October2024

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 Index
1. National

2. International

3. Appointment

4. Economics

5. Ranking & Indexes

6. Awards & honours

7. Books and Authors

8. Obituary

9. Defence

10. Science, Tech & Environment

11. Summits & Conferences

12. Schemes & Policies

13. Sports

14. Days and theme

15. Miscellaneous
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 National
 Length and Route: This corridor is 1,504
Prime Minister Narendra Modi
kilometers long, stretching from Delhi to
Dedicated the Bidkin Industrial Area to
Mumbai and passing through Uttar
The Nation
Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and
Maharashtra.
 Objective: To provide a dedicated route
for freight trains, enabling faster cargo
transportation.
Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC):
 A key rail project in India, primarily
developed for freight movement.
 Purpose: To make cargo transportation
 In September 2024, Prime Minister Narendra faster, safer, and more efficient,
Modi inaugurated the Bidkin Industrial Area connecting India’s industrial areas to
in Maharashtra, dedicating it to the nation. ports and major trade hubs.
This industrial area is part of the Delhi-
Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC). 5 New Languages Have Been Given

Bidkin Industrial Area: Classical Language Status by The

 Spans 7,855 acres and has been Cabinet
developed in three phases with a total  In October 2024, the Cabinet approved the
cost of ₹6,414 crore. designation of five new languages as Classical
Industrial Area: Languages. These languages are Marathi,
 A designated area where various
Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali.
industries and factories are established,
 With these additions, the total number of
primarily for manufacturing, processing,
Classical Languages in the Eighth Schedule of
and distribution activities.
the Constitution has now reached 11.
Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC):
Newly Added Classical Languages:
 The DMIC is based on the Western
 Marathi – Spoken in Maharashtra
Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC), India’s
 Pali – Language of ancient Buddhist texts
first industrial corridor aligned with a
 Prakrit – Language of Jain scriptures
dedicated freight route.
 Assamese – Spoken in Assam

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  Bengali – Spoken in West Bengal International Energy Efficiency Hub:
Previously Recognized Classical Languages:  A global platform dedicated to promoting
 Tamil (2004) collaboration and energy efficiency
 Sanskrit (2005) worldwide.
 Kannada (2008)  The hub’s goal is to enable countries to work
 Telugu (2008) together in the energy sector and develop
 Malayalam (2013) ways to protect the environment.
 Odia (2014) Current Members:
Criteria for Classification as a Classical  There are 16 countries currently in the hub:
Language (February 2014, Ministry of Culture): Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China,
 Ancient Texts: The language must have Denmark, European Commission, France,
ancient texts at least 1500 to 2000 years Germany, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Russia,
old. Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, and the
 Valued Heritage: Its literature should be United States.
considered valuable across multiple  With India's inclusion, the total membership
generations. will increase to 17 countries.
 Distinct Literary Tradition: The language
India has become fourth economy in the world
should have a unique literary tradition. s
to cross the foreign reserves of 700 billion US
 Separation from Modern Form: There
dollars
should be a clear distinction between the
classical form and the modern form of the
language.

India approved the joining of the

International Energy Efficiency Hub

 According to recent data from the Reserve

Bank of India (RBI), India has become the
fourth economy in the world to surpass $700
 The Cabinet has approved India's inclusion in
billion in foreign exchange reserves. Apart
the International Energy Efficiency Hub, an
from India, the other three major economies
initiative by the International Energy Agency
with foreign reserves exceeding $700 billion
(IEA).
are China, Japan, and Switzerland.

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Key Points:  India officially launched its 'Study in India'
 As of September, India’s total foreign campaign at the 20th International Education
exchange reserves stand at $704.89 Show in Sharjah.
billion.  The campaign was organized in collaboration
Foreign Exchange Reserves: with the Ministry of Education.
 Foreign Exchange Reserves are assets  Objective: To encourage international
held by a country’s central bank in various students to pursue education in Indian
foreign currencies, gold, and Special universities and highlight India as a global
Drawing Rights (SDRs). educational destination.
 Purpose: To maintain currency stability
and provide support for foreign Maharatna Status to new Indian PSU’s

transactions during emergencies or  The Government of India has granted

financial instability. 'Maharatna' status to the Public Sector
Undertaking (PSU) Hindustan Aeronautics
Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election 2024
Limited (HAL). With this recognition, HAL
 On October 8, 2024, the Jammu & Kashmir becomes the 14th Maharatna company in
Assembly Election 2024 results were India. The 13th Maharatna company was Rural
announced. Electrification Corporation Limited (REC).
 Elections were held for 90 seats, with 46 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL):
seats needed for a majority. However, no  HAL is a Central
single party achieved a majority. Public Sector
 Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (JKN), Enterprise
led by former Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah, (CPSE) under the Department of Defence
won the most seats, making it the largest Production (DoDP).
political party in the region.  Primary functions include the
development and production of aircraft,
Study in India campaign
helicopters, and avionics.
 HAL reported an annual turnover of
₹28,162 crore and a net profit of ₹7,595
crore for the fiscal year 2023-24,
qualifying it for Maharatna status.
List of Maharatna Companies in India:
 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)
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  Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited international conference is being held from
(BPCL) October 15 to 24, 2024, organized by the
 Coal India Limited (CIL) International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
 GAIL (India) Limited  Objectives: The main aim of this assembly is
 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) to discuss and outline frameworks for new
 Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited technologies in the telecommunication
(HPCL) sector, focusing on 6G, Artificial Intelligence
 Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) (AI), Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), and
 National Mineral Development Cybersecurity.
Corporation (NMDC) Limited About the World Telecommunication
 NTPC Limited Standardization Assembly (WTSA):

 Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)  Held every four years.
 Established: 2000
 Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
 Organized by: International
 Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
(REC)
 Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) Maharashtra and Jharkhand Assembly
 Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) Elections 2024
 Maharatna companies enjoy greater
 On October 15, the Election Commission of
financial autonomy, allowing them to
India announced the 2024 Assembly Elections
make significant investments without
for Maharashtra and Jharkhand as well as by-
requiring government approval for high-
elections for 417 assembly seats across 15
value projects.
states.

World Telecommunication Standardization Maharashtra State Assembly Election - 2024:

Assembly - 2024 held in New Delhi  Total Seats: 288
 Election Phases: Single-phase
 Election Date: November 20
 Result Date: November 23
Jharkhand State Assembly Election - 2024:
 On October 15, 2024, Prime Minister  Total Seats: 81
Narendra Modi inaugurated the World  Election Phases: Two phases
Telecommunication Standardization  Phase 1: November 13
Assembly (WTSA) - 2024 in New Delhi. This  Phase 2: November 20

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  Result Date: November 23 Prime Minister Narendra Modi Recently
Inaugurated Ambikapur Airport
International Methanol Seminar - 2024 in New
 In October 2024,
Delhi
Prime Minister
 Union Minister of Road Transport and
Narendra Modi
Highways, Nitin Gadkari, inaugurated the
inaugurated projects worth ₹6,100 crore
International Methanol Seminar - 2024 in
related to 7 airports across 5 states.
New Delhi. This seminar was organized by
Details:
NITI Aayog.
 The projects include 3 new airports and
 Objective: The main aim of the International
the development of 4 existing airports.
Methanol Seminar is to promote the use of
New Airports:
methanol and discuss its environmental,
 Ambikapur Airport - Chhattisgarh
economic, and energy-related benefits.
 Rewa Airport - Madhya Pradesh
About Methanol:
 Sarsawa, Saharanpur Airport - Uttar
 Chemical Formula: CH₃OH
Pradesh
 Also known as Methyl Alcohol, Wood
Alcohol, Wood Naphtha, Methyl Hydrate, Haryana - First In The Country To Implement
and Wood Spirit. Sub-Categorization Of Scheduled Castes

Uses of Methanol:
 Fuel: Used as a clean and green fuel
option.
 Chemical Industry: Plays a role in the
production of various chemical products.
 Biodiesel Production: Acts as a crucial
 Haryana has become the first state in India to
component in biodiesel manufacturing.
implement a sub-quota within the Scheduled
 Solvent: Employed as a solvent in various
Castes (SC) reservation, specifically aimed at
applications.
sub-categorizing SCs.
 Antifreeze: Used as an antifreeze in
Key Highlights:
vehicles and other machinery.
 This decision is intended to improve
representation for Deprived Scheduled
Castes (DSC), who have historically had
low representation in employment
sectors.
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  Under this sub-quota, each SC subgroup MP Tejasvi Surya Completed the Ironman
will receive 50% of the total 20% SC Challenge

reservation in government jobs, ensuring

fairer distribution among various SC
communities within the state.

First Dry Port Of Bihar

 Bihar's Industries
Minister, Nitish
 MP Tejasvi Surya from Karnataka completed
Mishra,
the Ironman Challenge, one of the world’s
inaugurated the
most challenging and prestigious triathlons.
state's first Dry
Following this accomplishment, Prime
Port and Inland Container Depot in Bihta,
Minister Narendra Modi congratulated him.
Patna.
Tejasvi Surya became the first MP to
 Purpose: The dry port aims to promote
complete the Ironman Challenge.
logistics through warehousing, customs
About Tejasvi Surya:
services, and multi-modal transportation.
 He is the MP from Bangalore South,
About Dry Ports:
Karnataka, representing the BJP.
 A dry port is an international cargo hub
 Currently serves as the National President of
located away from the sea, where goods are
the BJP Youth Wing (Yuva Morcha).
gathered for import and export and then
Ironman Challenge:
transported to sea ports or other
 The Ironman Challenge is known for its
destinations.
rigorous three-phase triathlon involving
 Dry ports play a critical role in facilitating
swimming, cycling, and running.
international trade, reducing both time and
Rules and Time Limits for the Ironman
costs, and improving logistics efficiency,
Challenge:
especially for inland areas.
 Total time limit: 17 hours
 Swimming: 2 hours 20 minutes
 Combined swimming and cycling: 10
hours 30 minutes
 Overall challenge (including running):
Must be completed within 17 hours

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 Prime Minister Narendra Modi Launched the The Country's First 'Writers' Village'
Country's First Air Ambulance Service

 India's first Writers' Village was inaugurated

in Dehradun, Uttarakhand by former
President Ram Nath Kovind and Uttarakhand
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched
Governor Lieutenant General Gurmit Singh
India’s first air ambulance service named
(Retd.).
"Sanjeevani" from AIIMS Rishikesh in
Key Highlights:
Uttarakhand.  The Writers' Village is located 24
Key Highlights: kilometers from Dehradun.
 The Sanjeevani air ambulance service
 Purpose: To provide a space where
aims to swiftly transport critically injured
writers and artists can come together,
individuals from any region in
fostering collaboration and contributing
Uttarakhand to AIIMS Rishikesh, ensuring
to the growth of literature and the arts.
timely medical intervention.
 This service will operate under the World Record On The Day of Diwali In Ayodhya

Sanjeevani Scheme and will be completely

free of cost.
Objective:
 The primary goal of this air ambulance
service is to provide prompt and timely
medical treatment to critically injured
individuals in the state, enhancing the
chances of saving lives by reducing  On Diwali 2024, Ayodhya set a new world
transportation delays. record by lighting 2,512,585 oil lamps (diyas)
simultaneously, marking the highest number
of lamps ever lit together.

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 This is the seventh consecutive year that
Ayodhya has broken its own record for the
largest Diwali celebration with the most
lamps lit.

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 International
Hezbollah chief Hassan Nasrallah killed Britain has decided to hand over the

 In a recent Israeli military Chagos Island

attack, Hezbollah Chief

Hassan Nasrallah has
reportedly been killed.
According to the Israel
Defense Forces (IDF), Nasrallah was killed in
an attack on Hezbollah's headquarters in
Beirut, the capital of Lebanon.  The United Kingdom has decided to transfer
Hezbollah: the sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago in
 Hezbollah is a Shia Islamic political and the Indian Ocean to Mauritius.
military organization based in Lebanon. Chagos Archipelago:
 Established in 1982 during Israel’s invasion
of Lebanon, Hezbollah is active in
Lebanese politics and has representation
in the country’s parliament.
 Certain countries, including the United
States and Israel, designate Hezbollah as a
terrorist organization.
 Hezbollah has been a controversial group  The archipelago consists of 58 small
due to its ideological principles and is islands and was historically part of
considered a major factor in regional Mauritius. It was handed over to Britain in
tensions in the Middle East. 1814 under the Treaty of Paris.
 In 1968, Mauritius gained independence,
but prior to this, Britain leased Diego
Garcia (one of the Chagos islands) to the
United States for a joint military base
under the Lancaster House Agreement.
 Britain forcibly separated the Chagos
Archipelago from Mauritius and relocated

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 the island’s inhabitants to Mauritius and
Seychelles.
Chagos Dispute:
 Since the 1980s, Mauritius has contested
British sovereignty over the Chagos
Archipelago, arguing that the agreement
was made under duress.
 The displaced Chagos Islanders, now
living in Mauritius, Seychelles, and the UK,
have been advocating for their right to
return to their homeland.

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 Appointments
 The Armed Forces is an organized unit of
Surgeon Vice Admiral Aarti Sarin
soldiers responsible for a nation’s security,
appointed as Director General of Armed primarily consisting of three branches:
Forces Medical Services (DGAFMS)
1. Army – Responsible for land-based
 Surgeon Vice Admiral Arti security and combat operations.
Sarin has been
2. Navy – Manages the security of maritime
appointed as the
areas and conducts military operations at
Director General of
sea.
Armed Forces Medical
3. Air Force – Handles the security and
Services (DGAFMS), making her
combat operations in the airspace.
the first woman officer to hold this
prestigious position.
Claudia Sheinbaum sworn in as the
 She is the 46th Director General of President of Mexico
DGAFMS, succeeding Lieutenant General
 Claudia Sheinbaum
Daljit Singh.
has been sworn in as
 Note – In August 2024, Lieutenant General Mexico's first female
Sadhna Saxena Nair became the first woman president. She is a
Director General of Medical Services member of the
(Army). Morena Party and was

DGAFMS (Director General Armed Forces elected to succeed former President Andrés

Medical Services): Manuel López Obrador.

 The chief officer responsible for the medical  Term – Claudia Sheinbaum's tenure as

services of the Armed Forces. president will span 6 years, from 2024 to
2030.
 The organization reports directly to the
Ministry of Defence and is responsible for Mexico:

overseeing and implementing all policy  Located in North America

matters related to medical services within
 Capital: Mexico City
the Armed Forces.

Armed Forces:
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 Kais Saied has been elected as the  Responsible for safeguarding India's
maritime boundaries.
President of Tunisia
 Headquarters: New Delhi
 Kais Saied has been
elected as the
Naib Singh Saini will take oath as the
President of Tunisia
Chief Minister of Haryana
for the seco nd time.
He first became President  In the 2024 Haryana

of Tunisia in 2019. Assembly elections, the

Bharatiya Janata Party
Tunisia:
(BJP) secured a majority.
 A North African country bordered by Followi ng this, BJP
Libya and Algeria. Haryana has announced that

 Capital: Tunis Naib Singh Saini will take the

oath as Chief Minister on October 17.
 Currency: Tunisian Dinar (TND)
 Naib Singh Saini, along with the state
Paramesh Sivamani appointed as the cabinet, will be sworn in by the Governor of
26th Chief of the Indian Coast Guard Haryana, Bandaru Dattatreya.

(ICG)
Kavita Sahai has been appointed as the
 Paramesh Shivamani Director General of Medical Services
has been appointed
(Navy)
as the 26th Director
General of the Indian  Vice Admiral Arti Sarin

Coast Guard (ICG). has been appointed in

October 2024 as the
 He succeeds former Director General
Director General of
Rakesh Pal, who passed away in August 2024.
Medical Services (Navy).
 Paramesh Shivamani has been honored for
 She has become the first woman to hold this
his distinguished service with the Tatrakshak
position.
Medal in 2014 and the President's
Tatrakshak Medal in 2019.  The Armed Forces Medical Services (AFMS)
is responsible for the me dical services of the
Indian Coast Guard (ICG):

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 Armed Forces (Army, Navy, and Air Force) Omar Abdullah sworn in as the Chief
with a chief Director General overseeing it.
Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
 The AFMS has four key positions for Director
 In October 2024,
General:
following the
1. Director General of Armed Forces Medical announcement of
Services (AFMS) – Overall head of medical results in Jammu and
services for all three branches of the Armed Kashmir, Omar Abdul lah of
Forces. the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
took the oath as the Chief Minister on
2. Director General of Medical Services
October 16. Omar Abdullah becomes the first
(Army) – Head of medical services for the
Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir after it
Army.
regained statehood from Union Territory
 Current DG: Lieutenant General Sadhna
status.
Saxena (appointed in August 2024, first
 The oath-taking ceremony was conducted by
woman in this role).
Governor Manoj Sinha at the Sher-e-
3. Director General of Medical Services (Navy)
Kashmir International Conference Centre.
– Head of medical services for the Navy.
This is Omar Abdullah's second term as Chief

 Current DG: Vice Admiral Kavita Sahay Minister; he previously served from January

(took over on October 14, 2024, 5, 2009, to January 8, 2015.

succeeding Surgeon Vice Admiral Navin

 Alongside Omar Abdullah, Surender
Chawla, who served since 2021).
Choudhary was sworn in as Deputy Chief

4. Director General of Medical Services (Air Minister.

Force) – Head of medical services for the Air

Force.

 Position currently unmentioned.

Vice Admiral Kavita Sahay:

 She Joined the Army Medical Corps in 1986.

 She was Awarded the Sena Medal in 2024

and the Vishisht Seva Medal in 2018 for
distinguished service.
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 Vijaya Rahatkar appointed as the the eighth Pres ident of
Indonesia, succeeding
chairperson of the National Commission
former President Joko
for Women
Widodo.
 In October 2024, the
 Prabowo Subianto won
Central Government
the Indonesian presidential
appointed Vijaya
election held in February 2024, defeating
Rahatkar as the
Gibran Rakabuming Raka.
Chairperson of the
National Commission for Republic of Indonesia:

Women (NC W).  A Southeast Asian country

 She succeeds Rekha Sharma as the 9th  Capital: Jakarta

Chairperson of NCW. Vijaya Rahatkar’s term
 Currency: Rupiah
will be 3 years or until she reaches the age of
65.

 Along with Vijaya Rahatkar, Dr. Archana Abhyuday Jindal has been appointed as
Majumdar has been appointed as a member
the President of Indian Chamber of
of the National Commission for Women.
Commerce
National Commission for Women (NCW):
 Abhyuday Jindal,
 Established – January 31, 1992 (under the Managing Director of
National Commission for Women Act, 1990). Jindal Stainless, has been

 First Chairperson – Jayanti Patnaik. appointed as the

President of the Indian
 Objective – To protect women's rights,
Chamber of Commerce (ICC).
resolve their issues, and ensure social,
He succeeds Amey Prabhu, whose term
economic, and legal security for women.
ended on October 18.

Prabowo Subianto sworn in as the Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC):

President of Indonesia
 A leading industry and commercial
 In October 2024, Prabowo Subianto was organization in India.
sworn in as the President of Indonesia. He is
 Established in 1925 in Kolkata.

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  Headquarters – Kolkata.  Justice Sanjiv Khanna will take the oath as
Chief Justice on November 11, with his tenure
 Objective – To promote Indian industry,
extending until May 2025.
trade, and commerce and protect their
interests.  He will be the 51st Chief Justice of India,
succeeding the current CJI D.Y.
Luong Cuong has been elected as the
Chandrachud.
President of VietNam
Justice Sanjiv Khanna:
 General Luong Cuong has
 Born in New Delhi.
been elected as the new
President of Vietnam,  Appointed as a Supreme Court Judge in

succeeding To Lam. January 2019.

Luong Cuong’ s term as  Participated in several notable Supreme

President will extend until 2026. Court benches, including cases on:

Vietnam: o Upholding the use of Electronic

 Located in Asia Voting Machines (EVMs) in

elections.
 Capital: Hanoi
o Declaring the Electoral Bond
 Currency: Vietnamese Dong
Scheme for political funding as
 Prime Minister: Pham Minh Chinh unconstitutional.

Sanjeev Khanna has been appointed as Chief Justice of India (CJI):

the 51st Chief Justice of India  The highest judicial position in the
Supreme Court of India.
 In October 2024,
President Droupadi  Responsibilities include presiding over
Murmu approved the judicial cases and conducting court
appointment of Justice proceedings smoothly in the highest
Sanjiv Khanna as the court.
Chief Justice of India (CJI).
 Appointment – Provisioned under Article
124 of the Constitution for appointing
Supreme Court judges.

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  Tenure – Until the age of 65. position, succeeding Veera Rana.

 First Chief Justice of India – Justice H.J. Chief Secretary

Kania.
 The Chief Secretary is the highest-ranking
administrative officer in a state
Thatchat Viswanath Narendran has
government. They are the head of the
been appointed as the Chairman of
state's administrative system and work
World Steel Association
alongside the Chief Minister and other
 In October 2024, Tata ministers to implement policies. The Chief
Steel CEO T.V. Secretary's role involves coordinating all
Narendran was government departments within the
elected as the state.
Chairman of the World
The central government has recently
Steel Association.
appointed new members to the
 T.V. Narendran is the second I ndian to hold
Monetary Policy Committee (MPC).
this position; the first was Sajjan Jindal, who
was elected as Chairman in 2021.  The central government has recently
appointed new members to the Monetary
World Steel Association:
Policy Committee (MPC).
 A leading global organization for the
 The new members include Ram Singh,
steel industry. Its members are
Saugata Bhattacharya, and Nagesh Kumar,
responsible for 85% of the world's total
who have been appointed for a four-year
steel production.
term.
 Founded: 1967
Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
 Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium
 The MPC is responsible for setting RBI's
Anurag Jain has been appointed as the benchmark interest rates, including the

Chief Secretary of Madhya Pradesh Marginal Standing Facility (MSF), repo

rate, reverse repo rate, and Liquidity
 Anurag Jain, an IAS officer
Adjustment Facility. The committee
from the 1989 batch, has
consists of six members: three nominated
been appointed to this
by the central government and three

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 from the RBI. These members serve a  The Reserve Bank of India has four Deputy
four-year term and are not eligible for Governors.
reappointment.
 Tenure: 3 years (the term can be
 The RBI Governor serves as the ex-officio extended up to 5 years as per the Central
chairperson of the MPC. Government's decision).

Current Governor and Deputy Governors:

Aviral Jain has been appointed as the
Executive Director of the Reserve Bank  Governor: Shaktikanta Das

of India (RBI).  Deputy Governors:

 Aviral Jain has been  M. Rajeshwar Rao

appointed as the
 Michael Patra
Executive Director of
 T. Rabi Sankar
the Reserve Bank of India
(RBI).  Swaminathan J.

 Prior to becoming the Executive Director, Jain

Air Marshal SP Dharkar assumed the
served as the Regional Director of
role of the new Vice Chief of the Indian
Maharashtra.
Air Force.
The Central Government has extended
 In October 2024, Air
the term of RBI Deputy Governor M. Marshal SP Dharkar
Rajeshwar Rao. assumed the role of
the new Vice Chief of
 The Central
th e Indian Air Force.
Government has
extended the term of  Air Marshal SP Dharkar was appointed as the
RBI Deputy Go vernor M. Vice Chief of the Air Force, replacing Air Chief
Rajeshwar Rao. Marshal Amar Preet Singh, who has been
appointed as the Chief of the Air Force.
 M. Rajeshwar Rao's term was set to end in
October 2024, but it has been extended for  Before taking on the role of Vice Chief of the
one more year. Air Force, Air Marshal Dharkar served as the

RBI Deputy Governor

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 Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the  Currently, Ashok Chandra is serving as the
Eastern Air Command. Executive Director of Canara Bank and will
take over from Atul Kumar Goel.
VVS Laxman has been appointed as the
coach of the Indian team for South Vipin Kumar assumed the position of

Africa tour Chairman of the Airport Authority of

India (AAI).
 In November 2024, the
Indian cricket team will  In October 2024, Vipin
tour South Africa for a T Kumar assumed the
20 series. position of Chairman
of the Airport
 VVS Laxman has been
Authority of India (AAI).
appointed as the coach of the Indian team for
this series, replacing Gautam Gambhir, who  Vipin Kumar, a 1996 batch officer from the
will be in Australia for the Border-Gavaskar Bihar cadre, was appointed in place of the
Trophy. acting Chairman, M. Suresh.

 Suryakumar Yadav will be the captain of the Airport Authority of India (AAI)
Indian team for this series.
 A Mini Ratna company responsible for
airport management in India.

Government of India appointed Ashok  Established: 1995

Chandra as the MD and CEO of Punjab  Headquarters: New Delhi

National Bank (PNB).  AAI manages a total of 137 airports across

 Recently, the the country.

Government of
India appointed
Ashok Chandra as
the MD and CEO of
Punjab National Bank (PNB).

 The Financial Services Institution Bureau

(FSIB) has approved his appointment.

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 Lieutenant General Rajeev Ghai  Crisis Management: Leading the
management and response to crises
assumed the position of Director
affecting military operations.
General of Military Operations (DGMO)
of the Indian Army. Barenya Senapati has been appointed

 In October 2024, Lieutenant General Rajeev as Finance Director of Hindustan

Ghai assumed the aeronautics Ltd

position of
 Prior to this, Barenya Senapati served as
Director General of
Executive Director of Finance at HAL’s
Military
corporate office, where he managed all
Operations (DGMO)
finance and accounting operations.
of the Indian Army.
 He joined HAL in 1995 and has a rich
 Lieutenant General Rajeev Ghai has been
experience spanning
appointed DGMO, succeeding Lieutenant
29 years. Senapati
General Prateek Sharma.
has held various
 Director General of Military Operations roles at both the
(DGMO) The DGMO is a high-level position in divisional and
the Indian Army, responsible for overseeing corporate finance levels.
operational planning and strategic
 The Finance Director plays a critical role in an
deployment of military forces.
organization or company, overseeing all
Key Responsibilities: financial matters.

 Operational Planning: Developing and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)

overseeing the army's operational plans.
 HAL is India’s premier aerospace and
 Coordination: Ensuring effective defense company, engaged in the
coordination between different army development and production of aircraft,
units and other defense forces. helicopters, engines, and various other
aerospace technologies.
 Information Sharing: Facilitating secure
and timely information exchange among  HAL was founded in 1940 in Bengaluru,
units. initially named Hindustan Aircraft
Limited, and later renamed Hindustan

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 Aeronautics Limited. The company’s Ajay Kumar Singh has been appointed
headquarters is located in Bengaluru,
as the new Director General of Police
Karnataka.
(DGP) of Jharkhand.
Registrar General and Census  1989-batch IPS officer
Commissioner of India Mritunjay Kumar Ajay Kumar Singh

Narayan term extended has been appointed

as the new Director
 President Droupadi
General of Police (DGP)
Murmu has approved a
of Jhar khand.
two-year extension for
Mritunjay Kumar  Ajay Kumar Singh has been appointed in

Narayan, a 1995-batch place of Anurag Gupta, following the Election

IAS officer of the Uttar Commission’s directive to remove Gupta due

Pradesh cadre, as Registrar General and to complaints filed against him.

Census Commis sioner of India.

Manoj Kumar Dubey has been
 Mritunjay Kumar Narayan was initially
appointed as the Chairman and
appointed as Registrar General and Census
Managing Director of the Indian
Commissioner of India on November 1, 2022,
Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC).
with a tenure up to 2024. After re-
appointment, his term will now extend from  Manoj Kumar Dubey
December 6, 2024, to August 4, 2026. has been
appointed as the
Census Commissioner
Chairman and
 The Census Commissioner directs census-
Managing Director of
related activities across the country and
the Indian Railway Finan ce Corporation
releases census data.
(IRFC).
 The Census Commissioner is appointed by
 Prior to becoming the Chairman and
the central government and operates
Managing Director, Manoj Kumar Dubey
under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
served as the Director of IRFC.

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 Manoj Kumar Dubey's tenure as the
Chairman and Managing Director of IRFC will
be five years.

Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC)

 IRFC is a public sector undertaking under

the Government of India, primarily aimed
at raising financial resources for the
development and expansion of Indian
Railways.

 Established: 1986

 Headquarters: New Delhi

Noel Tata has been appointed as the

chairman of Tata Trusts

 After the passing of

Ratan Tata, the
chairman of Tata
Trusts, his
stepbrother Noel Tata
has been appointed as the chairman of Tata
Trusts.

 Under this role, Noel has been appointed as

the head of the two most significant
charitable foundations of the Tata Group, the
Sir Ratan Tata Trust and the Sir Dorabji Tata
Trust.

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 Economy
Israel became the 69th member country IMF has maintained India's GDP
of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) growth forecast at 7%

 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has

maintained India's GDP growth forecast at
7% for the current financial year (2024-25).
 Additionally, the IMF has projected that
India's growth rate will be 6.5% for the next
financial year (2025-26).

 Recently, Israel became the 69th member  Previously, in July 2024, the IMF had also

country of the Asian Development Bank projected India's GDP growth rate, which

(ADB). remains consistent with the current forecast.

 Israel had applied for ADB membership in

Collaboration between The Digital
January 2022. As a member, Israel will benefit
Platforms Digilocker And UMANG
from support in areas like economic
App.
development and technological
advancement.
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
 It is a Regional Development Bank,
supporting economic growth in Asian
countries
 Established: December 19, 1966
 Headquarters: Manila, Philippines
 President: Masatsugu Asakawa  To promote e-governance in India, a
collaboration has been established between
the digital platforms DigiLocker and
UMANG app.
 Under this agreement, DigiLocker and
UMANG app will be integrated, meaning
users can access DigiLocker services directly
through the UMANG app. This integration
allows people to easily access their digital

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 documents (such as Aadhaar card, driving more accessible and user-friendly for
license) and other government services from citizens
a single app.
MPC of the Reserve Bank of India
DigiLocker
(RBI) announced interest rates.
 DigiLocker is a digital service by the
Government of India, launched in 2015 by  On October 9,

the Ministry of Electronics and the Monetary

Information Technology. Policy

 Purpose: To securely store and provide Committee

easy access to important documents in (MPC) of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

digital form, reducing the need to carry announced the key interest rates.

physical copies. Key Rates:

UMANG  Repo Rate - 6.5%: The interest rate at

 Full Form: Unified Mobile Application for which banks borrow funds from RBI when

New-age Governance they need immediate funds. Repo rate

 UMANG is a super app for digital services, helps RBI control the availability of money

launched in 2017 by the Ministry of in the economy and manage inflation.

Electronics and Information Technology.  SDF Rate - 6.25%: When banks have

Key Features: excess funds, they can deposit these with

 Access to all documents in one place, such RBI without any collateral, earning

as Aadhaar, PAN card, driving license. interest at this rate, known as the

 Single-window platform for all Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) Rate.

government services, including welfare  MSF Rate - 6.75%: The Marginal Standing

schemes. Facility (MSF) Rate is used for short-term,

 Customer support, feedback, and rating overnight borrowing by banks when

for each service. immediate liquidity is required and funds

 Single access point for transactions like aren't available at the repo rate.

paying electricity bills, property tax  Bank Rate - 6.75%: This rate is used for

payments, etc. long-term loans and affects the lending

 This integration aims to simplify access to rates for long-term financial needs of

digital services, making e-governance banks.

 GDP Growth Projection:

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  GDP growth estimate for FY 2025 is
maintained at 7.2%.
 Retail Inflation Forecast:
 Retail Inflation for FY 2024-25 is projected
to remain at 4.5%.
 Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of RBI:
 The MPC is responsible for setting
interest rates in India to control inflation.
 Composition: Six members (three from
RBI and three independent experts
appointed by the government)

ADB approved a loan of USD 162

million to improve tourism in
Himachal Pradesh.

 Recently, the Asian

Development Bank
(ADB) approved a loan
of USD 162 million to improve tourism in
Himachal Pradesh.
 This loan is intended for Himachal Pradesh’s
Tourism Development Project, aimed at
making tourism sustainable and inclusive for
all.

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 Index and Rankings
First Port in India to Implement Green
Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2024
Ship Incentives Under Environmental
Ship Index (ESI)

 The Environmental Ship

Index (ESI) is an
international standard
that measures and assesses the pollution
levels generated by marine ships.
Green Ship Incentives:
 Recently Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2024 data
 Launched: October 2023
has been released and India is raked at 105th
 This incentive program offers discounts
rank
on port fees to ships with a high ESI score,
 The GHI is an international report prepared
rewarding vessels that actively work to
annually by the European NGOs "Concern
reduce environmental pollution.
Worldwide" and "Welthungerhilfe."
Mormugao Port, Goa:
 India's rank in 2023 was 111th among 125
 Mormugao Port has become the first port
countries, and in 2022, it was 107th out of 121
in India to implement the Green Ship
countries.
Incentives under the Environmental Ship
 India's Hunger Index score is 27.3, indicating a
Index (ESI).
serious level of hunger in the country.
 Objective: To reduce air pollution from
Global Hunger Index 2024:
marine ships.
 Total: 127 countries
 India: 105th Rule of Law Index 2023
 Last position: Somalia
 The Rule of Law Index is published by the
World Justice Project (WJP), an international
civil society organization based in the United
States, since 2008.
 This index measures the state of law and
order across countries and assesses if people
have easy access to the legal system.

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 Countries with a high rank are considered to  Top Ranks: Denmark (1st), Norway (2nd),
have strong rule of law, while those with low Finland (3rd)
ranks reflect weaker law and order  Neighboring Countries: Nepal (69), Sri
conditions. Lanka (75), China (95), Bangladesh (127),
 Criteria: The index evaluates the Pakistan (129), Afghanistan (140)
effectiveness of the rule of law across eight  Lowest Rank: Venezuela (142)
factors:
 Constraints on Government Powers
 Absence of Corruption
 Open Government
 Fundamental Rights
 Order and Security
 Regulatory Enforcement
 Civil Justice
 Criminal Justice
WJP Rule of Law Index 2024

 India’s Position: India ranks 79 out of 142

countries.
 Challenges in India: The report highlights
a decline in the rule of law, notably in
fundamental rights. Key issues include
corruption, judicial inefficiency, and
government interference. These factors
contribute to difficulties within India's
judicial and civil systems, affecting their
effectiveness.

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 Awards and Honors

International Indian film Academy About International Indian Film Academy

Awards (IIFA 2024) Awards -

 It is given for Excellence Achievements in Hindi
 The International
cinema
Indian Film
 It is Presented by – International Indian Film
Academy Awards
Academy
(IIFA 2024) event
 First Awarded in – 2000
was held in Abu
 Next IIFA (IIFA 2025) – Jaipur, Rajasthan
Dhabi.
 In IIFA 2024, the movie Animal, directed by Dadasaheb Phalke Awards
Sandeep Reddy Vanga, was awarded Best Film.
 Mithun Chakraborty
Animal is a drama film.
will be honoured with
Winners Bollywood:
the Dadasaheb
 Best Film – Animal
Phalke Award at the
 Best Actor – Shah Rukh Khan for Jawan
70th National Film Awards
 Best Actress – Rani Mukerji for Mrs Chatterjee
vs Norway  There are two types of Dadasaheb Phalke

 Best Director – Vidhu Vinod Chopra for 12th Awards:

Fail o Dadasaheb Phalke Award – Presented by the

 Best Supporting Actor – Anil Kapoor for Dadasaheb Phalke Foundation, a private
Animal organization.
 Best Supporting Actress – Shabana Azmi for
o Dadasaheb Phalke Award – Presented by the
Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani
Government of India since 1969 for lifetime
 Best Actor in Negative Role – Bobby Deol for
contributions to cinema (first recipient –
Animal
Devika Rani).
 Best Singer – Male – Bhupinder Babbal, “Arjan
Vailly” from Animal  In October 2024, Mithun Chakraborty will be

 Best Singer – Female – Shilpa Rao, “Chaleya” honored with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award at

 Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema the 70th National Film Awards ceremony.

– Jayantilal Gada, Hema Malini

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 Mithun Chakraborty is the 54th recipient of  Alexander Dunn is being honored for his work
the Dadasaheb Phalke Award. In 2023, the on Modular Forms, Half-Integral Weight
53rd award was presented to Waheeda Forms, and Metaplectic Forms. Studying
Rehman. these mathematical structures helps in
understanding the relationships between
 Mithun Chakraborty began his film career in
prime numbers and integer partitions.
1976 with the movie Mrigayaa, for which he
won the National Film Award for Best Actor. SASTRA Ramanujan Prize:

Mithun Chakraborty:  Awarded to young mathematicians under the

age of 32 who have made significant
 Real Name – Gouranga Chakraborty
contributions to mathematics.
 Birthplace – West Bengal
 Named after the Indian mathematician
 Award – Padma Bhushan (2024)
Srinivasa Ramanujan, known for his unique

Dadasaheb Phalke Award contributions to Number Theory.

 Inception – Started in 1969.  Established – 2005

 First Recipient – Devika Rani (First Indian  Presented by – Shanmugha Academy of Arts,

actress). Science, Technology, and Research (SASTRA),

Tamil Nadu
 Presented By – Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting, Government of India.  2023 Recipient – Ruixiang Zhang (University
of California, Berkeley, USA
 Honor – The award includes a symbol of the
Golden Lotus, a shawl, and a cash prize of 10 Kishore Kumar Samman 2023
lakh rupees.
 The Madhya Pradesh

The SASTRA Ramanujan Award 2024 government has

announced that film
 The 2024 SASTRA
director Rajkumar
Ramanujan Prize will
Hirani will be honored
be awarded to
with the Kishore Kumar
Alexander Dunn, a
Award 2023 for his contributions to Indian
mathematician from the
cinema.
Georgia Institute of
Technology, USA.

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 Rajkumar Hirani has directed acclaimed films  Symptoms include swelling, redness, itching,
such as 3 Idiots, PK, Sanju, Munna Bhai and discharge from the eyes.
M.B.B.S., and Dunki.
 Impact – If Trachoma is not treated in time, it
 The Kishore Kumar Award 2023 will be can lead to blindness.
presented on October 13 at the Kishore
United Nations Nansen Refugee
Kumar Ceremony held in Khandwa district,
Award 2024
Madhya Pradesh.
 In October 2024, the
National Kishore Kumar Award:
United Nations (UN)
 Awarded in honor of the renowned singer
awarded the UNHCR
Kishore Kumar, who was born in Khandwa
Nansen Refugee Award
district, Madhya Pradesh.
2024 in Geneva, Switzerland.
 Established – 1997
 The Global Laureate for 2024 is Sister Rosita
 Presented by – Department of Culture, Milesi, a social worker from Brazil. Sister
Madhya Pradesh Rosita Milesi received this award in
recognition of her 40 years of work
 Award Amount – 5 lakh rupees
advocating for the rights and dignity of
Trachoma Elimination Honur migrants and refugees. (The Global Laureate

 In October 2024, the is the highest honor or main winner of an

World Health international award.)

Organization  Additionally, four individuals were recognized

(WHO) honored with Regional Nansen Refugee Awards for
India for the elimination of Trachoma. India their work supporting refugees in various
has become the third country in the regions:
Southeast Asia region to achieve this
Regional Winners 2024:
milestone, following Nepal and Myanmar.
 Maimouna Ba (from the Africa region)
Trachoma:
 Jean Devod (from the Europe region)
 Infectious Disease that affects the eyes.
 Nada Fadol (from the Middle East and North
 Caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis
Africa region)
bacteria.
 Deepti Gurung (from the Asia-Pacific region)
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 UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award:  West Zone: Indore, Madhya Pradesh

 Established – 1954  North Zone (Joint): Ganderbal, Jammu and

Kashmir; Banda, Uttar Pradesh
 Recognizes individuals, groups, and
organizations for extraordinary work  Northeast Zone: Dhalai, Tripura
protecting refugees, internally displaced
 East Zone: Balangir, Odisha
persons, and stateless people.
Best Panchayat:
 Note – Fridtjof Nansen, after whom the award
 First: Pullampara, Thiruvananthapuram,
is named, was a Norwegian scientist,
Kerala
explorer, diplomat, and humanitarian known
for his outstanding work supporting refugees  Second: Masulpani, Kanker, Chhattisgarh
in the 1920s
 Third (Joint): Khleirangnah, West Jaintia Hills,

5th National Water Awards 2023 Meghalaya; Hampapuram, Anantapur, Andhra

Pradesh

Best Civil Society Organization:

 First: BAIF Development Research Foundation,

Pune

 In October 2024, the Union Minister of Jal  Second: Yuva Mitra, Nashik, Maharashtra
Shakti, Shri C.R. Patil, announced the list of
 Third: Gramin Vikas Trust, Dahod, Gujarat
winners for the 5th National Water Awards.
About National Water Awards:
 A total of 38 winners across 9 categories
were recognized for the 5th National Water  An initiative by the Ministry of Jal Shakti,

Awards 2023. Government of India.

Best State:  Established – 2018

 First: Odisha  Objective – To promote excellence in water

conservation and management.
 Second: Uttar Pradesh

 Third (Joint): Gujarat and Puducherry

Best District:

 South Zone: Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

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 World Space Award (the 2023 award went to Argentina's Lionel
Messi).
 VThe International
Astronautical Ballon d'Or 2024 Award Winners:
Federation (IAF)
 Ballon d'Or Men’s: Rodri (Spain)
awarded the World
 Ballon d'Or Féminin: Aitana Bonmati (Spain)
Space Award to ISRO for its
Chandrayaan-3 mission. The award was  Kopa Trophy (Best Young Player): Lamine
presented to Dr. S. Somanath, Chairman of Yamal (Spain)
the Indian Space Research Organisation
 Men's Coach of the Year: Carlo Ancelotti
(ISRO), in Milan, Italy.
 Women's Coach of the Year: Emma Hayes
Chandrayaan-3 Mission:
 Yashin Trophy (Best Goalkeeper): Emiliano
 Launch Date – 14 July 2023
Martinez (Argentina)
 Rocket – LVM3 M4
 Men's Club of the Year: Real Madrid
 Achieved a successful landing near the south
 Women's Club of the Year: Barcelona
pole of the Moon on 23 August 2023, making
 Gerd Muller Trophy (Best Striker): Kylian
India the first country to land at the Moon's
Mbappé (France) and Harry Kane (England)
south pole.

 Socrates Prize (Humanitarian Work by a

Ballon d'Or Award 2024
Footballer): Jenny Hermoso (Spain)
 In October 2024, the
Ballon d'Or:
prestigious Ballon d'Or
 Meaning – "Golden Ball"
awards ceremony was
held in Paris.  An annual football award presented by the
French magazine France Football since 1956.
 Aitana Bonmati from
Spain received the Ballon d'Or Féminin award  Lionel Messi holds the record for the most
for the second consecutive year (also won in Ballon d'Or wins with 8 awards.
2023).

 Rodri from Spain was awarded the Ballon

d'Or in the Men's category for the first time

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 Champion of The Order of Fiji award recognizes Nihon Hidankyo's efforts to
support the survivors of the atomic bombings
 In October 2024,
in Nagasaki and Hiroshima and their advocacy
spiritual leader Sri
against the use of nuclear weapons.
Sri Ravi Shankar
was awarded Fiji's  Nihon Hidankyo is an NGO dedicated to the
highest civilian honor, the "Champion of the mission of a nuclear-free world. The
Order of Fiji". organization takes care of those who survived
the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and
 The award was presented by the President of
Nagasaki, highlighting the horrific impacts of
Fiji, Ratu Wiliame M. Katonivere.
these attacks as a warning to the world.
 Sri Sri Ravi Shankar received this honor for his
Through these examples, Nihon Hidankyo
work in uplifting the human spirit and
aims to emphasize why nuclear weapons
promoting peace and harmony across
should never be used again.
communities. Through The Art of Living, he
Nobel Peace Prize
conducts humanitarian work worldwide.
 First Recipients: Frédéric Passy and Henry
 Note – In August 2024, President Droupadi
Dunant (1901)
Murmu of India was also honored with the
"Champion of the Order of Fiji."  First Indian Recipient: Kailash Satyarthi (2014),
from Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh (Note: Mother
"Champion of the Order of Fiji":
Teresa, though not born in India, is considered
 Fiji's highest civilian award.
by many to be the first Nobel Laureate

 Established – 1995 associated with India, awarded in 1979)

 Awarded for contributions to human service  2023 Recipient: Narges Mohammadi (Iran)

or other improvements within Fiji

Nobel Prize for Economics
Nobel Prize 2024

Nobel Peace Prize in 2024

 The Japanese
organization Nihon
Hidankyo has been
awarded the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize. This
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 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences  Sweden's strong institutions, such as effective
awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Economics to laws, political stability, and good governance,
renowned economists Daron Acemoglu have fostered economic growth. Social
(Turkey), Simon Johnson (UK), and James A. welfare policies have contributed not only to
Robinson (USA). They received this prestigious economic prosperity but also to social
award for their studies on “how institutions balance.
are formed and affect prosperity.” Their
Nobel Prize in Economics:
research examines how institutions are
 Established: 1968
established and how they impact people's
well-being. They demonstrated that robust  First Awarded: 1969
and fair institutions, such as effective
 First Laureates: Ragnar Frisch and Jan
governance and law enforcement, positively
Tinbergen (1969)
influence people’s lives.
 First Indian Laureate: Amartya Sen (1998)
"Institutions and Their Impact on
Prosperity"  2023 Laureate: Claudia Goldin

 Institutions and Policies: In the mid-20th Nobel Prize in Literature 2024

century, Sweden developed a strong welfare  South Korean
state that provided universal healthcare, author Han Kang
education, and social security for all citizens. has been awarded
The government fostered entrepreneurship the Nobel Prize in
and created an effective legal framework to Literature for 2024.
facilitate business activities, promoting a fair
 Han Kang received this honor for her writing
and prosperous society.
that vividly brings out the painful events and
 Impact of Institutions on Prosperity: Through
sufferings of history. Through her prose, she
these strong institutions and policies, Sweden
portrays how these events impact human life
achieved a sustainable model that ensures
and reveal its fragility.
both social welfare and economic growth,
Notable Works by Han Kang:
setting an example of how sound institutional
frameworks can significantly enhance  The White Book
prosperity.
 Human Acts

 The Vegetarian
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 Nobel Prize in Literature:  Protein: Proteins are essential nutrients found
throughout the body, helping cells function,
 First Winner: Sully Prudhomme (France)
develop, and repair. They play a crucial role in
 First Female Winner: Selma Lagerlöf (Sweden)
various cellular activities and are vital for the

 First Indian Winner: Rabindranath Tagore (1913 growth and maintenance of body tissues.

for Gitanjali)
Nobel Prize in Physics – 2024
 First Black Winner: Wole Soyinka (Nigeria)

 2023 Winner: Jon Fosse (Norwegian author)

Nobel Prize in Chemistry – 2024

 On October 8, the Royal Swedish Academy of

Sciences announced the Nobel Prize in Physics
for 2024. The award will be presented to John
Hopfield (USA) and Geoffrey Hinton (UK) for
their discoveries and inventions that enable
Machine Learning in Artificial Neural

 On October 9, 2024, the Royal Swedish Networks.

Academy announced the Nobel Prize in Artificial Neural Networks:

Chemistry. This year, the prize has been
 Artificial Neural Networks are computer-
awarded to David Baker (USA), Demis
based models designed to function like the
Hassabis (UK), and John M. Jumper (UK) for
brain's neural networks. They are used to train
their significant contributions to Protein
machines to identify information, recognize
Science. David Baker is recognized for
patterns, and learn from experiences.
advancements in computational protein
design, while Demis Hassabis and John M.  Example: When you view a photo on Facebook,

Jumper share the award for their work on an Artificial Neural Network helps identify the

protein structure prediction. face in the photo and suggests who it might
belong to.
 Protein Science: Protein Science is a branch of
chemistry that studies the structure, Machine Learning:

function, and properties of proteins.

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 Machine Learning is a technology that helps  "Role of miRNA-21 in Cancer: In cancer, some
machines (like computers) learn from cells grow uncontrollably. miRNA-21 regulates
experiences without explicit programming. genes that promote cancer growth. If miRNA-
21 becomes overactive, cancer cells multiply
 Example: When you search for a product on
rapidly. Thus, controlling miRNA-21 can slow
Amazon or Flipkart, Machine Learning tries to
down cancer growth."
predict what else you might like. If you
recently viewed a mobile phone, it might  Post-Transcriptional Gene Regulation - miRNA
suggest related products, such as cases or (microRNA) controls gene expression in our
chargers. body at the post-transcriptional level.

What is Post-Transcriptional Gene

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Regulation?
– 2024
 "When mRNA is produced from a gene, it
 Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun have been
undergoes another process called translation
awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
to become a protein. Post-transcriptional gene
Medicine for their discovery of microRNA and
regulation means controlling the mRNA after
its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation.
it’s formed to decide if the protein will be
Discovery of microRNA (miRNA) made."

 The discovery of microRNA was first made by  Example: "Suppose a specific protein needs to
scientists Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun in be suppressed to stop the growth of cancer
1993. They identified a small RNA molecule in a cells. miRNA targets the mRNA instructing the
tiny worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, which was production of that protein and either
later named miRNA. deactivates or breaks it down, preventing the

What is microRNA (miRNA)? protein from forming."

 "MicroRNAs are small RNA molecules found in Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - 2023

the cells of our body. They do not make  Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman - This
proteins but instead regulate the information award was given for their discoveries on
of genes or DNA. For example, if a gene nucleoside base modifications, enabling the
instructs the body to produce a protein, creation of effective mRNA vaccines against
miRNA can read and control this message, COVID-19.
stopping or reducing protein production."
Nobel Prize Overview

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 Also known as the Alfred Nobel Prize, it is Global Anti-Racism Championship
awarded in six fields: Physics, Chemistry, Award 2024
Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Economics,
 The Global Anti-
and Peace.
Racism
 First awarded: 1901 Championship
Award 2024 has
 Presenter: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
been awarded to
The Global Finance Magazine (an Urmila Chaudhary.
American magazine) awarded the
 The Global Anti-Racism Championship Award
State Bank of India (SBI)
is presented by the U.S. Department of State
to individuals who have made outstanding
contributions against racism on a global level.

About Urmila Chaudhary:

 Urmila Chaudhary is an abolitionist and labor
activist who was rescued from child slavery at
 The Global Finance Magazine (an American
the age of 17.
magazine) awarded the State Bank of India
(SBI) the title of Best Bank in India for 2024.  She co-founded the Freed Kamlari
Development Forum and established 42
Details:
cooperative societies to empower former
 SBI received this award during the magazine’s
bonded laborers.
31st Bank Award Function in Washington.
 Chaudhary was honored for her dedication to
 The award recognizes SBI's strong
advancing the rights of marginalized castes
commitment to promoting financial inclusion
and ethnic communities in Nepal and for
(making banking services accessible to all) and
combating systemic racism and inter-caste
earning the trust of customers across the
abuses.
country.

 In August 2024, C.S. Shetty was appointed as

the Chairman of the State Bank of India (SBI).

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 Patrick J. McGovern Award Vasudev Gaitonde Lifetime

 Chiretta Ventures announced the Patrick J. Achievement Award

McGovern Award 2024 recipients.
 Renowned artist Laxman Shreshtha will be
 Chiretta Ventures is an Indian investment and honored by the Maharashtra government with
entrepreneurship-focused company that the Late Vasudev Gaitonde Lifetime
provides funding for new and emerging Achievement Award in the field of art.
businesses.
 Laxman Shreshtha, a prominent Indian
Patrick J. McGovern Award 2024 recipients: painter, was born in Nepal and currently
resides in Mumbai.

Late Vasudev Gaitonde Lifetime

Achievement Award

 This award is given in honor of Indian painter

Vasudev Gaitonde and recognizes
contributions to the field of art.
 India Lifetime Achievement Award: Narayana
 Presented by: Maharashtra Government.
Murthy, Founder of Infosys, for revolutionary
contributions to the technology industry. Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award

 Global Lifetime Achievement Award: Shantanu  In October 2024, Vice

Narayen, Chair and CEO of Adobe. President Jagdeep

 Exceptional Entrepreneurial Achievement Dhankhar honored

Award: Abhinav Asthana, CEO and Founder of Rajashree Birla with

Postman. the 25th Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award,

presented by the Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute
Patrick J. McGovern Award
of Management, Delhi.
 This award is presented to individuals or
 Rajashree Birla received this award for her
institutions who have made significant
contributions to social service. She is the
contributions in the fields of health,
chairperson of the Aditya Birla Centre for
education, and science.
Community Initiatives and Rural Development
 Inception: 2016 and was also awarded the Padma Bhushan in
2011 for her contributions to the social sector.

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 Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award

 Presented by: Lal Bahadur Shastri Institute of

Management, Delhi.

 This award is given to individuals who have

made significant contributions in fields such
as Management, Public Administration, Public
Affairs, Education, Institution Building, Art &
Culture, and Sports.

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 Authors and Books
President Donald

Sakshi Malik’s Book WITNESS Trump, current

President Joe Biden,
 The autobiography titled
and Russian
"WITNESS" by Sakshi
President Vladimir Putin.
Malik, co-authored with
 "War" is Woodward’s fourth book
Jonathan Selvaraj, was
centered on Donald Trump, following his
recently launched.
rise to power in 2016.
 This book details Sakshi
Malik's wrestling journey,
her achievements, and the challenges that
led her to eventually leave wrestling.
Key Highlights:
 Associated State: Haryana
 Olympic Achievement: Won the bronze
medal in the 58 kg category at the 2016
Rio Olympics, becoming the first Indian
woman to win an Olympic medal in
wrestling.
 Awards:
o Padma Shri: 2017
o Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna:
2016

American journalist Bob Woodward

has released his latest book, "War."

 American journalist Bob

Woodward has released
his latest book, "War."
Book Details:
 This book focuses on
the relationship
between the U.S. and
Russia during the terms of former U.S.
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 Obituaries
Padma Shri awardee Pappammal ji Note:
 Sikkim – India’s first 100% organic
passed away
farming state.
 Recently, Padma Shri
 Lakshadweep – India’s first 100% organic
awardee and Tamil
farming union territory.
Nadu’s renowned
woman farmer
Famous industrialist Ratan Tata passed
Pappammal has
away
passed away. She was
 On October 9, 2024,
honored with the Padma Shri in 2021 for her
renowned industrialist
contributions to organic farming.
and former Chairman
 Pappammal cultivated millets, pulses, and
of Tata Group, Ratan
vegetables on her farm and conducted
Tata, passed away in
numerous experiments in organic farming
Mumbai. Ratan Tata served as the Chairman
due to her deep interest in sustainable
of Tata Group and Tata Sons from 1991 to
agriculture.
2012.
Organic Farming:
 Born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, in 1937, Ratan
 Organic Farming is an agricultural
Tata was the grandson of Jamsetji Tata, the
technique where crops are produced
founder of Tata Industries. Throughout his
using natural methods, avoiding the use
career, Ratan Tata received numerous awards
of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and
for his contributions to industry and social
hormones.
causes.
Benefits:
Major Awards:
 Health: Organic products are free from
 Padma Bhushan (2000)
chemical residues, benefiting overall
 Maharashtra Bhushan (2006)
health.
 Padma Vibhushan (2008)
 Environmental Protection: Reduces
 Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the
pollution of land, water, and air.
Order of the British Empire (2014)
 Sustainable Agriculture: Promotes
 Assam Baibhav (2021)
sustainable development and helps in the
 Order of Australia (2023)
conservation of natural resources.

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 Padma Bhushan awardee Dr. P.  Hailing from Telangana, Kanak Raju was

Venugopal passed away honored with the Padma Shri in 2021 for his
contributions to Gusadi folk dance and the
 In October 2024, Dr.
art of traditional dance.
P. Venugopal,
former Director of Dr. Bibek Debroy passed away
AIIMS and a
 Economist and
renowned heart
Chairman of the
specialist, passed away. Dr.
Prime Minister's
Venugopal was a pioneer in cardiac care in
Economic Advisory
India; in 1970, he implanted the country's first
Council, Dr. Bibek
pacemaker and performed the first
Debroy, has passed away. A
successful heart transplant at AIIMS in 1994.
Padma Shri awardee, Dr. Debroy was born in
 In recognition of his contributions to
Meghalaya and was also a member of NITI
medicine, he was awarded the Padma
Aayog. Known for his contributions to
Bhushan in 1998 and the Lifetime
making ancient Indian texts accessible, he
Achievement Award by the Government of
authored simplified English translations of all
India in 2014.
Puranas for the younger generation.
 In 2023, Dr. Venugopal published his book
Awards:
titled "Heartfelt", which includes accounts of
 Padma Shri (2015)
performing heart surgery on Indira Gandhi.
 Lifetime Achievement Award by the US-

Famous folk dancer and Padma Shri India Business Summit (2016)

Kanaka Raju passed away  Lifetime Achievement Award by the

Australia India Chamber of Commerce
 In October 2024,
(AICC) (2022)
renowned folk dancer and
Padma Shri awardee
Kanak Raju passed away
at the age of 80. Kanak Raju
was associated with the Gusadi folk dance, a
traditional dance form of Telangana
performed by the Raj Gonds of the Gondulu
tribe in Adilabad district.

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 Defence
 Japan became a permanent member in 2015,
Joint Military Exercise KAZIND-24
and Australia joined as a permanent member
 The joint military in 2020.
exercise Kazind-24
VSHORADS Defense System
between India and
Kazakhstan has  DRDO recently
commenced in Auli, Uttarakhand. conducted a
Kazind-2024: successful test of
 Edition: 8th the Very Short-
 Participating Countries: India and Kazakhstan Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS). The
 Location: Auli, Uttarakhand test was aimed at evaluating the system's
 Objectives: effectiveness in targeting high-speed aerial
o Enhancing coordination between the armies threats such as enemy helicopters and
o Sharing experiences and knowledge fighter jets.
o Preparing for emergency situations Very Short-Range Air Defence System
o Strengthening security cooperation (VSHORADS)
o Joint Military Exercise 'Kazind':  It is a Man-Portable Air Defence System
 Started in: 2016 (MANPAD).
 7th Edition (2023): Held in Otar, Kazakhstan  Designed by: Research Centre Imarat (RCI),
 The 28th edition of the Malabar Naval Hyderabad (a DRDO lab).
Exercise will be held from October 8 to  Range: Approximately 8 km.
October 18, 2024, in Visakhapatnam, Andhra
Joint Multinational Maritime Exercise
Pradesh.
 In Malabar Naval Exercise 2024, the navies of IBSAMAR
India, Australia, Japan, and the United States  The 8th edition
will participate. of the
Malabar Exercise: IBSAMAR naval
 Type: Naval Exercise exercise is
 Started: 1992 being held in South Africa. IBSAMAR is a joint
 Initiated by: India and the United States multinational maritime exercise between the
 Japan and Australia first participated in 2007. navies of India, Brazil, and South Africa.

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 To participate in this exercise, the Indian  India participated with INS Trikand and the
naval ship INS Talwar has arrived in South Dornier MPA in this exercise.
Africa. Naval Exercise 'Naseem-Al-Bahr':
Purpose of IBSAMAR:  Started: 1993
 To enhance interoperability and strengthen  Type: Bilateral naval exercise between India
coordination among the three navies. and Oman
IBSAMAR:  Objective: To enhance mutual cooperation
 Type: Naval Exercise and coordination between the navies of both
 Started: 2008 countries.
Other India-Oman Military Exercises:
Kaksar Bridge renamed in Ladakh by
 Military Exercise 'Al Najah' – Conducted in
the Indian Army September 2024 (5th edition held in Salalah,

 The Indian Army Oman)

has renamed  Air Force Exercise 'Exercise Eastern Bridge' –

the Kaksar Held in September 2024 at the airbase in

Bridge in Masirah, Oman

Ladakh as Captain Amit Bharadwaj Setu in

Joint Military Training Conducted
honor of Captain Amit Bharadwaj, who made
Between India and Singapore Air
the supreme sacrifice defending the nation
during the Kargil War in 1999. Force

 On October
Naval Exercise 'Naseem-Al-Bahr
21, 2024, the
 The 14th Indian Air
edition of the Force (IAF)
naval exercise and the Republic of Singapore Air Force
'Naseem-Al- (RSAF) began the 12th edition of Joint Military
Bahr' between India and Oman was Training (JMT) at Air Force Station Kalaikunda
conducted from October 13 to 18 off the in West Bengal. The Bilateral Phase of this
coast of Goa in the Arabian Sea. The exercise exercise will be held from November 13 to 21,
took place in two phases: 2024.
 First Phase (13-15 October) – Port Phase
 Second Phase (16-18 October) – Sea Phase

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 Objectives of the Bilateral Phase: SIMBEX:
 Enhance interoperability  Type: Naval Exercise
 Improve combat readiness  Participants: India and Singapore
 Promote knowledge exchange between both  Started: 1994 as "Exercise Lion King" between
air forces Singapore and India
 The Singapore Air Force is participating with  30th Edition: Held in Singapore, 2023
its largest detachment to date, while the Other India-Singapore Military Exercises:
Indian Air Force is participating with a diverse  Military Exercise – Bold Kurukshetra
fleet, including Rafale, Mirage 2000 ITI,  Air Force Exercise – The 12th edition of Joint
Sukhoi-30 MKI, Tejas, MiG-29, and Jaguar Military Training (JMT) started on October 21,
aircraft. 2024, at Air Force Station Kalaikunda in West
Other India-Singapore Military Exercises: Bengal
 Simbex (Navy) – Started in 1994
Tata Aircraft Complex for The Manufacture
 Bold Kurukshetra (Army)
Of C-295 Military Aircraft
SIMBEX Military Exercise
 Prime Minister
 The 31st edition Narendra Modi
of the SIMBEX and Spanish
naval exercise Prime Minister
between India Pedro Sanchez inaugurated the Tata Aircraft
and Singapore is being held from October 23 Complex in Vadodara, Gujarat, for the
to 29, 2024, at the Eastern Naval Command in production of C-295 military aircraft.
Visakhapatnam.  This complex is India's first private-sector
 The exercise is divided into two phases: facility for the final assembly of military
 Harbor Phase – From October 23 to 25 in aircraft, marking a shift from government-
Visakhapatnam exclusive manufacturing to private-sector
 Sea Phase – From October 28 to 29 in the Bay involvement in defense production.
of Bengal  Objective: The complex aims to promote
 Objective: SIMBEX aims to strengthen 'Make in India' and reduce India’s dependence
friendship and mutual cooperation between on other countries for defense equipment.
India and Singapore.

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 C-295 Aircraft:  Started: 2012
 A multipurpose military transport aircraft  Type: Joint military exercise between India
developed by Airbus Defence and Space in and Indonesia’s special forces
Spain.  Other Military Exercises between India and
 Capable of carrying a 9-ton payload, with a Indonesia:
capacity to transport 70 soldiers or 49  Samudra Shakti – A naval exercise between
paratroopers. the navies of India and Indonesia.
 India-Spain Agreement on C-295 Aircraft:
Indian Navy launched the first vessel under
 In 2021, India signed a $2.5 billion agreement
the two Multi-Purpose Vessel (MPV) project
with Airbus Defence and Space for the
purchase of 56 C-295 aircraft.  The Indian Navy

 40 aircraft will be assembled at the Tata launched the

Aircraft Complex in Vadodara. first vessel

 16 aircraft will be directly supplied by Airbus under the two

from Spain. Multi-Purpose Vessel (MPV) project, named

Samarthak. The vessel was built by Larsen &
War Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 2024
Toubro and launched at the L&T shipyard in
 The 9th edition Kattupalli.
of the joint  The two Multi-Purpose Vessel (MPV) project
military exercise involves constructing multi-purpose ships
GARUD SHAKTI between the special forces of designed to carry out a range of maritime
India and Indonesia is being conducted from operations. These vessels are equipped to
November 1 to 12, 2024, in Jakarta, Indonesia. assist in various emergency situations as well.
The Indian contingent is represented by
soldiers from the Para Regiment (Special
Forces), while the Indonesian contingent
includes 40 soldiers from their special forces
unit, Kopassus.
 Objective: The primary aim of GARUD SHAKTI
is to enhance defense cooperation between
the two nations.
Exercise GARUD SHAKTI:

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 central government has approved
the establishment of a new missile
testing range

 The central
government has
approved the
establishment of a
new missile testing range on the eastern
coast of Andhra Pradesh, at Nagayalanka.
This facility will be used to test surface-to-air
anti-tank missiles and tactical missiles.
Major Missile Testing Ranges in India:
 Interim Test Range (ITR), Chandipur - Odisha
 Abdul Kalam Island (formerly known as
Wheeler Island) - Odisha
 Pokhran Test Range - Rajasthan
 Jaguar Airforce Base - Karnataka

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 Science, Technology and Environment
 Experts determined that the helium leak
Mission to bring back astronauts Sunita
posed a significant risk, including the
Williams and Butch Wilmore
potential for a fire during the return journey.
 NASA engineers attempted to fix the issue,
but ultimately, NASA decided not to take any
risks.
 Consequently, on September 6, the Starliner
returned to Earth without Sunita Williams
and Butch Wilmore.
Thrusters:
 To bring back stranded astronauts Sunita  Thrusters are a type of engine or
Williams and Butch Wilmore from the propulsion system used in spacecraft or
International Space Station (ISS), NASA and satellites to provide motion or change
SpaceX launched the Crew-9 mission from direction in space.
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in
Florida, USA. BharatGen Project project for

Why couldn't Sunita Williams and Butch generative AI

Wilmore return earlier?  The Department of
 Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore have Science &
been stranded on the ISS for the past five Technology (DST)
months. has launched the
 They initially traveled to the ISS on June 5 BharatGen Project to develop generative AI in
aboard Boeing's spacecraft, Starliner, and local Indian languages. BharatGen is India's
were scheduled to return after 8 days. first government-funded multimodal AI
 However, during launch, the Starliner initiative led by IIT Bombay.
experienced a helium gas leak in four  Objective: The project aims to develop
different locations. Additionally, as the generative AI technology in Indian languages
spacecraft docked with the ISS, its thrusters such as Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, and
failed. others. This means AI technology will now be
able to operate in various Indian languages,

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 benefiting those who may not be fluent in  Location: Kaimur district, Bihar
English.  Situated in the eastern region of the
 This initiative is designed for individuals who Vindhya mountain range
do not know English, enabling them to use  National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in
computers, mobiles, and AI services in their Bihar:
native languages. For instance, if you speak  Bihar has 1 national park and over 20
Hindi and need an answer in Hindi, wildlife sanctuaries.
BharatGen's AI technology will be able to National Park:
respond directly in Hindi.  Valmiki National Park – West Champaran
Main Benefits: Wildlife Sanctuaries:
 Rural populations who are not familiar  Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary – Jamui
with English will be able to use AI services  Pant Wildlife Sanctuary – Rajgir and
in their native languages. Nalanda
 The project will enable easy generation of  Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary –
text or conversations in various Indian Bhagalpur
languages, allowing users to create  Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary – Gaya
written content or audio recordings in  Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Sanctuary –
languages like Hindi. Darbhanga

Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary Cyclone Milton

 Recently,
Hurricane Milton
impacted North
America. It
originated in the
Atlantic Ocean and made landfall in Florida.
 As a result of Hurricane Milton, over 1 million
 The Central Government recently approved people have been affected.
the development of Kaimur Wildlife
Sanctuary in Bihar as the state's second tiger
reserve.
Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary:

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India has succeeded in eradicating kala-  In India, over 90% of Kala-azar cases are

azar disease reported from Bihar and Jharkhand.

 India is on the Hurricane Oscar

verge of
 In Miami, USA,
eliminating Kala-
Hurricane Oscar
azar as a public
has formed off the
health problem, as the country has
coast of the
successfully maintained less than one case
Bahamas. This hurricane has maximum
per 10,000 people for two consecutive years,
sustained winds of 80 miles per hour (130
meeting the World Health Organization
km/h), accompanied by strong gusts.
(WHO) criteria.
 Additionally, a Tropical Storm named Nadine
 In 2023, India recorded less than one case of
has developed along Mexico’s Southern
Kala-azar per 10,000 people, a significant
Caribbean Coast.
milestone toward the elimination of this
 Storms are powerful tropical cyclones with
disease.
winds exceeding 74 mph (119 km/h), forming
 Kala-azar is also known as Visceral
over warm ocean waters. These storms can
leishmaniasis, black fever, or Dumdum fever.
intensify into hurricanes or tropical storms,
Types of Leishmaniasis:
depending on their wind speeds and
 Visceral leishmaniasis – Affects multiple
environmental conditions.
organs and is the most severe form.
 Cutaneous leishmaniasis – Causes skin Egypt declared malaria-free by the
lesions and is the most common form. World Health Organization
 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis – Causes
 In October 2024, the
skin and mucosal lesions.
World Health
 Kala-azar is a deadly parasitic disease
Organization (WHO)
caused by Leishmania donovani, a
declared Egypt as
protozoan parasite transmitted through
malaria-free, making it the 44th country
the bite of an infected sandfly.
globally to achieve this status. Egypt also
 Affected Regions:
becomes the third country in the Eastern
 Primarily impacts people in Africa, Asia,
Mediterranean region to be malaria-free,
and Latin America.
following the United Arab Emirates and
Morocco.
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 Note – In January 2024, the African nation approval to India's first typhoid vaccine,
Cape Verde was also declared malaria-free. ZyVac TCV. Developed by Zydus Lifesciences
Malaria: Ltd., this vaccine is now included in WHO’s
 Malaria is a disease caused by the global list of vaccines.
Plasmodium protozoa.  Manufactured in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, this
 According to WHO data, approximately Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) can be
249 million cases of malaria were administered to individuals aged six months
reported across 85 countries in 2022, to 65 years to protect against Salmonella
resulting in 608,000 deaths. Typhi bacteria.
 As per the World Malaria Report 2022, Typhoid:
95% of malaria cases in 2021 (around 234  Also known as typhoid fever, it is an
million cases) were reported in Africa, infectious disease caused by the
which also accounted for 96% of malaria Salmonella Typhi bacterium.
deaths.  Primarily affects the intestines.
Criteria for Declaring a Country Disease-Free:
Bandhavgarh National Park
 WHO monitors the disease in the country.
 Assesses the impact of policies  Recently, seven

implemented by the country to eliminate elephants died

the disease. due to toxic

 If no new cases of the disease are substances in

reported for over three years, the country Bandhavgarh National Park. Following this

is declared disease-free (for minor incident, a committee from the Wildlife

diseases, this period can be as short as Crime Control Bureau in Delhi arrived in

one year). Bandhavgarh to investigate the deaths.

Bandhavgarh National Park:
World Health Organization (WHO)  Location: Madhya Pradesh
approved the first typhoid vaccine of  Established as a National Park: 1968
India  Wildlife: Known for Bengal tigers,
 The World Health elephants, and other species.
Organization (WHO)  The park is surrounded by 32 hills.
has granted
prequalification

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 India's first analog space mission  The primary objective of this mission is to
determine if Jupiter's moon Europa has
 In space terminology,
conditions that could support life.
an Analog Mission is a
Scientists believe that beneath Europa's
simulation of a real
icy surface may lie an ocean, which could
mission. Scientists
provide a suitable environment for life.
select locations that closely resemble the
This mission aims to explore the
environment and conditions of space or a
possibility of life on Europa and
celestial body. These locations are then
understand if favorable conditions exist
prepared according to specific standards to
there.
provide astronauts or other space-bound
personnel with training in similar conditions.
 ISRO has launched India's first Analog Space
Mission in Leh, Ladakh. This mission is being
conducted in collaboration with the Human
Spaceflight Centre, ISRO, AAKA Space Studio,
University of Ladakh, and IIT Bombay.
 Objective: To conduct preparatory training
and simulations for future space missions,
enabling thorough preparation and
familiarization with space conditions.

Nasa space agency has launched

EuropaClipper

 The American
space agency
NASA has launched
the Europa Clipper
mission. It was launched from the Kennedy
Space Center in Florida on a SpaceX Falcon
Heavy rocket.
Purpose of the Europa Clipper Mission:

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 Summits and Conferences
Key Details of the 44th and 45th ASEAN
Green Economy Summit 2024
Summits - 2024:
 The World Green  Host: The summits were chaired by
Economy Summit Sonexay Siphandone, the Prime Minister
- 2024 was held at of Laos.
the Dubai World  Theme: The theme for the summits was
Trade Centre in the United Arab Emirates. “ASEAN: Enhancing Connectivity and
Key Details: Resilience.”
 Organizers: The summit was organized by  Discussion Points: ASEAN countries
the Dubai Supreme Council of Energy, the discussed various topics aimed at
Dubai Water and Electricity Authority achieving goals such as peace, stability,
(DEWA), and the World Green Economy and sustainable development.
Organization. Related Events:
 Theme: The theme for the summit was  During the summit, the 21st ASEAN-India
"Empowering Global Action: Unlocking Summit was held on October 10-11, with
Opportunities and Advancing Progress." Prime Minister Narendra Modi
Major Highlights: participating.
 The World Green Economy Forum was Background of ASEAN Summits:
launched during the summit. This forum  Establishment: The ASEAN Summits
aims to bring together leaders and started in 1976.
experts from around the world to find  First ASEAN Summit: The first summit
solutions to environmental challenges. was held in 1976 in Indonesia.
 Discussions also focused on issues  43rd ASEAN Summit: The previous
impacting climate change. summit took place in 2023 in Indonesia.

44th and 45th ASEAN SUMMITS - 2024 16th BRICS Summit 2024
 The 44th and 45th
ASEAN Summits
were held in
Vientiane, the capital
of Laos.

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 The 16th BRICS Summit - 2024 is scheduled to Jamaica became 181st Member of The Inter-
be held on October 22-23 in Kazan, Russia, Parliamentary Union (IPU)
under the chairmanship of Russia. The theme  The 149th meeting
for this summit is "Strengthening of the Inter-
Multilateralism for Just Global Development Parliamentary
and Security." Union (IPU) was
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi will represent held in Geneva, Switzerland. During this
India at the 16th BRICS Summit. session, Jamaica became the 181st member of
About BRICS: the IPU.
 Established: June 2009 Key Announcements:
 Members: Currently includes 10 major  The 150th IPU meeting will be held from
emerging economies. April 5-9, 2025, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Members: About the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU):
 Original Members: Brazil, Russia, India,  Established: 1889
China, and South Africa  Purpose: To promote peace worldwide
 New Members (from January 1, 2024): through parliamentary diplomacy and
Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, United Arab dialogue.
Emirates, and Ethiopia (Note: Argentina  Members: Includes 181 national
was approved but later decided not to parliaments and 15 associate members.
join)  Motto: "For democracy. For everyone."
Recent BRICS Summits:  Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
 1st Summit - 2009, Russia
Asia Clean Energy Summit 2024
 12th Summit - 2020, Russia
 13th Summit - 2021, India
 14th Summit - 2022, China
 15th Summit - 2023, South Africa

 The Asia Clean Energy Summit 2024 was

hosted as a key segment of the Singapore
International Energy Week (SIEW) in
Singapore. This summit was organized by the
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 Energy Research Institute and the Solar
Energy Research Institute of Singapore
(SERIS).
 Theme: Integrating Policy, Finance, and
Technology to Promote Climate Action and
Sustainability
 Objectives: Development of Clean Energy
Strategies: Planning and developing energy
sources like solar energy, wind energy, and
hydropower that do not harm the
environment.
 Accelerating Net-Zero Targets: Aiming to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions to a level
where no additional carbon is added to the
atmosphere.
 Promoting Innovation in Clean Energy
Technology: Encouraging the invention and
development of new technologies related to
clean energy to reduce environmental impact
in energy production.

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 Schemes and Policies
The Dharti Aaba Tribal Village Utkarsh  This initiative is a significant step towards

Abhiyan uplifting the tribal population and

ensuring their socio-economic
development.

Prime Minister Internship Scheme 2024

 On October 3,
2024, the
Prime
 On October 2, 2024, Prime Minister Narendra
Minister
Modi launched the "Dharti Aaba Tribal Village
Internship Scheme 2024 was launched, which
Utkash Abhiyan" from Hazaribagh, Jharkhand.
serves as a Skill Training Scheme aimed at
Key Details:
empowering youth across India.
 The scheme is named in honor of Birsa
Key Details:
Munda, who is revered as 'Dharti Aaba'
 Objective: The scheme aims to empower 1
(Father of the Earth).
crore youths through internships in 500
 The Dharti Aaba Tribal Village Utkash
leading companies across the country.
Abhiyan will be implemented across 30
 Phases: The PM Internship Scheme will be
states and 550 districts in 65,000 tribal-
implemented in two phases:
dominated villages in India.
 Phase 1: 30 lakh youths will receive
 Objectives: The initiative aims to enhance
training.
the social infrastructure, health,
 Phase 2: 70 lakh youths will be trained.
education, and livelihood of tribal
 Eligibility: Candidates must be between
communities through the coordinated
the ages of 21 to 24 years to benefit from
efforts of 17 ministries and departments
the scheme.
of the Central Government.
Financial Support:
 Approximately ₹80,000 crores will be
 Each intern will receive a stipend of
allocated for this scheme, benefiting
₹5,000 per month for up to one year:
more than 50 million tribal individuals
 ₹4,500 will be provided through Direct
across the country.
Benefit Transfer (DBT) by the
government.

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  ₹500 will be contributed by the "Humsafar Policy
companies through their Corporate Social
 The Ministry of
Responsibility (CSR) Fund.
Road and
 After one year, the government will
Transport, led by
provide an additional ₹6,000 to the
Nitin Gadkari, has
interns.
launched the "Humsafar Policy" in New Delhi.
 Through this policy, drivers will have access
Nijut Moina scheme
to all necessary facilities on highways (such
 Assam's Chief
as rest areas, food courts, clean toilets, and
Minister Himanta
parking) that are essential during their
Biswa Sarma has
journey.
launched the Nijut
 The objective of the policy is to enhance
Moina Scheme
travel convenience and accelerate the
aimed at
development of roadside facilities.
promoting women's education and
preventing child marriage. Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)
 The scheme provides financial assistance to
female students from Class 11 to
postgraduate (PG) level.
Key Details of the Nijut Moina Scheme:
Objective:  On July 23, 2024, the Union Finance Minister

 To promote women's education. announced in the Union Budget 2024-25 that

 To prevent child marriage. the limit for Mudra loans under the Prime

 Beneficiaries: Minister Mudra Yojana (PMMY) would be

Financial Assistance: increased. Following this, the existing limit

 For Class 11 and 12 students: ₹1,000 per for Mudra loans has been raised from ₹10

month. lakh to ₹20 lakh

 For degree students: ₹1,250 per month. Prime Minister Mudra Yojana (PMMY)

 For postgraduate students: ₹2,500 per  Start Date: April 8, 2015

month.  Objective: To provide financial assistance

to small enterprises and startups.

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  Under this scheme, loans are provided in  The e-Shram Portal was also launched by
three categories: 'SHISHU', 'KISHORE', and the Ministry of Labour to create a
'TARUN'. After increasing the limit for database for organized sector workers
Mudra loans, a new category 'TARUN Plus' and employment.
has been introduced, making a total of  Unorganized Sector Workers are those
four categories. who do not work in a formal or organized
 The new 'TARUN Plus' category will sector. The employment of these workers
benefit entrepreneurs who have is often unstable.
previously taken loans under the 'TARUN'
Pandemic Fund Project for animal
category and successfully repaid them.
health
Amount provided under each category:
 'SHISHU' (up to ₹50,000)  Today, Rajiv

 'KISHORE' (from ₹50,000 to ₹5 lakh) Ranjan Singh

 'TARUN' (up to ₹10 lakh) (Lalan Singh),

 'TARUN Plus' (from ₹10 lakh to ₹20 lakh) the Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry,

 The aim of increasing the limit for Mudra and Dairying, inaugurated the 21st Livestock

loans under the scheme is to expand the Census Campaign and the Pandemic Fund

Prime Minister Mudra Yojana (PMMY). Project in New Delhi.

Pandemic Fund Project:
'E-Shram-One Stop Solution  Amount: $25 million
 On October 21, the Union  Funding: Financed by the G20 Pandemic
Minister of Labour and Fund.
Employment and Youth  Purpose: To combat diseases in animals
Affairs and Sports, such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Mansukh Mandaviya, launched the "e-Shram - and Brucellosis in India.
One Stop Solution."  Government Goal: Minister Rajiv Ranjan
 The objective of the "e-Shram - One Stop Singh announced that the government
Solution" is to provide a single-window aims to eliminate FMD and Brucellosis
facility to help unorganized sector workers from the country by 2030.
avail the benefits of government schemes. 21st Livestock Census Campaign:
e-Shram Portal  Launch: The campaign was inaugurated
by Union Minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh.

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  Budget: The census will be conducted  Establishment of 1 lakh Health and
with a budget of ₹200 crores from Wellness Centers across the country.
October 2024 to February 2025.  Providing health insurance coverage of ₹5
 Scope: The census will count 16 species of lakh per year to 10 crore families.
livestock.
Drone Didi scheme
Background:
 The first livestock census in India was  The Central

conducted in 1919-1920, and it has been Government has issued

held every five years since then. The 20th operational guidelines

Livestock Census took place across the for the Central Scheme:

country in 2019 Drone Didi Yojana.

Key Guidelines:
Ayushman Bharat Jan Arogya Yojana  This scheme will be managed at the
 In October 2024, Prime central level by a committee of
Minister Narendra Modi secretaries from the Department of
launched the Ayushman Agriculture and Farmers Welfare,
Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Department of Rural Development,
Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) for citizens aged Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Civil
70 years and above. Under this scheme, Aviation, and Ministry of Women and
individuals over 70 years of age will receive Child Development.
insurance coverage of ₹5 lakh.  Under the scheme, women's self-help
Key Benefits: groups (SHGs) will receive 80% of the
 Beneficiaries can avail free treatment up cost (up to a maximum of ₹8 lakh) as
to ₹5 lakh at over 29,000 listed hospitals central financial assistance for the
under PMJAY. purchase of drones and related
 During the launch, Prime Minister Modi equipment.
provided senior citizens with Ayushman  Monitoring of the scheme will be done
Vay Vandana Cards. through an IT-based Management
Ayushman Bharat Yojana Overview Information System (MIS) called the
 Announced in the Union Budget 2018, the Drone Portal.
Ayushman Bharat scheme has two Overview of the Drone Didi Yojana:
primary pillars:

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 Launched in November 2023, this scheme
aims to provide drones to 15,000 SHG
women for use in the agricultural sector.
 These women will rent out the drones in
the agricultural sector, primarily for
pesticide spraying.
 The goal is to empower 15,000 women's
self-help groups (SHGs) with drones to
make them self-reliant by 2024-25 to
2025-2026.

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 Sports
Gold Medals:
ICC Women's T20 World Cup 2024
 Aryan (48 kg)
 The ICC Women's T20 World  Shaurya (48 kg)
Cup - 2024 is being held in  Silver Medal:
the United Arab Emirates  Nang Mingbi Borphukan
from October 3 to October  Bronze Medals:
20, 2024 (originally  Tanish Nagar (56 kg)
planned to be hosted in Bangladesh).  Abhijeet (60 kg)
ICC Women's T20 World Cup - 2024  Divyanshi (60 kg, women)
 Edition: 9th  Yuvraj (42 kg)
 Host: United Arab Emirates About the World Junior Wushu Championships:
 Total Teams Participating: 10  Wushu is a traditional Chinese martial art.
 ICC Women's T20 World Cup  First held: 2006
 Inauguration: 2009, with the first  Organizing Body: International Wushu
tournament held in England, where the Federation
England Women's team won the
inaugural title.
ICC has banned player Praveen

 Current Champion 2023: Australia (6th Jayawickrama

title)  The ICC has imposed a

 Host: South Africa ban on Sri Lankan
 Runner-up: South Africa bowler Praveen
Jayawickrama.
9th World Junior Wushu Championship
 Jayawickrama has bee
 The 9th World Junior n banned for violating the ICC's Anti-
Wushu Corruption Code.
Championships 2024  He was banned under Article 2.4.7 of the ICC
were held in Bandar Anti-Corruption Code, which prohibits any
Seri Begawan, Brunei. action that hinders or delays an investigation
India’s Achievements: conducted by the ICC Anti-Corruption Unit.
 India won a total of seven medals: two gold, This includes hiding, tampering with, or
one silver, and four bronze. destroying any documents or other

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 information related to that investigation, Irani Trophy 2024
which can serve as evidence.
 The Irani Trophy

95th Murugappa Gold Cup Hockey 2024 final match

was held between
Tournament 2024
Mumbai and Rest
 In the final match
of India at the Ekana Cricket Stadium in
of the 95th
Lucknow. Mumbai was declared the
Murugappa Gold
champion based on the first innings lead.
Cup Hockey
Irani Trophy 2024
Tournament
 Mumbai Captain: Ajinkya Rahane
2024, held in
 Rest of India Captain: Ruturaj Gaikwad
Tamil Nadu, Indian Railways defeated Indian
 Player of the Match: Sarfaraz Khan
Oil Corporation (IOC) with a score of 5-3 to
(Mumbai)
win the title.
About the Irani Trophy
Murugappa Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
 The Irani Trophy is a domestic first-class
2024
cricket tournament played between the
 Edition: 95th
Ranji Trophy winners and the Rest of India
 Total Teams: 10
team, consisting of top domestic players
 Winner: Indian Railways
from various states.
 Runner-up: Indian Oil Corporation (IOC)
 Inception: 1959-60
 Murugappa Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
 Organizer: Board of Control for Cricket in
 Established: 1901 as the Madras Challenge
India (BCCI)
Cup
 2023 Champion: Rest of India
 Venue: Chennai, Tamil Nadu
 Sponsor: Murugappa Group Women's Asian Hockey Champions
 Participating Teams: Indian Railways, Trophy 2024
Indian Oil, Army, Navy, etc.
 The Women's Asian
 Other Cups/Trophies Related to Hockey:
Hockey Champions
Beighton Cup, Stanley Cup, Aga Khan Cup,
Trophy 2024 will be
Dhyan Chand Trophy, etc.
held in November
2024 at the Rajgir Hockey Stadium in the
state of Bihar. Recently, Bihar Chief Minister

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 Nitish Kumar launched the logo and mascot  Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award
for the tournament. (2016)
 Mascot Name: "Gudiya," inspired by Bihar's  Padma Shri (2017)
state bird, the sparrow. Produnova Vault
Women's Asian Hockey Champions Trophy  The Produnova vault is considered one of
 Inception: 2010 the most dangerous and difficult
 Organizer: Asian Hockey Federation techniques in gymnastics, also known as
 2023 Champion: India "The Vault of Death."
 It involves a challenging double front flip
Gymnast Dipa Karmakar announced her
(two somersaults), requiring precise
retirement
balance and landing, as any slight error
could lead to severe injury or accident.

ISSF Junior World Championship 2025

 Recently, Indian gymnast Dipa Karmakar

announced her retirement. She hails from the
state of Tripura and was the first Indian  The International Shooting Sport Federation
female gymnast to participate in the (ISSF) has announced that the ISSF Junior
Olympics. World Cup 2025 will be hosted in India.
 In the 2016 Rio Olympics, she narrowly  The 2025 event will mark the 5th edition of
missed a bronze medal by just 0.15 points. the ISSF Junior World Cup.
 Dipa Karmakar is known as the "Produnova ISSF Junior World Championship:
Queen" for being one of only five gymnasts in  Inception: 2017
the world to successfully execute the  Organizer: International Shooting Sport
challenging Produnova vault. Federation (ISSF)
Dipa Karmakar  4th ISSF Junior World Championship 2024:
 Birthplace: Tripura, India Held in Lima, Peru (October 2024).
 Awards:
 Arjuna Award (2015)

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 4th ISSF Junior World Championship 2024  Gautami Bhanot, Shambhavi Shravan
Kshirsagar, Anushka Thokur - 10m Air Rifle
Women's Team
 Kanishka Dagar, Lakshita, Anjali
 In the 4th ISSF Junior World Championship
Chaudhary - 10m Air Pistol Women's Team
2024 held in Lima, Peru, India topped the
 Divyanshi, Tejaswini, Vibhuti Bhatia - 25m
medal tally with a total of 24 medals,
Pistol Women's Team
comprising 13 gold, 3 silver, and 8 bronze
ISSF Junior World Championship
medals.
 Inception: 2017
Medal Tally Highlights:
 Organizer: International Shooting Sport
 Gold: 13
Federation (ISSF)
 Silver: 3
 Bronze: 8 Famous tennis player Rafael Nadal
India's Gold Medal Winners: announced his retirement
 Parth Rakesh Mane - 10m Air Rifle Men
 Spanish tennis player
 Mukesh Nelavalli - 25m Pistol Men
Rafael Nadal has
 Divyanshi - 25m Pistol Women
announced his retirement
 Suraj Sharma - 25m Standard Pistol Men
from tennis. Nadal will
 Divyanshi - 25m Standard Pistol Women
retire after the Davis Cup Finals, scheduled to
 Ajay Malik, Parth Rakesh Mane, Abhinav
be held in Malaga, Spain, in November.
Shaw - 10m Air Rifle Men's Team
 Over his career, Nadal has won 22 Grand Slam
 Shaurya Saini, Vedant Nitin Waghmare,
titles, including 2 Australian Opens, 14 French
Parikshit Singh Brar - 50m Rifle 3 Position
Opens, 2 Wimbledon titles, and 4 US Opens.
Team
 Nadal is often referred to as the "King of
 Umesh Choudhary, Mukesh Nelavalli,
Clay" due to his record number of titles won
Pramod - 10m Air Pistol Men's Team
on the clay courts of the French Open.
 Rajvardhan Patil, Mukesh Nelavalli,
Harsimran Singh Ratta - 25m Rapid Fire
Pistol Men's Team
 Mukesh Nelavalli, Suraj Sharma,
Pradyumn Singh - 25m Pistol Men's Team

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 Youngest player to score the fastest  Started in 1924 (as the Indian Olympic

2000 thousand runs in Women's T20 Games)

cricket  Organizer: Indian Olympic Association

 Indian batter Shafali World's youngest person to climb all 14

Verma has become the 8,000-meter-high peaks
youngest player to score
 Nepal’s 18-year-old
the fastest 2000 runs in
mountaineer, Nima Rinji
women's T20 cricket.
Sherpa, has conquered
 Shafali achieved this milestone at the age of
all 14 peaks over 8000
20 years and 255 days.
meters, making him the
 She broke the record previously held by
youngest person in the world to achieve this
Ireland's Gaby Lewis, who reached 2000 runs
feat.
in T20 Internationals at the age of 23 years
 These peaks are collectively known as the
and 35 days.
"Eight-Thousanders."

38th National Games  Eight-Thousanders: These are the 14

mountains that stand over 8,000 meters
 The Indian Olympic
(26,247 feet) high. These peaks are located in
Association has
the Himalayas and Karakoram ranges across
announced that the
Nepal, China, Pakistan, and India.
38th National Games
 Climbing these mountains is considered one
will be held in the
of the most challenging tasks in
state of
mountaineering due to the extreme altitude,
Uttarakhand.
harsh weather conditions, and technical
 The 38th National Games will be organized in
difficulty.
January-February 2025.
 The 37th National Games were held in the 90th edition of Ranji Trophy
state of Goa in 2023.
 The Ranji Trophy is a domestic
 Medal Tally
cricket competition in India,
National Games
organized by the BCCI.
 A competition held among all states of
 Recently, the 90th edition of
India
the Ranji Trophy began. This
tournament will be played in
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 two stages, running from October 11 to  Bishan Singh Bedi - 2009
March 2025.  Sunil Gavaskar - 2009
 A total of 32 teams are participating in the  Kapil Dev - 2010
tournament.  Anil Kumble - 2015
 Note: The 89th Ranji Trophy 2023 winner was  Sachin Tendulkar - 2019
Mumbai.  Rahul Dravid - 2018
 Vinoo Mankad - 2021
Second female cricketer of India to be
 Virender Sehwag – 2023
inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame

 In October 2024, England's

WR Chess Masters Cup-2024

Alastair Cook, South Africa's  The WR Chess

AB de Villiers, and India's Masters Cup - 2024
Neetu David have been was held in London,
inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame. Neetu where Indian
David is the second Indian female cricketer to Grandmaster Arjun
be inducted into the Hall of Fame, following Erigaisi emerged victorious by defeating
Diana Edulji, who was inducted in 2023 French Grandmaster Maxime Vachier-
 The ICC Hall of Fame was established by the Lagrave. Arjun Erigaisi, hailing from the state
International Cricket Council (ICC) in 2009 to of Telangana, earned his Grandmaster title in
honor legendary cricket players who have 2018.
made outstanding contributions to the sport.  The WR Chess Masters Cup is a prominent
This was initiated as part of ICC's centennial chess tournament that features top chess
celebrations.. players from around the world.
Neetu David’s Achievements:
First cricketer of India to score 9000
 From Uttar Pradesh, David played over
runs in Test cricket
100 matches for India between 1995 and
2008, taking 182 wickets.  Indian batsman

 Her notable achievement includes taking Virat Kohli has

8 wickets for 53 runs in a single innings become the

against England in November 1995. fourth Indian

Indians in the ICC Hall of Fame (Men’s player to score

Category): 9,000 runs in

Test cricket.
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 Before Kohli, Sachin Tendulkar, Rahul Dravid, 9th Women's T20 Cricket World Cup –
and Sunil Gavaskar had reached this 2024
milestone in Test cricket.
Virat Kohli
 Hometown: New Delhi
 Awards:
 2013 – Arjuna Award
 2017 – Padma Shri
 2018 – Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna
 The 9th edition of the ICC Women's T20
Award
Cricket World Cup took place in the United
 2023 – ICC ODI Player of the Year
Arab Emirates. In the final, New Zealand

Rani Rampal announced her retirement emerged victorious over South Africa,
claiming their first-ever Women's T20 Cricket
 India's renowned hockey
World Cup title.
player and former captain
Key Highlights:
Rani Rampal has
 Edition: 9th
announced her
 Host(s): United Arab Emirates
retirement. Following her
 Participants: 10 teams
retirement, Hockey India honored her by
 Champions: New Zealand (1st title)
retiring her jersey number 28.
 Runners-up: South Africa
 At the age of 15, Rani Rampal became the
 Player of the Series: Amelia Kerr (New
youngest player to participate in the national
Zealand)
team at the 2010 World Cup.
 Most Runs: Laura Wolvaardt - 223 (South
Rani Rampal
Africa)
 Associated State: Haryana
 Most Wickets: Amelia Kerr - 15 (New
 Awards:
Zealand)
 Arjuna Award - 2016
ICC Women's T20 World Cup
 World Games Athlete of the Year - 2019
 Inception: 2009
 Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna - 2020
 Most Successful Team: Australia (6 titles)
 Padma Shri – 2020
 Next Edition: 2026, to be hosted by
England

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 Australian Wicketkeeper-Batsman
Matthew Wade Announces Retirement
from International Cricket

 Matthew Wade, after

being part of the
Australian team for 13
years, ha s announced
his retirement from
international cricket. During his career, Wade
played a total of 225 international matches
for Australia.
 Test Matches: Wade appeared in 36 Tests,
scoring 1,613 runs with four centuries and five
half-centuries.
 One-Day Internationals (ODIs): In 97 ODIs, he
scored 1,867 runs with one century and 11
half-centuries.
 T20 Internationals: Wade played 92 T20I
matches, amassing 1,202 runs with three half-
centuries.

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 Day and Themes
 Full Name: Mohandas Karamchand
World Heart Day
Gandhi
 Born: October 2, 1869, in Porbandar,
Gujarat
 Passed Away: January 30, 1948
 Resting Place: Raj Ghat
 Autobiography: My Experiments with
 World Heart Day is observed annually on
Truth
September 29.
 Role: A prominent leader of the Indian
 Theme for 2024: “Use Heart for Action”
Independence movement who led
History:
numerous non-violent campaigns against
 Initiated in 1999 by the World Health
British rule using the principles of
Organization (WHO) and the World Heart
Satyagraha and Ahimsa (non-violence).
Federation to raise awareness about
Movements Led by Gandhi:
heart health and promote cardiovascular
 Champaran Movement (1917) – Against
well-being.
forced indigo farming in Champaran,
 Objective: To increase awareness about
Bihar
heart diseases and encourage actions for
 Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)
heart health.
 Salt March (Dandi March) – Salt
 According to the World Heart Federation,
Satyagraha (1930)
approximately 20.5 million people
 Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)
worldwide die from heart-related issues
 Quit India Movement (1942)
each year.
International Day of Non-Violence:
Mahatma Gandhi and Lal Bahadur  On June 15, 2007, the United Nations
Shastri Anniversary General Assembly declared October 2 as
International Day of Non-Violence in
 On October 2, 2024, India celebrated the
honor of Gandhi's principles.
155th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi
Lal Bahadur Shastri
and the 120th birth anniversary of former
 Born: October 2, 1904, in Mughalsarai
Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri.
 Passed Away: January 11, 1966, in Tashkent
Mahatma Gandhi
 Resting Place: Vijay Ghat

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  Slogan: "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" (Hail the  Objective: To work towards ending
soldier, Hail the farmer) hunger, enhancing food security, and
 Role: India’s second Prime Minister spreading awareness about nutrition and
 Award: First person to be awarded the sustainable food practices.
Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1966.
World Polio Day
National Wildlife Week  World Polio Day is

 Wildlife Week is observed every year from observed every

October 2 to October 8. year on October

 Objective: The aim is to spread awareness 24.

about the protection and conservation of Key Highlights:

wildlife.  2024 Theme: “A Global Mission to Reach

 During this week, various programs and Every Child” – This theme emphasizes the

campaigns are organized to educate people importance of vaccinating every child

about the importance of wildlife against polio.

conservation and the need to protect natural  History: The day is celebrated on the

habitats. birthday of Dr. Jonas Salk, who led the

first team to develop a vaccine against
World Food Day poliomyelitis.
 World Food Day is  Initiation: The observance of this day
observed annually began in 1985 by Rotary International.
on October 16.  Purpose: The primary aim of World Polio
 Theme for 2024: Day is to raise awareness about polio, a
"Right to foods for potentially deadly and debilitating disease
a better life and a better future" caused by a virus that affects the brain
 Theme for 2023: "Water is Life, Water is Food. and spinal cord.
Leave No One Behind" About Polio:
History:  Polio (poliomyelitis) is caused by a virus
 World Food Day has been celebrated that can lead to paralysis and, in severe
since 1981 by the Food and Agriculture cases, death.
Organization (FAO).

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  The inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was National Unity Day is celebrated on 31st
developed by Dr. Jonas Salk and was first October
used in 1955.
 National Unity Day
 The oral polio vaccine (OPV), developed
is celebrated every
by Dr. Albert Sabin, was first used in 1961
year on 31st October
and is a live attenuated vaccine.
in honor of Sardar

2026 as the Year of Culture, Tourism Vallabhbhai Patel, India’s first Deputy Prime

and Artificial Intelligence Minister, who played a key role in the political
integration of India.
 Recently, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro
Key Highlights:
Sánchez visited India and met with Prime
 Established: 2014 by the Government of
Minister Narendra Modi. During this visit,
India
several Memorandums of Understanding
 2024 Theme: The Raigad Fort
(MoUs) were signed between the two
(Maharashtra), symbolizing the bravery of
countries in areas including rail transport,
Maratha leader Chhatrapati Shivaji, is the
customs, and investment.
central theme for the National Unity Day
Key Announcements:
celebrations at Kevadia, Gujarat.
 2026 has been designated as the Year of
 Purpose: To unite people and spread
Culture, Tourism, and Artificial
awareness about Sardar Vallabhbhai
Intelligence between India and Spain.
Patel’s ideas for national integration and
 In 2026, India and Spain will collaborate
social upliftment.
to:
 Note: In 2024, as part of the National
1. Promote cultural exchange by
Unity Day celebrations, the Government
encouraging citizens of each country to
of India organized the "Run for Unity"
experience and understand the culture of
across the country.
the other.
2. Enhance tourism by facilitating travel Foundation day of Madhya Pradesh
between the two nations. state
3. Work on new projects in Artificial
 On November 1, 2024,
Intelligence (AI), fostering innovation and
Madhya Pradesh
shared progress in technology.
celebrated its 69th
Foundation Day. The

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 state of Madhya Pradesh was formed on been influenced by political, historical,
November 1, 1956, through the States and social factors over time.
Reorganization Act of 1956. Along with Relevant Constitutional Articles:
Madhya Pradesh, 13 other states (14 states in  Article 1: Defines India as a Union of
total) and 6 Union Territories were also States, consisting of states and Union
established. Territories.
States Formed on November 1, 1956:  Article 2: Allows Parliament to admit new
 Andhra Pradesh states and alter their names and
 Assam boundaries.
 Bihar  Article 3: Empowers Parliament to
 Bombay reorganize states, change names, and
 Kerala redefine boundaries, with prior
 Madhya Pradesh consultation with the concerned state
 Madras legislature, though this consultation is
 Mysore not binding.
 Odisha  Article 4: Stipulates that changes made
 Punjab under Articles 2 and 3 do not require a
 Rajasthan formal amendment to other
 Uttar Pradesh constitutional provisions.
 West Bengal
9th Ayurveda Day
 Jammu and Kashmir
UT’s Formed on November 1, 1956:  On October 29, the 9th Ayurveda

 Delhi Day was celebrated in

 Himachal Pradesh honor of Lord

 Manipur Dhanvantari’s birth

 Tripura anniversary, who is considered the deity of

 Andaman and Nicobar Islands Ayurveda.

 Islands in the Arabian Sea (now known as  Theme for the 9th Ayurveda Day: "Ayurveda

Lakshadweep) Innovation for Global Health"

Present Structure:  Ayurveda Day was initiated by the Ministry of

 India now has 28 states and 8 Union AYUSH and was first observed in 2016.

Territories. The formation of states has

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 Objective: The day aims to promote Ayurveda  Purpose: This day is dedicated to
as a holistic health science. recognizing the contributions and
Ayurveda: sacrifices of the Indian Army's infantry.
 Ayurveda has a history spanning
approximately 5,000 years.
United Nations Day

 The word "Ayurveda" means "science of  United Nations Day is celebrated every year
life." on October 24.
 Ayurveda emphasizes not only physical  United Nations Day is closely linked to the
health but also mental and spiritual well- establishment of the United Nations, which
being. It focuses on preventive care and was founded on October 24, 1945.
teaches ways to live a balanced and  The first United Nations Day was celebrated
healthy life. on October 24, 1948.
Objectives:
World Day for Audiovisual Heritage
 Peace and Security: To maintain global
 World Day for peace.
Audiovisual  Development and Human Rights: To
Heritage is promote economic development and
observed annually protect human rights.
on October 27. United Nations:
 Theme 2024: (To be updated)  Established: October 24, 1945, following
 UNESCO declared this day in 2005 to World War II.
promote awareness of the importance of  Headquarters: New York, USA
audiovisual heritage.  Members: 193 countries
 The day aims to raise awareness about the  Permanent Security Council Members:
protection of audiovisual heritage, France, China, Russia, the United
emphasizing the need to preserve our Kingdom, and the United States.
cultural, historical, and social heritage for Key Functions of the United Nations:
future generations.  Maintaining international peace and
Other Observances on October 27: security.
 Infantry Day in India  Promoting friendly relations between
 Observed: October 27 each year nations.

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  Encouraging international cooperation to  Objective: The day aims to raise awareness
solve global issues. against poverty and encourage global efforts
toward its eradication.
Police Commemoration Day

 Police Commemoration Day is observed

National Security Guard (NSG)

every year on October 21. celebrated its 40th Raising Day

 Purpose: This day is a tribute to the  On October 16, 2024,

dedication and sacrifice of the police forces the National Security
across the country, honoring those who lost Guard (NSG)
their lives in the line of duty to maintain law celebrated its 40th
and order and ensure national security. Raising Day.
 History: On October 21, 1959, in Hot Springs,  Formation: NSG was established in 1984
Ladakh, 10 Indian police personnel were following Operation Blue Star and the
martyred in an attack by Chinese forces. In assassination of then-Prime Minister Indira
memory of this incident, Police Gandhi, specifically to counter terrorist
Commemoration Day is observed annually on threats.
this date.  Current Director-General: Shri Brighu
Srinivasa.
International Day for the Eradication of
 Nickname: Known as the Black Cat
Poverty
Commandos.
 Objective: NSG's primary roles include anti-
terrorism operations, rescue operations, and
the protection of sensitive locations.

International Day for Disaster Risk

 International Day for the Eradication of
Reduction
Poverty is observed annually on October 17.
 Theme 2024: "Ending Social and Institutional
Maltreatment - Acting together for just,
peaceful, and inclusive societies."
 History: Officially recognized by the United
Nations General Assembly in 1992.  International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction
is observed annually on October 13.

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 Theme for 2024: "Empowering the next World Mental Health Day
generation for a resilient future" (dedicated
 World Mental Health Day is observed
to future generations).
annually on October 10.
 History: In 1989, the United Nations General
 Theme for 2024: "Mental Health at Work."
Assembly passed a resolution designating the
 History: The day was first introduced in 1992
second Wednesday of October as the
by the World Federation for Mental Health.
International Day for Natural Disaster
 Objective: To raise awareness about mental
Reduction. However, on December 21, 2009, a
health and encourage actions to address
new resolution was passed to observe this
mental health issues.
day on October 13, and it was renamed the
Other Observances in October
International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction.
 October 7 - World Cotton Day, World
 Objective: To raise awareness about reducing
Habitat Day
the risks and impacts of disasters.
 October 9 - World Postal Day

International Day of the Girl Child

Indian Air Force Day
 International Day of the Girl Child is observed
 Indian Air Force Day is celebrated on October
annually on October 11.
8 every year to commemorate the founding
 Theme for 2024: "Girls' vision for the future."
of the Indian Air Force, which was established
 Theme for 2023: "Invest in Girls' Rights: Our
on October 8, 1932.
Leadership, Our Well-being."
 92nd Anniversary: October 8, 2024, marked
 History: The idea for International Day of the
the 92nd anniversary of the Indian Air Force.
Girl Child was first proposed at the Fourth
 2024 Theme: "Bhartiya Vayu Sena: Saksham,
World Conference on Women held in Beijing
Sashakt, Atmanirbhar" (Indian Air Force:
in 1995. The United Nations General Assembly
Capable, Strong, Self-Reliant).
officially declared October 11 as International
 Air Show Location for 2024: Chennai.
Day of the Girl Child in 2011, and it was
 Purpose - The day honors the strength,
celebrated for the first time on October 11,
courage, and contributions of the Air Force in
2012.
defending the nation.
 Objective: To eliminate discrimination
Key Facts about the Indian Air Force
against girls and promote equal rights for
 Motto: "Nabhah Sprisham Deeptam"
girls in society.
("Touch the Sky with Glory").

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  First Indian Air Force Chief: Air Marshal former President, scholar, philosopher, and
Subroto Mukerjee (1954). Bharat Ratna awardee.
 Current Chief: Air Chief Marshal Amar Other Observances:
Preet Singh.  October 4: World Animal Welfare Day

World Habitat Day Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India

 World Habitat Day is celebrated every year Mission) marked its 10th anniversary

on the first Monday of October.  On October 2, 2024, the Swachh Bharat

 Theme for 2024: “Engaging youth to create a Mission (Clean India Mission) marked its 10th
better urban future” (This theme highlights anniversary.
the crucial role of youth in shaping a better  Initiated on October 2, 2014, on Mahatma
urban future). Gandhi's birth anniversary, the Swachh
 History: World Habitat Day was proclaimed Bharat Mission was launched with the goal of
by the United Nations in 1985. creating a cleaner and healthier India.
 Purpose: To raise awareness globally about  Swachhata Hi Seva 2024 Program: As part of
the importance of housing and environment the 2024 celebrations, the Swachhata Hi Seva
for people. 2024 program was held.
 Theme: The theme for Swachhata Hi Seva
World Teachers' Day or International
2024 was "Swabhav Swachhata, Sanskar
Teachers' Day
Swachhata" (Inherent Cleanliness, Cultural
 Every year on October 5, World Teachers' Day Cleanliness).
or International Teachers' Day is celebrated. Achievements of Swachh Bharat Mission
 Theme for 2024: “Valuing teachers' voices:  Toilet Construction: This campaign led to
towards a new social contract for education” the construction of toilets in both rural
 History: International Teachers' Day was first and urban areas, providing sanitation
established by UNESCO in 1994. facilities to millions of families.
 Purpose: To honor the significant  Behavioral Change: The mission enhanced
contributions of teachers and highlight their public awareness and improved sanitation
role in society. practices, contributing to a cleaner
 National Teachers' Day in India: Celebrated environment.
on September 5 in honor of Dr. Sarvepalli  International Recognition: India’s efforts in
Radhakrishnan, India's first Vice President, cleanliness and sanitation have been

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recognized by international organizations,
increasing the global impact and significance
of the campaign.

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 Miscellaneous
 Purpose: The dry port aims to promote
Haryana - First In The Country To Implement
logistics through warehousing, customs
Sub-Categorization Of Scheduled Castes
services, and multi-modal transportation.
About Dry Ports:
 A dry port is an international cargo hub
located away from the sea, where goods are
gathered for import and export and then
transported to sea ports or other
 Haryana has become the first state in India to destinations.
implement a sub-quota within the Scheduled  Dry ports play a critical role in facilitating
Castes (SC) reservation, specifically aimed at international trade, reducing both time and
sub-categorizing SCs. costs, and improving logistics efficiency,
Key Highlights: especially for inland areas.
 This decision is intended to improve
MP Tejasvi Surya Completed the Ironman
representation for Deprived Scheduled
Challenge
Castes (DSC), who have historically had
low representation in employment
sectors.
 Under this sub-quota, each SC subgroup
will receive 50% of the total 20% SC
reservation in government jobs, ensuring
fairer distribution among various SC
communities within the state.  MP Tejasvi Surya from Karnataka completed
the Ironman Challenge, one of the world’s
First Dry Port Of Bihar
most challenging and prestigious triathlons.
 Bihar's Industries Following this accomplishment, Prime
Minister, Nitish Minister Narendra Modi congratulated him.
Mishra, Tejasvi Surya became the first MP to
inaugurated the complete the Ironman Challenge.
state's first Dry About Tejasvi Surya:
Port and Inland Container Depot in Bihta,  He is the MP from Bangalore South,
Patna. Karnataka, representing the BJP.

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 Currently serves as the National President of World Record On The Day of Diwali In Ayodhya
the BJP Youth Wing (Yuva Morcha).
Ironman Challenge:
 The Ironman Challenge is known for its
rigorous three-phase triathlon involving
swimming, cycling, and running.
Rules and Time Limits for the Ironman
Challenge:
 Total time limit: 17 hours
 On Diwali 2024, Ayodhya set a new world
 Swimming: 2 hours 20 minutes
record by lighting 2,512,585 oil lamps (diyas)
 Combined swimming and cycling: 10
simultaneously, marking the highest number
hours 30 minutes
of lamps ever lit together.
 Overall challenge (including running):
 This is the seventh consecutive year that
Must be completed within 17 hours
Ayodhya has broken its own record for the

The Country's First 'Writers' Village' largest Diwali celebration with the most
lamps lit.

Country's first Bapu Tower in Patna, the

capital of Bihar.

 India's first Writers' Village was inaugurated

in Dehradun, Uttarakhand by former
President Ram Nath Kovind and Uttarakhand
Governor Lieutenant General Gurmit Singh
(Retd.).
Key Highlights:  On the occasion of Mahatma Gandhi's 155th
 The Writers' Village is located 24
birth anniversary, Bihar Chief Minister Nitish
kilometers from Dehradun.
Kumar inaugurated the country's first Bapu
 Purpose: To provide a space where
Tower in Patna, the capital of Bihar.
writers and artists can come together,
Key Details about Bapu Tower:
fostering collaboration and contributing
to the growth of literature and the arts.
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  The foundation stone of Bapu Tower was platform for literature enthusiasts to
laid on October 2, 2018. explore the contributions of Hindi writers
 The tower covers an area of 7 acres and
Ustad Allauddin Khan Festival
stands at a height of 120 feet.
 The total cost of the tower is ₹129 crore.  In October

Significance: 2024, the 50th

 Bapu Tower provides details of significant edition of the

events related to Mahatma Gandhi. Its Ustad Allauddin

objective is to spread Gandhi's thoughts and Khan Festival was held in Maihar, Madhya

ideals to the general public. Pradesh. This festival is organized annually by

the Madhya Pradesh Department of Culture
Country's first Hindi Literature Museum in Maihar.
in Kashi (Varanasi) Ustad Allauddin Khan:
 Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Adityanath Yogi  Birthplace: Bangladesh
has announced the establishment of the  Instrument: Sarod
country's first Hindi Literature Museum in  Gharana: Founder of the Maihar Gharana
Kashi (Varanasi). This museum will be the Awards:
first dedicated to any language in the  Padma Bhushan (1958)
country. The Uttar Pradesh government has  Padma Vibhushan (1971)
allocated ₹25 crore for this initiative.
Bathukamma festival
Key Features of the Museum:
 Manuscripts and Books: The museum will  Bathukamma is a

house numerous ancient manuscripts and flower festival

books by prominent Hindi scholars. celebrated primarily

 Works of Hindi Literary Figures: It will in Telangana and

feature the works of notable Hindi parts of Andhra Pradesh.

authors, along with their photographs  The word Bathukamma means 'Goddess

and important documents related to come to life', symbolizing the arrival of the

them. goddess into life. It is also known as the

 Cultural Significance: This museum aims festival of flowers.

to preserve and promote the rich  The festival is celebrated for nine days,

heritage of Hindi literature and provide a starting from Bhadrapada Amavasya and
ending on Durgashtami.
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 During this festival, Maha Gauri is About Kati Bihu (Kongali Bihu):
worshipped as the giver of life and the  Celebrated in October, Kati Bihu is also
protector of femininity. known as Kongali Bihu.
 Bathukamma involves creating beautiful  It is marked by lighting lamps in front of
flower stacks and is marked by colorful Tulsi plants as a prayer for the safety and
celebrations and community gatherings. prosperity of crops.
The Three Bihu Festivals of Assam:
Kullu Dussehra Festival
 Rongali Bihu (Bohag Bihu): Celebrated in
April, marking the Assamese New Year
and the start of the new harvest season.
 Kati Bihu (Kongali Bihu): Celebrated in
October to pray for crop protection and a
good yield. Farmers light lamps near Tulsi
plants in their fields.
 The International Kullu Dussehra Festival  Bhogali Bihu (Magh Bihu): Celebrated in
2024 was inaugurated by Himachal Pradesh January after the harvest.It is a time of
Governor Shiv Pratap Shukla. feasting, where people organize large
 This is a major festival held in Himachal community meals, play traditional games,
Pradesh, celebrated over seven days. and celebrate together.
 The festival is dedicated to Lord Raghunath,
Tihar festival
and a chariot procession of Lord Raghunath is
held during the celebrations, marking the  Tihar (also known

central event of the festival. as Yamapanchak

Deepawali) is a five-
'Kati Bihu' festival day spiritual and
 In October 2024, the cultural Hindu festival of lights celebrated by
Kati Bihu festival was Nepalese as well as by the Indian Gorkhas
celebrated in Assam. inhabiting Sikkim state and Territories
It is one of the three (particularly the towns of Darjeeling and
major Bihu festivals Kalimpong).
in the state, dedicated to the protection of  Kaag Tihar: This is the first day of Tihar,
crops. where crows (Kaag), considered the

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 messengers of Yamraj, the god of death, are  Date: It falls on the 15th lunar day of the Mera
worshiped. They are offered food to ward off month (October) in the Meitei calendar.
grief and sorrow.  On this day, hill tribes gather in the Imphal
 Kukur Tihar: On this day, dogs (Kukur), Valley at the Royal Palace to showcase their
symbolizing loyalty and guardianship, are cultural dances and other art forms.
honored and celebrated. People express their Other Major Festivals of Manipur:
affection by adorning dogs with flower  Lai Haraoba: A significant festival of Manipuri
garlands and applying tika (a ceremonial culture celebrated in honor of the deities.
mark).  Kang Festival: A Rath Yatra dedicated to Lord
 Laxmi Puja: On this vibrant day, Laxmi, the Jagannath, where devotees pull the chariot as
goddess of wealth, is worshipped. a mark of devotion.
Celebrations include folk performances of  Sangai Festival: An international festival
Bhailo and Deusi, traditional songs sung to showcasing Manipur’s diverse culture,
bring blessings of prosperity. handicrafts, wildlife, and cuisine.
 Gobhardhan Puja: This day honors Govardhan  Cheiraoba Festival: Also known as the
Mountain and is marked by rituals Manipur New Year festival, celebrated with
symbolizing the protection of cattle and traditional rituals and festivities.
agriculture.
 Bhai Tika: The final day of Tihar, Bhai Tika,
celebrates the bond between brothers and
sisters. Sisters apply tika on their brothers'
foreheads, wishing for their long life and
prosperity, and brothers give gifts in return.

Mera Hau Chongba festival

 The Mera
Houchongba Festival
2024 was celebrated
in Imphal, the capital
of Manipur. This festival is held to promote
peace and unity among all communities in
Manipur.

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