Refrigeration and air conditioning

What is Refrigeration & Air conditioning?

• Refrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving and
maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings, the
aim being to cool some product or space to the required
temperature. One of the most important applications of
refrigeration has been the preservation of perishable food
products by storing them at low temperatures. Refrigeration
systems are also used extensively for providing thermal
comfort to human beings by means of air conditioning.
• Air Conditioning refers to the treatment of air so as to
simultaneously control its temperature, moisture content,
cleanliness, odour and circulation, as required by occupants, a
process, or products in the space. The subject of refrigeration
and air conditioning has evolved out of human need for food
and comfort, and its history dates back to centuries
Vapour compression refrigeration cycle
The Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle involves four
components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve/throttle
valve and evaporator. It is a compression process, whose aim is
to raise the refrigerant pressure, as it flows from an evaporator.
The high-pressure refrigerant flows through a condenser/heat
exchanger before attaining the initial low pressure and going
back to the evaporator. A more detailed explanation of the
steps is as explained below
• Step 1: Compression
• The refrigerant (for example R-717) enters the compressor
at low temperature and low pressure. It is in a gaseous state.
Here, compression takes place to raise the temperature and
refrigerant pressure. The refrigerant leaves the compressor
and enters to the condenser. Since this process requires
work, an electric motor may be used. Compressors
themselves can be scroll, screw, centrifugal or reciprocating
types.
• Step 2: Condensation
• The condenser is essentially a heat exchanger. Heat is
transferred from the refrigerant to a flow of air . Outside
warm air absorbs the heat from refrigerant As the
refrigerant flows through the condenser, it is in a constant
pressure. When passing through the condenser, the
refrigerant releases its heat to the surrounding
condensing medium, usually air or water.
• Step 3: Throttling and Expansion
• When the refrigerant enters the throttling valve, it
expands and releases pressure. Consequently, the
temperature drops at this stage. Because of these
changes, the refrigerant leaves the throttle valve
as a liquid vapor mixture, typically in proportions
of around 75 % and 25 % respectively. Throttling
valves play two crucial roles in the vapor
compression cycle. First, they maintain a pressure
differential between low- and high-pressure sides.
Second, they control the amount of liquid
refrigerant entering the evaporator.
• Step 4: Evaporation
• At this stage of the Vapor Compression Refrigeration
Cycle, the refrigerant is at a lower temperature than
its surroundings. Therefore, it evaporates and absorbs
latent heat of vaporization. Heat extraction from the
refrigerant happens at low pressure and temperature.
Compressor suction effect helps maintain the low
pressure. There are different evaporator versions in
the market, but the major classifications are liquid
cooling and air cooling, depending whether they cool
liquid or air respectively.
Layout for split AC piping
SPLIT AC
Indoor to outdoor cabling layout
Central Chiller system WATER COOLED
CENTRAL AC layout

Chiller pipe sizing can be selected from the table in ISHRAE data book , page number 167 & 168
AIR COOLED CHILLER
Typical chiller layout
Typical layout for central AC system
Air cooled & water cooled chiller
Chiller calculation basic formula
Water side BTU /Hr.
• BTU/ Hr = 500 x GPM XΔT
• Where GPM water flow in the system
• Δ T is temperature difference between entering & leaving water
GPM evaporator = (TONS X 24) /Δ T or 2.4 GPM per TR
GPM CONDENSER = (TONS X 30) /Δ T or 3 GPM per TR
air side Btu / hr = 1.08 X CFM X ΔT (For AHU calculations )
For calculating AHU CFM as per dehumidification then select the
CFM as per r heat load calculation
Calculation of pump flow rate for given TR capacity.
• Example: The building cooling load is 500 TR
• For Condensed Water System, the pump flow rate required is
• = 500 TR x 3 GPM/ton = 1500 GPM
• For Chilled Water System, the pump flow rate required is
• = 500-ton x 2.5 GPM /ton= 1250 GPM
• Piping sizing calculation based on water velocity (approximate 8
FPS)
• Some approximate velocity at various stages
• A. Pump Discharge 8-12 FPS
• B. Pump Suction 4-7 FPS
• C. Header 4-15 FPS
• D. Riser 3-10 FPS
• E. Drain Line 4-7 FPS
 Multi split AC system
• Multi-Split Systems
• A multi-type air conditioning
system operates on the same
principles as a split type air-
conditioning system however in this
case there are ‘multiple’ evaporator
units connected to one external
condensing unit. These simple
systems were designed mainly for
small to medium commercial
applications where the installation
of ductwork was either too
• expensive, or aesthetically
unacceptable. The small-bore
refrigerant piping, which connects
the indoor and outdoor units
requires much lower space and is
easier to install than the metal
ducting. Each indoor unit has its
own set of refrigerant pipe work
connecting it to the outdoor unit.
 Refrigeration
• Refrigeration is a process of removing heat from a low-
temperature medium and transferring it to a high-
temperature medium . The work of heat transfer is
traditionally driven by mechanical means.
• Refrigeration has many applications, including, but
not limited to: household refrigerators, industrial
freezers, cryogenics, and air conditioning. Heat pumps
may use the heat output of the refrigeration process,
and also may be designed to be reversible, but are
otherwise similar to air conditioning units.
• All Refrigeration units must have the five basic
components to work:
• The compressor
• The condenser
• The expansion device
• The evaporator
• The copper refrigerant tube
 Component of Refrigeration AC system .Evaporator
• The Evaporator
• The air conditioning evaporator
is a heat exchanger that absorbs
heat into the central air
conditioner. The evaporator does
not exactly absorb heat! It’s the
cooled refrigerant fed from the
bottom of the evaporator coils
absorb the heat.
• The liquid refrigerant usually
flows from the bottom of the
evaporator coils and boils as it
moves to the top of the
evaporator coils.
• The reason it’s fed from the
bottom is to ensure the liquid
refrigerant boils before it leave
the evaporator coils.
• Compressor
• The compressor absorbs vapor
refrigerant from the suction line and
compresses that heat to high superheat
vapor.
• As the refrigerant flows across the
compressor, it also removes heat of
compression, motor winding heat,
mechanical friction, and other heat
absorbs in the suction line.
• The air conditioner compressor produce
the pressure different, it’s the
compressors that cause the refrigerant
to flow in a cycle.
• The compressor inlet lines are known
as:
• Suction pressure
• Back pressure
• Low side pressure
• The compressor outlet lines are
known as:
• high side pressure
• Discharge pressure
• Head pressure
• Condenser
• In this refrigeration cycle
diagram, the air conditioner
condenser is air cooled
condenser. It functions the same
way as the evaporator but it does
the opposite.
• The condenser units are located
outdoor with the compressor. It
purposes is to reject both sensible
and latent heat of vapor absorb
by the air conditioner units.
• The condenser receives high
pressure and high temperature
superheats vapor from the
compressor and rejects that heat
to the low temperature air. After
rejected all the vapor heat, it
turns back to liquid refrigerant.
• The condenser has three
important steps:
• Its remove sensible heat or (de-
superheat)
• Remove latent heat or (condense)
• Remove more sensible heat or
(subcooled)
 Expansion valve
Expansion Valve .
• All expansion device or metering device
has similar function (to some extent); it’s
responsible for providing the correct
amount of refrigerant to the evaporator.
• This is done by creating a restriction
within the thermostatic expansion valve.
The restriction causes the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant entering
the Evaporator to reduce.
• provides the correct amount of
refrigerant to the evaporator by using a
remote sensing bulb as a regulator. The
remote sensing bulb and capillary tube
has a refrigerant inside.
Domestic Refrigeration :
In the refrigeration cycle, there are five basic
components: fluid refrigerant; a compressor,
which controls the flow of refrigerant; the
condenser coils (on the outside of the fridge);
the evaporator coils (on the inside of the fridge);
and something called an expansion device.
Here’s how they interact to cool your food.

1. The compressor constricts the refrigerant

vapor, raising its pressure, and pushes it into
the coils on the outside of the refrigerator.
2. When the hot gas in the coils meets the
cooler air temperature of the kitchen, it
becomes a liquid
3. Now in liquid form at high pressure, the
refrigerant cools down as it flows into the
coils inside the freezer and the fridge.
4. The refrigerant absorbs the heat inside the
fridge, cooling down the air.
5. Last, the refrigerant evaporates to a gas, then
flows back to the compressor, where the
cycle starts all over
 Window AC system
• Window AC: window AC is
used for household purposes
of commercial offices
• Benefit of window AC is very
easy installation on the wall
and entire process done in
single unit . capacity of
window AC unit available from
0.8 TR to 2.5 TR
• The air moving inside the
room and in the front part of
the air conditioner where the
cooling coil is located is
considered to be the room air.
When the window AC is
started the blower starts
immediately and after a few
seconds the compressor also
starts. The evaporator coil or
the cooling gets cooled as
soon as the compressor is
started.
Split AC units
• Working of split AC system ..
• A split air conditioner is made up of two
primary parts that a very familiar: the
evaporator and the compressor. Both of
these elements exist is more common
central air units and wall air
conditioners. The difference with a mini-
split system is that they are separated
into two different, distant components,
one being outdoors and one being
indoors. The outdoor section is a
compressor that initiates the cooling
process, while the indoor component
consists of an evaporator and fan.
• The two sections are connected with a
set of electrical wires and tubing, also
called lines, used to transport air
between the two sections. It's these
lines that allow the split AC to be
considered ductless, and the fact that
the wires and tubing are so small and
discreet compared to large ducts is
where the "mini" split name comes from
Specification for STAR rated split AC
Inverter AC
Heat and cool split AC
AC unit pipe sizing
• Size liquid and suction lines by accurately figuring the
proper equivalent length.
• EQUIVALELNT LENGTH = ACTUAL PIPING +
LENGTH EQUIVALENCE FOR FITTINGS AND
COMPONENTS
• Liquid Line Sizing
• Example: A 25,000 BTUH load will require a 3/8" line
for 100 equivalent feet (Point A). At 150 equivalent
feet, a 1/2" line would be required for the same load
(Point B).
• Equivalent Feet :
• Notice the phrase "Equivalent Feet" (applies to meters as
well). Fittings added to a refrigerant line induce an added
pressure drop in the line. The added pressure drop is
accounted for by adding extra length to the piping run
which will equal the same pressure drop produced by the
fittings. In order to determine the equivalent footage, add the
actual length of the piping run and the equivalent footage
assigned for each particular fitting. Plot the intersection of
the horizontal BTUH line with the vertical equivalent
footage line. The area in which the plotted point falls in the
recommended line size.
Pipe sizing

Find: Select liquid line size from table 4.

Solution Find the 10−ton unit on the left
side. Start with the 5/8" liquid line size ,
Read over to 100 feet of linear length. 50
feet of elevation is allowed for this liquid
line size, so this meets the 40 foot
requirement in this installation. If it did
not meet your requirements, you would
need to consider a larger liquid line listed
for the 10 ton unit in table 4.
Heat Loss as per pipe length
Split AC pipe selection table discharge piping
Suction side piping
Liquid line
• What is a Refrigerant?
• In a refrigerating system, the medium of heat transfer which picks up heat by evaporating at
a low temperature and pressure, and gives up heat on condensing at a higher temperature &
pressure.
• (Refrigerating fluid) fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system which absorbs heat
at a low temperature and low pressure of the fluid and transfers heat at a higher temperature
and higher pressure of the fluid, usually involving changes of state of the fluid.
• Desirable Properties of a Refrigerant
1. Boiling Point’ of the refrigerant should be low. : The liquid has to vapourise at the
evaporator coil to cause cooling. The liquid at the evaporator coil should therefore
vapourised easily, otherwise the compressor will have to create too much of vacuum to
cause the liquid to vapourised. Thus, ‘Boiling Point’ of the refrigerant should be low.
2. Low pressure : Pressure to which compressor has to compress the drawn gases, to convert
them back into liquid at the condenser, should be low. Therefore the refrigerant vapors should
be easily condensable.
3. low ‘Specific Volume’.: Vapor produced after vaporisation of the liquid at the evaporator coil
should occupy minimum volume, to keep pipeline diameter, compressor size, etc. small and
compact.
4. High dielectric strength : In hermetically sealed compressor , refrigerant vapour contact with
motor windings & may cause short circuit , so to avoid short circuit dielectric strength should
be high
• R 22 , R 410A , R 134 , R 30
 Split AC pipe sizing estimation
• There are 6 steps needed to arrive at a cost estimate for the R-410A split system
refrigerant piping system on any project:
• Determine the locations of both the evaporator and condenser sections within the
structure and which section contains the compressor(s).
• Determine the actual line lengths in feet for discharge, liquid, suction lines.
• Make a preliminary selection of nominal pipe sizes in inches for discharge,
liquid, suction, and hot gas refrigerant lines from tables based on nominal
compressor tonnage.
• Calculate the equivalent line lengths in feet for elbows in each refrigerant line.
• Add items 2 and 4 to arrive at total equivalent lengths and verify preliminary
lines size selections are valid or make needed adjustments based on total
equivalent length calculations.
• Determine the need for any additional refrigerant line accessories based on line
lengths and piping configurations.
 Split AC installation guidelines
• The installation of the split air conditioners is a crucial job. If
the installation is done accurately your air conditioner will
give optimum cooling, but if it is not done properly you
won’t get the desired cooling effect. A poor installations also
leads to frequent maintenance problems.
• Several factors have to considered during the installation of
split air conditioner.
• Strength of wall to hold the AC
• The indoor unit of split AC must be installed on a wall strong
enough to hold the unit’s weight.
• Proper spacing between wall and AC unit
• The indoor unit of split AC requires at least 15 cm of open
space surrounding its top and sides for proper air flow.
• Appropriate installation height from ground
• Mount the indoor unit of split AC at a height of 7-8 feet
above the ground for adequate cooling inside the room
• Correct tilt angle of indoor unit
• While fixing the aluminum bracket on wall make sure that the bracket is given a
slight tilt angle, so that the indoor unit of split AC, when fitted is also at a slight
angle to enable unrestricted flow of the condensed water from the drain pipe.
• Correct location of outdoor unit
• For proper cooling, mount the indoor and outdoor units of split AC at location
away from direct sunlight and water. Install the outdoor unit of split AC in open
space so that there is no hindrance to the heat dissipated from the condenser.
• Proper placement of outdoor unit
• The outdoor unit of split AC must be placed on a flat and rigid surface. This unit
contains key components of split AC like compressor, condenser, fan motor etc.
If the unit is not on a flat surface then it will vibrate excessively, which can lead
to the breakage of copper pipes, coolant leakage and compressor/condenser
damage. Further, the vibrating unit makes lots of noise which could disturb you
and your neighbors.
• Right distance between indoor and outdoor unit
• Correct distance between the indoor and outdoor unit plays a very important role
in cooling. The coolant at very low temperature flows inside the copper tubes
between indoor and outdoor units of split AC. There is always some loss of
cooling effect to the atmosphere when the refrigerant flows between the units.
Hence to reduce this loss, keep the distance between the indoor unit of split AC
and the outdoor unit of split AC as minimum as possible. The maximum
allowable distance between the indoor and the outdoor units of split AC can be
about 15 meters.
• Inverter split ac SYSTEM:
• The Inverter technology (DC) is the latest
evolution of technology concerning the
electro motors of the compressors. An
Inverter is used to control the speed of the
compressor motor, so as to continuously
regulate the temperature. The DC Inverter
units have a variable-frequency drive that
comprises an adjustable electrical inverter
to control the speed of the electromotor,
which means the compressor and the
cooling / heating output. The drive converts
the incoming AC current to DC and then
through a modulation in an electrical
inverter produces current of desired
frequency. A microcontroller can sample
each ambient air temperature and adjust
accordingly the speed of the compressor.
The inverter air conditioning units have
increased efficiency in contraction to
traditional air conditioners, extended life of
their parts and the sharp fluctuations in the
load are eliminated. This makes the inverter
AC units quieter, with lower operating cost
and with less broke downs. The inverter AC
units might be more expensive than the
constant speed air conditioners, but this is
balanced by lower energy bills. The payback
time is approximately two years depending
on the usage.
Comparison of inverter and normal split ac
• What’s the difference between Inverter Technology AC and BEE 5
star non inverter AC
1. Inverter technology air conditioners are variable speed/ variable tonnage air
conditioners and thus operationally they are quite different from regular air
conditioners that have single speed compressors and single tonnage.
2. Inverter technology air conditioners adjust their speed/tonnage depending on heat
load of a room. Whereas regular air conditioners do not.
3. Every room has a different heat load, even if they are of the same size. The heat
load depends on various factors as we have listed on our article: Things that
impact electricity consumption in air conditioners. To give you an analogy, every
human being is different; even then the waist sizes of most trousers available in
the market are fixed (leaving the ones with elastic). Inverter Technology AC is
just like a trouser with an elastic waist that can adjust to the size. The other
benefit is that even if the waist size increases or decreases, the trouser with elastic
will adjust accordingly. Regular Air Conditioners are fixed size.
4. Based on the data on power consumption by BEE, Inverter ACs of BEE 3 star
ratings are about 7% more energy efficient than BEE 3 star rated non inverter
ACs.
5. The heat load in a room does not remain constant and it varies from seasons,
varies based on number of people, varies between day and night, varies based on
climate profiles of your location. To take the same analogy we mentioned above,
the waist size increases or decreases with the amount of food one eats or the
amount of exercise one does. So as a trouser with elastic waist can work well,
an air conditioner with inverter tech can work well.
Multi split AC system
• Multi-Split Systems
• A multi-type air conditioning system operates on the
same principles as a split type air- conditioning system
however in this case there are ‘multiple’ evaporator
units connected to one external condensing unit. These
simple systems were designed mainly for small to
medium commercial applications where the installation
of ductwork was either too
• expensive, or aesthetically unacceptable. The small-bore
refrigerant piping, which connects the indoor and
outdoor units requires much lower space and is easier
to install than the metal ducting. Each indoor unit has its
own set of refrigerant pipe work connecting it to the
outdoor unit.
Duct able split AC system
Specification for duct able split AC
 Vapour absorption refrigeration system
• The vapor absorption refrigeration system comprises of all the processes in the vapor
compression refrigeration system like compression, condensation, expansion and
evaporation. In the vapor absorption system the refrigerant used is ammonia, water or
lithium bromide
• 1) Condenser: Just like in the traditional condenser of the vapor compression cycle, the
refrigerant enters the condenser at high pressure and temperature and gets condensed.
The condenser is of water cooled type.
• 2) Expansion valve or restriction: When the refrigerant passes through the expansion
valve, its pressure and temperature reduces suddenly. This refrigerant (ammonia in this
case) then enters the evaporator.
• 3) Evaporator: The refrigerant at very low pressure and temperature enters the
evaporator and produces the cooling effect. In the vapor compression cycle this
refrigerant is sucked by the compressor, but in the vapor absorption cycle, this refrigerant
flows to the absorber that acts as the suction part of the refrigeration cycle.
• 4) Absorber: The absorber is a sort of vessel consisting of water that acts as the
absorbent, and the previous absorbed refrigerant. Thus the absorber consists of the weak
solution of the refrigerant (ammonia in this case) and absorbent (water in this case).
When ammonia from the evaporator enters the absorber, it is absorbed by the absorbent
due to which the pressure inside the absorber reduces further leading to more flow of the
refrigerant from the evaporator to the absorber. At high temperature water absorbs lesser
ammonia, hence it is cooled by the external coolant to increase it ammonia absorption
capacity
• 5)Generator :After exiting the heat exchanger, the dilute solution moves into the upper
shell. The solution surrounds a bundle of tubes which carry either steam or hot water. The
steam or hot water transfers heat into the pool of dilute lithium bromide solution. Hence
the solution boils, sending refrigerant vapour upward into the condenser and leaving
behind concentrated lithium bromide.
Vapour absorption cycle
• Water-Lithium Bromide Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System
• In a water-lithium bromide vapor absorption refrigeration system,
water is used as the refrigerant while lithium bromide (Li Br) is
used as the absorbent. In the absorber, the lithium bromide
absorbs the water refrigerant, creating a solution of water and
lithium bromide. This solution is pumped by the pump to the
generator where the solution is heated. The water refrigerant gets
vaporized and moves to the condenser where it is cooled while
the lithium bromide flows back to the absorber where it further
absorbs water coming from the evaporator.
• The water-lithium bromide vapor absorption system is used in a
number of air conditioning applications. This system is useful for
applications where the temperature required is more than 32
degree F.
• Ammonia-Water Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System
• The working of ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system is
same as above , In this system ammonia is used as the refrigerant
and water is used as the absorbent. The ammonia-water
absorption system is used in the domestic as well the commercial
applications where the requirement of the temperature is above
32 degree F.
Comparison of vapour absorption & compression cycle
Comparison of compression & absorption cycle
 Parts of vapour absorption system
• Refrigerant :Vapor absorption systems work with non-CFC
refrigerants such as water or ammonia. Refrigerant of Li Br
Absorption Machine is pure (distilled) water. The refrigerant
water flows in a closed loop and is re-circulated. These
systems find acceptability in process cooling.
• The ammonia based absorption system that uses ammonia
as a refrigerant, finds use in low temperature applications
• Absorbent :Absorbent is a material that has great affinity
with water. It is well known that when salt(such as Na Cl) is
left in a high-humidity atmosphere, it becomes sticky. This
is because it absorbs moisture in the atmosphere. You
might have noticed a pack of silica gel in a shoebox. The
purpose is to remove the dampness.
• The vapor absorption machine uses an aqueous absorbent;
Lithium Bromide (Li Br). We can easily relate that the
lithium bromide and the sodium chloride have similar
features , Li Br has the same characteristics of a salt and its
absorption power is stronger than that of salt. The higher is
the concentration and the lower its temperature, the
stronger is the absorption power.
• EVAPORATOR :The evaporator functions to cool the water flowing
though a coil. The condensed refrigerant (water) droplets falling on the
heat transfer tubes evaporate over the tubes. The water running
through the heat transfer tubes of evaporator is cooled by the latent
heat of vaporized refrigerant.
• The evaporator is maintained under vacuum of around 6.5mmHg to
which the refrigerant water boils at around 5°C.
• ABSORBER :The absorber functions to maintain the pressure of the
evaporator in the vacuum by absorbing the refrigerant vapor
evaporated in the evaporator.
• The refrigerant vapor from the evaporator is drawn into "absorber "
vessel containing the"absorbent" solution. The vapor gets readily
absorbed into the absorbent, due to its strong affinity for the
refrigerant.
• The cooling water flowing through the cooling coils within the absorber
absorbs the heat load from the evaporator and, unavoidably, some of
the residual heat from the concentrated solution. This heat is dissipated
through the cooling tower.
• Cooling Water : Cooling water is required to cool the absorbent and the
refrigerant vapor. The cooling water flows through the Absorber and the
Condenser items of the VAM. The heat gain in the cooling water is
rejected in a cooling tower and thus is an open loop. Around 2% of
water is lost as a result of evaporation, drift and blow down in the
cooling tower that needs make-up.
• GENERATOR
• The generator functions to enrich the Li Br solution to its original
concentration. As lithium bromide solution is diluted, the effect
to absorb the refrigerant vapor reduces. The diluted solution of Li
Br absorbent flows to the Generator to regain its concentration.
• It is a vessel where the diluted solution of absorbent is heated by
means of steam, hot water or direct gas/oil firing. The diluted
solution releases the refrigerant vapor and becomes
concentrated solution.
• The hot concentrated solution, which has now regained its strong
affinity for absorbing more refrigerant, returns back to the
‘absorber’.
• CONDENSER : The refrigerant vapours that are released from the
generator are cooled and liquefied in a condenser. The hot
refrigerant vapours leaving the generator flows through
eliminators or separator (which prevent carry over of Li Br) to the
condenser. The cooling water from a cooling tower circulates
through the condenser removing the heat from the vapors. The
low temperature steam vapor is condensed into a liquid
refrigerant where it passes through an orifice into the evaporator,
which operates under a vacuum. This performs the same function
as the condenser in a conventional compression refrigeration
system.
 Air conditioning systems
• Air Conditioning : Air conditioning is the process of treating
air so as to maintain and control simultaneously its
temperature, humidity and purity within pre determined
limits. Air conditioning may be required for the comfort of
the building occupants or for some functional purpose.
• There are various types of air conditioning system based on
construction and medium of heat transfer. Also, type is
based on requirements like for big commercial offices there
are central AC system and for small domestic use there are
window of split AC systems are available .But basic process is
the same in all type of refrigerators .
• Types of Air conditioning system :There are two types of
central air conditioning systems: Direct Expansion (DX) type
of central air condition plants and Chilled Water type of the
central air conditioning plants. In the DX system the air used
for cooling the room or space is directly passed over the
cooling coil of the refrigeration plant. In case of the chilled
water system the refrigeration system is used to first chill the
water, which is then used to chill the air used for cooling the
rooms or spaces.