-exercise-4th-
edition-by-marie-dunford/

ebookgrade.com

NSCA's Essentials of Tactical Strength and Conditioning

https://ebookgrade.com/product/nscas-essentials-of-tactical-strength-
and-conditioning/

ebookgrade.com

(Test Bank) Nutrition for Sport and Exercise 3rd Edition

Marie Dunford

https://ebookgrade.com/product/test-bank-nutrition-for-sport-and-
exercise-3rd-edition-marie-dunford/

ebookgrade.com
Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning 3rd
Edition

https://ebookgrade.com/product/essentials-of-strength-training-and-
conditioning-3rd-edition/

ebookgrade.com

ACSM's Foundations of Strength Training and Conditioning

Ratamess

https://ebookgrade.com/product/acsms-foundations-of-strength-training-
and-conditioning-ratamess/

ebookgrade.com

NSCA CPT Study Guide

https://ebookgrade.com/product/nsca-cpt-study-guide/

ebookgrade.com

Strength and Conditioning A Biomechanical Approach Gavin

L. Moir

https://ebookgrade.com/product/strength-and-conditioning-a-
biomechanical-approach-gavin-l-moir/

ebookgrade.com
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Heliastes (M.)—Labrichthys, Duymæria, Platyglossus, Novacula
(M.), Julis (M.), Coris (M.)
Sirembo (J.)—Motella (M.)—Ateleopus (J.)
Pseudorhombus, Pleuronectes (M.), Solea (M.), Synaptura (M.)
Saurus (M.), Harpodon.—Salanx (J.)—Engraulis (M.), Clupea
(M.), Etrumeus—Conger (M.), Congromuræna (M.), Murænesox
(M.), Oxyconger, Myrus (M.), Ophichthys (M.), Muræna (M.)
Syngnathus (M.), Hippocampus (M.), Solenognathus.
Triacanthus, Monacanthus, Ostracion.
3. The Californian district includes a marked northern element,
the principal constituents of which are identical with types occurring
in the corresponding district of the Atlantic, viz. the North American,
as exemplified by Discoboli, Anarrhichas, Centronotus, Cottus,
Hippoglossus, Clupea (harengus), etc. But it possesses also, in the
greatest degree of development, some types almost peculiar to itself,
as the Heterolepidina, some remarkable Cottoid and Blennioid
genera, and more especially the Embiotocoids—viviparous
Pharyngognaths—which replace the Labroids of the other
hemisphere. Gadoids are much less numerous than in the North
American district. The southern forms are but little known, but it may
be anticipated that, owing to the partial identity of the Faunæ of the
two coasts of the Isthmus of Panama, a fair proportion of West
Indian forms will be found to have entered this district from the south.
The following are the principal genera:—
Chimœra, Galeus, Mustelus, Triacis, Cestracion, Rhina, Raja.
Serranus; Chirus, Ophiodon, Zaniolepis; Sebastes; Nautichthys,
Scorpœnichthys, Cottus, Centridermichthys, Hemilepidotus,
Artedius, Prionotus, Agonus; Cyclopterus, Liparis; Anarrhichas,
Neoclinus, Cebidichthys, Stichœus, Centronotus, Apodichthys;
Psychrolutes; Auliscops.
Embiotocidœ.
Gadus. Hippoglossus, Psettichthys, Citharichthys, Paralichthys,
Pleuronectes, Parophrys.
 Osmerus, Thaleichthys, Hypomesus; Engraulis, Clupea.
Syngnathus.

III.—The Equatorial Zone.

As we approach the Tropic from the north, the tribes
characteristic of the Arctic and Temperate zones become scarcer,
and disappear altogether: to be replaced by the greater variety of
Tropical types. Of Chondropterygians, the Chimœridœ, Spinacidœ,
Mustelus, and Raja, do not pass the Tropic, or appear in single
species only; and of Teleosteans, the Berycidæ, Pagrus, the
Heterolepidina, Cottus and allied genera, Lophius, Anarrhichas,
Stichæus, Lepadogaster, Psychrolutes, Centriscus, Notacanthus, the
Labridæ and Embiotocidæ, the Lycodidæ, Gadidæ, and marine
Salmonidæ disappear either entirely, or retire from the shores and
surface into the depths of the ocean.
With regard to variety of forms, as well as to number of
individuals, this zone far surpasses either of the temperate zones; in
this respect, the life in the sea is as that on the land. Coast fishes are
not confined to the actual coast-line, but abound on the coral reefs,
with which some parts of the Atlantic and Pacific are studded, and
many of which are submerged below the water. The abundance of
animal and vegetable life which flourishes on them renders them the
favourite pasture-grounds for the endless variety of coral-fishes
(Squamipinnes, Acronuridæ, Pomacentridæ, Julidæ, Plectognathi,
etc.), and for the larger predatory kinds. The colours and grotesque
forms of the Fishes of the Tropics have justly excited the admiration
of the earliest observers. Scarlet, black, blue, pink, red, yellow, etc.,
are arranged in patterns of the most bizarre fashion, mingling in
spots, lines, bands; and reminding us of the words of Captain Cook
when describing the coral-reefs of Palmerston Island: “The glowing
appearance of the Mollusks was still inferior to that of the multitude
of fishes that glided gently along, seemingly with the most perfect
security. The colours of the different sorts were the most beautiful
that can be imagined—the yellow, blue, red, black, etc., far
exceeding anything that art can produce. Their various forms, also,
contributed to increase the richness of this sub-marine grotto, which
could not be surveyed without a pleasing transport.”
Of Chondropterygians the Scylliidæ, Pristis (Saw-fishes),
Rhinobatidæ, and Trygonidæ attain to the greatest development. Of
Acanthopterygians Centropristis, Serranus, Plectropoma, Mesoprion,
Priacanthus, Apogon, Pristipoma, Hæmulon, Diagramma, Gerres,
Scolopsis, Synagris, Cæsio, Mullidæ, Lethrinus, Squamipinnes,
Cirrhites, some genera of Scorpænidæ, Platycephalus, Sciænidæ,
Sphyræna, Caranx Equula, Callionymus, Teuthis, Acanthurus,
Naseus, are represented by numerous species; and the majority of
these genera and families are limited to this zone. Of
Pharyngognaths the Pomacentridæ, Julidina, and Scarina, are met
with near every coral formation in a living condition. Of Gadoids, a
singular minute form, Bregmaceros, is almost the only
representative, the other forms belonging to deep water, and rarely
ascending to the surface. Flat-fishes (Pleuronectidæ) are common
on sandy coasts, and the majority of the genera are peculiar to the
Tropics. Of Physostomi only the Saurina, Clupeidæ, and Murænidæ
are represented, the Clupeidæ being exceedingly numerous in
individuals, whilst the Murænidæ live more isolated, but show a still
greater variety of species. Lophobranchii and Sclerodermi are
generally distributed. Branchiostoma has been found on several
coasts.
Geographically it is convenient to describe the Coast fauna of the
tropical Atlantic separately from that of the Indo-Pacific ocean. The
differences between them, however, are far less numerous and
important than between the freshwater or terrestrial faunæ of
continental regions. The majority of the principal types are found in
both, many of the species being even identical; but the species are
far more abundant in the Indo-Pacific than in the Atlantic, owing to
the greater extent of the archipelagoes in the former. But for the
broken and varied character of the coasts of the West Indies, the
shores of the tropical Atlantic would, by their general uniformity,
afford but a limited variety of conditions to the development of
specific and generic forms, whilst the deep inlets of the Indian ocean,
with the varying configuration of their coasts, and the different nature
of their bottom, its long peninsulas, and its archipelagoes, and the
scattered islands of the tropical Pacific, render this part of the globe
the most perfect for the development of fish-life. The fishes of the
Indian and Pacific oceans (between the Tropics) are almost identical,
and the number of species ranging from the Red Sea and east coast
of Africa to Polynesia, even to its westernmost islands, is very great
indeed. However, this Indo-Pacific fauna does not reach the Pacific
coast of South America. The wide space devoid of islands, east of
the Sandwich Islands and the Marquesas group, together with the
current of cold water which sweeps northwards along the South
American coast, has proved to be a very effectual barrier to the
eastward extension of the Indo-Pacific fauna of coast fishes; and,
consequently, we find an assemblage of fishes on the American
coast and at the Galapagoes Islands, sufficiently distinct to constitute
a distinct zoological division.
The following list, which contains only the principal genera and
groups of coast fishes, will give an idea of the affinity of the tropical
Atlantic and Indo-Pacific:—[28]
Trop.-Atl. Indo-Pac.
Scylliidæ — 13
Pristis 3 4
Rhinobatidæ 4 8
Torpedinidæ 1 8
Trygonidæ 14 24
Etelis 1 1
Aprion — 1
Apsilus 1 —
Centropristis 15 —
Anthias 4 5
Serranus 30 85
Plectropoma 11 5
Grammistes — 2
Rhypticus 3 —
Diploprion — 1
Myriodon — 1
Mesoprion 15 50
Priacanthus 4 12
Apogon and Chilodipterus 2 75
Pristipoma 12 14
Hæmulon 15 —
Diagramma — 30
Gerres 12 16
Scolopsis — 20
Dentex and Symphorus — 7
Synagris and Pentapus — 24
Cæsio — 12
Mullidæ 5 22
Sargus 7 2
Lethrinus 1 18
Chrysophrys 1 7
Pimelepterus 1 5
Squamipinnes 13 110
Toxotes — 2
Cirrhites — 20
Scorpænidæ 2 65
Myripristis 3 15
Holocentrum 6 25
Platycephalus — 25
Prionotus 1 —
Trigla — 4
Peristethus 2 6
Uranoscopina 2 8
Champsodon — 1
Percis — 10
Sillago — 5
Latilus 1 2
Opisthognathus 2 5
Pseudochromis — 8
Cichlops and Pseudoplesiops — 2
Sciænidæ 44 43
Sphyræna 1 10
Trichiuridæ 6 5
Caranx 20 60
Chorinemus 4 7
Trachynotus 6 4
Psettus 1 2
Platax — 7
Zanclus — 1
Equula and Gazza — 20
Teuthis — 30
Acanthurus 3 42
Naseus — 12
 Kurtidæ 1 6
Gobiodon — 7
Callionymus — 17
Batrachidæ 5 4
Tetrabrachium — 1
Malthe 1 —
Petroscirtes — 30
Clinus 6 —
Dactyloscopus 1 —
Malacanthus 1 2
Cepola — 1
Gobiesocidæ 5 1
Amphisile — 3
Fistulariidæ 3 3
Pomacentridæ 17 120
Lachnolæmus 1 —
Julidina 36 190
Pseudodax — 1
Scarina 21 65
Pseudophycis — 1
Bregmaceros — 1
Ophidiidæ 3 7
Fierasfer — 6
Pleuronectidæ 21 56
Saurina 5 9
Clupeidæ. 33 84
Chirocentrus — 1
Murænidæ 47 130
Pegasus — 3
Solenostoma — 2
Syngnathidæ 7 41
Sclerodermi 16 67
Gymnodontes 23 40

A. Shore Fishes of the Tropical Atlantic.

The boundaries of the tropical Atlantic extend zoologically a few
degrees beyond the Northern and Southern Tropics, but as the
mixture with the types of the temperate zone is very gradual, no
distinct boundary line can be drawn between the tropical and
temperate faunæ.
 Types, almost exclusively limited to it, and not found in the Indo-
Pacific, are few in number, as Centropristis, Rhypticus, Hæmulon,
Malthe. A few others preponderate with regard to the number of
species, as Plectropoma, Sargus, Trachynotus, Batrachidæ, and
Gobiesocidæ. The Sciænoids are equally represented in both
oceans. All the remainder are found in both; but in the minority in the
Atlantic, where they are sometimes represented by one or two
species only (for instance, Lethrinus).

B. Shore Fishes of the Tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean.

The ichthyological boundaries of this part of the tropical zone
may be approximately given as 30° of lat. N. and S.; on the
Australian coasts it should probably be placed still farther south, viz.,
to 34°; it includes, as mentioned above, the Sandwich Islands, and
all the islands of the South Sea, but not the American coasts.
Some eighty genera of Shore fishes are peculiar to the Indo-
Pacific, but the majority consists of one or a few species only;
comparatively few have a plurality of species, as Diagramma,
Lethrinus, Equula, Teuthis, Amphiprion, Dascyllus, Choerops,
Chilinus, Anampses, Stethojulis, Coris, Coilia.
The Sea-perches, large and small, which feed on Crustaceans
and other small fishes, and the coral-feeding Pharyngognaths are
the types which show the greatest generic and specific variety in the
Indo-Pacific. Then follow the Squamipinnes and Murænidæ, the
Clupeidæ and Carangidæ families in which the variety is more that of
species than of genus. The Scorpænidæ, Pleuronectidæ,
Acronuridæ, Sciænidæ, Syngnathidæ, and Teuthyes, are those
which contribute the next largest contingents. Of shore-loving
Chondropterygians the Scylliidæ and Trygonidæ only are
represented in moderate numbers, though they are more numerous
in this ocean than in any other.

C. Shore Fishes of the Pacific Coasts of Tropical America.

As boundaries within which this fauna is comprised, may be
indicated 30° lat. N. and S., as in the Indo-Pacific. Its distinction from
the Indo-Pacific lies in the almost entire absence of coral-feeding
fishes. There are scarcely any Squamipinnes, Pharyngognaths or
Acronuridæ, and the Teuthyes are entirely absent. The genera that
remain are such as are found in the tropical zone generally, but the
species are entirely different from those of the Indo-Pacific. They are
mixed with a sprinkling of peculiar genera, consisting of one or two
species, like Discopyge, Hoplopagrus, Doydixodon, but they are too
few in number to give a strikingly peculiar character to this fauna.
The Three districts are distinguishable:—
a. Central American district, in which we include, for the present,
Lower California, shows so near an affinity to the tropical Atlantic
that, if it were not separated from it by the neck of land uniting the
two American Continents, it would most assuredly be regarded as a
portion of the Fauna of the tropical Atlantic. With scarcely any
exceptions the genera are identical, and of the species found on the
Pacific side nearly one-half have proved to be the same as those of
the Atlantic. The explanation of this fact has been found in the
existence of communications between the two oceans by channels
and straits which must have been open till within a recent period.
The isthmus of Central America was then partially submerged, and
appeared as a chain of islands similar to that of the Antilles; but as
the reef-building corals flourished chiefly north and east of those
islands, and were absent south and west of them, reef-fishes were
excluded from the Pacific shores when the communications were
destroyed by the upheaval of the land.
b. The Galapagoes district received its coast fauna principally
from the Central American district, a part of the species being
absolutely the same as on the coast of the Isthmus of Panama, or as
in the West Indies. Yet the isolation of this group has continued a
sufficiently long period to allow of the development of a number of
distinct species of either peculiarly Atlantic genera (such as
Centropristis, Rhypticus, Gobiesox, Prionotus), or at least tropical
genera (such as Chrysophrys, Pristipoma, Holacanthus, Caranx,
Balistes). A few other types from the Peruvian coast (Doydixodon),
or even from Japan (Prionurus), have established themselves in this
group of islands. A species of Cestracion has also reached the
Galapagoes, but whether from the south, north, or west, cannot be
determined.
The presence of the Atlantic fauna on the Pacific side is felt still
farther west than the Galapagoes, some Atlantic species having
reached the Sandwich Islands, as Chætodon humeralis and
Blennius brevipinnis.
c. The Peruvian district possesses a very limited variety of shore
fishes, which belong, with few exceptions, like Discopyge,
Hoplognathus, Doydixodon, to genera distributed throughout the
tropical zone, or even beyond it. But the species, so far as they are
known at present, are distinct from those of the Indo-Pacific, as well
as of the tropical Atlantic; and therefore this district cannot be joined
either to the Central American or the Galapagoes.

IV.—The Southern Temperate Zone.

This zone includes the coasts of the southern extremity of Africa,
from about 30° lat. S., of the south of Australia with Tasmania, of
New Zealand, and the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of South America
between 30° and 50° lat. S.
The most striking character of this fauna is the reappearance of
types inhabiting the corresponding latitudes of the Northern
Hemisphere, and not found in the intervening tropical zone. This
interruption of the continuity in the geographical distribution of Shore-
fishes is exemplified by species as well as genera, for instance—
Chimæra monstrosa, Galeus canis, Acanthias vulgaris, Acanthias
blainvillii, Rhina squatina, Zeus faber, Lophius piscatorius,
Centriscus scolopax, Engraulis encrasicholus, Clupea sprattus,
Conger vulgaris. Instances of genera are still more numerous—
Cestracion, Spinax, Pristiophorus, Raja; Callanthias, Polyprion,
Histiopterus, Cantharus, Box, Girella, Pagellus, Chilodactylus,
Sebastes, Aploactis, Agonus, Lepidopus, Cyttus, Psychrolutidæ,
Notacanthus; Lycodes, Merluccius, Lotella, Phycis, Motella; Aulopus;
Urocampus, Solenognathus; Myxine.
Naturally, where the coasts of the tropical zone are continuous
with those of the temperate, a number of tropical genera enter the
latter, and genera which we have found between the tropics as well
as in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, extend in a
similar manner towards the south. But the truly tropical forms are
absent; there are no Squamipinnes, scarcely any Mullidæ, no
Acronuri, no Teuthyes, no Pomacentridæ (with a single exception on
the coast of Chili), only one genus of Julidina, no Scarina, which are
replaced by another group of Pharyngognaths, the Odacina. The
Labrina, so characteristic of the temperate zone of the Northern
Hemisphere, reappear in a distinct genus (Malacopterus) on the
coast of Juan Fernandez.
The family of Berycidæ, equally interesting with regard to their
distribution in time and in space, consists of temperate and tropical
genera. The genus by which this family is represented in the
southern temperate zone (Trachichthys) is much more nearly allied
to the northern than to the tropical genera.
The true Cottina and Heterolepidina (forms with a bony stay of
the præoperculum, which is generally armed) have not crossed the
tropical zone; they are replaced by fishes extremely similar in
general form, and having the same habits, but lacking that
osteological peculiarity. Their southern analogues belong chiefly to
the family Trachinidæ, and are types of genera peculiar to the
Southern Hemisphere.
The Discoboli of the Northern Hemisphere have likewise not
penetrated to the south, where they are represented by
Gobiesocidæ. These two families replace each other in their
distribution over the globe.
Nearly all the Pleuronectidæ (but they are not numerous) belong
to distinct genera, some, however, being remarkably similar in
general form to the northern Pleuronectes.
With Gadoids Myxinidæ reappear, one species being extremely
similar to the European Myxine. Bdellostoma is a genus peculiar to
the southern temperate zone.
As in the northern temperate zone, so in the southern, the
number of individuals and the variety of forms is much less than
between the tropics. This is especially apparent on comparing the
numbers of species constituting a genus. In this zone genera
composed of more than ten species are the exception, the majority
having only from one to five.
The proportion of genera limited to this zone is rather high; they
will be indicated under the several districts, which we distinguish on
geographical rather than zoological grounds.

1. The Cape of Good Hope district.

The principal genera found in this district are the following (those
limited to the entire zone being marked with a single (*) and those
peculiar to this district with a double (**) asterisk):—
Chimæra, *Callorhynchus, Galeus, **Leptocarcharias, Scyllium,
Acanthias, Rhinobatus, Torpedo, Narcine, Astrape, Raja.
Serranus, Dentex, Pristipoma; Cantharus, Box, **Dipterodon,
Sagrus, Pagrus, Pagellus, Chrysophrys; *Chilodactylus; Sebastes,
*Agriopus; Trigla; Sphyræna; Lepidopus, Thyrsites; Zeus; Caranx;
Lophius; Clinus (10 species), Cristiceps; **Chorisochismus.
*Halidesmus, *Genypterus, Motella.
Syngnathus.—*Bdellostoma.
This list contains many northern forms, which in conjunction with
the peculiarly southern types (Callorhynchus, Chilodactylus,
Agriopus, Clinus, Genypterus, Bdellostoma) leave no doubt that this
district belongs to the southern temperate zone, whilst the
Freshwater fishes of South Africa are members of the tropical fauna.
Only a few (Rhinobatus, Narcine, Astrape, and Sphyræna) have
entered from the neighbouring tropical coasts. The development of
Sparoids is greater than in any of the other districts of this zone, and
may be regarded as one of its distinguishing features.
2. The South Australian district comprises the southern coasts of
Australia (northwards, about to the latitude of Sydney), Tasmania,
and New Zealand. It is the richest in the southern temperate zone,
partly in consequence of a considerable influx of tropical forms on
the eastern coast of Australia, where they penetrate farther
southwards than should have been expected from merely
geographical considerations; partly in consequence of the thorough
manner in which the ichthyology of New South Wales and New
Zealand has been explored. On the other hand, the western half of
the south coast of Australia is still almost a terra incognita.
The shore-fishes of New Zealand are not so distinct from those of
south-eastern Australia as to deserve to be placed in a separate
district. Beside the genera which enter this zone from the Tropics,
and which are more numerous on the Australian coast than on that
of New Zealand, and beside a few very local genera, the remainder
are identical. Many of the South Australian species, besides, are
found also on the coasts of New Zealand. The principal points of
difference are the extraordinary development of Monacanthus on the
coast of South Australia, and the apparently total absence in
Australia of Gadoids, which in the New Zealand Fauna are
represented by six genera.
Shore-fishes of the South Australian district.
South Australia New Zealand.
and Tasmania.
*Callorhynchus (antarcticus). 1 1
Galeus (canis) 1 1
Scyllium 2 1
**Parascyllium 1 —
Crossorhinus 1 —
Cestracion 2 1
Mustelus (antarcticus) 1 1
Acanthias (vulgaris and blainvillii) 2 1
Rhina 1 —
Pristiophorus 1 —
**Trygonorhina (fasciata) 1 1
Rhinobatus 1 1
Torpedo — 1
Narcine 1 —
Raja 3 1
Trygon (Urolophus) 3 2
**Enoplosus 1 —
Anthias (richardsonii) 1 1
Callanthias 1 —
Serranus —
 x[29]
Plectropoma 4 —
**Lanioperca 1 —
**Arripis 3 1
Histiopterus 1 —
Erythrichthys — 1
*Haplodactylus 2 2
Girella 4 —
**Tephræops 1 —
Pagrus 1 1
*Scorpis 2 1
**Atypichthys 1 —
**Trachichthys — 1
**Chironemus 1 1
**Holoxenus 1 —
Chilodactylus 9 4
**Nemadactylus 1 —
**Latris 2 2
Scorpæna 4 2
**Glyptauchen 1 —
Centropogon 2 —
*Agriopus 1 1
*Aploactis 1 —
**Pentaroge 1 —
Platycephalus 5 —
Lepidotrigla 3 1
Trigla 3 1
Anema — 1
**Crapatalus — 1
**Kathetostoma 1 2
**Leptoscopus 1 3
Percis 2 1
*Aphritis 1 —
Sillago 2 —
*Bovichthys 1 1
*Notothenia — 1
Sphyræna 1 —
Lepidopus — 1
Trichiurus 1 —
Thyrsites 1 1
**Platystethus — 2
Zeus (faber) 1 1
 Cyttus 1 1
Trachurus (trachurus) 1 1
Caranx x 2
*Seriolella — 1
Pempheris 1 —
Callionymus 3 —
Batrachus 1 —
**Brachionichthys 2 —
**Saccarius — 1
Clinus 1 1
**Lepidoblennius 1 —
Cristiceps and Tripterygium 4 5
**Patæcus 3 —
**Acanthoclinus — 1
**Diplocrepis — 1
**Crepidogaster 3 1
**Trachelochismus — 1
**Neophrynichthys — 1
Centriscus 2 1
Notacanthus (sexspinis) 1 1
**Labrichthys 8 2
**Odax 5 1
Coridodax — 1
**Olistherops 1 —
**Siphonognathus 1 —
Gadus — 1
Merluccius — 1
Lotella — 1
**Pseudophycis — 1
Motella — 1
Bregmaceros — 1
*Genypterus 1 1
**Lophonectes 1 —
**Brachypleura — 1
Pseudorhombus — 1
**Ammotretis 1 1
**Rhombosolea 3 3
**Peltorhamphus — 1
Solea 1 —
Aulopus 1 —
Gonorhynchus (greyi) 1 1
Engraulis (encrasicholus) 1 1
Clupea 1 1
 **Chilobranchus 1 —
Conger (vulgaris) 1 1
Ophichthys 1 1
Murænichthys 1 —
Congromuræna — 1
Syngnathus 5 2
Ichthyocampus — 1
**Nannocampus 1 —
Urocampus 1 —
**Stigmatophora 2 1
Solenognathus 2 1
**Phyllopteryx 2 —
Monacanthus 15 1
Ostracion 3
*Bdellostoma — 1
Branchiostoma 1 1
3. The coast-line of the Chilian district extends over 20 degrees
of latitude only, and is nearly straight. In its northern and warmer
parts it is of a very uniform character, and exposed to high and
irregular tides, and to remarkable and sudden changes of the levels
of land and water, which must seriously interfere with fishes living
and propagating near the shore. No river of considerable size
interrupts the monotony of the physical conditions, to offer an
additional element in favour of the development of littoral animals. In
the southern parts, where the coast is lined with archipelagoes, the
climate is too severe for the majority of fishes. All these conditions
combine to render this district comparatively poor as regards variety
of Shore fishes, as will be seen from the following list:—
*Callorhynchus; Scyllium, Acanthias, Spinax; Urolophus.
Serranus, Plectropoma, Polyprion, Pristipoma, Erythrichthys;
*Haplodactylus; *Scorpis; Chilodactylus, **Mendosoma; Sebastes,
*Agriopus; Trigla, Agonus; *Aphritis, *Eleginus, Pinguipes, Latilus,
Notothenia (1 sp.) Umbrina; Thyrsites; Trachurus, Caranx,
*Seriolella; Porichthys; **Myxodes, Clinus; Sicyases, Gobiesox.
Heliastes; **Malacopterus; *Labrichthys.
Merluccius; *Genypterus; Pseudorhombus.
 Engraulis, Clupea; Ophichthys, Muræna.
Syngnathus.—*Bdellostoma.
Of these genera six only are not found in other districts of this
zone. Three are peculiar to the Chilian district; Porichthys and
Agonus have penetrated so far southwards from the Peruvian and
Californian districts; and Polyprion is one of those extraordinary
instances in which a very specialised form occurs at almost opposite
points of the globe, without having left a trace of its previous
existence in, or of its passage through, the intermediate space.
4. The Patagonian district is, with the exception of the
neighbourhood of the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, almost unknown.
In that estuary occur Mustelus vulgaris, two Raja, two Trygon,
several Sciænoids, Paropsis signata and Percophis brasilianus (two
fishes peculiar to this coast), Prionotus punctatus, Læmonema
longifilis (a Gadoid), a Pseudorhombus, two Soles, Engraulis olidus,
a Syngnathus, Conger vulgaris, and Ophichthys ocellatus; and if we
notice the occurrence of a Serranus and Caranx, of Aphritis and
Pinguipes, and of two or three Clupea, we shall have enumerated all
that is known of this fauna. The fishes of the southern part, viz. the
coast of Patagonia proper, southwards to Magelhæn’s Straits, are
unknown; which is the more to be regretted, as it is most probably
the part in which the characteristic types of this district are most
developed.

V.—Shore Fishes of the Antarctic Ocean.

To this fauna we refer the shore fishes of the southernmost
extremity of South America, from 50° lat. S., with Tierra del Fuego
and the Falkland Islands, and those of Kerguelen’s Land, with Prince
Edward’s Island. No fishes are known from the other oceanic islands
of these latitudes.
In the Southern Hemisphere surface fishes do not extend so far
towards the Pole as in the Northern; none are known from beyond
60° lat. S., and the Antarctic Fauna, which is analogous to the Arctic
Fauna, inhabits coasts more than ten degrees nearer to the equator.
It is very probable that the shores between 60° and the Antarctic
circle are inhabited by fishes sufficiently numerous to supply part of
the means of subsistence for the large Seals which pass there at
least some season of the year, but hitherto none have been obtained
by naturalists; all that the present state of our knowledge justifies us
in saying is, that the general character of the Fauna of Magelhæn’s
Straits and Kerguelen’s Land is extremely similar to that of Iceland
and Greenland.
As in the arctic Fauna, Chondropterygians are scarce, and
represented by Acanthias vulgaris and species of Raja. Holocephali
have not yet been found so far south, but Callorhynchus, which is
not uncommon near the northern boundary of this fauna, will prove
to extend into it.
As to Acanthopterygians, Cataphracti and Scorpænidæ are
represented as in the arctic Fauna, two of the genera (Sebastes and
Agonus) being identical. The Cottidæ are replaced by six genera of
Trachinidæ, remarkably similar in form to arctic types; but Discoboli
and the characteristic Arctic Blennioids are absent.
Gadoid Fishes reappear, but are less developed; as usual they
are accompanied by Myxine. The reappearance of so specialised a
genus as Lycodes is most remarkable. Flat-fishes are scarce as in
the North, and belong to peculiar genera.
Physostomes are probably not entirely absent, but hitherto none
have been met with so far south. Lophobranchs are scarce, as in the
Arctic zone; however, it is noteworthy that a peculiar genus, with
persistent embryonic characters (Protocampus), is rather common
on the shores of the Falkland Islands.
The following are the genera known from this zone. Those with a
single asterisk (*) are known to extend into the Temperate zone, but
not beyond it; those with a double asterisk (**) are limited to the
Antarctic shores:—
Magelhæn’s and Kerguelen.
Falkland.
Acanthias vulgaris 1 —
Raja 1 2
Psammobatis 1 —
 Sebastes 1 —
**Zanclorhynchus — 1
*Agriopus 1 —
Agonus 1 —
*Aphritis 1 —
*Eleginus 1 —
**Chænichthys 1 1
*Bovichthys 2 —
*Notothenia 8 7
**Harpagifer 1 1
Lycodes 4 —
**Magnea 1 —
Lotella 1 —
Merluccius 1 —
**Lepidopsetta — 1
**Thysanopsetta 1 —
Syngnathus 1 —
**Protocampus 1 —
Myxine 1 —
31 13

Fig. 108.—Chænichthys rhinoceratus, shores of the Antarctic

Ocean.
 CHAPTER XX.

DISTRIBUTION OF PELAGIC FISHES.

Pelagic Fishes,—that is, fishes inhabiting the surface of mid-

ocean (see p. 255), belong to various orders, viz.
Chondropterygians, Acanthopterygians, Physostomes,
Lophobranchs, and Plectognaths. But neither Anacanths nor
Pharyngognaths contribute to this series of the Marine Fauna. The
following genera and families are included in it:—
Chondropterygii: Carcharias, Galeocerdo, Thalassorhinus,
Zygæna, Triænodon, Lamnidæ, Rhinodon, Notidanidæ, Læmargus,
Euprotomicrus, Echinorhinus, Isistius; Myliobatidæ.
Acanthopterygii: Dactylopterus, Micropteryx, Scombrina,
Gastrochisma, Nomeus, Centrolophus, Coryphænina, Seriola,
Temnodon, Naucrates, Psenes, Xiphiidæ, Antennarius.
Physostomi: Sternoptychidæ, Scopelus, Astronesthes,
Scombresocidæ (majority).
Lophobranchii: Hippocampus.
Plectognathi: Orthagoriscus, and some other Gymnodonts.
Pelagic fishes differ much from one another in their mode of life.
The majority are excellent swimmers, which not only can move with
great rapidity, but also are possessed of great powers of endurance,
and are thus enabled to continue their course for weeks, apparently
without the necessity of rest: such are many Sharks, Scombroids,
Dolphins, Pilot-fish, Sword-fishes. In some, as in Dactylopterus and
Exocoetus, the ability of taking flying leaps out of the water is
superadded to the power of swimming (Flying-fishes). But in others
the power of swimming is greatly reduced, as in Antennarius,
Hippocampus, and Gymnodonts; they frequent places in the ocean
covered with floating seaweed, or drift on the surface without
resistance, at the mercy of wind and current. The Echeneis or
Sucking-fishes attach themselves to other large fish, ships, or
floating objects, and allow themselves to be carried about, unless
change of climate or want of food obliges them to abandon their