CHUYÊN ĐỀ CẤU TẠO TỪ: WORD FORMATION

Phần I: Lý thuyết
1. Cách thành lập danh từ:

Formation Noun

Verb + er/ or/ ant Verb + ion Teacher, manager, driver, actor, director, attendant, assistant...................

Verb + ion Action, invention, construction, direction, revolution, decision….

Verb + ment/ al Development, appointment, refusal, removal, approval......................

Verb + ing Swimming, teaching, jogging, training, building.....................

Adj + ness Kindness, goodness, happiness, sadness, darkness, illness,

sickness.................

Adj + ty Safety, loyalty, variety, ability, honesty, cruelty,....................

Adj + th Length, depth, width, truth, warmth, strength......................................

Adj + dom Freedom, wisdom, boredom..............................

Noun + ist/ ian Guitarist, novelist, violinist, musician, physician, historian....................

Noun + ism Patriotism, capitalism, socialism, heroism........................

Noun + ship Friendship, leadership, scholarship, comradeship............................

Noun + hood Childhood, brotherhood, neighbourhood, parenthood.....................

Super/ over/ sub/ sur + N Supermarket, superman, overexpenditure subway

Vị trí của danh từ

Sau tính từ ( adj + N) They are interesting books.

Sau: He is a student.
These flowers are beautiful.
- mạo từ: a /an / the
- từ chỉ định: this, that, these, those, every, each, ... She needs some water.

- từ chỉ số lượng: many, some, few, little, several…

- tình từ sở hữu: my, his, her, your, our, their, its...

Sau ngoại động từ (V cần O) She buys books.

She meets a lot of people.

Sau giới từ (prep. + N) He talked about the story yesterday.

He is interested in music.

Trước V chia thì (N làm chủ từ) The man has just arrived.

Sau enough (enough + N) I don‘t have enough money to buy that house.

2. Cách thành lập tính từ:

Formula Adjective

- ful Harmful, useful, successful, hopeful, helpful, peaceful, careful......

 - less Childless, careless, hopeless, harmless, useless..............

- ly Manly, worldly, hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, friendly.......

- like Childlike, godlike, lifelike, ladylike, manlike..............

- ish Childish, boyish, girlish, selfish..............

- y Healthy, dirty, dusty, snowy, windy, rainy, cloudy, sunny,

sandy................

- al Natural, national, industrial, agricultural, cultural, magical................

- ous Dangerous, courageous, poisonous, mountainous................

- ic Artistic, electric, alcoholic, economic............................

- able Enjoyable, reasonable, respectable......................

- Un/ im/ il/ ir/in/ dis + adj Unimportant, impossible, illegal, irregular, disabled...........................

Vị trí của tính từ

Trước N (Adj + N) This is an interesting books. I am tired.

It becomes hot.
She feels sad.

It is extremely cold.
I‘m terribly sorry.
She is very beautiful.
The news made me happy.
That house is too small.
 The house isn‘t large enough.
She was so angry that she can‘t speak. My new car is
blue.

How beautiful the girl is! What an interesting film!

Sau TO BE I am tired.

Sau: become, get, look, feel, taste, smell, seem ... It becomes hot.
She feels sad.

Sau trạng từ (adv + adj): extremely (cực kỳ), It is extremely cold.
completely (hoàn toàn), really (thực sự), terribly, I‘m terribly sorry.
very, quite, rather, ... She is very beautiful.

Sau keep / make The news made me happy.

Sau too (be + too + adj) That house is too small.

Trước enough (be + adj + enough) The house isn‘t large enough.

Trong cấu trúc: be + so+ adj+ that She was so angry that she can‘t speak.

A, an, the, this, that, his, her, their, my, ... + (Adj) + My new car is blue.
Noun

Trong câu cảm thán: How beautiful the girl is!

- How + adj + S + V
- What + (a / an) + adj + N What an interesting film!

3. Cách thành lập động từ:

 Formula Verbs

Dis + verb Dislike, disagree, discharge, disappear, disappoint................

Mis + verb Mislead, misread, misunderstand,..........................

Out + verb Outrun, outlive, outnumber,.............................

Over + verb Overweigh, overpay, overturn, overheat, overcharge.............

Re + verb Rewrite, reuse, recycle, return, retell, recall,......................

Under + verb Underdevelop, underdo, underline, undercharge, undersign........

En + adj Enable, enrich, enlarge, encourage, endanger...............

ADJ/ noun + en Weaken, sharpen, tighten, loosen, shorten, soften

Adj/ noun + ise/ ize Socialize, memorize, industrialize,sympathise, economise..................

3. Cách thành lập trạng từ:

Phần lớn: Adj + -ly ---> Adv

Ex: beautifully, carefully, suddenly, carelessly, recently...

Lưu ý: Một số trạng từ đặc biệt cần ghi nhớ:

good (a) => well (adv)

late (a) => late / lately (adv): trễ, chậm

ill (a) => ill (adv): xấu, tồi, kém

fast (a) => fast (adv): nhanh

hard (a) => hard (adv): tìch cực, vất vả, chăm chỉ/ hardly ( dv): hầu như không
Vị trí trạng từ

1. Adv + adj
Ex: The weather is extremely hot.

She is very beautiful.

2. Adverbs are placed at the beginning of the sentence.

Ex: Unfortunately, he failed the exam.

3. Adverbs are placed after the verb modified.

Ex: He is running fast.

4. Adv + Pii
Ex: He is well educated.
The wedding day is carefully chosen by the groom's parents.

Ex 1: Choose the correct answer:

1. Taking part in the club gives me opportunities to use my ________ and knowledge.

A. create B. creation C. creativity D. creative

2. Students must send the ________ form on time for taking the entrance examination.

A. apply B. applicant C. applying D. application

3. With what my parents prepare for me in terms of education, I am_________ about my

future.

A. confide B. confident C. confidence D. confidential

4. Books are still a cheap way to get information and ______

A. entertaining B. entertain C. entertainment D. entertainer

5. After the ______ death of her husband, Marie Curie took up his position at the Sorbonne.

A. tragic B. tragedy C. tragical D. tragically

6. On my salary we have to live as_________as possible.

A. economy B. economically C. economic D. economical

7. In the past few years this area has become heavily _______.

A. industrious B. industrializes C. industrial D. industrialized

8. Some high school students often ________ in helping the disadvantaged or handicapped
children.

A. participated B. participant C. participation D. participate

9. Women should be paid as _____as men.

A. equal B. equality C. equally D. equalize

10. Although she arrived _____ we made her welcome just the same. unexpectedly

A. expected B. unexpected C. unexpected D. expectedly

Ex 2: Choose the correct answer:

1. The company is undergoing a process of __________ to streamline its operations.

A. Modern B. Modernize C. Modernization D. Modernity

2. The CEO's vision has significantly contributed to the __________ of the company.

A. Success B. Successful C. Succeed D. Succession

3. The government is implementing measures to ensure the __________ of the educational

system.

A. Qualify B. Quality C. Qualitative D. Qualification

4. The team decided to __________ their efforts to meet the project deadline.

A. Intense B. Intensify C. Intensity D. Intensive

5. The artist's work is characterized by its __________ use of color and form.

A. Sophisticate B. Sophisticated C. Sophistication D. Sophistic

6. The manager emphasized the need for constant __________ in the rapidly changing
market.

A. Innovate B. Innovation C. Innovative D. Innovating

7. The organization's commitment to environmental __________ is evident in its sustainable

practices.

A. Conserve B. Conservation C. Conservative D. Conserving

8. The scientist conducted a detailed __________ of the experiment's results.

A. Analyzing B. Analyses C. Analytic D. Analysis

9. The new software aims to __________ the user experience by simplifying navigation.
A. Simplify B. Simplification C. Simplifying D. Simplified

10. The success of the project required the __________ of resources and effective team
collaboration.

A. Optimize B. Optimal C. Optimizing D. Optimization

Ex 3: Rewrite the word in the right form:

1. The company offers a __________ program to help employees develop new skills. (train)

2. His __________ behavior at the party surprised everyone. (child)

3. The manager plans to __________ the team by hiring new members. (strength)

4. The __________ of the team contributed to their victory. (unite)

5. We need to find a __________ solution to the environmental issue. (sustain)

6. The artist hopes to __________ his paintings at an international exhibition. (public)

7. The manager praised the team for their __________ in handling the crisis. (resolve)

8. The team worked together __________ to complete the project ahead of schedule.
(efficient)

9. The comedian's jokes were more __________ than amusing, causing discomfort among the
audience. (offend)

10. The employee's __________ behavior towards colleagues led to tension within the
workplace. (respect)

11. The __________ of the novel was so captivating that readers couldn't put it down.
(complex)

12. The CEO's __________ leadership style inspired a culture of innovation within the
company. (vision)

13. The documentary provided a __________ exploration of the socio-economic factors

influencing global migration. (comprehend)

14. The manager's ability to instill __________ among the team resulted in increased
productivity. (motivate)

15. Nghe An, a province in Vietnam, is undergoing rapid urban __________. (develop)