Here are answers for the 2-mark questions from the document:

1. **List all tools and software required for developing an Android application**: Tools include Android Studio, JDK (Java Development Kit),
Android SDK, and an emulator or a physical device for testing.

2. **Define emulator**: An emulator is a software that replicates the hardware and software environment of an Android device on a computer,
allowing developers to test their applications without a physical device.

3. **List any four attributes of layout**: Four common attributes are `layout_width`, `layout_height`, `padding`, and `margin`.

4. **Define Geocoding and Reverse Geocoding**: Geocoding is the process of converting an address into geographic coordinates, while reverse
geocoding converts geographic coordinates into a readable address.

5. **State intent. List types of intent**: Intent is a messaging object used to request an action from another app component. Types include
implicit and explicit intents.

6. **Difference between toggle button and radio button**: A toggle button allows switching between two states (on/off), whereas a radio button
allows selection among multiple options, typically used in groups where only one option can be selected at a time.
7. **Define: i) Fragment ii) Broadcast receiver**: A Fragment is a reusable component of an activity's UI, while a Broadcast receiver listens for
system-wide broadcast announcements.

8. **State Android Ecosystem**: The Android ecosystem includes the Android OS, Google Play Store, developer tools, and a wide range of
hardware devices running Android.

9. **List various layouts used in Android UI design**: Layouts include LinearLayout, RelativeLayout, ConstraintLayout, FrameLayout, and
TableLayout.

10. **Name any four attributes of EditText control**: Common attributes are `text`, `hint`, `inputType`, and `maxLength`.

11. **State the use of fragments in Android App development**: Fragments allow modularizing UI components, facilitating flexible and dynamic
UI design within an activity.

12. **Define SMS service in Android application development**: SMS service enables sending and receiving text messages in Android
applications using APIs provided by the Android framework.

13. **List different types of sensors used in Android**: Types include accelerometer, gyroscope, proximity sensor, and light sensor.
14. **List any four features of Android operating system**: Features include multitasking, rich application framework, integrated web browser,
and media support.

15. **Define Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM)**: DVM is a process virtual machine in Android OS that executes applications written for Android by
converting Java bytecode into a format optimized for mobile devices.

16. **List any four folders from the directory structure of Android project and elaborate in one line**:

- `src`: Contains the Java source code files.

- `res`: Stores resources like layouts, strings, and images.

- `manifest`: Holds the AndroidManifest.xml file with app metadata.

- `gradle`: Contains configuration files for project build settings.

17. **List any four attributes of checkbox**: Attributes include `text`, `checked`, `gravity`, and `textColor`.

18. **Draw diagram of activity life cycle**: (Requires a visual) Key stages include `onCreate()`, `onStart()`, `onResume()`, `onPause()`, `onStop()`,
`onRestart()`, and `onDestroy()`.

19. **State syntax to display built-in zoom control**: `webView.getSettings().setBuiltInZoomControls(true);`

20. **Name two classes used to play audio and video in Android**: `MediaPlayer` for audio and `VideoView` for video.

Here are answers for the 4-mark questions from the document:

1. **Explain relative layout with all its attributes**: RelativeLayout arranges UI elements relative to each other or to the parent container. Key
attributes include:

- `layout_alignParentTop`/`layout_alignParentBottom`: Aligns the view to the top/bottom of the parent.

- `layout_toLeftOf`/`layout_toRightOf`: Positions a view to the left or right of another view.

- `layout_centerHorizontal`/`layout_centerVertical`: Centers the view horizontally or vertically.

- `layout_alignBaseline`: Aligns the baseline of the view with another view's baseline.

2. **Explore all steps to install Android Studio and SDK**:

- **Download Android Studio** from the official website.

- **Install the software**, following the installation wizard.

- **Configure SDK location** and select the required SDK packages.

- **Create a new project** to verify that Android Studio and SDK are correctly set up.
3. **Explain the need of Android Operating System and describe any four features**:

- **Need**: Android OS provides an open-source, customizable platform for mobile applications, encouraging rapid innovation and diverse app
development.

- **Features**:

- **Multitasking**: Allows multiple apps to run simultaneously.

- **Rich Application Framework**: Supports complex and interactive apps.

- **Media Support**: Compatible with a wide range of media formats.

- **Integrated Web Browser**: Offers built-in browser functionality with web technologies support.

4. **Program to add "Hello World" marker at (10,10) coordinates**:

```java

MarkerOptions markerOptions = new MarkerOptions().position(new LatLng(10, 10)).title("Hello World");

googleMap.addMarker(markerOptions);

```

5. **Describe service life cycle with its diagram**:

- **Life Cycle Stages**:

 - `onCreate()`: Called when the service is first created.

- `onStartCommand()`: Called every time a client starts the service.

- `onBind()`: Binds the service to a component.

- `onUnbind()`: Unbinds the service.

- `onDestroy()`: Called when the service is destroyed.

- **Diagram**: Requires drawing the flow of these methods.

6. **Elaborate Android Security Model**: Android's security model is based on sandboxing, permissions, and user authentication:

- **Sandboxing**: Each app runs in its own user space, isolating it from others.

- **Permissions**: Apps must declare permissions in the manifest file for certain operations.

- **User Authentication**: Protects data with lock screens, fingerprint scanning, and facial recognition.

- **App Signing**: Ensures app integrity and helps manage updates.

7. **XML file to create login page using Table Layout**:

```xml

<TableLayout android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content">

<TableRow>
 <TextView android:text="Username:"/>

<EditText android:id="@+id/username" android:layout_width="wrap_content" />

</TableRow>

<TableRow>

<TextView android:text="Password:"/>

<EditText android:id="@+id/password" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:inputType="textPassword"/>

</TableRow>

<TableRow>

<Button android:text="Login" android:layout_span="2"/>

</TableRow>

</TableLayout>

```

8. **Application to display analog Time Picker and selected time**:

```java

TimePicker timePicker = findViewById(R.id.timePicker);

 timePicker.setOnTimeChangedListener(new TimePicker.OnTimeChangedListener() {

@Override

public void onTimeChanged(TimePicker view, int hourOfDay, int minute) {

String time = "Selected Time: " + hourOfDay + ":" + minute;

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), time, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

});

```

9. **Differentiate between JVM and DVM**:

- **Architecture**: JVM runs Java bytecode, whereas DVM runs optimized bytecode (DEX format).

- **Purpose**: JVM is designed for desktops; DVM is optimized for Android mobile devices.

- **Memory Efficiency**: DVM is more memory efficient, suitable for resource-constrained devices.

- **Execution**: JVM uses a stack-based architecture; DVM uses a register-based architecture.

10. **Components of Android directory structure**:

- **Manifest**: Holds essential information like app permissions and activities.

 - **Java**: Contains all Java source files.

- **res**: Contains resources like layout files, drawable images, and strings.

- **Gradle**: Contains build configuration files, managing project dependencies.

Let me know if you'd like more answers.

Continuing with answers for the next 4-mark questions:

11. **Develop an Android application using radio button**:

```xml

<!-- XML Layout -->

<RadioGroup android:id="@+id/radioGroup" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content">

<RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio1" android:text="Option 1" />

<RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio2" android:text="Option 2" />

</RadioGroup>

<Button android:id="@+id/submitButton" android:text="Submit" />

 <!-- Java Code -->

RadioGroup radioGroup = findViewById(R.id.radioGroup);

Button submitButton = findViewById(R.id.submitButton);

submitButton.setOnClickListener(v -> {

int selectedId = radioGroup.getCheckedRadioButtonId();

RadioButton selectedRadio = findViewById(selectedId);

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Selected: " + selectedRadio.getText(), Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

});

```

12. **Develop an application to send and receive SMS (Java and manifest)**:

```xml

<!-- Manifest permissions -->

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.SEND_SMS"/>

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS"/>

```
```java

// Java code for sending SMS

SmsManager smsManager = SmsManager.getDefault();

smsManager.sendTextMessage(phoneNumber, null, message, null, null);

// Java code for receiving SMS (BroadcastReceiver)

public class SmsReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {

@Override

public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {

Bundle bundle = intent.getExtras();

SmsMessage[] msgs = null;

if (bundle != null) {

Object[] pdus = (Object[]) bundle.get("pdus");

msgs = new SmsMessage[pdus.length];

for (int i = 0; i < msgs.length; i++) {

msgs[i] = SmsMessage.createFromPdu((byte[]) pdus[i]);

 String msgBody = msgs[i].getMessageBody();

Toast.makeText(context, "Received: " + msgBody, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

```

13. **Draw and explain activity life cycle**:

- **Stages**:

- `onCreate()`: Initializes the activity.

- `onStart()`: Prepares the activity to become visible.

- `onResume()`: Makes the activity interactive.

- `onPause()`: Pauses user interactions.

- `onStop()`: Hides the activity from the user.

- `onDestroy()`: Cleans up resources when the activity is terminated.

- **Diagram**: (Typically shows transitions between each method in the life cycle.)
14. **Describe Android and the importance of OHA**:

- **Android** is an open-source mobile operating system for devices like smartphones and tablets, providing a platform for application
development.

- **Open Handset Alliance (OHA)**: A collaboration of tech companies aiming to develop open standards for mobile devices. OHA promotes
Android’s growth by fostering open-source contributions and enabling widespread adoption.

15. **Explain Dalvik Virtual Machine and its importance**:

- **DVM**: A specialized virtual machine for Android that optimizes memory and performance for mobile devices by executing Dalvik
bytecode.

- **Importance**: DVM ensures efficient app performance on resource-constrained devices and enables multiple apps to run smoothly by
allocating separate processes.

16. **Process of getting the map API Key**:

- **Step 1**: Go to the [Google Cloud Console](https://console.cloud.google.com/).

- **Step 2**: Create or select an existing project.

- **Step 3**: Enable the "Maps SDK for Android" API.

- **Step 4**: Navigate to "Credentials" and generate a new API key.

 - **Step 5**: Restrict the key to avoid misuse and integrate it into the application.

17. **Explain multimedia framework in Android**:

- The multimedia framework supports audio, video, and image processing. Key components include:

- **MediaPlayer**: Plays audio and video files.

- **MediaRecorder**: Captures audio and video.

- **AudioManager**: Manages audio settings.

- **Camera**: Captures photos and video.

- Together, these components provide a comprehensive solution for multimedia handling in Android apps.

18. **Explain GridView with its attributes with a suitable example**:

- **GridView**: A layout that arranges items in a two-dimensional scrollable grid.

- **Attributes**:

- `numColumns`: Specifies the number of columns.

- `horizontalSpacing` & `verticalSpacing`: Defines spacing between items.

- `stretchMode`: Specifies how columns are stretched to fill space.

- **Example**:
 ```xml

<GridView android:id="@+id/gridView" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent"

android:numColumns="3"/>

```

19. **Explain text-to-speech conversion technique in Android**:

- **TextToSpeech API** allows Android apps to convert text into spoken words.

- Steps:

- Initialize `TextToSpeech` object.

- Set the language and pitch.

- Use `speak()` method to convert text to speech.

- Example:

```java

TextToSpeech tts = new TextToSpeech(context, status -> {

if (status == TextToSpeech.SUCCESS) {

tts.setLanguage(Locale.US);

tts.speak("Hello World", TextToSpeech.QUEUE_FLUSH, null, null);

 }

});

```

20. **Steps for deploying an Android application on Google Play Store**:

- **Step 1**: Create a Google Play Console account and pay the one-time registration fee.

- **Step 2**: Prepare your app by testing and signing it with a release key.

- **Step 3**: Create a store listing, including app details, screenshots, and promotional content.

- **Step 4**: Upload the APK or app bundle.

- **Step 5**: Set pricing and distribution details.

- **Step 6**: Submit the app for review and release it once approved.

Let me know if you'd like more detailed answers or additional questions.

Continuing with the next set of 4-mark question answers:

21. **Describe directory structure and its components**:

 - **`src` Folder**: Contains all Java source code files.

- **`res` Folder**: Stores non-code resources like layouts (`layout`), images (`drawable`), and strings (`values`).

- **`AndroidManifest.xml`**: Specifies essential app information such as permissions, components, and app metadata.

- **`Gradle` Files**: Contains configuration files like `build.gradle` that manage dependencies and build settings.

22. **Develop an Android application for Date and Time Picker**:

```xml

<!-- XML Layout -->

<DatePicker android:id="@+id/datePicker" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

<TimePicker android:id="@+id/timePicker" android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

```

```java

// Java Code

DatePicker datePicker = findViewById(R.id.datePicker);

TimePicker timePicker = findViewById(R.id.timePicker);

 datePicker.init(2023, 10, 15, (view, year, monthOfYear, dayOfMonth) -> {

String date = "Selected Date: " + dayOfMonth + "/" + (monthOfYear + 1) + "/" + year;

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), date, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

});

timePicker.setOnTimeChangedListener((view, hourOfDay, minute) -> {

String time = "Selected Time: " + hourOfDay + ":" + minute;

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), time, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

});

```

23. **Explain property animation method to animate view object properties with example**:

- **Property Animation** in Android allows you to animate any property of a view.

- **Key Classes**: `ObjectAnimator`, `AnimatorSet`, and `ValueAnimator`.

- **Example**: Fading a view in and out.

```java
 ObjectAnimator fadeOut = ObjectAnimator.ofFloat(view, "alpha", 1f, 0f);

fadeOut.setDuration(1000);

ObjectAnimator fadeIn = ObjectAnimator.ofFloat(view, "alpha", 0f, 1f);

fadeIn.setDuration(1000);

AnimatorSet animatorSet = new AnimatorSet();

animatorSet.play(fadeIn).after(fadeOut);

animatorSet.start();

```

24. **Describe permissions required for Android application development**:

- Permissions ensure app security by restricting access to sensitive data.

- **Examples of Permissions**:

- **`INTERNET`**: Required for network operations.

- **`ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION`**: Needed for accessing precise location data.

- **`READ_CONTACTS`**: Allows reading contacts from the user’s device.

- **`CAMERA`**: Grants access to the device camera.

25. **Develop an Android application to show the current location of a user’s car**:

```xml

<!-- Manifest Permission -->

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />

```

```java

// Java Code

FusedLocationProviderClient locationClient = LocationServices.getFusedLocationProviderClient(this);

locationClient.getLastLocation().addOnSuccessListener(location -> {

if (location != null) {

double latitude = location.getLatitude();

double longitude = location.getLongitude();

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Car Location: " + latitude + ", " + longitude, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

}
 });

```

26. **Describe Android architecture with a diagram**:

- **Layers**:

- **Applications**: User-facing apps like Contacts, Phone, and Browser.

- **Application Framework**: Provides APIs for apps to interact with hardware and system components.

- **Libraries and Android Runtime**: Includes core libraries and Dalvik VM, responsible for running apps.

- **Linux Kernel**: The foundation layer, handling device drivers and core system services.

- **Diagram**: Typically shows a layered architecture from the Linux Kernel up to Applications.

27. **Describe with example how to create a simple database in SQLite**:

```java

SQLiteDatabase db = openOrCreateDatabase("StudentDB", MODE_PRIVATE, null);

db.execSQL("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT);");

db.execSQL("INSERT INTO students (name) VALUES ('John Doe');");

Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery("SELECT * FROM students", null);

 while (cursor.moveToNext()) {

int id = cursor.getInt(0);

String name = cursor.getString(1);

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "ID: " + id + ", Name: " + name, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

```

28. **Syntax to create TextView and ImageButton with two attributes of each**:

- **TextView**:

```xml

<TextView android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="Hello" android:textSize="18sp" />

```

- **ImageButton**:

```xml

<ImageButton android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:src="@drawable/image"

android:contentDescription="ImageButton" />

```
29. **Syntax for required class and methods for Geocoding**:

- **Geocoding Example**:

```java

Geocoder geocoder = new Geocoder(context, Locale.getDefault());

List<Address> addresses = geocoder.getFromLocationName("1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, CA", 1);

String city = addresses.get(0).getLocality();

```

- **Reverse Geocoding Example**:

```java

List<Address> addresses = geocoder.getFromLocation(37.4219983, -122.084, 1);

String addressLine = addresses.get(0).getAddressLine(0);

```

30. **Discuss developer console with at least four features**:

- **Dashboard**: Displays app performance, install statistics, and crash data.

 - **App Releases**: Manages and tracks different app versions and updates.

- **User Feedback**: Displays ratings and user reviews for insights.

- **Monetization Reports**: Provides revenue details if the app is monetized through ads or in-app purchases.

31. **Program to declare and use permissions with example**:

```xml

<!-- Manifest Permission -->

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CALL_PHONE" />

```

```java

// Java Code to Make a Call

Intent callIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL);

callIntent.setData(Uri.parse("tel:123456789"));

if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.CALL_PHONE) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {

startActivity(callIntent);

} else {
 ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, new String[]{Manifest.permission.CALL_PHONE}, 1);

```

32. **Code to create GUI using AbsoluteLayout (assuming suitable data)**:

```xml

<AbsoluteLayout android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent">

<Button android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="Button 1" android:layout_x="50dp"

android:layout_y="50dp" />

<Button android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="Button 2" android:layout_x="150dp"

android:layout_y="150dp" />

</AbsoluteLayout>

Here are the answers to the 6-mark questions from the document:

1. **Program for addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication of two numbers**:

```xml
<!-- XML Layout -->

<EditText android:id="@+id/num1" android:hint="Enter Number 1" android:inputType="numberDecimal"/>

<EditText android:id="@+id/num2" android:hint="Enter Number 2" android:inputType="numberDecimal"/>

<Button android:id="@+id/calculateButton" android:text="Calculate"/>

<TextView android:id="@+id/result" android:text="Result"/>

```

```java

// Java Code

EditText num1 = findViewById(R.id.num1);

EditText num2 = findViewById(R.id.num2);

TextView result = findViewById(R.id.result);

findViewById(R.id.calculateButton).setOnClickListener(v -> {

double n1 = Double.parseDouble(num1.getText().toString());

double n2 = Double.parseDouble(num2.getText().toString());

double sum = n1 + n2;

double diff = n1 - n2;

 double prod = n1 * n2;

double quot = n1 / n2;

result.setText("Sum: " + sum + ", Diff: " + diff + ", Prod: " + prod + ", Quot: " + quot);

});

```

2. **Develop an application to display a Google Map (Java and Manifest)**:

```xml

<!-- Manifest Permissions -->

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION"/>

<meta-data android:name="com.google.android.geo.API_KEY" android:value="YOUR_API_KEY"/>

```

```java

// Java Code
 SupportMapFragment mapFragment = (SupportMapFragment) getSupportFragmentManager().findFragmentById(R.id.map);

mapFragment.getMapAsync(googleMap -> {

LatLng location = new LatLng(37.7749, -122.4194);

googleMap.addMarker(new MarkerOptions().position(location).title("Marker in San Francisco"));

googleMap.moveCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.newLatLngZoom(location, 10));

});

```

3. **Update a record in SQLite database (Java and XML)**:

```java

// Java Code

SQLiteDatabase db = openOrCreateDatabase("EmployeeDB", MODE_PRIVATE, null);

db.execSQL("UPDATE employee SET name = 'XYZ' WHERE emp_id = 'E101';");

Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery("SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_id = 'E101'", null);

if (cursor.moveToFirst()) {

String name = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndex("name"));

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Updated Name: " + name, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

 }

```

4. **Steps for app deployment on Google Play Store & customized permissions**:

- **Deployment**:

- Create a Google Play Console account.

- Prepare the app (sign APK, test thoroughly).

- Create a store listing (app description, screenshots).

- Upload the app and set distribution preferences.

- Submit the app for review.

- **Customized Permissions**:

- Define permissions in the manifest.

- Use runtime permissions for sensitive data.

- Handle permission results in `onRequestPermissionsResult()`.

5. **Program to TURN ON and OFF Bluetooth (Java and permissions)**:

 ```xml

<!-- Manifest Permission -->

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH"/>

```

```java

// Java Code

BluetoothAdapter bluetoothAdapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();

if (bluetoothAdapter != null) {

bluetoothAdapter.enable(); // To turn ON Bluetooth

bluetoothAdapter.disable(); // To turn OFF Bluetooth

```

6. **Design an employee registration form using UI components**:

```xml

<!-- XML Layout -->

 <EditText android:id="@+id/name" android:hint="Enter Name" />

<EditText android:id="@+id/email" android:hint="Enter Email" android:inputType="textEmailAddress" />

<EditText android:id="@+id/phone" android:hint="Enter Phone" android:inputType="phone" />

<EditText android:id="@+id/department" android:hint="Enter Department" />

<Button android:id="@+id/registerButton" android:text="Register" />

```

7. **Develop Android application for student feedback with database connectivity**:

```java

// Java Code

SQLiteDatabase db = openOrCreateDatabase("FeedbackDB", MODE_PRIVATE, null);

db.execSQL("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS feedback(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, studentName TEXT, feedbackText TEXT);");

EditText studentName = findViewById(R.id.studentName);

EditText feedbackText = findViewById(R.id.feedbackText);

Button submitButton = findViewById(R.id.submitButton);

 submitButton.setOnClickListener(v -> {

String name = studentName.getText().toString();

String feedback = feedbackText.getText().toString();

db.execSQL("INSERT INTO feedback (studentName, feedbackText) VALUES('" + name + "', '" + feedback + "');");

Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Feedback Submitted", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

});

```

8. **Explain Geocoding and Reverse Geocoding with examples**:

- **Geocoding**: Converts addresses into geographic coordinates.

```java

Geocoder geocoder = new Geocoder(this, Locale.getDefault());

List<Address> addresses = geocoder.getFromLocationName("Eiffel Tower, Paris", 1);

double latitude = addresses.get(0).getLatitude();

double longitude = addresses.get(0).getLongitude();

```
 - **Reverse Geocoding**: Converts coordinates into readable addresses.

```java

List<Address> addresses = geocoder.getFromLocation(48.8584, 2.2945, 1);

String addressLine = addresses.get(0).getAddressLine(0);

```

9. **Design an Android application to show the list of paired Bluetooth devices**:

```java

BluetoothAdapter bluetoothAdapter = BluetoothAdapter.getDefaultAdapter();

Set<BluetoothDevice> pairedDevices = bluetoothAdapter.getBondedDevices();

ListView listView = findViewById(R.id.listView);

ArrayList<String> deviceNames = new ArrayList<>();

for (BluetoothDevice device : pairedDevices) {

deviceNames.add(device.getName() + "\n" + device.getAddress());

ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<>(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, deviceNames);

 listView.setAdapter(adapter);

```

10. **Develop an Android application for sending SMS (Java, XML, and Manifest)**:

```xml

<!-- Manifest Permission -->

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.SEND_SMS" />

```

```java

// Java Code

SmsManager smsManager = SmsManager.getDefault();

smsManager.sendTextMessage("1234567890", null, "Hello from Android!", null, null);

```

11. **Explain usage of linear and frame layouts with example**:

- **LinearLayout**: Arranges elements in a single row or column.

 ```xml

<LinearLayout android:orientation="vertical">

<Button android:text="Button 1" />

<Button android:text="Button 2" />

</LinearLayout>

```

- **FrameLayout**: Stacks elements on top of each other.

```xml

<FrameLayout>

<ImageView android:src="@drawable/image" />

<TextView android:text="Overlay Text" />

</FrameLayout>

```

12. **Program to convert temperature using ToggleButton (Java and XML)**:

```xml
<!-- XML Layout -->

<EditText android:id="@+id/tempInput" android:hint="Enter Temperature"/>

<ToggleButton android:id="@+id/toggleButton" android:textOn="To Celsius" android:textOff="To Fahrenheit"/>

<TextView android:id="@+id/result" />

```

```java

// Java Code

EditText tempInput = findViewById(R.id.tempInput);

ToggleButton toggleButton = findViewById(R.id.toggleButton);

TextView result = findViewById(R.id.result);

toggleButton.setOnCheckedChangeListener((buttonView, isChecked) -> {

double temp = Double.parseDouble(tempInput.getText().toString());

if (isChecked) {

result.setText("Celsius: " + ((temp - 32) * 5/9));

} else {

result.setText("Fahrenheit: " + ((temp * 9/5) + 32));

 }

});

```

13. **Program to capture an image using camera and display it**:

```java

// Java Code

Intent cameraIntent = new Intent(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE);

startActivityForResult(cameraIntent, 100);

@Override

protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {

if (requestCode == 100 && resultCode == RESULT_OK) {

Bitmap photo = (Bitmap) data.getExtras().get("data");

ImageView imageView = findViewById(R.id

.imageView);

imageView.setImageBitmap(photo);

```

14. **Send and receive SMS with XML, Java, and Manifest**:

- **Permissions**:

```xml

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.SEND_SMS"/>

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS"/>

```

- **Send SMS**:

```java

SmsManager smsManager = SmsManager.getDefault();

smsManager.sendTextMessage(phoneNumber, null, message, null, null);

```
 - **Receive SMS**:

```java

public class SmsReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {

@Override

public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {

// Logic to read the incoming SMS message

```

15. **Program to implement Android Activity Life Cycle with Toasts**:

```java

@Override

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

Toast.makeText(this, "onCreate Called", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

 }

@Override

protected void onStart() {

super.onStart();

Toast.makeText(this, "onStart Called", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

// Implement other lifecycle methods similarly

```

16. **Display Google map with user’s current location**:

```java

FusedLocationProviderClient locationClient = LocationServices.getFusedLocationProviderClient(this);

locationClient.getLastLocation().addOnSuccessListener(location -> {

if (location != null) {

double lat = location.getLatitude();

 double lng = location.getLongitude();

LatLng userLocation = new LatLng(lat, lng);

googleMap.addMarker(new MarkerOptions().position(userLocation).title("You are here"));

googleMap.moveCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.newLatLngZoom(userLocation, 15));

});

```

17. **UI for Table Layout with buttons 0–9, submit, and clear**:

```xml

<TableLayout>

<TableRow>

<Button android:text="1" />

<Button android:text="2" />

<Button android:text="3" />

</TableRow>
 <!-- Add rows similarly for buttons up to 9 -->

<TableRow>

<Button android:text="Submit" />

<Button android:text="Clear" />

</TableRow>

</TableLayout>

```

Let me know if you need further details!