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Algebra-and-Trigonometry-Chapter-1-cont

first year abeconomics

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18 views

Algebra-and-Trigonometry-Chapter-1-cont

first year abeconomics

Uploaded by

luvellemagalona03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integer

Exponents
Integer Exponents
• Exponents are used to indicate repeated multiplication
Example: 53 = 5 ∗ 5 ∗ 5
𝑥2 = 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥
• In this section, we will explore the properties of exponents
that will be true for all real number bases and integer
exponents
The Product Rule

• When you multiply with like bases, keep the bases


and add the integers
Example:
(𝑥 3 ) 𝑥 4 = 𝑥 3+4 = 𝑥 7
23 32 24 = (23+4 ) 32 = 27 (32 )
The Zero Rule

• Any number raised to the zero power is equal to 1


Example:
𝑥0 = 1
30 = 1
The Understood 1 Rule

• Any number raised to the first power is equal to


the number itself
Example:
𝑦1 = 𝑦
71 = 7
Negative Exponents

Any expression with a negative exponent can be re-


written as an expression with a positive exponent,
such expression will be converted to its reciprocal
Example:
1 2 −3 2−3 33 3 3
𝑦 −3 = = = 𝑜𝑟
𝑦3 3 3−3 23 2
−2 1
5 =
52
Quotient Rule

When you divide like bases, keep the base and


subtract the exponents.
Example:
𝑦5
= 𝑦 5−3 = 𝑦 2
𝑦3
𝑥4 1
= 𝑥 4−2 = −2
𝑥 𝑜𝑟 2
𝑥2 𝑥
Power Rule
This rule apply to products, quotients, or powers being
raised to powers.
When you raise a power to a power, keep the base and
multiply the exponents.
Example:
𝑥4 3
= 𝑥 4∗3 = 𝑥 12
2
𝑥2 1
= 𝑥 2−3 2 = 𝑥 −1 2 = −2
𝑥 𝑜𝑟 2
𝑥3 𝑥
Polynomials
Polynomials

A polynomial is an expression consisting of


variables and coefficients the involves only the
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and non-negative integer exponents.

Example: 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 6
Types of Polynomials
• Monomial – a polynomial with only one term
3x, 4xy, ab, 5c, 7
• Binomial – a polynomial which is the sum/difference of
two monomials, or simply, a polynomial with two terms
2x+4, x-y, 3x+5
• Trinomial – a polynomial consisting three terms or
monomials
3x+5y+2z, 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
• Multinomial - a polynomial consisting four or more terms
Degree of Polynomials

• The degree of a polynomial is the highest


degree of its terms, when the polynomial is
expressed in canonical form (as a linear
combination of monomials). The degree of
the polynomial is the sum of the exponents
of the variables that appear in it.
Degree of Polynomials

• Degree 0 – constant
• Degree 1 – linear
• Degree 2 – quadratic
• Degree 3 – cubic
• Degree 4 – quartic (biquadratic)
Degree of Polynomials

• Example

Polynomial Degree
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 4 + 𝑥 6 6
𝑥𝑦 4 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 4 + 12 8
3𝑥 + 6 1
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 2
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 4 + 𝑧 6 8
Algebraic Identities
2 2 2
• 𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
2
• 𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
• 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
• 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
Addition of Polynomials
• Polynomials can be added using the associative
law of addition (grouping all terms together into a
single sum), possibly followed by reordering, and
combining of like terms.
Example(method 1):
p = 3x+7
q = 2x+3
p+q = 5x+10
Addition of Polynomials

Example(method 2):
Group like terms, then add the coefficients
4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7 + 2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 1
= 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 7 + 1
= 6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 8
*The sum of two polynomials is also a
polynomial.
Subtraction of Polynomials
• When you subtract a polynomial, change the
signs of each of the terms to its opposite.
Example(method 1), line up like terms. Change
the sign of the second polynomial, then add.
4x-7 4x-7
-(2x+3) -2x-3
2x-10
Subtraction of Polynomials

Method 2:
Simplify: 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − −8𝑥 2 + 11
Change the sign of the subtrahend:
5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 − 11
Group like terms:
5𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 0 + −11 + 0
= 13𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 11
Division of Polynomials

The methods used in the division of


polynomials are:
1. Long division method
2. Synthetic division
3. Factor Theorem
Long Division Method
• In arithmetic, long division is a standard division
algorithm suitable for dividing multi-digit numbers
that is simple enough to perform by hand.
• It breaks down a division problem into a series of
easier steps.
• As in all division problems, one number, called the
dividend is divided by another, called the divisor,
producing a result called the quotient.
Dividend ÷ divisor = quotient
Synthetic Division
Example: Divide (3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 1) by (x+2)
Coefficient form: (3, 2, 0, )
Divisor: -2

.
Remainder Theorem
• If the polynomial f(x) is divided by (x+a) then the remainder is f(-a)
means it is same as the value of the polynomial f(x) for x= - a.
Example: Divide 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 by 𝑥 + 3 and find the remainder.
Dividend: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
Divisor: 𝑥 + 3; 𝑥 = −3
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 − 4
𝑓 −3 = −3 4 − 5 −3 2 − 4 −3
= 81 − 45 + 12
𝑓 −3 = 48
Thus, when 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 is divided by 𝑥 + 3,the remainder is 48.

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