Chapter 1: Inductance and magnetic energy
1.1 Currents create magnetic fields
B due to long straight wire of radius r and carrying a current I:
μ0 I
B=
2πr
B due to complete loop of radius r carrying a current I:
μ0 I
B=
2r
B inside a solenoid of n turns per unit length and carrying a current I:
B = μ0 In
B inside a torus of N turns, radius r and carrying a current I:
μ0 IN
B=
2πr
1.2 Induced electromotive force (Emf) and Current
A wire of length ℓ is moving through a uniform magnetic field directed into the
board, moving in a direction perpendicular to the field with constant velocity “v”.
Electrons feel a magnetic force and migrate, producing an induced electric field
“E”.
Charges come to equilibrium when the forces on charges balance.
Electric field is related to the potential difference “V” across the ends of wire:
A potential difference is maintained between the ends of the wire as long as the
wire continues to move through the magnetic field.
1.3 Faraday’s law
A current appears only if there is relative motion between the loop and the
magnet. Faster motion produces a greater current.
Similar to the definition of electric flux, we define a magnetic flux:
⃗
⃗ ⋅ dA
ΦB = ∫ B
Magnetic flux is a scalar.
In uniform magnetic field, the magnetic flux can be expressed as:
ΦB = BA cos θ
SI unit is the weber (Wb): 1 weber = 1 Wb = 1 T.m2
1.4 Faraday’s law of induction
The magnitude of the emf “ε” induced in a conducting loop is equal to the rate
at which the magnetic flux through that loop changes with time:
dΦB
ε=−
dt
If a coil consists of N loops with the same area, the total induced emf in the coil
is given by:
dΦB
ε = −N
dt
In uniform magnetic field, the induced emf can be expressed as:
d
ε=− (BA cos θ)
dt
Emf can be induced in several ways,
1- The magnitude of B can change with time.
2- The area enclosed by the loop can change with time.
3- The angle between B and the normal to the loop can change with time.
Any combination of the above can occur.
Example 1:
The graph gives the magnitude B(t) of a uniform magnetic field that exists
throughout a conducting loop, with the direction of the field perpendicular
to the plane of the loop. In which region of the graph, the magnitude of the
induced emf is the greatest?
Solution:
B is constant in regions "a" and "c".
ε=0
B is variable with time in regions "b", "d" and "e".
ε≠0
The magnitude of the induced emf is greatest on the region "b".
Example 2:
Consider a conducting bar of length “ℓ” moving through a region of
uniform magnetic field 𝐕 ⃗ = 𝐕𝐢̂ (pointing into the page) by sliding along two
fixed parallel frictionless conducting rails that are at a distance “ℓ” apart
and connected together by a resistor of resistance R, as shown in the Figure.
Let an external force Fapp be applied so that the conductor moves to the
right with a constant velocity v, calculate:
1- the magnetic flux,
2- the induced emf,
3- the induced current,
4- the power dissipated by the resistor and
Solution
1- The magnetic flux;
⃗ . ⃗A
ΦB = B
ΦB = Bℓx
2- Follow Faraday’s law, we have
dΦB
ε=
dt
d
ε= (Bℓx)
dt
dx
ε = Bℓ
dt
ε = Bℓv
3- The induced current;
ε
I=
R
Bℓv
I=
R
4- The power dissipated by the resistor;
P = I2R
Bℓv 2
P=( ) R
R
B 2 ℓ2 v 2
P=
R
Example 4:
Find the total magnetic flux through a solenoid with N = 600 turns, length
= 0.4 m, radius = 3 cm, and current = 10 A.
Solution
N = 600 turns
ℓ = 0.4 m
r = 3 cm = 3 × 10−2 m
I = 10 A
φB = BAN
φB = Bπr 2 N
B = μ0 in
N 600
n= = = 1500 turns/m
ℓ 0.4
B = 4π × 10−7 × 10 × 1500
B = 0.01884 T
φB = 0.01884 × 3.14 × (3 × 10−2 )2 × 600
φB = 0.032 T. m2
φB = 0.032 Wb
Problem
An alternating current “i” is passing through a long solenoid of radius a,
so that the field inside is sinusoidal: B(t) = B0 cos(ωt) 𝐳̂. A circular wire, of
diameter a and resistance R, is placed inside the solenoid, and coaxial with
it. Find the current induced in the loop, as a function of time.
Solution
⃗ = B0 cos ωt ẑ
B
a
r=
2
A = πr 2
a 2
A = π( )
2
πa2
A=
4
⃗ . ⃗A
ΦB = B
πa2
ΦB = B cos ωt
4 0
dΦB
ε=−
dt
d πa2
ε=− B cos ωt
dt 4 0
πa2
ε= ωB0 sin ωt
4
ε = IR
ε
I=
R
πa2 ω
I= B sin ωt
4R 0
