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matrix

Uploaded by

khan.eee.200105156
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matrix

Definition: In mathematics, a matrix is a rectangular array


or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions, which is
used to represent a mathematical object or property of
such an object.
The numbers, symbols, or expressions in the matrix are
called its entries or its elements.
The horizontal and vertical lines of entries in a matrix are
called rows and columns, respectively.
1 9 – 13
For example, [ ] a matrix with two rows and
20 5 –6
three columns.

Notation: Matrices are commonly written in square


brackets, parentheses or double vertical bars, so that they
are represented as–
9 13 5 6 7 0 4 2 1
[1 11 7] (1 4 3) ||3 0 5||
2 6 3 8 5 2 7 6 9

Matrices are usually symbolized using upper-case letters,


while the corresponding lower-case letters represent the
entries.
𝑎 𝑏
For example, 𝒀 = [ 𝑐 𝑑]
𝑒 𝑓

1
The entry in the i-th row and j-th column of a matrix A is
referred to as the (i, j) entry of the matrix and commonly
denoted by aij. For example, the (1, 3) entry of the following
matrix A is 5 (also denoted as a13):
4 –7 5 0
𝑨 = [– 2 0 11 8]
19 1 – 3 12

Order: The order or size of a matrix is defined by the


number of rows and columns it contains. There is no limit
to the number of rows and columns, that a matrix can have
as long as they are positive integers. A matrix with m rows
and n columns is called an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix, or m-by-n matrix,
where m and n are called its dimensions. For example, the
matrix A above is a 3 × 4 matrix.

❖ Matrices with a single row are called row vectors, and


those with a single column are called column vectors.

❖ A matrix with the same number of rows and columns


is called a square matrix.

❖ A matrix with an infinite number of rows or columns


(or both) is called an infinite matrix.

❖ In some contexts, such as computer algebra programs,


it is useful to consider a matrix with no rows or no
columns, called an empty matrix.

2
Overview:—

Name Size Example


Row Vector 1×𝑛 [3 7 2]
4
Column Vector 𝑛×1 [1]
7
9 13 5
Square Matrix 𝑛×𝑛 [1 11 7]
2 6 3

Principal Diagonal: The diagonal of a square matrix


running from the upper left entries to the lower right
entries are principal diagonal of a matrix. It is also known
as leading or main diagonal.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
For example, in the matrix 𝑨 = [𝑑 𝑒 𝑓], the principal
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
diagonal is made up of the elements 𝑎, 𝑒 and 𝑖.

The entries on the principal diagonal are those where the


row number and the column number are the same.
Noticing the positions of the entries forming the principal
diagonal above, we can see that–
➢ entry a is in the 1st row and 1st column
➢ entry e is in the 2nd row and 2nd column
➢ entry i is in the 3rd row and 3rd column

3
Trace: The trace of a square matrix is the sum of the
entries on its main diagonal. Consider a 3 × 3 matrix A.
5 0 –2
𝑨=[1 –4 6]
–3 9 7
The trace of A is the sum of its diagonal elements,
𝑡𝑟(𝑨) = 5 + (– 4) + 7 = 8
So, the trace of the matrix is 8.

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