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Guia Instrumentacion Virtual U2

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BRENDA GUADALUPE MANCILLA CHAVEZ
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8 views11 pages

Guia Instrumentacion Virtual U2

Uploaded by

BRENDA GUADALUPE MANCILLA CHAVEZ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Examen/respuestas

What is the purpose of the sampling theorem?


to reconstruct a signal.
At what rate must be sample a signal at least to not have aliasing problems?
Twice the frequency rate.
How many bands have a frequency filter?
The number of bands available for frequency filtering can vary depending on the specific
software or hardware being used.
What are the bands in an antialiasing filter?
Passband, Transitionband, stopband
How many LSB should have the attenuation band to avoid aliasing?
Less than ½ LSB.
If a digitalizing system has three options for roll-off in the antialiasing filter.
20db/Decade, 20 dB/Decade, 80dB/Decade. Which option is best for the antialiasing
filter?
20 dB/Decade
The meaning of the Nyquist frequency is:
the maximum frequency component able to analyze
The value of the Nyquist frequency is:
Half of the sampling frequency.
What is the main characteristic of an aliased component?
Show a frequency lower than the actual.
What else a digitalizing system need besides the right sampling ratio
A low passband filter before sampling
Respuestas en espanol
What is the purpose of the sampling theorem?
para reconstruir una señal.
At what rate must be sample a signal at least to not have aliasing problems?
Al doble de la frecuencia.
How many bands have a frequency filter?
El número de bandas disponibles para el filtrado de frecuencia puede variar dependiendo del
software o hardware específico que se esté utilizando.
What are the bands in an antialiasing filter?
Banda de paso, banda de transición, banda de rechazo.
How many LSB should have the attenuation band to avoid aliasing?
Menos que medio LSB.
If a digitalizing system has three options for roll-off in the antialiasing filter.
20db/Decade, 20 dB/Decade, 80dB/Decade. Which option is best for the antialiasing
filter?
20 dB/Decade
The meaning of the Nyquist frequency is:
El componente de frecuencia máxima capaz de analizar.
The value of the Nyquist frequency is:
La mitad de la frecuencia de muestreo.
What is the main characteristic of an aliased component?
Muestre una frecuencia menor que la actual.
What else a digitalizing system need besides the right sampling ratio
Un filtro pasa banda bajo antes del muestreo

:(
Diapositivas

Data acquisition- Sistemas con múltiples canales


Se requiere de un DAC para convertir las respuestas digitales en analogicas cuando existe
retroalimentación del procesador digital. (Se le llama Data distribution)

Dedicated: cada canal tiene sus propios ADC y DAC dedicados.

Multiplexed: se utilizan multiplexores y demultiplexores con un DAC y ADC.

Aliasing free wide transition band


𝑓𝑠
Nyquist frequency : 2
Antis-alias filter
Nyquist sampling theorem
● Sampling frequency (fs)
● Reconstruction purposes
2 times the maximum frequency of interest
2 times low pass bandwidth (21.PBW) of interest
● fs-fmax >fmax
200-100=100 o 300-100=200, 300-350=-50
● oversampling
5 to 10 times LPBW
● Nyquist frequency
maximum frequency able to be analyzed
● SNR
6.02N + 1.76 + Log ( Fs/2BW)

Shannon, channel capacity


This is the maximum possible rate (b/s) to send m symbols through a channel with a given
bandwidth(BW) and given signal to noise ratio(SNR), without producing interference.
C= Bwlog (SNR+1)

Sampled signal spectrum


● Mirror frequency-spectrum around fs
● Frequency above fs will cause aliasing
● Alias frequency is
fnalias= 2FN - fn

Anti-Aliasing Filter
● Before sampling
● Low-pass analog filter
○ Pass band:
Bandwidth, cut-off frequency
○ Stop band:
Should attenuate frequency components above Nyquist frequency (Fn)

Anti-Aliasing (PASS BAND)

𝑁
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿𝑆𝐵(2 − 1) = 𝑉𝐹𝑆
𝑀𝐴𝑋

● At the pass band.


𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝐴𝑋

0db gain
𝑁
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝐿𝑆𝐵(2 − 1) = 𝑉𝐹𝑆
𝑀𝐴𝑋

Anti-Aliasing (cut off frequency)


● Output signal
○ 50% of the input power\
○ 70% of the input voltage
■ -3dB

Filter, transition band


● Roll off
● Filter order
● Slope
● dB/Hz
● Change of frequency by factor of 10
● Change of frequency by factor of 2

Filter order:

1st order filter First order stage Roll-off


20dB/decade

2nd order filter Second order Roll-off


stage 40dB/decade

3rd order filter First order stage Second order Roll-off


stage 60dB/decade

4th order filter Second order Second order Roll-off


stage stage 80dB/decade

5th order filter First order stage Second order Second order Roll-off
stage stage 100dB/decade

Signal acquisition components

Sensor 1- ECG - Electrode - Amp - Low-pass filter


Sensor 2- Blood pressure-Sensor-Amp-Low-pass filter
Se juntan - Analog Multiplex- Sample and hold circuit-ADC-Digital output

Niveles de software

Capa 5: el mundo
Capa 4: software de aplicación
Capa 3: editor, compilador, enlazador, cargador de datos, ensamblador, diseñador de software
e interpret
Capa 2: Sistema operativo
Capa 1: Hardware de la microcomputadora

DAQ board settings

SampleRate- the number of samples acquired per second on all fast inputs. set to
systemSampleRate. Slow inputs are automatically sampled at 1/100 this rate.

ADCUpper- the base-10 value of the maximum ADC value that can be reported by the
device on this channel. Normally this will be 2bitresolution -1. Fast inputs only.

ADCLower- the base -10 value of the minimum ADC value that can be reported by the
device on this channel. Normally this will be 0. Fast inputs only.
Tablas-Diagramas-Figuras-Gráficas

Signal acquisition components

Signal conditioning
Signal conditioning

Anti Aliasing filter

Signal acquisition
Signal sampling time domain

ADC
DAC

Processing
FFT

Digital filtering (lo mismo que anti aliasing)


Minimal and optimal
Function Signal Minimum Optimal Digital resolution
sampling rate sampling rate

Neurophysiology Electroencephalogram 100Hz 200 Hz 0.5uV/Bit


Electrooculogram 100Hz 200Hz 0.5uV/Bit
Electromyogram 100Hz 200Hz 0.2uV/Bit

Respiration oro-nasal airflow 16Hz 25Hz n.a


Respiratory movements 16Hz 25Hz n.a
Esophageal pressure 16Hz 100Hz 0.5mmHg/bit
capnography 16Hz 25Hz 0.1%/bit
Oxygen saturation 0.5Hz 1Hz 1%/bit
Transcutaneous 0.5Hz 1Hz 0.1mmHg/bit
Beating sounds 1Hz 5000Hz n.a

Cardiovascular ECG 100Hz 250Hz 10uV/bit


Heart rate 1Hz 4Hz 1bpm
Blood pressure 50Hz 100Hz 1 mmHg/bit

Auxiliatary Body temperature 0.1Hz 1Hz 0.1Celsius/bit


Body position 0.1Hz 1Hz n.a

AC coupled

Range index input type listed range Upper/Lower Gain

0 Custom +/- 750uV +/- 0.000835 3000

1 EEG +/- 1.5mV +/-0.001669 1500

2 ECG +/- 3mv +/-0.003339 750

3 EMG +/-6mv +/-0.006677 374

4 EOG +/-12mV +/-0.013355 187

5 GSR_SCR +/-25mV +/-0.026709 94

6 GSR_SCL +/-50mV +/-0.053419 47

7 Skin temp +/-100mV +/-0.106838 23

Dc coupled

Range index input type listed range Upper/Lower Gain

8 +/-18mV +/-0.019531 128


9 +/-35mv +/-0.039063 64

10 +/-70mv +/-0.078125 32

11 +/-140mv +/-0.15625 16

12 +/-280mv +/-0.3125 8

13 +/-560mv +/-0.625 4

14 +/-1V +/-1.25 2

15 +/-2V +/-2.5 1

Filter-Order
Bioradio

Signal acquisition application

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