vr ¡slú tgt

Algebraic
manipulation
Topics Level Key words

@ Simplilying expressions simplifying, coefficient, like terms

e Expanding brackets expond

e Factorisation common foctors, foctorise, foctorisotion

Expanding two brackets quodrotic expression, quodrotic exponsion

@
e Multiplying more
expressrons
complex Hro,HEFr lineor

e Quadratic factorisatio n FOUNE¡ATION brockets

@ Factorisingor2 +bx+c HIG¡HEFI

o More than two brackets Hrc¡HEFr

o Algebraic fractions HIG¡HEFI concel, single froctions

Whor you need lo be oble fo do in rhe exominofion¡:

HIEHEFI
o Evoluote expressions by substituting Expond the product of two or more lineor
numericol volues for letters. expressions.
. Collect like terms. Understond lhe concept of o quodrotic expression
o Multiply o single term over o brocket. ond be oble to foctorise such expressions.
o Toke out single common foctors. Monipulote olgebroic froctions where the numerotor
ond/or the denominotor con be numeric, lineor or
I Expond the product of two simple lineor
quodrotic.
expressions.
. Understond the concept of o quodrotic
expression ond foctorise expressions of
the form xz + bx + c

@
 Simplifying an algebraic expression means making it neater and, usually, shorter by combining
its terms where possible.

Multiplying express¡ons
When you multiply algebraic expressions, first you multiply the numbers, then the letters

EXAMPLE 1

1implify:
a Zxt b mxt c 2tx5 d 3yx2m

The convenlion is Io wriïe Nhe number ltreN lhen f,he letr ere. The number in fronN of fhe
lefrer iø calleàíhe coefñcient,.
a 2xt=2t b mxl=mt c 2tx5=1ot à 3yx2m=6my

ln an examination you will not be penalised for writing 2ba insread of 2ab, but you will be
penalised if you write ab2 as this can be confused with powers, so always write the number first.

EXAMPLE E
7implify:
a txt b 3tx4t c 3f x4t à 2t3 x4t2

a txt=tz
b 3tx4t=3xIx4xt=12t2 (mulNiplyZ anà4)

c 3t2 x 4t =3 x t x t x4x t =12t3 (txtxt=13)

à 2t2 x 4t3 =2x t x t x 4 x t x t x t = Bt5 (txtxtxtxt=t5)

ti€ d;qx **.:rl t¿-t:.?

! Simplify the following expressions.

a 2x3t b 5yx3 c 2wx4 (w
cr Sbxb G!2wxw r 4px2p Þamaml-rar tn mr rltinhr
' 'v,rrvrJ
numbers and add indices.
s 3tx2t h 5tx3t i mx2t
i 5/xq k nx6m t 3tx2q rn 5hx2k n 3px7r

I . Which of the following expressions are equivalent?

2mx6n 4mx3n 2mx6m 3mx4n
¡ The expressions 2x and x2 are the same for only two values of x
What are these values?
 GHAPIER l2r Algebnaic manipulation

{æ A square and a rectangle have the same area

The rectangle has sides 2x cm and B-rc cm.
What is the length of a side of the square?

Ç Simplify the following expressions.

a y2 xy b 3mx m2
d 3nx2n2 e t2xt2 ¡ h3 xh2
s 3n2 x 4n3 h 3aa x 2a3 i ksx4k2
¡ -t2 x_.t k -4d2 x -3d | *3p'
^A-1
x *5p'
rn3mpxp n 3mnx2m o 4mp x 2mp

Collecfing like terrns

Like terms are those that are multiples of the same variable or of the same combination of
variables. For example, a, 3a, 9a, f,a and -5a are all lil<e terms.
So are 2xy, 7xy and -5xy, and so are 6x2, x2 and -3x2.

Collecting like terms generally involves two steps.

. Collect like terms into groups.
e Then simplify the like terms in each group.

Only like terms can be added or subtracted to simplify an expression. For example:
a + 3a + 9a * 5a simplifies to Ba
2xy + 7xy - 5xy simplifies to 4xy

Note that the variable does not change. All you have to do is find the coefficients.
For example
6x2 + x2 -3x2 =(6 + 1 - 3)x2 = 4x2

But an expression such as 4p + Bt + 5x-9 cannot be simplified, because 4p, Bt,5x and 9 are
not like terms.

EXAMPLE 3
7implify:
-2 + 3y - Øz + ?-r'
7x' ^7 + 3z- y + w + 9

W riNe ouL lh e exp r e eei on -2

/x+ ^ oz+
^ zx -
^? + c7.- +w +9

T he n c olle cN like Íerm s :

-2
lx + ^2
1_x +3y -y -Øz+32 +w
Then eimplify\hem: 9x2 + 2y 3z +w+9
9o, Íhe exVresøion in iNø simplesN lorm is:
9f+2y-32+w+9

m
GHAPIER l2: Algebnaic manipulation

EXAM]ÐLE 4
The lenqNh of Nhie reclanqle is Nwice Nhe wiàf,h. a-
Finà expreesione for Ihe perimeler anàIhe area
x x
TerimeÚer = 2x + x + 2x + x = 6x
a-
Ataâ=ZxxX=ZX^2

Ð; 4;{|{ *:"t v4z' i--

! Joseph is given $¿, John has $3 more than Joseph, and Joy has $2¡
a How much more money has Joy than Joseph?
b How much do the three of them have altogether?

¡! Write down an expression for the perimeter of each of these shapes.

b C! J

4x v 2x
v
) )'

JI 3¡
5¡

I Simplify:
¡.ll¡\lTgi A¡\lt¡ TIFË' )
a a+a+a+a+A b c+c+c+c+c+c
The term a has a
o 4e+5e d f+ 2f+ 3f coefficient of 1, i.e. a = 1u,
but you do not need to
G! 5j+j-2j r 9q-3q-3q write the
.1.

g 3r -3r n 2w +4w-7w
i 5f +6Ì-7i+2x2 i By2 + 5y2 -7y' -yt
u 222 - 222 + 322 - 322
J Simplify: Remember that only like
a 3x+4x b 5r-2r terms can be added or
subtracted.
c -2x-3x d -k-4k lf all the terms cancel out,
just write 0 rather than
e nf + 2nt2 - tn2 f 2y2 +3y2 -sy2 ox? , for exarlple.

I Simplify:
a 5,r+B+2x-3 b 7 -2x-1 +7x c 4p+2t+p-2t
d B+x+4x-2 e 3+2t+p-t+2+4p t 5w -2k-2w -3k + 5w
s a+b+c+d-a-b-d h 9k-y-5y-k+10

O
 GHAPIER 12: Algebnaic manipulation

! Simplify these expressions if possible.

a c+d+d+d+c b 2d+2e+3d c f+39+4h
d 5u-4v+u+v G! 4m-5n+3m-2n ç 3k+2m+5p
s 2v-5w+5w n 2w+4y-7y a 5x2+6x2-7y+2y
i By2+52-72-9y2 k 222-2x2+3f -322
! Find the perimeter of each of these shapes, giving your answer in its simplest form

a 2x b G x+3
"r+5 x+4
x+2 "r+3
)+ I

4x+1 x+7

J :r+ 5y+ 2x-y=5x+4!

Write down two other different expressions which are equal to 5x + 4y.

(J Find the missing terms to make these equations true

a 4x + 5y + ...... ...... = 6x + 3y
b 3a-6b-........ +......... = 2a+b

! naCoEF is an L-shape.
HII\ITS¡ ^AÍUEI TIPE'
x
B
AB=DF=x
Make sure your
AE=3x-1 andEF=2x+1 explanation uses
expressions. Do not try to
3:- I explain in words alone.
U

)t

E
2x+l F

a Explain why the length BC = 2x - 1 .

b Find the perimeter of the shape in terms of -r.

c¡ lf x = 2.5 cm, what is the perimeter of the shape?

ll A teacher asks her class to work out the perimeter of this L-shape.
Tia says: 'There is information missing so you cannot work out
the perimeter.' 4x-1
Mariasays:'The perimeter is4x-1 + 4x-1 +3x+2+3x+2.'
Who is correct?
Explain your answer. 3x+2
 In mathematics, to 'expand' usually means 'multiply out'. For example, expressions such as
3(y + 2) and +y212y + 3) can be expanded by multiplying them out.
Remember that there is an invisible multiplication sign between the outside number and the
opening bracket. So 3(y + 2) is really 3 ,. (y + 2) and +y'(Zy + 3) is really 4y2 x (2y + 3).
You expand by multiplyingeverything inside the brackets by what is outside the brackets.
So in the case of the two examples above,

3(y+2) = 3 x (y +2)= 3 x y+ 3 x2=3Y t 6

+y'(Zy+ 3) = 4y2 x (2y+ 3) = 4y2 x 2y + 4y2 x3 = By3 + 12y2

Look at these next examples of expansion, which show clearly how the term outside the brackets
has been multiplied with the terms inside them.

2(m+3)=2m+ 6 y(y'-+*)=y3 -4xy

3(2t + 5) = 6/ + 15 zf Øx + 5) = 12x3 + 15x2
m(p +7) =mp +7m -3(2 + 3x) = -6-9,
x(x-6):i -øx -2x(3 _ 4x):-6r*6rz
4tê +2)=4ta +Bt 3t(2+tr-r)=6t+15t2 -3pt
Note: The signs change when a negative quantity is outside the brackets. For example,
a(b + c) = ab + ac a(b-c)= ab-ac
-a(b + c) = -ab - ac -a(b - c) = -ab + ac
-(a-b) =-e+ b -(a + b - c) =-a-b + c
Note: A minus sign on its own in front of the brackets is actually -1, so:

-(x+2y -3)= -1 x (x+2y- 3)=-1 x x+*1 x2y + -] x -3 =-x-2y +3

The effect of a minus sign outside the brackets is to change the sign of everything inside the
brackets.

:rlç a rl

O Expand these expressions.

o
=
I a 2(3+m) b 5(2+l) c' 3(4 - y) a 4(5 + 2k)
l-
e 3(2 - 4f) ¡ 2(5 - 3w) s 5(2k + 3m) n 4(3d - 2n)
â
. t(t+3) i k(k-3) k 44t-1) t 2k(4 - k)
=
Ð
o
Ir
rn 4g(2g + 5) n 5h(3h - 2) -1
o y(y'+ 5) p h(h3 + 7)

qk(t¿-Ð r 3t(f +4) s¡ 3d$æ - æ) t 3w(2w2 + t)

u sa(za2 - zb) v 3p(4p3 - 5m) u' qh2ßh + zg) * 2m2(4m + m2)

o
 CIIAPTER l2r Algebnaic manipulation

I fhe local shop is offering $1 off a large tin of biscuits. Morris wants five tins.
a lf the price of one tin is $1, which of the expressions below represents how much it will
cost Morris to buy five tins?
g
=
5(t-1) St-l t-5 st-s Þ
o Morris has $20 to spend. Will he have enough money for five tins?
o
=
Let / = $4.50. Show working to justify your answer.
=
(| Dylan wrote the following:
3(5"r-4)=Bx-4 It is not enough to give
the right answer. You must
Dylan has made two mistakes. try to explain why Dylan
Explain the mistakes that Dylan has made wroteBfor3xSinstead
of 15.

I The expansion 2(x + 3) = 2x + 6 x 3

can be shown by this diagram.

2 2x 6

a What expansion is shown

in this diagram?
3 6y 9

u Write down an expansion that

is shown on this diagram.
1a-
I L<. B

Expond ond simplify

When two brackets are expanded there are often Iike terms that can be collected together
Algebraic expressions should always be simplified as much as possible.

E)<AMPLE 5
3(4 + m) + 2(5 + 2m) = 12 + 3m + 10 + 4m = 22 + 7m

EXAMPLE C¡

3t(5t + 4) - 2t(3t - 5) = 15t2 + 12t - 6t2 + 1Ot = 9f + 22t

@
GHAPTER l2: Algebnaic manipulation

! Simplify these expressions.

a 4t+3t u 3d+2d+4d c! 5e-2e
d 3t_ t Gr 2f +3f r 6Y2-2Y2

s 3ab + 2ab h 7a2d 4a2d

! Find the missing terms to make these equations true.

a 4x+51t+...- ...=6(x-)) u 3a-6h-... + ..'=2(q +b)

(|) ABCDEF is an'lJ shape.

A
.lr
B 1ffi¡
AB=DE=x
AF=3x-l andEF=2(x+1) Make sure your
3x-'l explanation uses
a Explain why the length c U
x
expressions. Do not try to
BC=2x-1. explain in words alone.
E
2x +1
b Find the perimeter of the
shape in terms of x.

c ff x = 2.5 cm what is the perimeter of the shape?

I Expand and simplify.

a 3(4+t)+2(5+t) b 5(3 + 2k) + 3(2 + 3k)

c! 4(3 + 2fl + 2(5 - 3J) d 5(1 +3g) +3ß-aS)

J Expand and simplify.

a 4(3 + 2h) - 2(5 + 3h) b 5(39 + a) -3(2s + 5) Be careful with minus

c 5(5fr + 2) - 2(4k - 3) d 4(4e + 3) - 2(5e - 4) signs. For example,
-2(5e-4)=-10¿+B
! Expand and simplify.

a m(4+p)+p(3+m) b k(3+2h)+hØ+3k)
c 4r(3 + 4p) + 3p(B - r) d 5k(3m + 4) -2m(3 - 2k)

! Expand and simplify.

a t(3t + 4) + 3t(3 + 2t) ø 2y(3 + 4y) + y(5y - 1)

c! 4e(3e - 5) - 2e(e - 7) d 3k(2k + p) - 2kßp - ak)

(| Expand and simplify.

a 4a(2b + 3c) + 3b(3a + 2c) ø 3y(4w + 2t) + 2w(3y - 4t)

c 5m(2n - 3p) - 2n(3p - 2m) a 2r(3r + f) - lf(q - zr)

@
 ullAl'lÈlt lz: AlgeDnalc trìatlllJulilLlur I

C fitl in whole-number values so that the following HIT\IT!' Af\¡L' I tPE¡

expansion is true.
There is more than one
3(... -r + ... y) + 2(..' x + ... y) = l1x + 17y answer. You don't have to
gìve them all.

C A rectangle with sides 5 and 3;r + 2 has a smaller rectangle ( l.lll\¡T5 An¡E, TlPs¡
with sides 3 and 2x - 1 cut from it.
Write out the exPression
Work out the remaining area 3x+2
for the difference between
2x-1 the two rectangles and
then work it out.
5 3

Factorisation is the opposite of expansion. lt puts an expression back into the brackets it may
have come from.
ln factorisation, you have to look for the common factors in every term of the expression.

EXAMPLE 7
Fa cloris e e a ch exp resøi o n.

a 6t+9m b 6my+4py c 5k2 - z1k d 1oa2b - 15ab2

a Fireï look for common numerical facLore.
3 is a common faclor of 6t anà 9m.
6t + 9m=3(2t +3m)
b Lookfor any numerical commonfacLore.
6mY + 4PY =2(3mY +ZPY).
Then look lor any common variablee.
yie a commonvariable giving2y(3m +2p)

c 5 ie a common f acNor of 5 anà 25 anà k ie a common laclor of t8 anà k,

5t? -25k=1k(k-5)
à 5is a commonlac1or of 10 anà15,aie a commonfacNor of az anà a,bie a cornmon
lacror of b anàb2.
1oa2b - 15ab2 = 5ab(2a - 3b)

Note: lf you mulliply oul each anewer,you will qeLbhe expreesionøyou

elarbeàwiNh.

{
 GHAPIEB 121 Algebnaic manipulation

:?:{:t í{.iFr r,-! q p,,t:Ð

{$ Factorise the followirrg expressiorrs

a 6m+ 12t b 9t+3p c Bm+ 12k

¿ 4r+Bt e mn+3m r 5g'+39
_1

g 4w-6t h 3y2 +2y . 4f -3t

i -"m2 - 3mp ,- vy T, o^'
JyL .
. Õ--z ,
opt -t r,-,
^-2 offrl.)

rn - 4bc
Bab n 5b2c - lObc o Babc + 6bed
p 4a2 +6a+B q 6ab + 9bc + 3bd
" 5/+4t+at
Ei 6mf - 3mt + 9m2t t, Bab2 + 2ab - 4a2b Lr 10pÊ + 15pt + 5p2t

Ç three friends have a meal together. They each have a main meal costing $6.25 and a
dessert costing $3.25.
Chris says that the bill will be 3 x 6.75 + 3 x 3.25.
suni says that she has an easier way to work outthe bill as 3 x (6.75 + 3.25).

a Explain why chris' and Suni's methods both give the correct answer.

b Explain why Suni's method is better.

c What is the total bill?

. D Factorise the following expressions where possible. List those that do not factorise

a 7m-6t b 5m+2mp c Ì_Zt

d Bpt+Sab G! 4m2-6mp i a2+b
s 4a2 -5ab h 3ab + 4cd ¡ Sab -3b2c
{f} three students are asked to factorise the expression l2tn- B completely
These are their answers.

Ahmed Bernice Craig

2(6m - 4) 4(3m - 2) +m(3 - m2 )

All the answers are accurately factorised, but only one is the simplest one.

a Which student gave the simplest factorisation?

b Explain why the other two students' answers are not acceptable as correct answers.

f Explain why 5m + 6p cannot be factorised.

Ð
'-1Þu'w¿ Expanding two bnackets

Quqdrotie exponsion
A quadratic expression is one in which the highest power of the variables is 2.
For example,
yt 3t2+5t 5m2+3m+B
An expression such as (3y + Z)(4y- 5) can be expanded to give a quadratic expression.
Multiplying out such pairs of brackets is usually called quadratic expansion.
The rule for expanding expressions such as (¡ + 5X3r - 4) is similar to that for expanding single
brackets: multiply everything in one set of brackets by everything in the other set of brackets.
There are several methods for doing this. Examples B to 10 show the three main methods:
expansion, FOIL and the box method.

EXAMPLE El

lnlhe expaneion meLhoà, eplilLhetermeinÍhefireL seN of brackelø, anà mulLiply each of

fhemby boNh r,erme in f,he seconà øel of brackeNe,Ihen simplify Nhe outrcome.
Expanà (x + 3)(x + 4)

(x + 3)(x + 4) = x(x + 4) + 3(x + 4)

=x2+4x+3x+12
=x2 +7x+12

EXAMPLE 9
FOILøtanàsforFireí,OuIer,lnner anàLasïThisisNhe oràer ol mulLiplyinglher'erme
from each seí of brackeLe.

Expanà (t + 5)(t - 2)
Firøl Nerms give: t x t = t2
rXl
(r+5) lr-2)
OuLer lerme give: t x -2 = -2t
lnner Lerme give: 5 x t = 5t o
LasNLerme give: +5 x -2= -1O
t
(t + 5)(t - 2) = t' - 2t + 5r - 1O

=t2+3t-10

EXAMPLE 10
The"box meNhoà" can be useà No lay oulT,he mulLiplicalion. k -3
Expanà (k - 3)(k - 2)
k t.2
-3k
(k - 3)(k - 2) = t? - 2k - 3k + 6
-2 -zk +6
=t? -5k* 6
Warning: be careful wibhNhe øigns.Thie ie where mielakes are
f r e qu enf,ly m a à e n qu e et'i o n s nv olv n q Nh e exp an si o n of b r a ckeNs,
i i i

6
 CHAPIER 12: Algebr.aic manipulation

Expand the expressions in questions 1-17

].
J
t,. ¡ l\/--
\^TJJ\^ÏLJ
, 1\
C (t +4)(¡+3)

lJ @ + l)(w+3) lJ @+5)(m+1) A common error is to get

minus signs wrong.
-2x - 3x = -5"r but
Ð t¿+3Xk+5) lQ @+4)(a+1) -2xx-3=+6x

l t" + 4)(x-2) C ft + 5)(r- 3)

lO t, + 3)(w- 1) tO tf + 2)(f -3)

lI ts + 1)k-a) O ty+aXy-3)

O (r-3)(x+4) (O tp -2)(p + 1)

J tt *4)(k+2) I ty-2Xy+5)

C ("- lXa + 3)
The expansions of the expressions in questions 18-26 follow a pattern. Work out the first few
and try to spot the pattern that will allow you immediately to write down the answers to the rest.

O ("+3X.r-3) O t¡+sX¡-s)

lO t* + 4)(m - 4) (t +2)(t-2)
-
|! ty+BXy-s) rl @+1)(p-1)

O fs + x)(5 - "r) lOtz+Ð(7-s)

Ü ("-6)(x+6)

J This rectangle is made up of four parts with areas of x2,2x,3x and 6 square units.

2
x 2x

3"r 6

Work out expressions for the sides of the rectangle, in terms of x.

E
 CHAPTER 12: Algebnaic manipulation

Sß This square has an area of -r2 square units. ,r

It is split into four rectangles.

a Copy and complete the table below to show the dimensions

f
A B

and area of each rectangle.

l
t¡lgg3¡l¡:t¡ntrås¡råí¡¡xHtr¡a'ffiHî¡imm D c 2
A x-1 x-2 (x-1)(x-2)
B

C
D

b Add together the areas of rectangles B, C and D.

Expand any brackets and collect terms together.

c Use the results to explain why (x - 1Xx - 2) = x2 * 3x + 2.

ffi . Expand (r - 3X-r + 3)
b Use the result in a to write down the answers to these. (Do not use a calculator or do a
long multiplication.)
i 97 x 103 .. 197 x 203

Multiplying rr.l--one cornplex H

expnesrCfns

ln a pair of brackets like (x + 4)(x - 3) the coefficient of .r in each case is 1. We will now look at
examples like (3x + 4)(2x - 3) where the coefficients of x are not 1 .

EXAMPLE I1
Expanà (2t +3)(3t + 1)
2t +3
(2r + 3)(3r + 1) = 6¡2 + 2t + 9r + 3
3t 6t2 +9t
=6t2 +11t+3
+l +2t +3

EXAMPLE I2
Expanà @x - 1)(3x - 5)
(4x - 1)(3x - 5) = 4x(3x - 5) - (3x - 5) [Note: (3x - 5) isLhe eame aø1(3x - 5)]
= ^^?
1'/-r' - 2Ox - 3x + 5

=1212-23x+5

ñ
GHAPÍER 1 2: Algebnaic manipulation

Expand the expressions in questions 1-21

',J--,, \zx + J/(JJ + l/ tÉ,(ry+z)\+y+r)

^
/a 1\/, a\

Always give answers in

r-_3-, (3/+ lX2l+5) \ 4 , (4t+3)(2t-1) tlre fornr +ux2 + bx + c
even if the quadratic
'r9., (5m+2)(2m-3) '.5_, Øk + 3X3fr - 5) coefficient is negative.

'J- ßp - 2)(2P + 5) r*_-s (5w + 2)(2w + 3)

,_3_" (2a - 3)(3a + 1) \J9,L (+, - 3)(2r - 1)

rJl_, (3s - 2)(ss - 2) \13, (4d - 1)(3d + 2)

{Ð (s + 2p)(3 + 4p) ,,1!. Q+3t)(1 +2t) L-rÍ, . (4 +3p)(2p + 1)

,Jg, (6 + 5t)(.1 -2t) i-17 , (4+3n)(3-2n) r 1? , (2 + 3.f)(2f - 3)

JÐ (3 - 2q)Ø + 5q) r4Ð (1 - 3p)(3 + 2p) \=_._,21, (4 - 2t)(3t + 1)

i 22 , Expand:
a (x+1Xx-1)
b (2x + 1)(2x - 1)
c! (2x + 3)(2x - 3)

d Use the results in parts a, b and c to write down

the expansion of (3x + 5) (3.r - 5).

ieÐ - Without expanding the brackets, match each expression on the left with an expression
on the right. One is done for you.
(3x- 2)(2x + 1) 4x2 - 4x + 1

(2x- 1)(2x_ 1) 6x2 -x-2

(6¡-3Xx+.1) 6* +7x+2
(4x+1Xx-1) 6x2 +3x-3

(3x + 2)(2x + 1) 4x2 _ 3x_ 1

n Taking any expression on the left, explain how you can match it with an expression on
the right without expanding the brackets.

E
 CHAPIER 12: Algebnaic manipulation

Try to spot the pattern in each of the expressions in questions 1-15 so that you can immediately
write down the expansion.

CD (2" + 1)(2x - 1) {tD t:r + 2)(3t - 2) (u tsy + 3)(5y - 3)

(c Ø* 3)
+ 3)(4m - (tD tzr - 3X2fr + 3) (D t+¿ - 1)@h + 1)

(D tz + 3x)(2 -3x) (D ts + 2t)(s -2t) (t!l to _ 5y)(6 + 5y)

CDto+b)(a-b) (t!tsr+k)(3t-k) Qe*-3p)(2m+3p)

(D tsr + sxsk - s) (C @ø + cd)(ab - cd) (D Ø, + b2)(a2 - b2)

(D lmagine a square of side a units with a square of side å units

cut from one corner.
êb
A
a What is the area remaining after the small square is cut away?
¡ The remaining area is cut into a
B c
rectangles, A, B and C, and
rearranged as shown.
A
Write down the dimensions and
area of the rectangle formed by
A, B and C. c

cr Explain why a2 - b2 = (a + b)(a - b)

.O Explain why the areas of the shaded 2k 2k+1

regions are the same.
2k -1
1
2k

Exponding squsres
Whenever you see a linear bracketed term squared you must write the brackets down twice and
then use whichever method you prefer to expand.

EXAM¡'LE 13
Expanà (x+3)2

(x+3)z =(x+3)(x+3)
=x(x+3)+3(x+3)
=f +3x+3x+9
2^
=X-+Øx+V

(
 GHAPIER 12: Algebnaic manipulation

EXAMPLE 14
Expanò, (3x-2)2

(3x-2)2=(3x-2)(3x-2) l3x
rXr
- 2l (3x - 2l
\ \,/ /
=9f-12x+4 o

Expand the squares in questions 1-24 and simplify. r HINTS ANEt TIPS :

(x+s)2 (D@r+q)2 lQ6+t)2 Remember alwayswrile

down the brackets twice.
Do not try to take any
lD {z + p¡' Q @-z)' lÐ (¡- s)' short cuts.

A Ø-*)' (& (7 -k)2

(D (g.r + l)2 t& (+t + z)2 (& tz + 5y)' G t: + 2m)2

G Øt - z)2 JQ ßx - z)2 l&, (z - st)2 l& (o -sr)2

Gk+ù2 l@(m-n)2 l&,(zt+y)2 l& t*-3n)2

Ctr+2)2-q |$tr-Ð2-2s |lütr+o)2-36 O ø -2)2 -4

G A teacher asks her class to expand (3x + 1)2.

Marcela's answer is 9i + 1 .

Paulo's answer is 3* + 6x + 1.

a Explain the mistakes that Marcela has made.

b Explain the mistakes that Paulo has made.

c: Work out the correct answer.

lD Use the diagram to show algebraically and 2x

diagrammatical ly that:
(2x_ 1)2 =4x2 -4x+1 l2x -112
2x

+
tl*

)
 Factorisation involves putting a quadratic expression back into its brackets (if possible).
We start with the factorisation of quadratic expressions of the type:
I +ax+b
where a and b are integers.

There are some simple rules that will help you to factorise.
o The expression inside each set of brackets will start with an x, and the signs in the quadratic
expression show which signs to put after the "rs.

o When the second sign in the expression is a plus, the signs in both sets of brackets are the same
as the first sign.

i + ax + b = (x + ?Xx + ?) Since everything is positive.

x2 -ox+ b = (x_ ?.)(x_ ?) Since negative x negatiys = positive

o when the second sign is a minus, the signs in the brackets are different.
I + ax-b=(x+ ?)("r- ?) Since positive x negative = negative
x2_ox_b=(x+?)(x_?)
a Next, look at the /ast number, b, in the expression. When multiplied together, the two
numbers in the brackets must give b.

o Finally, look at the coefficient of x, which is a. The sum of the two numbers in the brackets
will give a.

EXAMÞLE 15
FacÍorisex2-x-6
Decauee of Ihe eígnsweknowNhebrackels mueÍ,be (x + ?)(x- ?).
Two numbere Lhal have a proàucl of - 6 anà a eum of - i are - Z anà + 2.
go,f-x-6=(x+Z)(x-Z)

EXAMPLE l Ei

Factoriee x2 - 9x + 20
B ecauee of lhe eigns we know Ihe bracket ø mueï be (x
- z) (x - z¡.
Two numberelhaÍhave a proàuct of + 20 anà a sum of -g are -4 anà -5.
Oo, x2 - gx + 20 = (x - 4)(x - 5)

C
 GHAPÍER 121 Algebnaic manipulation

Factorise the expressions in questions 1-40.

C rt +5x+6 llt'+5t+4 lG ,n' + 7m" + 1o

l-k'+1Ok+24 (]p'+14p+24 C r'+9r+18

Çr'+11w+18 |.!-rt+7x+12 I o'+Ba+12

lA Ê +1ok+21 lO f'+22f +21 lAb'+2ob+96

lDt'-5t+6 Cæ-5rl+4 tÐ s' -79 + 1o

lD*'- 15x+36 (Cr'-1Bc+32 lDr'_ 13t+36

lOy'-16y+48 tO j'-14j + 48 J p'-Bp + 15

7 y, +5y-6 lO f +2t-B I *'+ 3-r - 10

(a *'-4m-12 1] ,'-6r-7 lD ,'-3n-18
lO *'-7m-44 (] *'-2w-24 lD t'-t-go
l- ht -h-72 (J t'-2t-63
(Oæ+2d+1 lJ y'+ 20y +'100
llt'-Bt+16 (C*'-1Bm+81 First decide on the signs
in the brackets, then look
at the numbers.
O*'-24x+144 f-æ-d-12
tO t'-t-20 (D q'-q-56

I This rectangle is made up of four parts. Two of the parts

have areas of x2 and 6 square units. *'
The sides of the rectangle are of the form x + a and x + b.
6
There are two possible answers for a and b.

work out both answers and copy and complete the areas in the other
parts of the rectangle.

Ð
 ln a quadratic expression like I - 6x + B the coefficient of *2 is 1. This was the case for all
the questions in the last section. We can extend the method shown to factorise quadratic
expressions such as 3x2 + x - 2 or 4* + Bx- 5 where the coefficientof i is not 1.

EX,A'MPLE 17
FacÍoriee1f + Bx+4
. Firer, nobe lhal b oth si gns are posílive, I o lhe eigne in Nhe brackele muer b e
(?x+?)(?x+?),
o As 3 hae only 3 x 1 ae facúors, the brackete muet be (3x + ?)(x + ?).
o Nexl, noNeÍhaÍNhe laclore of 4 are 4 x 1 anà 2 x 2,
o ThaN gives Nhree poeeible pair of bracket e:
(3x+4)(x+1)=31t2+4x+3x+4 (3x+ 1)@+a)=3x2 +12x+x+4
(3x + 2)(x + 2) = 3f + 6x + 2x + 4
o Only Nhe lael one gives the aorrecx expanøion,3f + tx + 4 = (hc + 2)(x + 2)

EXAMPLE I Et
Facroríee øf -Zx - lO
o Firel, note thar bor'h signs are negaLive. 9o Íhe eiqns in rhe brackeÚø muet be
(?x+?)(?x-?).
o As 6 hae 6 x 1 anà 3 x 2 ae fachorø, the brackete coulà be (6x t ?)(x x. ?) or
(3x x?)(zx *z).
. TwonumbereÍhaLmultivlytomake-locoulàbe:Zanà-5;-zanà5;1anà-1o;or-1anà1o
o there are 16 àifferent waye in which l,heee numbere coulà be pul in lhe Nwo brackeÍe.
(3x + 2)(2x - 5) (3x - 5)(2x + 2) (3x - Z)(zx + 5) (Zx + 5)(zx - z)
(3x+1)(2x-10) (3x-1)(2x+10) (3x + 1o)(zx - 1) (3x - 1o)(2x + 1)
(6x+2)(x-5) (6x-5)(x +2) (6x-z)(x+5) (6x +5)(x-2)
(6x + 1)(x - 10) (6x- 1)(x + 10) (6x+ 1o)(x-1) (6x-to)(x +1)
However, we can immedialely rejecl any brackeÍ which can be lacÍorieeà by haking ouf
a conelanl, euch ae (2x + 2) or (6x - 1O), becauee lhie cannol be àone with the original
expreøeion.
We only neeà lo look aÍ fhe expreøeions in bold, Íhe liet, reàucee No
(3x + 2)(2x 5)
- (3x - 2)(2x + 5) (3x +1o)(2x -1) (Zx - 1o)(zx + 1)
(6x - 5)(x + 2) (6x+ 5)(x - 2) (6x + 1)(x - 10) (6x - t)(x +1o)
You neeàtobry each ofbheee unlilyou gefÍhe corcecI one,
You shoulà noN neeà f,o Iry Íhem all.Wii.lh exVerience you will getbetter at àeciàinq
which oneloNry ûrsL
o CheckthatÍhe correct, anewer ie 6f - 7x - 10 = (Øx + 5)(x - 2)
Althouqh rhiø eeeme Ío be very complicaxeà, iN becomes quíte eaey with practice
anà experience,

C
 CHAPÍER 12: Algebraic manipulation

Factorise the expressions in questions 1-12.

æ2Ì +5.r+2 @ 7i+Bx+1 @ 4l +3x-7

@24f+Tst+2 æ 15f+2r-1 æ 6* -ax+1
1

@6y2+33y-63 @4y2+By-96 @ sl + 10¡-3

@ or'+13t+ 5 @Þ zi-t6x-12 @ 7r' -37x+10
6HÐ th¡s rectangle is made up of four parts, with areas of 3x
12x2
12x2, 3x, Bx and 2 square units.
Work out expressions for the sides of the rectangle, in terms of x 8.r 2

6i + 30¡ + 36 completely.
Three students are asked to factorise the expression
These are their answers. Adam Bella Cara
(6x + 12)(x + 3) (3x + 6)(2x + 6) (2x + 4)(3x + 9)
All the answers are correctly factorised.
a Explain why one quadratic expression can have three different factorisations.
u Which of the following is the most complete factnrisarion?
2(3x + 6Xx + 3) 6(x + 2)(x + 3) 3(x + 2)(2x + 6)

Explain your choice.

c What is the geometrical significance of the answers to parts a and ¡?

12.8

Sometimes you will have expressions with more than two brackets multiplied together. You can
expand these by multiplying out two brackets at a time.

EXAMPLE 19
Expanà (x + 2)(x - 1)(x - 2) anà eimplify the reeull ae much ae Poøsible.
gLarl wiNh Ih e frr eI lw o b r a ckeNe.
xz +x -z
(x+2)(x-1) =f +2x-x-2
x x3 +x" -hc
=x2 +x-2
Multiply thiø by Ihelhiràbrackel -2 - z^x- -bc +4
(f + x -2)(x -2) =xz +x2 -2-f -2x-2x+4
=,F -f -4x+4

;
 utlAPr Èñ tz: Algeonatc mantpulallon

You can multiply the brackets in any order.

ln Example 19 you could start with the first and third brackets:

(x + 2)(x - 2) = x2 + 2x - 2x -4 * -4
=Ì -4 x É -4x
Andthen multiplybythesecond bracket: (x2 -+)(x- 1)= *3 -f -4x+4 -1 -f +4

Ç$ Expand and simplify

a (x+1)(x+2) b (¡+1X¡+2)(x+3)

G Expand and simplify

a (x+2)(x-1)(x+2) b (x+5X¡-3Xx+1)

&@ì Expand and simplify

a (x+3)2 a x(x+3)2 c¡ (x - 1)(x + 3)2

@, P*Ound and simplify

a (x + 10X¡ -2)(x + 2) ø (x- 1)(x + 4)(x - 1)

@, Expand and simplify

a (x + 1)2(x + 3) b (x - t)2(x + 3)
@ Expand and simplify

a (x+1)3 b (x-1)3 c! (x + 2)3 d (x- 2)3

@ . Explain how the area of this square b Explain how the volume of this cube
showsthat("r +1)2 =i +2x+1 3i + 3x + 1
shows that (.r + 1)3 = x3 +
x

x x

GÐ tr + 1Xr -2)(x+ c)expanded and simplified isx3 + 2x2 -Sx-6

Work out the value of c.

C
GHAnEn l2r Algebraic manipulation

.G Expand and simplify

a (2x + 1)(x - 2) b (2x+1Xx-2X¡+3)

lS Expand and simplify

. a (3¡=1X4¡+1) þ (3x - 1)(4t + 1)@ - 2)
.G Expand and simplify

a (2x - 5)(3x - 2) b (2x - 5X3x - 2)(2x - 1)

12.9

The fr:llowirrg five rules are used to work out thc valuc of fractions.

Cancellins: Q9.=
add9
a is a common factor of the numerator and the denominator and so can be
removed from both.

a , c ---6î-
Addition:
b- d--ad+bc
Subtraction
a-c =
ad-bc
bd bd

Multiplication a-c_ AC
h^ d- 6ã

Division:
a c-a,,d- ad
b= d- b^7- -tu
To divide by a fraction, rnultiply by tlre reciprocal (see chapter 3).

Note that a, b, c and d can be numbers, other letters or algebraic expressions. Remember:
o use brackets, if necessary
o factorise if you can
o cancel if you can.

t
 GHAPIER 12: Algebnaic manipulation

EXAMÞLE 2El
9implify
)c
1
a -+ ¿y .2
Þ
a
J(, E-zø

1x
U sin g lhe aà àiLi on rule:
x' 2y-
-I-- -6-
¿y+x

b Usinsthe eubÍracÍion rute:'6-

e=Ø%8ø =W
a
--\Ø: ")-4-
2b\-2b
Notet There are differenï waye of workinq ouï fracf,ion calculaÍionø. ?arl b coulà have been
àoneby makingÍhe àenominat,or of eachfrachionlhe øame.

t?E- a -4-a
(2)b 2b- 2b

EXAMPLE EI
)implify
x x+2
â =X---------; b
xZc
c x-¿
a tJ.singthe muttir,tication rute: ä"#=ffi=*#
You can cancel commonfaclorelo simplify,Nof,efhatilie eomeïimee preferableloleave
an algebraic lraclion in a lactoriseà form.

b usínsrhe àivieion rute: ä.? 8&=Z =

EXAMPLE PEl
z
a)
Wrile
x1 - huu a ølnglefraction ae simply ae poeøible,

U øin g Nh e eublr a cÍi on r ul e:

32 3(x +1) - 2(x-1)
x-1 x+1 (x-1)(x+1)
3x +3 -2x +2
(x-1)("r+1)
x+5
G:¡G;T

I
GHAPIER 12: Algebnaic manipulation

EXAMÞLE E3
I imVlify rhie ex? r e øei on.
2f +x-3
-4F4
(2x+3)(x-1)
Faclorise bhe numeraíor anà àenominaÏor: (2x +3)(2x -3)
DenominalorisIhe àifference of lwo øquaree,

conlmonfaaÍors:
Cancel any
ffi
the remaining lraclion ie Íhe anewert
8Å

@ Simplify each of these

t 3x .2x
*T .rv
" T.i
x + )t d
2
a
J + 23
xv.2
c! ¿+- f x+1 . x+2 s
2x+1 3x+1 ¡t 4+ 2x +1
4x 23 2, 4 5 3
--+--
x-2 . x-3 x-4 ,2x-3
24 4- 2
--l--

@ Simplify each of these

xx b 3xx 3x 2x d x_ v
23 45 C!
45 2 3

e ry. _z r x+1 x+2 g 2x+1 3x+1 h x 2x+1

4y 2 3 2 4 5 -)

x-2 x-3 x-4 2x-3

24 42
tÐ Simplify each of these
.;" .X
b 2x, JJ
4
c 4x -.2y
3yx d lf9x x 3i
2y
3 -x
7
x-3, 2x+1,.3x+1
'T" x-2
5
r
5 15 2x-6 s 2^4 ' ä'\l
x-2., 4 x-5 - 5
2 x-3 xt-5x 10 ^
-x-
- cancel where appropriate.
@ Simplify each of these. Factorise and
3x +x b 3x -L
3x,.x
4 4 44 44
d 3x .)c
3x+1 . x-2
tz-5 f 3x + 1 _x-2
4 =4 2 5

3x + 1 .,

-x
2
x-2
5 "+'å _2f
2*'
93

D
 GIIAPTER 12: Algebnaic manipulation

G Write these expressions as single fractions as simply as possible

a- 25 b'+' A7 3 _4
x+1 x+2 x-2 x+1 4x+1 x+2
d 2 _6 e 3 _4
2x-1 x+1 2x-1 3x-1
lÇ For homework a teacher asks her class to simplify the expression *-x-2
F**4'
This is Tom's answer:
_-1
,{- x-Z
W4*,
1_x+1
x+3 x+3
when she marked the homework, the teacher was in a hurry and only checked the
answer/ which was correct.
Tom made several mistakes. What are they?

lD An expression of the torn\þ!;lsimplifies to!-J-.

What was the original expression?

lD Write these expressions as single fractions.

-4*5 b 1B 1

x+1 x+2 4x-1 x+1

C'
2x-1_ 6 d 34
2 x+1 2x-1 3x-1

Q Simplify the following expressions.

a i +2x-3 b 4i -1
,F*7r*3 2f,+5x-3
Ci
6i+x-2
--ep:4 d 4* +x-3
4xz-/x+.3
+i -zs
BF-22r* 5

C
 Why this chapter matters
We use equolions to exploin some of the most importont
things in the world.
+t a.l -l---- -- -,- ^l-:- -------
I nree of fne mosf lmPorfqnr clre snowfl efl r¡ì¡5 Pqge.

Why does the Moon keep orbiting the Earth and not fly otf into space?
This is explained by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which
describes the gravitational attraction between two bodies:

F=Gxmt\mz
fz

where F is the force between the bodies, G is the gravitational

constant, m1 and m2 àtê the masses of the two bodies and r is
the distance between them.

Why don't planes tall out of the sky?

This is explained by Bernoulli's principle, which states that as the speed
of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases. This is what causes the difference in air
pressure between the top and bottom of an aircraft wing, as shown in the diagram
on the left.
ln its simplest form, the equation can be written as:

P+q=Po
wherep = static pressure, Ø = dynamic pressure andps is thetotal pressure.

Horrucan a small amount of plutonium haue enough energy to

ur¡pe out a city?
This is explained by Einstein's theory of special relativity, which
connects mass and energy in the equation:
-2
L=mC
where E is the energy, rz is the mass and c is the speed of light.
As the speed of light is nearly 300 000 kilometres per second,
the amount of energy in a small mass is huge. lf this can be
released, it can be used for good (as in nuclear power stations)
or harm (as in nuclear bombs).