SEHS4662

Power System Control and Operation

1. System Operation and Control

Subject Leader
Ir Dr K. C. Wong
(Office: Room HHB-1201, Tel.: 3746 0487, email: [email protected] )

Subject Lecturer
Dr (David) Tai-Wai CHU
(Office: Room HHB-1545, Email: [email protected] )

2024/25 Semester 1 SEHS4662 KC Wong / TW Chu

System Operation & Control
• Objectives
◦ Generate and deliver the power required
◦ Interconnections as economically and reliably as possible
◦ Maintaining voltage and frequency within limits

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System Operations Tasks
• 1. Operation Planning
• Load forecasting
• Maintenance scheduling
• Generation spinning reserve determination
• Generation unit commitment scheduling
• Evaluations of possible interconnection transactions
• Fuel selection
◦ Hydro-thermal generation coordination
◦ Selection of load-shedding procedures

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System Operations Tasks
• 2. Operation Control
• Second-by-second or real-time calculations and decisions
• Examples
◦ Automatic generation Control (AGC)
- constant frequency and interchange
◦ Generation dispatch -- minimum fuel cost
◦ VAR dispatch (VAR – voltage-ampere reactive power – for stable voltage
control)
◦ Transmission control

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System Operations Tasks
• 3. Operations Accounting
• Data collection and analysis, after-the-fact evaluations,
preparation of reports and billing.
• Examples
◦ Collection of system and unit production statistics
◦ Interconnection billing
◦ Evaluation of system and unit performance
◦ Analysis of abnormal conditions.

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 Power System Operating States
• E: Equality constrains: e.g. load demand
• I: Inequality constrains: e.g. ;

Normal

Restoration Alert

In Extremis Emergency
(Brownout)
A blackout is a total crash of the power grid due to an Brownout is an intentional or unintentional drop in voltage in an
imbalance between power generation and power consumption. electrical power supply system. Intentional brownouts are used for load
reduction in an emergency. The reduction lasts for minutes or hours

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Power System Operating States
• Normal State
◦ No emergency conditions exist and;
◦ No N-1 contingencies would cause an emergency condition to exist.
• Alert State
◦ At N-1 risk. One or more likely contingencies would create an emergency
condition.
◦ E.g. Severe weather conditions may lead to alert state because of increase
in probability of transmission line outages

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Power System Operating States
• Emergency State
◦ Critical operating constraints are being violated
◦ Propagation of the state has to be limited
◦ Examples
1. Thermal loading limits of transmission lines, cables, transformers or current-
carrying equipment is exceeded.
2. Loss of synchronism due to transient or oscillatory response of systems.
3. Voltage limit is violated at the transmission, distribution or substations.
◦ System not yet disintegrated

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Power System Operating States
• In Extremis State
◦ System integrity is lost either by shedding (removing) of load or by
separation of system into islands
◦ Blackout of some portion of system
Resynchronisation
• Restorative State
◦ When extremis condition is brought under control.
◦ Transmission and distribution system are re-connected.
◦ Generators are restarted and finally load are restored.

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 Transmission Generation Distribution

Power System Control Centres

To other
POWER COMPANY DISPATCHING CENTRES power systems

Distribution
To other Transmission To other
division
Dispatch DDCs
Divisions
Generating To other Centres (DDC)
Plants plants
Feeder &
To other Transmission Distribution Substa data
Substations Substations Substations Feeder &
Generation Generation
Substa
Data Control
Feeder Switching
Line and Transmission Data
Substation and substation Sections
Control
Data switching
Voice or
teletype User
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Power System Control Centre
(Dispatch Centre)
• Use of automatic control --- with human control supervision
1. Generator Control
◦ Turbine generator control
◦ Voltage regulator control
2. Central control
◦ With SCADA (Supervisory control and Data Acquisition)

SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. SCADA systems are used to monitor and
control a plant or equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy. A typical
SCADA system comprises of I/O signal hardware, Controllers, software, network & communication.

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Functions of the Dispatch Centre
• Directs the second-by-second control of generation to maintain
tie-line schedules and frequency
• Minimize the cost of power generation within constraints imposed
by security.
• Plan and carry out preventive and emergency maintenance
• Switching operations within the transmission and distribution
network through telemetry.

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Generating Plants and Dispatch Centre
• The generating plants are staffed with operators and maintenance
personnel.
• Many plant variables are locally controlled.
• High degree of automation to enable high reliability and economy.
• Communicate with the control centre by telemetry through a
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system and
equipment.

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Functional Service Requirements
1. Tele-metering and Control
a) Analog telemetering
b) Supervisory control and dada acquisition(SCADA)
c) Automatic generation control (AGC)
d) System security
e) Distribution automation
f) HVDC converter control

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Functional Service Requirements
1. Telephony (voice communications)
• By privately owned communication systems,
or microwave and power line carrier
◦ Dispatch
◦ Maintenance
◦ Operation
◦ Executive
2. Teletype and bulk data transmission

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Development of SCADA System in CLP
• 1984 first commissioned
• 1991 upgraded with 140 RTU (remote terminal unit)
in P.S. (power station) and T&D
(Transmission and Distribution)
• 1996 Distribution Automation (DA) (10 years)
• Objectives:- secure and optimal power system operation.
• EMS-Energy Management System -> T&G
• DMS - Distribution Management System -> DA
• Reliability of CLP: 99.999% : 1.3 minutes unplanned interruption
• 13-19 minutes in London, Sydney, New York

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Recent Technology Applications in CLP
(in Control Centres)
• Fibre-optic communication networks (from substations and
generation stations to SCADA computer)
• Update hardware (newer computers)
• Real time software with full graphic presentations and windows
operations

Examples only Examples only

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Supplementary
Economic Aspects
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐷𝐹 =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐿𝐹 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑇 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

=
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 × 𝑇 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

A load curve is a plot of the load demand 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 − 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
(on the y-axis) versus the time (on the x- 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑠𝑒
axis) in the chronological order.
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

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Economic Aspects - Exercises
Ex 1.0 : A generating station has a maximum demand of 35 MW and has a
connected load of 60 MW. The annual generation of units is 24 × 107 kWh.
Calculate the load factor and the demand factor.

Ex 2.0 : A generating station supplies four feeders with the maximum

demands (in MW) of 16, 10, 12, and 7 MW. The overall maximum demand
on the station is 20 MW and the annual load factor is 45%. Calculate the
diversity factor and the number of units generated annually.

Ex 3.0 : The yearly load–duration curve of a power

plant is a straight line. The maximum load is 30 MW
and the minimum load is 20 MW. The capacity of the
plant is 35MW. Calculate the plant capacity factor, the
load factor, and the utilization factor.

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