GRAMMAR REFERENCE 7A

EXPRESSIONS WITH GET

➊ get + adjective ➋ get passive ➌ get + infinitive
I got sick and missed two days of school. He got injured in a car accident. (was Did you get to visit your mom in the
(became sick) injured) hospital? (have an opportunity to visit)
get + noun phrasal verbs with get
I got a bad sunburn while I was on
It’s going to take me another week to get over this cold. (recover from)
vacation. (became sunburned)
Our family was able to get by on my mother’s part-time salary. (manage to survive)
I still don’t get the joke. (understand the
My grandmother is 95, but she still gets around pretty well. (moves)
joke)
➊ These sentences show a process. It is often used for negative experiences (get cold / dizzy / embarrassed / lost / mad / wet).
Exceptions: get better / ready

➋ The get passive is more informal than the be passive. It is used in conversation. It is often used for negative experiences (get
divorced / fired / hit / stolen / stranded / stuck). Exceptions: get dressed / married / promoted

➌ These sentences show that you had the opportunity to do something. I got to meet the president.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 7A
A Use the appropriate form of get + the words in the box to
complete the sentences. Write one word per blank.
by cold fired it over to see worse

1. get
The doctor explained it, but I didn’t __________ it
__________.

2. got a bad __________

I __________ got
cold and it __________ worse
__________, so I went to see the doctor.

3. got
After waiting for an hour, I finally __________ to see
__________ __________ the doctor.

4. get
It can take a long time to __________ over
__________ the flu.

5. got
She __________ fired
__________ from her job after only a week.

6. get
I know just enough English to __________ by
__________.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 7A
B Write the correct form of the verb get. Then write answers to
the questions. (Use the expression with get in your answer if
possible.)
1. get
How long does it take you to _______________ over a cold?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. getting around your city?

What’s the best way of _______________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. got
When was the last time you _______________ sick?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4. gotten injured?
Have you ever _______________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 8A

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I have(n’t)
been going to the gym a lot lately.
He has(n’t)
She ’s
been playing the game for an hour.
We ’ve

The sentences above use the present perfect continuous. Each action started in the past and is ongoing in
the present. Notice how words like for, since, and lately / recently are used below.

He’s been going to the gym a lot lately / recently.

We’ve been playing the game for an hour / since noon.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 8A
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS VS. PRESENT PERFECT
Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect
➊ I’ve been living here for a month. ➋ I’ve lived here for a month.
➌ I’ve been going to the gym a lot lately. ➍ I’ve gone to the gym already.
➎ I’ve seen that movie three times.
➏ I’ve belonged to the chess club for a year.
Sometimes the tenses mean the same thing. In sentences ➊ and ➋, the action started in the past and is ongoing in the
present. When sentences answer the question How long…? and use for or since, the present perfect continuous or the present
perfect can often be used with no change in meaning.

Sentences ➌ and ➍ have different meanings. They don’t use for or since.
➌ The action started in the past and is still happening in the present.
➍ The action happened at an unknown time in the past and is completed.

➎ The action happened multiple times at an unknown time in the past.

➏ Stative verbs (belong (to), like, own), usually use the present perfect, not the continuous.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 8A
A Tom has started a lot of activities but hasn’t finished them. Write
five affirmative sentences in the present perfect continuous using
the verbs in the box. What is one activity that he hasn’t started
yet? Write one negative sentence. (Note: The verb do is used
twice.) do eat study talk watch

1. He’s been doing his homework.

_______________________________________________

2. He’s been eating popcorn.

_______________________________________________

3. He’s been studying.

_______________________________________________

4. He’s been talking on the phone.

_______________________________________________

5. He’s been watching TV.

_______________________________________________

6. He hasn’t been doing the laundry.

_______________________________________________
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 8A
B Circle the correct answer(s) to complete each sentence. In
sentences where both answers are possible, is the meaning the
same or different?
1. I’ve gotten / I’ve been getting more active since I started doing jiu-jitsu. The meaning is the same.

2. I’ve belonged / I’ve been belonging to the drama club for three months.

3. We’ve practiced / We’ve been practicing after school every day since April. The meaning is the same.

4. This is the third time I’ve participated / I’ve been participating in a chess tournament.

5. My sister has joined / has been joining the photography club at school.

6. That’s my favorite movie. I’ve seen / I’ve been seeing it ten times.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 9A

too much / too many / enough + noun

There’s too much traffic. too = more than what is wanted or needed

There are too many cars. enough = as much as is necessary

We (don’t) have employees. Use too much with noncount nouns like traffic and work.
Use too many with plural count nouns like cars and problems.
enough
We (don’t) have water. Use enough with both count and noncount nouns.

too + adjective; adjective + enough

He’s too young Notice that too comes before an adjective, but enough comes after
to vote. it.
She’s (not) old enough
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 9A
A Complete the sentences with too, too much, too many, or
enough.
You can also use adverbs with
1. The unemployment rate is low. There are too and enough: They’re not
solving the problem quickly
enough
____________________ jobs for everyone. enough.

2. There are ____________________ too much pollution.

too many cars on the road. That means there’s also ____________________

3. too
It’s ____________________ enough affordable housing.
expensive here. There isn’t ____________________
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 9A

4. enough to vote in the next election?

Are you old ____________________

5. Too many too much

____________________ streets are dirty. There’s ____________________ garbage everywhere.

6. enough
We have ____________________ water to get by.

7. enough
If you study carefully ____________________, you’ll do well on the exam.

8. too
You’re speaking ____________________ quickly for me to understand.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 9A
B Correct the errors in the sentences below.
1. Our city has too many problem. problems

2. It’s not dangerous. It’s enough safe to go out by yourself. safe enough

3. I can’t go to the movie. I have too many homeworks. much homework

4. That apartment is expensive enough to buy. I can’t afford it. too expensive

5. This city is crowded. There are too much people everywhere. many
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 9B
FUTURE REAL CONDITIONALS (TYPE 1)
Condition Result
➊ If you press that button, the door will open.
➋ If the young and the old spend time together, both groups will benefit.
A conditional sentence states a condition and shows a result.

Type 1 conditional sentences use if + the simple present to state the condition. Use a future form (will or be
going to) to predict the result.

Use may / might if you are less certain of the result: If the young and old spend time together, both groups
may benefit.

Type 1 sentences can describe immediate results (➊) or results sometime in the future (➋).

Note: In writing, when the result comes first, don’t use a comma: Both the young and old will benefit if they
spend time together.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 9B
A Use the simple present or future form of the verbs in the box
to complete the sentences as future real conditionals.
become have increase need save
feel hire interact overuse turn off

1. hire
If companies ____________________ will / ’ll save money.
more robot caregivers, they ____________________
2. We ____________________ increases
will / ’ll need more caregivers if the demand for caregiving ____________________.
3. interact
If seniors ____________________ will / ’ll feel
with kids, they ____________________ happier and more useful.
4. overuse
If you ____________________ will / ’ll become isolated.
social media, you ____________________
5. You ____________________ turn off
will / ’ll have more fun if you ____________________ your phone.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 9B
B Find and correct the mistake in each sentence.
1. If I know the answer, I tell you. I’ll

2. If I will have enough money, I may take a trip this summer.

3. If they won’t win the game, they’ll be eliminated. don’t

4. You’ll make more money in the future if you will go to college.

5. If you may want to feel better, you should spend more time with your friends.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 10A

WISH STATEMENTS
Present (real) situation Wish statement
I don’t have much money. I I had more money.
I can’t afford a new phone. I wish I could afford a new phone.
They’re not rich. They they were rich.
He owes his brother money. He wishes he didn’t owe his brother money.

A wish statement expresses that you want a real (present) situation to be different in some way. In a wish
statement about the present:
• the past tense of the verb is used.
• the word that is optional.

Real situation: I don’t have much money.

Wish statement: I wish (that) I had more money.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 10A

WISH STATEMENTS

With words like can and will, the modal verb shifts to the past.
I can’t afford a new phone. ➔ I wish (that) I could afford one.
He won’t pay me back. ➔ I wish (that) he would pay me back.

Use were for all forms of be.

I’m not rich. ➔ I wish I were rich.
She’s not good at saving money. ➔ She wishes she were good at it.

When you don’t want to repeat yourself, you can shorten the wish statement.
I don’t have much money. I wish I had more.
I can’t afford a new phone. I wish I could.
She’s not good at saving money. She wishes she were.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 10A

A Read this joke about Dumb Danny. Complete the sentences with
wish. . . could and the verb in parentheses. Why is the character
called Dumb Danny?

One day, a genie appeared to Dumb Danny and his three friends. The genie said, “I will give each of you one
wish. Don’t waste it!”
I wish I could fly
The first friend said, “(1. fly) ______________________________.” Her wish was granted, and she flew away. The
I wish I could live
second friend said, “(2. live) ______________________________ in a big mansion.” He suddenly disappeared, too.
The third friend said,
I wish I could be
“(3. be) ______________________________ a famous actor starring in my own movie.” She, too, disappeared.

Dumb Danny looked around and saw that he was alone. Then he said, “I’m lonely. Where have my three
I wish
friends gone? (4. have) I could have
______________________________ them back here with me now . . .”
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 10B

NEGATIVE MODALS
Negative Modals Meaning
You can’t have the winning lottery ticket. I Use can’t to say that something is impossible. It shows
Impossibility
have it! surprise or disbelief.
Sorry, but I can’t lend you any money. I’m You can also use can’t to say you don’t have the ability to do
Ability
broke. something.
You don’t have to / don’t need to be rich Don’t have to and don’t need to mean something isn’t
Necessity
to travel. necessary. You have a choice.
You shouldn’t waste money on expensive Use shouldn’t to give advice. It means it’s not a good idea to
Advice
cars. do something.
You’d better not lose this ring. It’s very Had better not gives strong advice. It means “I’m warning you
Strong advice
valuable. not to do something. If you do, there will be a problem.”
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 10B
A Choose the best modal for each sentence.
1. A: Is that John over there driving a Porsche?
B: It shouldn’t / can’t be. He doesn’t have a driver’s license.

2. You’d better not / don’t have to lend money to Jack. He won’t pay you back.

3. We can’t / don’t have to study for the test. The teacher canceled it.

4. You shouldn’t / can’t play the lottery. It’s a waste of money.

5. If you’ve finished your exam, you’d better not / don’t need to stay. You can leave.

6. Maria and Kim can’t / shouldn’t go to the concert. It costs $20, and they only have $10.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 10B
B Use the modal and the word(s) given to respond to speaker A.
1. A: I’m going to spend all my money on a new car.

B: You had better not squander it all . Save some!

(had better / squander) ________________________________________

2. A: My friend Mary wants to borrow some money.

B: You shouldn’t lend it to her . She never pays it back.

(should / lend) ___________________________________

3. A: Jane applied for a job in Japan that only requires her to speak English.

B: She doesn’t need to speak Japanese to get the job.

(need to / speak) ___________________________________

4. A: We’re late for our business class.

B: We can’t be late
(can / be late) ___________________________________. Class doesn’t start until 9:30.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 11A
A Read the two sentences. Then answer questions 1–3 in your
notebook.
a. He is dishonest, so people don’t trust him.
b. If he were honest, people would trust him.

1. Which sentence describes the real situation now? a

2. Which sentence describes an imagined situation? b
3. What do you notice about the verbs in the second sentence?
The first verb (were) is a past form.
The second half of the sentence uses would and the base form of the verb.
B Read the notes in the grammar chart to check your answers in A.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 11A

PRESENT UNREAL CONDITIONALS (TYPE 2)

Condition Result
If I lost my wallet, I would feel terrible.
If I found a lost wallet, I’d return it.
If he were honest, more people would trust him.
If she didn’t trust you, she wouldn’t lend you money.
Result Condition
I would feel terrible if I lost my wallet.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 11A

PRESENT UNREAL CONDITIONALS (TYPE 2)

A conditional sentence states a condition and shows a result.

In Type 2 sentences, the condition and the result describe an imagined situation. (It is not true now.)
Real situation: He is dishonest, so people don’t trust him.
Imagined situation: If he were honest, people would trust him.

Use if + the simple past to state the condition.

Use would + the base form of the verb to state the result.
(Note: Contractions are often used in spoken English: I would ➔ I’d.)
If I lost my wallet, (then) I’d feel terrible.

Use might if you are not certain of the result:

If I found a lost wallet, I might (not) return it.

Use were for all forms of be.

If he were honest, people would trust him.
If I were you, I wouldn’t eat that.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 11A

C Read the three facts about a student. Then use the verbs in
parentheses to make Type 2 conditional sentences below.
Three facts about my life now:
1. I have a sister. 2. I live in Mexico City. 3. I’m an engineer.

If these things weren’t true, how would your life be different?

1. were
If I ____________________ would be
(be) an only child, my life ____________________ (be) very different. I
____________________ didn’t have
would be / ’d be (be) kind of lonely if I ____________________(not have) a sister. We’re very close.
2. didn’t live (not live) here, I
These days, I live and work in Mexico City. If I ____________________
would moved
live / ’d live (live) in Guadalajara. But if I ____________________
____________________ (move) to Guadalajara, I
wouldn’t see (not see) my friends and family often, and I ______________________________
____________________ would miss / ’d miss (miss)
them.
3. weren’t
If I ____________________ would be / ’d be (be) a doctor. I’m also interested
(not be) a civil engineer, I ____________________
in medicine.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 11B

REPORTED STATEMENTS WITH SAY AND TELL

Quoted speech uses a person’s exact words.
“I am stuck in traffic,” said John.

You can report what another person has said using say or tell. In reported speech, the verb tense usually shifts to a past form and
pronouns and possessive adjectives change. The word that is optional.
“I am stuck in traffic.” ➔ John said (that) he was stuck in traffic.
“My phone died.” ➔ John said (that) his phone had died.

Should does not change.

You shouldn’t lie. ➔ Her mother told her (that) she shouldn’t lie.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 11B
A Find and correct the error in each sentence.
1. Linda said she will call today, but she didn’t.
would / ’d
2. Denis told to me that liked the movie, but actually, he disliked it.
^
he
3. Aya says that she had a degree in computer science.
has
4. Last night, Tim told me he can meet today.
could
5. Leo said me he spoke French, but he doesn’t.
or told me
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 11B
B Gina read Harold’s profile on a dating site. She contacted him,
and they went on a date, but Harold didn’t tell the truth!
Complete what Gina said about him using say or tell.

1. He said he was young and handsome , but actually, he’s not.

(say) ________________________________________

2. He told me he drove a sports car , but in fact, he rides a bicycle.

(tell) ________________________________________

3. (say) ________________________________________
He said he was clean , but actually, his house was very messy.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 11B

4. He told me he only ate healthy foods , but the truth is he eats a lot of junk food.
(tell) ________________________________________

5. (say) He said he had traveled all over the world, but actually, he doesn’t even have a passport.
________________________________________

6. He told me he didn’t smoke , but in reality, he smokes a lot.

(tell) ________________________________________

7. (say)He________________________________________
said he could speak five languages fluently, but in fact, he only speaks English.

8. He told me he’d pay for the meal , but I had to pay for dinner!
(tell) ________________________________________
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 12A

SUBJECT AND OBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES

The capybara is an animal that lives near rivers.
➊
A vet is a doctor who takes care of animals.
The rain forest is an area that / which we are destroying.
➋
Jane Goodall is a researcher that / who studies chimps.
➌ Sloths are animals that sleep during the day.
➍ Bamboo is the main food that pandas eat.
 GRAMMAR REFERENCE 12A

SUBJECT AND OBJECT RELATIVE CLAUSES

➊ Relative clauses follow nouns. They define or identify the noun. (What is a capybara? It’s an animal that
lives near rivers.)

➋ Relative clauses start with who, that, or which. Use who or that with people and that or which with
animals or things.

➌ When who, that, or which is followed by a verb, we call it a subject relative clause. Sloths are animals.
They sleep during the day. Sloths are animals that sleep during the day.

➍ When who, that, or which is followed by a noun or pronoun, we call it an object relative clause. Bamboo
is a plant. Pandas eat it. Bamboo is a plant that pandas eat.
Note: Do not repeat the object at the end of the sentence. Bamboo is a plant that pandas eat it.