UNIT 3

MAGNETIC
EFFECT OF
CURRENT AND
MAGNETISM

7. MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETIC FIELD

CONTENTS
01 Concept of Magnetic Field – Oersted’s Experiment

02 Biot-Savart’s Law

03 Rules to Determine the direction of Development of Magnetic Field.

04 Applications of Biot-Savart’s Law

05 Ampere’s Circuital Law and Applications

CONTENTS
06 Force on moving Charge in a Uniform Magnetic Field

07 Definition of Magnetic Field

08 Lorentz’s Force

09 Force between two Parallel Current Carrying Conductors

10 Definition of Ampere

11 Cyclotron
 Concept of
Magnetic Field
The region near a
magnet, where a
magnetic needle
experiences a torque
and rests in a definite
direction, is called
‘Magnetic Field’.
Oersted’s Experiment
 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT CARRYING
CONDUCTOR : BIOT-SAVART’S LAW

𝑷 𝒅𝑩 𝒅𝑩
Biot – Savart’s Law is based on series 𝑰
of experiments to study the magnetic
fields and helps in determination of 𝒓 𝑷
magnitude and direction of magnetic 𝒓
field.

According to Biot – Savart’s Law, the magnetic

field at point P due to the current element 𝑰𝒅𝒍 𝒅𝒍Ԧ
depends on -
1. It is proportional to the current I flowing
through the conductor. 𝑰
𝒅𝑩 ∝ 𝑰
2. It is proportional to the length 𝒅𝒍 of the element 𝒅𝑩 ∝ 𝒅𝒍

3. It is proportional to the sine of the angle 𝜽 between the length of the

element and the line joining the element to the point P.

𝒅𝑩 ∝ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝑷 𝒅𝑩 𝑰 𝒅𝑩

4. It is inversely proportional to the

square of the distance r between the 𝒓 𝑷
𝒓
element and the point P.
𝟏
𝒅𝑩 ∝ 𝟐
𝒓 𝒅𝒍Ԧ
Therefore,

𝑰𝒅𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝑰
𝒅𝑩 ∝
𝒓𝟐
 𝐈𝐝𝐥 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
𝐝𝐁 ∝
𝐫𝟐 𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐝𝐥 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
𝐝𝐁 =
𝟒𝛑 𝐫𝟐
𝛍𝟎 𝐈(𝐝Ԧ𝐥 × 𝐫)
Ԧ
𝐝𝐁 =
𝟒𝛑 𝐫𝟑

Magnetic Field of entire Conductor,

𝛍𝟎 𝐈(𝐝Ԧ𝐥 × 𝐫)
Ԧ
𝐁 = 𝐝𝐁 =
𝟒𝛑 𝐫𝟑
where,
𝛍𝟎
is proportionality constant
𝟒𝛑
𝝁𝟎 is permeability in free space
𝛍𝟎 = 𝟒𝛑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐍𝐀−𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝐖𝐛. 𝐀−𝟏 𝐦−𝟏
In terms of Current Density
𝐈 𝐈. 𝐝𝐥 𝐈. 𝐝𝐥 𝐈. 𝐝𝐥 = 𝐉. 𝐝𝐕
𝐉= = =
𝐀 𝐀. 𝐝𝐥 𝐝𝐕

𝝁𝟎 𝐉. 𝐝𝐕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝛍𝟎 (𝐉Ԧ × 𝐫)
Ԧ
𝐝𝐁 = 𝐝𝐁 = 𝐝𝐕
𝟒𝛑 𝐫𝟐 𝟒𝛑 𝐫𝟑

where,
𝝁𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐧𝐞𝐰𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐰𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐫
𝐨𝐫
𝟒𝝅 𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞𝟐 𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞 − 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐞

Dimensional Formula of 𝝁𝟎
[𝐌𝐋𝐓 −𝟐 𝐀−𝟐 ]
RULES TO DETERMINE THE DIRECTION OF DEVELOPED
MAGNETIC FIELD

RIGHT HAND PALM RULE

RULES TO DETERMINE THE DIRECTION OF DEVELOPED
MAGNETIC FIELD

RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE

RULES TO DETERMINE THE DIRECTION OF DEVELOPED
MAGNETIC FIELD

MAXWELL’S RIGHT HAND SCREW RULE

Applications of Biot –Savart’s Law
(i) Magnetic Field due to a straight current carrying conductor of finite series
D
Considering a straight conductor CD,
carrying current I F
The magnetic field is required at P. 𝜃 G
E
Constructing PQ perpendicular to CD,
such that PQ = r
𝑥 𝑑∅
Taking a small element EF of the conductor. ∅2
∅
Constructing EG perpendicular to FP Q 𝑟 P
∅1
Let dl be the length and r be the distance I
from point P.
C
 The magnitude of the magnetic field at P due to the current
carrying element dl is-
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐝𝐥 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
D 𝐝𝐁 =
𝟒𝛑 𝐱𝟐
F But, 𝐝𝐥. 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 = 𝐄𝐆 = 𝐱. 𝐝∅ 𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐝∅
𝜃 G 𝐝𝐁 =
𝟒𝛑 𝐱
E
𝐫
Again, 𝐱= 𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅. 𝐝∅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝐝𝐁 =
𝑥 𝟒𝛑 𝐫
𝑑∅
∅2
∅ Magnitude of the magnetic field 𝐁 at point P
Q 𝑟 P due to the whole conductor CD is
∅1
I
𝐁 = න 𝐝𝐁
C
 D
𝐁 = න 𝐝𝐁

F
∅𝟐 𝜃 G
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅. 𝐝∅ E
𝐁= න
𝟒𝛑 𝐫
−∅𝟏
𝑥 𝑑∅
∅𝟐 ∅2
𝛍𝟎 𝐈
𝐁= න 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅. 𝐝∅ ∅
𝟒𝛑 𝐫 Q P
−∅𝟏 𝑟 ∅1
𝛍𝟎 𝐈 I
𝐁= [ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 −∅𝟏 ]
𝟒𝛑 𝐫 C
𝛍𝟎 𝐈
𝐁= [ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅𝟐 ]
𝟒𝛑 𝐫
Applications of Biot –Savart’s Law
(ii) Magnetic Field at the Axis of a Current-Carrying Circular Loop
Considering a circular loop of radius a, carrying current I
dl
The magnetic field is
A B
required at P at a
r
distance x from O.
a

I ∅
Let take a small O x P
current-element of
length dl at the top
of the loop and at A’ B’
distance r from P.
 The magnitude of the magnetic field at P due to the current carrying
element dl is- 𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐝𝐥 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
𝐝𝐁 = The angle 𝛉 between dl and P is 90⁰
𝟒𝛑 𝐫𝟐
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐝𝐥
𝛅𝐁 =
𝟒𝛑 𝐫 𝟐
On resolving the components of dB
dl The resultant field -
𝐝𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅ 𝐝𝐁
A B 𝐁 = න 𝛅𝐁 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅
r ∅
a
∅ 𝐝𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅
I where,
x P 𝐝𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅
𝐚
∅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅ =
𝐫

𝐝𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅ 𝐝𝐁
 𝛍𝟎 𝐈 𝐚 dl
𝐁=න 𝐝𝐥 𝐝𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅ 𝐝𝐁
𝟒𝛑 𝐫 𝟐 𝐫
A B
r ∅
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐚 a
𝐁=න 𝐝𝐥
𝟒𝛑 𝐫 𝟑 ∅ 𝐝𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅
I
x P 𝐝𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐚
𝐁= න 𝐝𝐥 ∅
𝟒𝛑 𝐫 𝟑

𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐚 𝐝𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅ 𝐝𝐁
𝐁= 𝟐𝛑𝐚
𝟒𝛑 𝐫 𝟑 𝛍𝟎 𝟐𝛑𝐍𝐚𝟐 𝐈
If it is a coil of N turns 𝐁=
𝛍𝟎 𝟐𝛑𝐚𝟐 𝐈 𝟒𝛑 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝟑/𝟐
𝐁=
𝟒𝛑 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝟑/𝟐
Magnetic Field at the centre 𝛍𝟎 𝟐𝛑𝐍𝐈
𝛍𝟎 𝐚𝟐 𝐈 𝐁=
𝐁= x = 0 𝟒𝛑 𝐚
𝟐 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝟑/𝟐
Applications of Biot –Savart’s Law
(iii) Magnetic Field at the Centre of a Circular Current Carrying Loop

Considering a loop of radius a, carrying I

current I.
B
Let O be the centre of loop, at which 𝜹𝒍 a
the field is required. O
By Biot Savart’s Law, the magnetic I
field at O due to small element 𝜹𝒍
I
I
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝛅𝐥𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
𝐝𝐁 =
𝟒𝛑 𝐚𝟐
As, 𝛉 = 90⁰
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝛅𝐥
𝐝𝐁 =
𝟒𝛑 𝐚𝟐
 𝛍𝟎 𝐈
The magnitude of the field at 0 due to the entire coil 𝐁= ෍ 𝛅𝐥
𝟒𝛑 𝐚𝟐

For the entire length of the coil

𝛍𝟎 𝐈
𝐁= 𝟐𝛑𝐚
𝟒𝛑 𝐚𝟐
For N turns

𝛍𝟎 𝐈 𝛍𝟎 𝐍𝐈
𝐁= 𝐁=
𝟐 𝐚 𝟐 𝐚

For semi-circular current loop

𝛍𝟎 𝐈
𝐁=
𝟒 𝐚
 The line integral of the
magnetic field (magnetic flux
density) 𝑩 around a closed path
Ampere’s is equal to 𝝁𝟎 times the net
current I threading through the
area enclosed by the path.
Circuital
Law ර 𝐁. 𝐝Ԧ𝐥 = 𝛍𝟎 𝐈

where,
𝛍𝟎 = 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞
Proof of Ampere’s Circuital Law
Y
Considering a long, straight conductor XY carrying current I.
𝐈
According to Biot-Savart Law, the magnitude of the magnetic
field at a point P, distant r from the conductor.

𝛍𝟎 𝐈
𝐝𝐁 =
𝟐𝛑 𝐫 B
The direction of magnetic field at P is along tangent to 𝐫 𝐏
a circle of radius r centered on the conductor. 𝑑𝑙Ԧ
𝐈
𝐁 is same in magnitude at all the points on this circle.

If we consider a circle element 𝒅𝒍Ԧ and 𝑩 are along the

same direction.
X
 ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = ර 𝑩𝒅𝒍 = 𝑩 ර 𝒅𝒍 Y

𝐈
𝛍𝟎 𝐈
Using, 𝐁= and ‫𝐫𝛑𝟐 = 𝐥𝐝 ׯ‬
𝟐𝛑 𝐫

B
𝝁𝟎 𝑰
ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = (𝟐𝝅𝒓) 𝐫 𝐏
𝟐𝝅 𝒓
𝑑𝑙Ԧ
𝐈

ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰

X
Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law
Y
(i) Magnetic Field (or Magnetic Flux Density) of a Long
𝐈
Straight Thin Wire.

ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰

B
As, 𝑩 and 𝒅𝒍Ԧ are along the same direction. 𝐏
𝐫
𝑑𝑙Ԧ
ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = ර 𝑩𝒅𝒍 = 𝑩(𝟐𝝅𝒓)
𝐈

𝑩 𝟐𝝅𝒓 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰
𝝁𝟎 𝑰 X
𝑩=
𝟐𝝅 𝒓
Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law
(ii) Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Solenoid.

Considering a long solenoid, very long as

compared to its diameter.

It can be observed that the magnetic field

outside is very small as compared to the field
inside.

The magnetic lines of force inside the solenoid

are straight and parallel, showing uniform
magnetic field, except near the edges.
 I Considering a closed rectangular path
c d abcd in which side ab is parallel to the
axis of the solenoid and sides bc and da
are very long so that side cd is far from
the solenoid.

Applying Ampere’s circuital law

ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰

I being the net current

b a enclosed by the rectangle.
For rectangle abcd

𝒃 𝒄 𝒅 𝒂
ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = න 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ + න 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ + න 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ + න 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒅
 x 𝒃 𝒄 𝒅 𝒂
c d ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = න 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ + න 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ + න 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ + න 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒅

As, magnetic field at bc and da are perpendicular

to the element dl 𝒄 𝒂
න 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = න 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = 𝟎
𝒃 𝒅

b a Since, dc is outside 𝒅
x the solenoid න 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = 𝟎
𝒄

Therefore, 𝒃 𝒃
ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = න 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = න 𝑩 𝒅𝒍
𝒂 𝒂

𝒃
Taking, ab = x ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = 𝑩 න 𝒅𝒍
𝒂

ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝒍Ԧ = 𝑩𝒙
 x
c d
If current in each turn is 𝐈𝟎 ,so the net
current enclosed in solenoid is
𝐈 = 𝐧𝐱𝐈𝟎

On using the value of current

b a 𝐁𝐱 = 𝛍𝟎 𝐧𝐱𝐈𝟎
x
𝐁 = 𝛍𝟎 𝐧𝐈𝟎

If the solenoid is wrapped on a core of material having absolute permeability 𝛍

or relative permeability 𝛍𝐫 𝐁 = 𝛍𝟎 𝛍𝐫 𝐧𝐈𝟎
The magnetic field at the ends of a long solenoid is half of that at the centre.

𝟏
𝐁𝐞𝐧𝐝 = 𝛍 𝐧𝐈
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law
(iii) Magnetic Field of a Toroidal
(Endless) Solenoid

Toroidal is hollow circular ring on

which a large number of turns of
a wire are closely wound.

It can be viewed as a solenoid has

been bent into a circular shape to
close on itself.

The direction of magnetic field at any point is tangential at each point of the circle
and is same at all points on any such circle.
 Magnetic Field inside the Core of Toroidal

Let there be a point P inside the core of the toroidal.

And r be the radius of the circle.
ර 𝐁. 𝐝Ԧ𝐥 = 𝛍𝟎 𝐈
Applying Ampere’s law to this circle

I is the net current enclosed by the circle.

ර 𝐁. 𝐝Ԧ𝐥 = ර 𝐁 𝐝𝐥 = 𝐁(𝟐𝛑𝐫)

𝑰 = 𝑵𝑰𝟎
N is the total number of turns in the toroid. P
𝑩 𝟐𝝅𝒓 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑵𝑰𝟎
𝛍𝟎 𝐍𝐈𝟎
𝐁=
𝟐𝛑 𝐫
𝐍
𝐧= is the number of turns per unit length of the toroid. 𝐁 = 𝛍𝟎 𝐧𝐈𝟎
𝟐𝛑𝐫
The field of a toroid is thus zero at all points except within the core.
 Force on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field

Let the charge q is moving with velocity v in uniform magnetic field B making
an angle 𝛉 with the direction of the field.

Force acting upon is given by

𝐅 = 𝐁𝐪𝐯 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉

In vector form is written as

𝐅Ԧ = 𝐪(𝐯 × 𝐁)

𝐅
Hence, 𝐁 (Magnetic Induction) will be 𝐁=
𝐪𝐯 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
 Unit of Magnetic Field
𝐅
𝐁= 𝐍
𝐪𝐯 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 = 𝐍
𝐂. 𝐦/𝐬 =
𝐀. 𝐦
𝐍𝐀−𝟏 𝐦−𝟏
𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐥𝐚 (𝐓)

𝟏𝐍 If a charge of 1 coulomb moving with a velocity of 1

𝟏𝐓=
𝟏 𝐀. 𝟏 𝐦 metre per second perpendicular to a uniform magnetic
field experiences a force of 1 newton, then the
magnitude of the field is 1 tesla.

𝟏 𝐓 = 𝟏 𝐍𝐀−𝟏 𝐦−𝟏 = 𝟏 𝐖𝐛 𝐦𝟐
[𝐌𝐋𝐓 −𝟐 ]
Dimensional Formula = = [𝐌𝐓 −𝟐 𝐀−𝟏 ]
[𝐀]. [𝐋]
Right Hand Screw Rule

For negatively charged

For positively charged
particle, rotate the
particle, rotate the
screw from 𝐯 to 𝐁. The
screw from 𝐯 to 𝐁. The
direction opposite in
direction in which the
which the screw advances
screw advances is the
is the direction of force
direction of force 𝐅.
Ԧ
Ԧ
𝐅.
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
F BI
F

I
Motion of a Charged Particle in combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
Lorentz Force

If a particle carrying a charge q is moving

in space where both an electric field and a
magnetic field are present.

Then the force on the particle is given by-

𝐅Ԧ = 𝐪(𝐄 × 𝐯 × 𝐁) 𝐁
The force is called ‘Lorentz Force’
If 𝐄 (Electric Field) and 𝐁 (Magnetic Field) are so oriented that they are
equal and opposite. Then

𝐪𝐄 = −𝐪(𝐯 × 𝐁)

If the particle is assumed to be moving along X-axis

qE = qB.v

𝐄
𝐯=
𝐁

i.e. for this velocity the charged particles will move undeflected.
 Expression for Force

Let us consider a portion of length l and cross sectional area A

of a straight conductor carrying a current I. Let it be placed at right angles
to magnetic field 𝐁 in the plane
of the page directed downwards.

𝐀
𝐯𝐝 𝐈 Magnitude of the force on each
electron
𝒍 𝑭′ = 𝒆𝒗𝒅 𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

where, e is the charge of an electron

𝒗𝒅 is drift velocity of electrons
𝜽 is the angle between conductor and
magnetic field
The number of electrons in the length l of the conductor

𝐍 = 𝐧𝐀𝐥

The total force F on the free electrons

𝐅 = 𝐅′ × 𝐍

𝐅 = 𝐞𝐯𝐝 𝐁𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 × 𝐧𝐀𝐥

𝐅 = (𝐧𝐞𝐀𝐯𝐝 )𝐁𝐥𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉

Since, 𝐧𝐞𝐀𝐯𝐝 = I
𝐅 = 𝐈𝐁𝐥𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉

𝐅 = 𝐈(𝐁 × Ԧ𝐥)
Force between two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors

Suppose, two long, straight and parallel wires PQ and RS are

placed near each other in vacuum.
P R The direction of force
The distance between the can be determined by
conductors is r. 𝐼1 𝐼2 Fleming’s Left Hand
Rule.
Considering the current along F
PQ direction. 𝑩𝟏 is perpendicular to
F
the plane of the paper
According to the Right Hand directed downwards.
Thumb Rule, the direction of r
The conductor RS is
magnetic field will be
situated in perpendicular
If current passing through both in the magnetic field 𝑩𝟏
the wires is in same direction.
Hence it experiences a
Q S magnetic force.
P R The magnitude of the magnetic field 𝐁𝟏 at any point on
RS due to the current 𝐈𝟏 in PQ
𝐼1 𝐼2
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟏
𝐁𝟏 =
F 𝟐𝛑 𝐫
F
The force 𝐅Ԧ acting on L metre length of RS
r
𝐅 = 𝐈𝟐 𝐁𝟏 𝐋𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟗𝟎°

𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟏
𝐅 = 𝐈𝟐 𝐋
𝟐𝛑 𝐫
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐 𝐋
Q S 𝐅=
𝟐𝛑 𝐫
Force per metre length
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐
𝐅=
𝟐𝛑 𝐫
P R If current in both the conductors are passing in opposite
direction, the conductors will show repulsive force.
𝐼2
The force 𝐅Ԧ acting on L metre length of PQ due to RS
F F
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐 𝐋
𝐅=
r 𝟐𝛑 𝐫
Newton’s Third Law

If the directions of currents in two parallel wires are sa

𝐼1 me, the wires attract each other; and if the directions
Q S of currents are opposite, the wires will repel each other

If 𝐈𝟏 = 𝐈𝟐 = 𝐈
Then Force per unit length 𝐅 𝛍𝟎 𝐈 𝟐
=
𝐋 𝟐𝛑 𝐫
 Definition of Ampere

As we know that
𝐅 𝛍𝟎 𝐈 𝟐
=
𝐋 𝟐𝛑 𝐫

using values,
𝟐
𝐧𝐞𝐰𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝛍𝟎 𝐈
𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 =
𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝟐𝛑 𝟏 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐞

then I = 1 ampere

1 ampere is the current which when flowing in each of the two infinitely-
long parallel conductors 1 metre apart in vacuum, produces between them
a force of exactly 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 newton per metre of length.
 Cyclotron

The cyclotron was devised by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1932.

A positively charged particle (protons and deuterons) are accelerated by

using a cyclotron.

It works on the principle that a charged particle when subjected suitably

to an electric potential difference gains K.E. equal to qV. By repeating
the process again and again, the particle can be made to acquire high
energies.

In cyclotron, magnetic field is used to bring the charged particle again an

d again to the situation of next acceleration.
 Achievement of Resonance Condition in a Cyclotron

at resonance, the frequency applied 𝝑𝟎 of the applied p.d. must be equal

to the frequency 𝝑 of the circular revolution of the ion.

𝝑𝟎 = 𝝑

𝟏 𝐪𝐁
But, 𝒗= =
𝟐𝐭 𝟐𝛑𝐦

𝒒𝑩
𝝑𝟎 =
𝟐𝝅𝒎

In practice, the frequency 𝝑𝟎 of the electric oscillator is kept fixed, and

the magnetic field B is varied until the above condition is satisfied.
 Limitations of a Cyclotron

The cyclotron cannot accelerate the particles to velocities as high as com

parable to the velocity of light. The reason is that at these velocities the
mass m of a particle increases with increasing velocity.
𝐦𝟎
𝐦=
𝐯𝟐
𝟏− 𝟐
𝐜
It cannot accelerate uncharged particles.

It cannot accelerate electrons due to a very small mass and acquiring very
high speed.
 Kinetic Energy of Particles Accelerated in a Cyclotron

If, R = outside radius of dees

𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 the speed of the particle when travelling in a path of this radius.
𝐦𝐯
from relation, 𝐫= 𝐦𝐯𝐦𝐚𝐱
𝐪𝐁 𝐑=
𝐪𝐁
𝐪𝐁𝐑
𝐯𝐦𝐚𝐱 =
𝐦
𝟏
The corresponding K.E. of the particle is- 𝐊= 𝐦𝐯𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝐪𝟐 𝐁 𝟐 𝐑𝟐
𝐊= 𝐦×
𝟐 𝐦𝟐

𝐪𝟐 𝐁 𝟐 𝐑𝟐
𝐊==
𝟐𝐦
Biot – Savart’s Law Ampere’s Circuital Law Magnetic Field of a Long Straight
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝐝𝐥 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 Solenoid. 𝐁 = 𝛍 𝐧𝐈
𝐝𝐁 = ර 𝐁. 𝐝Ԧ𝐥 = 𝛍𝟎 𝐈 𝟎 𝟎
𝟒𝛑 𝐫𝟐
Magnetic Field of a Toroidal Solenoid
In terms of Current Density
𝝁𝟎 𝐉. 𝐝𝐕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 𝐁 = 𝛍𝟎 𝐧𝐈𝟎
𝐝𝐁 = Force
𝟒𝛑 𝐫𝟐 𝐅 = 𝐁𝐪𝐯 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
Lorentz Force
𝝁𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐧𝐞𝐰𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐄
𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞𝟐 𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞 − 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝐯= 𝐅Ԧ = 𝐪(𝐄 × 𝐯 × 𝐁)
𝟒𝝅 𝐁
𝐅 = 𝐈𝐁𝐥𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
𝛍𝟎 𝐈
straight current carrying conductor 𝐁 = [ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅𝟐 ]
𝟒𝛑 𝐫
𝛍𝟎 𝟐𝛑𝐚𝟐 𝐈 Force between
Axis of a Circular Loop 𝐁=
𝟒𝛑 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐱 𝟐 𝟑/𝟐 Parallel Conductors
𝛍𝟎 𝐈 Force per 𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐
𝐅=
Centre of a Circular Loop 𝐁= unit length 𝟐𝛑 𝐫
𝟐 𝐚
Numerical Problems
1. A long straight wire carries a current of 35A. Find the magnitude of
the magnetic field produced at a point 20cm from the wire.
2. A long straight wire in horizontal plane carries a current of 50A in
north to south direction. Find the magnitude and direction of magnetic
field at a point 2.5m east of the wire.
3. Two infinitely long insulated wires are kept perpendicular to each
other. They carry currents 𝑰𝟏 = 2 A and 𝑰𝟐 = 1.5 A. (i) Find the magnitude
and direction of the magnetic field at P. (ii) If the direction of current be
reversed in one of the wires, what would be the magnitude of the field?

3 cm

4 cm P
4. An electron-beam carries a current of 5 microampere. Calculate:
(i) number of electrons passing through a point per second, (ii) magnetic
field produced at a distance of 50 cm.
5. Two long, parallel wires are placed at a distance of 16 cm from
each other in air. Each wire has a current of 4 A. Calculate the field B
at mid-point between them when the currents in them are (i) in the same
direction, (ii) in opposite directions.
6. A circular loop of radius 5 cm carries a current of 0.5 A.
Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field at its centre.
7. A circular coil of wire having 100 turns, each of radius 8.0 cm,
carries a current of 0.40 A. Find the magnetic field at the centre of the
coil.
8. An alpha-particle (charge 2e) moves along a circular path of radius
1.0 Å with a uniform speed of 2.0 x 𝟏𝟎𝟔 m/s . Calculate the magnetic
field produced at the centre of the circular path.
9. In the Bohr model of hydrogen atom, the electron circulates
around the nucleus in a path of radius 5.1 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 m at a frequency
6.8 x 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒔−𝟏 . Find the magnetic field set up at the centre of the orbit.
10. A helium nucleus (charge + 2 e) completes one round of a circle of
radius 0.8 m in 2 s. Find the magnetic field at the centre of the circle.
11. A long straight wire is turned into a loop of radius R = 10cm, as
shown. If a current of 8A is passed through the loop, find the magnetic
field at the centre C of the loop
12. The figure shows two semi-circular figure loops of radii 𝒂𝟏 and 𝒂𝟐 .
Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the common
centre O.
13. A current of I ampere is flowing through the adjoining bent wire.
Find the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the point O.
14. Compute the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the
centre O of the given current-carrying bent wire.
15. An air-solenoid has 500 turns of wire in its 40 cm length. If the
current in the wire be 1.0 A, find the magnetic field at the axis inside
the solenoid.
16. A 80 cm long solenoid of diameter 1.8 cm has 5 layers of windings
of 400 turns each and carries a current of 8.0 A. Estimate magnetic field
inside the solenoid near the centre.
17. The magnetic field at the centre of a 50 cm long solenoid is 4.0
× 10−2 T. When a current of 8.0 A flows through it. What is the number
of turns in the solenoid?
18. A 0.5 m long solenoid has 500 turns and has a flux density of
2.5 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 T at its centre. Find the current in the solenoid.
19. An electron, moving with a velocity of 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝐦. 𝐬 −𝟏 , enters a
magnetic field of 1 Wb.𝐦−𝟐 at an angle of 30°. Calculate the force on the
electron.
20. Calculate the magnitude of the force acting on an electron moving
with a velocity 3.0 × 107 m. s −1 at right angles to a magnetic field of 10 T.
21. An electron is moving vertically upwards with a speed of
𝟐. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦. 𝐬 −𝟏 . What will be the magnitude and direction of the force on
the electron exerted by a horizontal magnetic field of 0.50 𝐍. 𝐀−𝟏 𝐦−𝟏
directed towards west? What will be the acceleration of the electron?
22. An electron moving with velocity 5.0 × 107 m. s −1 enters a magnetic
field of 1.0 N. A−1 m−1 at an angle of 30° to the field. Calculate the force on
the electron.
23. A proton moving towards east in a horizontal plane enters a horizontal
magnetic field of 0.34 T directed towards north with a speed of 2.0 × 107 ms −1
Calculate (i) the magnitude and direction of the force on the proton,
(ii) radius of proton's path and (iii) the lateral displacement of the proton while
moving 0.20 m towards east.