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838 views61 pagesPhysics (PBA Questions) X
I
Uploaded by
Asad NaeemCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 61
To study the effect of the length of simple pendulum on its
time period and hence find “g” by calculation.
To study resistors in combination.
To study resistors in parallel combination.
To find the resistance of galvanometer by half deflection method.
18
26
Verify Ohm's law (by using a wire as conductor).
To verify the laws of Refraction by using a glass slab.
To find the refractive index of water by using a concave mirror.
To determine the critical angle of glass using a semi circular
slab and a light ray box/or by a prism. -
To trace the path of a ray of light through @ glass prism and
measure the angle of deviation. ;
56
65
a
79
EXPERIMENTS. | To verify truth table for two input OR, AND, NOT, NOR.and
NAND gate. TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LENGTH OF A Sin
PENDULUM ON THE TIME-PERIOD AND FIND
SCENE VALUE OF 9
EXTZUTSED A metallic ball with hook (bob), thread, split cork, iron stand with cla
Mp,
of chalk, stop-watch-
mers
the bob for three different positions by a veri ‘
meer 'P of the bob. 8 vemier calli pers and fing
Calculate the radius
(\) Measure the di
its mean diameter.
(ii) Connect the hook of the bob to 150 cm (1.5 m) length of the thread to makea sing!
pendulum, Suspend the pendulum against the rod and put ink marks at 70 cm, 80 em, 90
... onthe thread including hook length.
(il) Clamp the thread between the two pieces of a cork such that the cut of the pieces shouldb
perpendicular to the direction of motion of the thread. The 70 cm mark should be justat
bottom of the cork so that the length '' of the thread and hook be 70 cm. Add the racius
the bob to this length to get the length L of the pendulum.
(iv) Draw two mutually perpendicular lines on the floor with piece of chalk. Adjust the postion
stand and clamp so that the bob is just at the cross of lines and near the floor.
A MANUAL OF PHYSICS FOR CLASS ‘oi (v)__Displace the bob to one side of the cross about 5 cm so that the angle of displacement is nearly 5.
Release the bob to set the pendulum to vibrate along the chalk line.
(vi) Note the time for 10 vibrations twice for the same length using the stop-wateh, Calculate the mean
time and time-period include in your table valto of T’ and UT”.
(vii) Increase the length of the pendulum gradually from ink marks on the thread and find time-period for
each value of length. Take 6 sets of observations according to the
Veriner constant Lert
sm
Zero correction for vernier calli pers
Diameter of the bob = em
Mean diameter =
Radius of the bob =
‘Time for 20 vibrations | ‘Time-
Length of | Length of period i geat'(9)
No, |thread+hook| Pendulum |, | ¢, {Mean time t}e /
. pi | ae
of l a i 101 TU Jemisec ernisec?
obs. em cm sec | sec see see see’
1% 84.4 8 | 183] iss} isa | isa | 34 | 2s 986
2. 55.4 36 | 15.2] 152] 15.25 | 1.525 | 2.25 | 24.88] 982
49.4 50 | 142] 142] 142 142 | 2.02 | 24.75} 976
Nias tels
The length (L) is directly proportional to the square of the time-period (T°), therefore if
length is doubled, the time-period becomes four times larger, if length is made three times
larger, the time-period becomes nine times larger and'so on.
(i) The thread should be fine and flexible.
(ii) Thebob should be preferably of uniform radius.
(iii) The thread should be held tightly (without any slipping) between the ewo pieces of the cork,
(iv) The cork pieces should be in level at their bottom in the damp.
(v) The amplitude of the pendulum should be kept small, so that angle of displacement is not
more than 5 degrees.
UAMANUALTOF PHYSICS FOR CLASS 10th (PBA) [l9 ess than 70cm.
of cork piece
(vi) The length of the pendulum should net bel
(uli) The pendulum should vibrate in a line perpendicular (2 the aut:
(vill) The pendulum bob should be keptas near as possible to the Flom
six readings should be aken-
(ix) Fora graph, at lease
(GUIDELINE FOR PBA)
Ans.
2. Whyistheword ‘simple’ used ina simple pendulum?
Ans. icc eae een
Q3. Define simple harmonic motion (SH.M)-
Ans.
Q.4. Whatis the relationship between frequency and time period?
Ans.
Q.5. Whatis restoring force?
Ans.
Q.6. Canweusea cricket ball in the place ofthe bob?
Ans.
fa thread?
Q7. Canweusearubber band instead of
Ans.
FF
A MANUAL OF PHYSICS FOR ouass! Qs.
Ans.
Q.10.
Ans.
Qui.
Q12.
Ans.
3.
Ans.
Q4.
Qs.
Ans.
“WMANUAL'OF PHYSICS FOR CLASS 10th (PBA) 21
‘Whatis an expression for the time period of a simple pendulurn?
‘On what factors does the energy of the particle executing S.H.M.depend?
Whatis a second’s pendulum?
When will the motion of a simple pendulum be simple harmonic motion?
Will the time period increase or decrease when a pendulumis taken on top of the mountain?
Why doesa simple pendulum not vibrate atthe centre of the earth?
vibrating simple pendulum of periodT is placed ina lift that is accelerating upwards What will
be the effecton the period?
How isa simple pendulum different from physical pendulum? So” ‘Ny
2.16. Whatis the center of mass?
Ans.
O17, Pendulum clocks are made to run at the corre
¥
6.
7.
8.
9
ct rate by adjusting the pendulum's ley
; Sakae ce
Suppose you move from one city to another where the acceleration ue te ca is slighy
Sreater, taking your pendulum clock with you, will you have te ke ea rouranmnc the
Pendulum to keep the correct time, other factors remaining constant! Explain your answer,
Wn
A pendulum is a single isolated particle suspended by a weightless Flexible and inextensible
string with frictionless support.
Because the simple pendulum consists of mass m hanging from a string of length | and fixed ata
pivot point P. The pendulums used in the wall clocks are known as a compound pendulumand
they have a metallic string instead ofa thread.
A motion is called simple harmonic motion when:
(i) the magnitude of its acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement x from the
mean position.
(ii) the direction of the acceleration is always towards the mean position.
The relationship between frequency and time period is given by f= I/T
The force that brings a vibrating body towards the mean position is known as the restoring
force.
No,we cannot-The bob must be as small as possible.
No,we cannot because itis not inextensible.
T= 21V(lig) {is the length of the pendulum. g is the acceleration due to gravity.
«Mass ofthe particle.
Square of the amplitude of the particle.
© Square ofthe frequency of the vibrating particle,
Asecond's pendulum isa simple pendulum whose periods? seconds, Q
The motion ofa simple pendulum willbe simple harmonic motion fits angular espace
A MANUAL OF PHYSics FOR CLASS son
4 is very small.
The time period increases as'g' decreases,so it gains time.
‘At the centre of the earth,g = 0 Therefore,T = 2nV\(i
The pendulum will take infinite time to complete one vibration, In other words, the
pendulum will not vibrate at the centre of the earth.
‘When the lift is accelerated upwards, the weight of the pendulum increases. The new
weight (mg’) is given as mg’ = mg + ma
gagta
The time period of the pendulum
T = 2m\(\/g) becomes T= 2g)
Since g' > gSoT'
one end of the combined R,
resistances to the positive end of
the battery through a key and the
other to the negative end of the :
battery through an ammeter A) VW
connected in series. See that all the 5 r
__ Connections are neat and tight. °
©
—
Now insert the plug of the
key. Note the voltmeter reading
(and the ammeters readings |. In
Such circuit the value of the
Potential difference (E) is the same
K
for each resistance and value of the (Gy | | | | |
Current is different for different A
Fesistances. we
ofeaey itd the conductance (ty
‘each resistance and resistance of whole circuit.
The total resistance in this case can be found out by the following formula:
|
SAIMANUAL OF PHYSICS FOR CLASS 10th (PBA) 33 OBSERVATIONS
BI
2
+
coll
Sala
i
+
|-BI-sl-
oh +
|-sI-8I-
l-sl-sl-
v
&
NI
Ga
doo
() Use high capacity battery or power supply.
(®) Clean the ends of the wire with sand paper.
(iii)
The connections should be neatand tight.
(iv) Positive terminals of the voltmeter and ammeter should
be connected to the positive termi
of the battery and the Negative terminals to the Negative of the battery.
(GUIDELINE FOR PBA)
|. What is the aim of the experiment?
Ans.
2. What materials are required for this experiment?
Ans.
3. Whatisa Parallel combination of resistors?
Ans.
4. Describe the procedureto Study resistors in parallel,
> Ans. 5. Whyis the voltage across each resistor the same ina parallel combination?
Ans.
6. _Whatis the relationship between total current and individual currents ina. parallel combination?
7. Howdoes the total resistance of resistors in parallel compare to the individual resistances?
Ans.
9. Whatare the key observations in this experiment?
Ans.
10. What precautions should be taken during the experiment?“
Ans.
8. Whatis the significance of using resistors in parallel in electrical circuits?
|
Ans.
11. Whatis the conclusion of the experiment?
Ans,
FAIMANUAL OF PHYSICS FOR'CLASS 10th (PBA)
i vs '2. Whyis the total resistance ina parallel combination less than the smallest resistor?
Ans.
'3. Whatis the effect on the total resistance ifmore resistors are added in parallel?
Ans. _—
'4. Whatis the advantage of connecting resistors in parallel in household circuits?
Ans.
1s.
How does the current behave ina parallel combination if one resistor is removed?
Ans.
16. What happens to the current ifthe resistance of one of the resistors in parallel is increased?
Ans.
17. Whatis the importance ofa parallel combination in the distribution of electrical energy?
Ans.
18. What happens to the voltage across each resistor when resistors are connected in parallel!
Ans.
19.“ Whatis the significance of Ohm's Law in this experiment?
Ans.
36
A MANUAL OF PHYSICS FOR CLASS sai sores)
20, Whatprecautions should be taken while experimenting with resistors in parallel?
Ans.
LANSWERS
Ol: The aim is to study the combination of resistors in parallel and ve the formula for the total
resistance of resistors connected in parallel.
02: Resistors of known values -Voltmeter
-Ammeter - Battery or power supply
- Connecting wires = Rheostat (optional)
-Switch - Breadboard or resistor holder
03: Inaparallel combination, the resistors are ‘connected such that each resistor is connected across
the same two points, providing multiple paths for. current £0 flow. The voltage across each
but the current divided among the resistors.
resistor is the same,|
stors in parallel with a battery,an ammeter in series
1. Set up the circuit:** Connect the two resi
1gs the parallel combination.
with the circuit,anda voltmeter acro:
measure the potential difference across the parallel
2. Measure voltage: Using the voltmeter
combination (this will be the same across each resistor).
3, Measure current: Measure the total current using the ammeter, then measure the current
through each through and through.
Ina parallel combination, all resistors 3!
meaning they are exposed to the same
resistor in a parallel circuitis the same-
Ina parallel combination, the total current is th
each resistor:
re connected across the same two points in the circuit,
potential difference. Therefore, the voltage across each
e sum of the individual currents flowing through
NUAL OF PHYSICS FOR CLASS 10th (PBA) 07:
09:
10:
12:
13:
14:
“~
llest individual resistg,
joni less than the smal on
bination is always
parallel com!
because parallel circuits
The total resistance ina provide multiple paths for the curren
the combination. This is
i i nce.
effectively reducing the total resistat / /
\ nce ina circuit, allowing more current to flow.Thi,
lecrease the total resistal
Sasa e devices or components need to operat,
arrangement is useful in electrical circuits wher
independently with the same voltage.
-The voltage across each resistor in parallel is the same.
-The total currentis the sum of the currents through each resistor.
-The total resistance is less than the smallest resistor in the combination.
-The experimentally determined total resistance matches the theoretical value calculated usig
the formula for parallel resistors.
- Ensure that the connections are secure to avoid fluctuations in currentand voltage.
= Choose resistors of appropriate value to avoid high currents that could damage the
components or cause heating.
- Use the correct range on the ammeter and voltmeter for accurate readings.
- Measure the values of voltage and current carefully to minimize experimental error.
The experiment verifies that ina parallel combination:
~The total resistance is less than the smallest individual resistor.
~The voltage across each resistor is the same.
"The total currentis the sum of the individual currents.
This confirms the theoretical formula for resistors in parallel.
In a parallel combination, the total current has multiple paths to flow through the different
resistors. This reduces the overall opposition (resistance) to the current, making the tot!
resistance less than the smallest individual resistor.
Adding more resistors in parallel decreases the total resistance further because it provides
additional paths for the current to flow.As more resistors are added, the overall opposition’?
current decreases.
Inhousehold circuits, resistors (or electrical devices) are connected in parallel because:
~Each device gets the same voltage.
fone device fails,the others continue to operate.
A MANUAL OF PHYSi¢s FOR CLASS’ 10tl eo 16:
19:
20:
parallel is increased:
If the resistance of one resistor i
The current through that particular resistor will decrease (Ohm's Law'V= IR).
-The total current in the circuit will also decrease because less current flows through the higher-
resistance path.
Parallel combination is importantin electrical energy distribution because:
- Itallows multiple devices to operate independently at the same voltage.
-The failure of one device does notaffect the others.
-Itreduces the total resistance of the system,allowing efficient energy flow.
me and is equal to the
Ina parallel combination, the voltage across each resistor remains the sa
across the same
total voltage of the power source.This is because all the resistors are connected
two points.
Ohm's Law helps calculate the current thro
circuit.Itrelates the voltage, current,and resistance as:
V=IR
This law is used to verify the theoretical and
parallel combination of resistors.
.ctions are tight and secure to avoid fluctuation in readings.
{thigh currents that may damage components or
ugh each resistor and the total resistance in the
experimental values of resistance and current in the
- Ensure that conne
_ Use resistors of appropriate values to preven
cause overheating.
mmeter and voltmeter to ensure accurate readings.
-Set the correct range for the at
urce or other components.
-Avoid short circuits, which could damage the power so -.. ¥O4 SSISAHd 40 WAN y oy
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(6)
©
pparatus according to the circuit shown in figure while keeping both keys Kr
Pmnect high resistance box (H.R-B) in series with galvanomercr and battery
Ki. And low resistance box (LR.B.) should be Sonnected in parallel t0
through key Ko.
© of the galvanometer if any.
tance R from high resistance box, close the key Ki and keep the key Kz
ne of R to get maximum deflection (of 30 divisions) exactly:
on in-galvanometer
of R unchanged. The deflecti
stance box.
half of its previous
Arrange the
and K2 open.
through key
galvanometer
Note the zero erro!
Take out high resist
open. Adjust the vah
Now close key Ka also, keeping the value
Tettmes zero at once because the whole current will pass throug!
Now adjust shunt resistance (L.R.B.), so as get the deflection exactly
value, Note the deflection and the value of shunt resistance S-
Repeat the experiment six times by changing the value of
deereases as R decreases and vice versa.
sh the low resi
R. Note that the deflection
RS
BS— for each set of observation and
Calculate resistance R, of galvanometer by Using Rs=R-S
then find out mean value of Ry.
eee
xcept those which are taken out.
nce boxes should be tightly fixed ¢
wn taken out from the high resistance box.
All keys of resista
4 when a high resistance has bee
K, should be close
All the connections should be tight and clean. Ans,
Q2
Ans,
Q3
Ans,
(GUIDELINE FOR PBA)
Determine the resistance of galvanometer by half deflection method if product and
difference of resistance from high resistance box and resistance from low resistance bo,
(shunt) is 493500 and 4595 Q respectively.
Determine the resistance of galvanometer by half deflection method if resistance from
high resistance box is 7000 Q for full scale deflection and resistance from low Tesistance
box is 105 Q to get half deflection,
What is working principle of moving coil galvanometer?
What do you mean by resistance of galvanometer?
What are kind of galvanometer?
T_
A MANUAL OF PHYSICS FoR CLASS oun oo What kind of galvanometer is given to you for the experiment?
Ans.
0.7 What is working principle of moving coil galvanometer?
Ans.
8 Can you describe construction of Weston type galvanometer?
Ans.
(9 What do you mean by sensitivity of galvanometer?
Ans.
Q.10 How can a Weston-type galvanometer can be made more sensitive?
Ans.
Q.I1 + What is a shunt?
Q.12 Why the galvanometer gives half deflection?
ERMANUAL OF PHYSICS FOR CLASS 10th (PBA) Q.13
Quad
Ans.
Ol,
flection?
Why do we call this, method as half de!
1?
nce is measured?
istal
‘Tell the part of galvanometer whose res
Rx = 49350092 R-S = 4595.0
R, =?
Using the relation
Rxs _ 49350007
R= R-§ Rs = “45050
R, =1074Q
R = 70002 S = 105Q
Rp =?
Using the relation
a, = BS R, = £2000 2)1105 @
* ~ (70009) - (105 Q)
R; = 10669
The galvanometer works on the princi
I ; Principle that whe :
magnetic field, it experiences a torque which rotates the ee carrying coil is placed in
Ie means the resistance of the coil of the galvanomet
er,
Galvanometer are mainly of two kinds:
(i) Moving coil galvanometer,
Gi) Movi
2 ‘ et in;
It is a moving coil galvanometer and is West hone Salvanometer.
ion
type.
The galvanometer works on 7
y eter wor princip
magnetic field, it experiences g Pie that wh rer
torque which i CUREM canyi
Totates it Carrying coi is i
7 Placed in
A MANUA
L OF PHysigg FOR Clace anccesmnal’
— |
|
|
|
08.
il.
12.
[A MANUAL/OF PHYSICS FOR CLASS 10th (PBA)
Yes, it consists a rectangular frame of non-magnetic material such as plastic on which large
number of turns of a fine copper wire are wound. A solid iron cylinder is kept between it and
pole pieces. Two light axles are attached to frame and ends of these axles are pivoted. Two
spiral hair springs are attached to axles. They are wound in opposite directions. A pointer is
connected perpendicularly to the axle. It runs over a scale printed on a dial. The hair springs
are used as terminal and bring the pointer back to zero deflection position (which is usually in
middle), after current through galvanometer is switched off.
The current that produces a deflection of one small division on scale of galvanometer is
known as its sensitivity.
Current sensitive(O/l) in galvanometer is given by:
® _ NAB
I c
A galvanometer will be more sensitive if @ is large for smaller current. So sensitivity of
galvanometer will be increased by
(@) Increasing number of tums ‘N’ of galvanometer.
(b) Using a coil of greater cross-sectional area.
(c) Strengthening magnetic induction ‘B’ of magnetic induction.
A small resistance placed in a parallel to a circuit is called shunt resistance or simply shunt.
By applying shunt resistance, the current divides in two parts one half will pass through
galvanometer while other half will pass through low resistance box so gives half deflection,
When we switching on shunt circuit, the shunt resistance is adjusted such that deflection of
galvanometer reduces to half of original deflection of galvanometer.
The resistance of coil of galvanometer is to be measured? N
=
/ 6 | ’S LAW
| 1FY OHM'S LA
soy THEREATIONSHIP BETWEEN
seman 1) uppen AND VOL
ly, piece of resistance wirg or
APPARATUS ‘able power supp! lug key rheosta,
/2A varial , er supply, plug key rj Osta,
battery or 12V/ f variable pow' 0
Voltmeter, ammeter, Itage Oo
just the vol
standard resistance (10 or 200) or adjust
variable resistance.
mea
Rheostat
Pe
H#E-—\VVVVV
B
Rh
e
K
PROCEDURE
(i) Draw the circuit diagram as shown above. Place all items on the table according circuit diagram.
(i) Make the connections neatly and tightly according to this diagram. The positive terminals of the
ammeter (A) and voltmeter (V) should be connected to the positive terminal of the battery
carefully. The ammeter should be connected in series with the battery, wire or standard
resistance box Theostat through a Plug ke te din parallel to the
ed in pai
cy. The voltmeter should be ca
resistance box between Eand F. If varie isaval nnect
inthecireuk., able Power supply is available than rheostat should be used
(ii) Plugin the key and adjust rheostats,
: ‘© ammeter which gi s ircuit
in amperes. Also note down the reading of the Voltmeter orien incite through the cut
Bives pot
voltage V across the resistance between Eand F ‘ential difference oF
(iv) Keeping the standard resistance RQ)
Constant, change the vari is A jrcuit wit
fs nebp of cs heostat, Note that the Feadings of th ammecer Ind wae the circu wi
erations by changing the variate Fesistanee, | and Voltmeter V wil chan
A MANUAL oF puve. E
RECORD
(i)
(i)
(i
(ii)
(iv)
0)
standardresistance = R = ohms
The ratio VA is constant, therefore,
current | is directly proportional to the
voltage V, i.e; the greater the voltage, the
more current flows through the circuit,
which is Ohm's law.
This constant is equal to the resistance R of
the circuit, ie,
coment ()
— Velags ()
a R
lf a graph is plotted between V and |, it
should bea straight lineas shown in Fig.
current () Se
HINTON
Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and use small length wires.
The connections should be tight and clean.
The positive terminals of the ammeter and voltmeter should b 7
terminal of the battery and negative terminals to the negative terminal ofthe battery-
ice, cell should not be used.
notbe changed.
be connected to the positive
The battery should be of constant voltage and high current,
Duringa set of readings, the resistance from the resistance box should
UAL OF PHYSICS FOR CLASS 10th (PBA) (GUIDELINE FOR PBA)
What does Ohm's law state?
‘What can Ohm's law be used for?
3. Is Ohm's law Universal?
a
4. Why is Ohm's law not applicable to semiconductors?
Ans.
5. — What is the aim of the experiment?
Ans.
6. What materials are required for the experiment?
Ans.
7. Why should the physical conditions like temperature remain constant during the
experiment?
Ans.
0 oss
A MANUAL OF PHYSICSIFOR! 4 y
What precautions should Be taken during the experi
iment?
—
Ans:
10
Ans.
what eonclsion can you draw from this experimene
OT
OO
rs .
hat does a non-linear Vl graph indicate?
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional tothe voltage across the two points.
Ohm's law is used to validate the static values of circuit components such as current levels,
voltage supplies,and voltage drops.
. No. Ohm's law is not.a universal law. This is because Ohm's law is only applicable to ohmic
‘conductors such as iron and copper but is not applicable to non-ohmic conductors such as
semiconductors,
* Otn's law doesn't apply to semiconducting devices because they are nonlinear devices. This
Means that the ratio of voltage to current doesn't remain constant for variations in voltage.
The experiment a ;
a ~ vee aims to verify Ohm's Law by determining the relationship between the current
ential
diference across a conductor (wire) and calculating the conductor's resistance.
. “Avie (conductor)
Armee - Battery or power supply
“(Comeasure current) ave
“Rheostat (tovaryh -Voltmeter (to measure potential difference)
4 ry the currey ;
eCtng Wires nt) - Switch
- Meter scale (if wire length is measured)
UAL, OF py
WYSICs Fo CLASS 10th (PBA) |
the temperature of the Wire
esults. TO verify Ohm's lay
remain constant through 0,
in change with temperature If
which could affect the r
must
The resistance of @ conductor Cal
increases,
its resistance also
larly temperacurer
increases, wt
‘cal conditions, particu!
accurately, the physi
the experiment,
and secure.
~ Start witha low current toavoid heating the wire and changing i
- Ensure that the connections are tight
its resistance.
“Take multiple readings to ensure accuracy-
inductor for more accurate results.
-Usea thin wire of uniform cross-section as a Ol
hat the current through a conductor is direct,
provided the physical conditions such x
¢ Law and allows the calculation of the
The conclusion from this experiment is
proportional to the potential difference acrot it,
temperature remain constant. This verifies Ohm’
resistance of the conductor.
A nonclinear\él graph indicates that the conductor does not obey Ohm's LawThis could happen
if che resistance of the conductor changes with temperature or ifthe conductor is non-ohmic,
meaning its resistance is not constant and varies with the applied voltage or current.
it MCQs
In Ohm's Law, what does \(R\) represent?
a) Voltage b) Resistance
©) Current d) Power
Which of the following it i
g instruments is used to measure
e ; poet
aah the current in the circuit during the
a) Voltmeter
b) Ammeter
c) Galvanometer d) Multi
imeter
Wh:
lat does the slope of theVoltage-Current (Vi) graph .
experiment? ph represent in the Ohm's Law
a) Current b) Voltage
= ae ¢) Power
at ionshi
cee ene en ocean
oere oe for a conducto!
) Directly proportional 4) ian
ic
AM
ANUAL OF PHYSICS FOR cunss aati 5 OF REFRACTION AND TO Fiyy
IFY THE LAW:
or DEX OF A GLASS SLAB
OUT THE REFRACTIVE IN!
RNS
board, sine table and metre rod.
Glass slab, pins, paper, drawing
METHOD
be
Fix a white paper sheet on a drawing
board.
Place the glass slab on the paper fixed to
a drawing board. Draw its boundary line.
On one side of the slab, fix two pins A
and B, 5 cm apart to make the incident
ray such that the line joining the slab, fix
twoat right angle to the slab.
Fix two pins on points A and B. Replace
glass slab on its boundary.
Now look through the other side of the
slab and fix two pins Cand D, 5 cm apart
in the same straight line as the image of
points Aand B.
Remove the slab and the pins. Draw
small circles round the pin pricks. Join
AB and CD and produce them to meet
the boundary line at K and L,
respectively. Join KL.
At the point K draw a perpendicular NKM. This is the normal, BK makes the incident ray, KL
refracted ray and LD is the emergent ray. Angle BKN is the angle incidence and LM is the angled
refraction. Both the angle of incidence and angle of refraction are denoted by i ands
respectively. Measure these two angles and find out their values from the sine table and calcul
the ratio.
The ratio between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction is called refractive index.
Refractiveindex = Si
sinr
Repeat the procedure two more times. Find the mean value of rati
A MANUAL OF PHYSICS FOR CLASS sown (? B rpeincident ray, he refractive ray, the emergent ray and the normal lie in the same plane pl
: @ plane
bof
The
2p raybends towar'
he paper
refractive index for glass and air is constant.
ds the normal on entering a denser medium,
| ; ierefracted ray les on the other side of thenormalas the ncdent rays,
| cE
- —
Fyio.of | Angle of incidence Angle of refraction ale Reactive nda
| obs. a a aa cule el
: a sin
32 23° 0.53 0,39 14
36° ry 0.58 039 15
aw 255° 0.64 043 15
Ans.
Fo wien
{))_Thepins should be fixed vertically upright
fi) Thetwo pins on the same side should be atleast 10 cms apart
(ii) Usesharp pencil.
(iv) Drawthe circles round the pin pricks as soon as the
(y)__ Always draw the boundary ine before beginning the experiment.
How is the angle of inci
Mean refractive index = n = 1.5
pins are removed.
(GUIDELINE FOR PBA)
idence related to the angle of emergence!
2
Ans,
3
On which condition does the light not deviate
Si nan nr igi ev teen TE _—
ee
"KOWAL oF PHYSICS FOR CLASS 10th (PBA)
What should be the angle of incidence for the above experiment?
during the refraction of light? sna gay Wonyw :
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What ks
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When a light ray
bends?
Wher
angle?
What is
Why
Whats the factor that controls a glass slab's
—
ing this light experiment of «
racing the path
of wi
Je of incid
Jang! lence? Hite light through a pla
88 slab, what i
7 8 the
is meant by lateral displacement?
ww is the angle of emergence and the angle of incidence rel:
related?
tis the property behind the formation of a rainbow?
moves from water to oil, what will be the direction in which the light
mvalighe ray moves in the trajectory of a normal ray, then what will be the incidence
mncident ray and the emergent ray are parallel?
the ideal condition where the ii
does alight ray shife cowards the normal when the ray moves from air to a glass slab!
is lateral displacement? “90
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b *WSICS FoR CLASS 10th (PBA) 6|
aay dagram is 2 PICIOTAI representation ofthe viable Paths light rays can travel from one
ineto another:
nen carried out by the Protractor shoul
mtn the glass slab.
sh should have ideal smooth faces. The drawing board
refried one Theincdence angle must be between
wo ca ina straight orientation,
Id be Precise. No air bubbles should b
must be soft so that all pins
30°and60°. All pin bases
t
Les between the pins Q and P or the pins § and Rm
The
3 pencil to draw thin lines.The protractor's quality sho
inte’
re ent should be accurate to get error-free Measurement
acemt
, presented with care.
ust be about Sem, Use a sharp-
tld be optimal.The protractor's
ts.The perpendicular lines should
bere a on .
jis ype of electromagnetic radiation within the section ofthe elect
Light
oe be observed by the human eye.
light propagates from one physical medium to another medium it (varies its path) and
on from its normal path, this process is known as the refraction oflight.
jeviat
romagnetic spectrum
Inthis experiment, the ideal angle of incidence should be between 30° to 60°.
In hi
The perpendicular deviation inthe trajectory ofthe incident ray when it moves from one
physical medium to another is known as lateral displacement.
The ange of emergence and the angle of incidence are typically equal. In some cases, the
diference may be around 1°,
The refraction of light produced by small water droplets in the air causes the rainbow
formation in the sky.
Ollis much denser than water, so the light ray will surely shift towards normal.
As the ligt ray (incident ray) is at zero degrees angle with the normal, so the incidence
angle is zero degrees,
Theincident ray and the emergent ray are parallel when the angle of emergence is equal to
the angle of incidence.
‘When igh propagates from a rarer medium (here air) to a denser medium (here glass
“Abts speed reduces, Therefore, the light ray bends to go through the shortest path.
The thickness of the slab Controls the lateral displacement. Lateral displacement increases
the slabs thickness increases,
Inthe case of,
angles below 30°
PPO side
Of the glass slab,
tthe angle of em
interior angles
and above 60°, the refracted light may not be visible on the
*rgence is equal to the angle of incidence, in fact, they are also 23.
24,
3
’
I ir to the slab,
F hen it moves from air , the j
The light ray bends two times.At the tse ee ei when the gery was “i ;
changes its direction towards normal.At the n . Is fre my
the gles to air, the light moves away from the normal (when light travels from denser
rarer medium). light fs inci
The angle of emergence is equal to the incident in the case when a light is inci lent ong
8lass slab. So the angle of emergence is equal to 40degree.
Whatis refraction?
®) Bending of light when itentersa different medium
5) Reflection offight froma surface
©) Scattering of light by smal Particles
4) Absorption of light bya medium
The angle of incidence is the angle between:
@)The incident ray and the refracted ray
5) The incident ray and the normal
©) The refracted ray and the normal
©) The incident ray and the lass slab
The angle of refraction is the angle between:
®) The incident ray and the normal >)The refracteq ay and the normal
©) The incident ray and the glass stab DThe refracted "ay and the glass slab
According to Snell's law,the ratio ofthe sine of the angle Ofincidence to the si of
refraction is: © sine of the angle
a) Equal to | b) Equal to the refractive ing,
c) Equal to the angle of incidence 9) Equal otheangle of n ex
The refractive index s definedas the ratio of refraction
a) The speed of light in vacuum to the speeq of light
nthe mediy
m
the speed of ligh
ight in va,
¢)The angle of refraction to the angle Ofincidence uum
A) The frequency of lightin the mediumto the fre
When a ray oflight passes from air intoa glass
b) The speed of light in the medium to
NCY in vag
‘uu
slab, it: =
a) Speeds up dst. TOFIND THE REFRACTIVE INDEX oF War ‘
[6 USING A CONCAVE MIRROR
ra
Three concave mirrors of different focal lengths; Stand wi
esa eros SeESQUTe or plumb line, water (in Ppa with clamp and heavy base; Parallax
pas
Determine
Place the mirror on the base of the stand so thatis principal axis is vertical.
Note down the position of the pole of the concave mirror.
the approximate focal length of one of the concave mirrors,
the parallax needle horizontally in the stand at a distance, about twice th
Tear above the mirror. Remove the parallax between the tip ofthe neeleand Cee ni
won, che needle would be at C the centre of curvature of the mirror. Hol peer
and witha set square note the positions oftheneedleand heim Githeniner.
saffcient liquid i, now, poured in the mirror to avoid the high curvature of water surface and
siequent distortion obtained with small quanties ofthe liquid. Adjust the poston of he
sere e remove parallax between the needle and is image at C. Note the poston ofthe
needle at C’.
Caleulate the refractive index ofthe liquidas: j= $
\
2
4
4 Clamp
verticall
Repeat the experiment with two concave mirrors of different focal lengths.
[ARAM
Concave
mirror edie
Distance between
index ne’
Length of index"
Dance beoree’ | _neede Bate
nee
cP cP
om cm
32 24
33 25
31 2B
PRECAUTIONS
(i) Themirrors shot
(i)
(ii) Enough quantity
and distortion wit!
(iv) Theliquid should be spread over the mirror with afin
ld be properly polished.
Mirror should be placed with care to have th
of the liquid should be poure
h small quantities of liquid.
eir principal axis in vertical position.
din the mirror to avoid high curvature of
su
(GUIDELINE FOR PBA)
te What is the Refractive Index of a medium?
Ans,
2, What are th ‘ecting the refractive inde: im
'e factors affecting the refractive index of a medi
edium?
Ans.
3:
Ans.
LS
Can the refractive index of a mediuy ess or equal to
index of a medium be les; thar
eq
R
nile tmeremte
Ene cae
\ger so that it wets the surface of mitra, laws of reflection?
ac are the
4 eo
we
oF
ich subsanee has the greatest refractive index?
‘
Ans:
a
watis the refractive index of water?
pas
L
Ans.
wat is the formula to calculate the refractive index of a medium?
= 4, Isthe speed of light faster in glass or water?
Ans.
|. The ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light in the given medium.
2 The factors affecting the refractive index are
+ the nature of the material
* and the wavelength of light used
The Refractive index of a transparent medium is always greater than |.
Ughtin any medium is always less than that in a vacuum.
because the speed of
' The laws of reflection state that:
(9) The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection. afincdence ale
int of in
©) The ange of incidence, angle of refraction and the normal to the point
"one plane.
Ny
ALOF Piysics FOR CLASS 10th (PBA) 9S. Diamond (2.42) has the greatest refractive index.
06. The refractive index of water is 1.333.
07. The refractive index ofa medium can be calculated using the following formula: n <
Where n is the refractive index of the medium, ¢ is the velocity of light in vacuum ="
VS the velocity of light in the medium
08. be i
The speed of light is faster in water: he refractive index of water is 1.3 and the refra
index of glass is 1.5, From the equation n = c/y, we know that the refractive index of
" a
ium is inversely Proportional to the velocity of light in that medium, Hence, light tray
° C
c) The distance between the object and the Mirror
d) The height of the water column
What is the "apparent depth"?
a) The actual depth of the object in water
b) The depth as seen when viewing the object from above thew,
¢) The focal length of the concave mirror ater
d) The radius of curvature of the mirror
Which of the fallawing valiiac ic rlacact ta tha «= es
TO DETERMINE THE CRITICAL ANGLE OF GLAss
sa USING A SEMI CIRCULAR SLAB AND ALIGHT
A
Mata OF PHYSICS FOR CLASS 4oth (PBA)
RAY BOX/OR BY APRISM
ean; White sheet of paper; Office pins; Drawing-board; Drawing board pins; P
\s; Protractor;
Foca white: sheet of paper ona drawing board by drawing pins.
place the prism on the paper such that its refracting edge A is towards the observer. Mark its
poundary witha sharp pencil
Remove prism and replace prism on boundary. Fix the pin P at the middle of the boundary line
AB.
Lpoktowards the base BC through the face ‘AC tosee the image of the pin P.
ove the eye from A toward C keeping the image of Pin view. For a certain position of eye, the
image ofP disappears. Again move the eye from A to C and see where the image of P just gets
fine before disappearing. Fix two ins DED
ac K and L in line with the f giant
image ofP.
Remove the prism and encircle the
pinpricks.
Join the pin pricks L and K to meet
theface ACatR.
From point P draw a perpendicular
PM on face BC and produce it
upward, Cut MN = PM and join N to
R cutting the face BC at O. Join P to
°.
Measure the angle POR which is
double the critical angle ®& -
Determine critical angle 9.= ‘4 <
POR and calculate refractive index
by therelation n= I/sin 8, -
Repeat the experiment three times
atdifferent places on the same paper Critical angle
c=4ZPOR
Mean critical angle C =
Refractive index "= Gin
Pl TAT teh
towards the observer.
(i) Therefracting edge Act the prism should be
(i) Pinsshould beverticaland about 5 cm apart.
(ii) The feetofthe pins should be n one line.
(iv) Firstpin should be on the boundary of the prism.
(0) The directions ofthe rays hould be shown by arrow heads.
(GUIDELINE FOR PBA)
QI. What is refractive index?
Q2. What is the unit of the refractive index?
Ans.
A MANUAL OF PHYSICS FOR’ e the atmospheric refraction that causes the splitting of white ligh
io ight,
ad dispersion of light?
at is the
A whe
the factors on which the angle of deviation through a prism depend:
s.
List
SE
6, What happens to the incident ray when it enters the prism?
Q7. What is the critical angle of a medium?
Ans.
Q total internal reflection?
. How is the critical angle related to
Ans. ee
1 angle of glass im prism
jetermine the critical
g
9 What equipment is typically used to d
experiment?
Ans, jing the critical angle using @ glass prism,
rminin}
for dete!
Describe the basic procedure
Q10.
~ ———
idence is greater than the critical angle in a
er
il. What happens to light when the angle of inci
Ans.
| angle?
ive it i itical
12. How can you calculate the refractive index of glass using the cri
UXO aA aie)
I: Refractive index is defined as the ratio between the sine of the angle of incident rayiina
vacuum to the sine of the angle of refraction r in a given medium. The mathematical
representation of the refractive index is given as:
n= sin / sinr
Where,
. nis the refractive index
* iis the angle of the incidence
* ris the angle of the reflection
: Refractive index has no unit. This i ;
sis because it is a rati sce j
and in a medium. ‘"IS a ratio between the speed of light in vac"
Rainbow.
The dispersion of light is def evel
fined as the pheno
ef ment ~ Pee
Constituent colours when it is made to Pass theougha ree fees et
sparent medium.
le ang!
le of deviati
ZAiscaled the angle of ort viation through a prism depends:
a ail + Angle of incidence
+ Onthe optical density of the material used in a prism.
6 a oe ray enters the prism, it bends towards the normal as it changes its path
7, The critical angle of a medium is the angle of incidence at which light passing from the
medium to air (or another less dense medium) is refracted at 90 degrees to the normal
resulting in total internal reflection. ‘
8: The critical angle is the minimum angle of incidence at which total internal reflection occurs.
When the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle, all the light is reflected into the "
medium instead of passing through the boundary.
9: Aglass prism,a ray box or light source, and a protractor or angle measurement device are
typically used.The ray box provides a beam of ight, and the protractor measures the angles
of incidence and refraction.
10: 1. Shine a beam of light into the glass prism at various angles.
2. Measure the angle of incidence at which the light is totally internally reflected inside the
prism.
3. Use Snell's law to calculate tt
angle of incidence.
11: When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs,
and all the light is reflected back into the prism instead of passing through the boundary,
12: The refractive index (n ) of glass can be calculated using the formula n= I/sin6c, where ¢ is
the critical angle.
he critical angle from the refractive index of glass and the
a ULL
1, What is the critical angle?
a) The angle at which light reflects completely
b) The angle at which light refracts with no bending
) The angle of incidence at which light is refracted
d) The angle of refraction in denser media
2. What happens when the angle of incidence exceeds the
a) Light refracts into the second medium
along the boundary of two media
critical angle?
b) Light reflects back into the denser medium
c) Light travels along the boundary
3. gig trv ars ene angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle is
called: /
a) Refraction b) Total ineeral reflection
©) Diffraction d) Dispersion
IWMANUAL‘OF PHYSICS FOR CLASS 10th (PBA) :
|
TO TRACE THE PATH OF A RAY OF LIGHT THROUGH
(Seas «=A PRISM AND MEASURE THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION
[ APPARATUS)
Glass prism, drawing board, drawing board pins, ice pi
metrerod, sharp pencil pins, ice pins,
PROCEDURE
(i) Fixawhite sheet of paper ona drawing board with drawing board pins. Place .
paper with its base towards you and draw its boundary ABC with ins. Place 2 ass prism on the
White shea A yaper, protractor,
(i) Rernove the prism and draw a straight line HK making at acute angle £i with the normal NK to
the boundary line AB, Zi is the angle of incidence. Fix two office pins P and Q on this line, so that
H{K is the path of incident ray. Replace the prism in the boundary ABC.
(li) Look the images of pins Pand Q through the other side AC of the prism, Fix two pins Rand Sin
line with the images of pins P and Q remove the pins P, Q, Rand Sand draw senall circles around
the pin pricks, Remove the prism.
(iv) Join the pin pricks S and R with aline to touch the boundary line AC at L Drawa normal MLatL
tothe boundary line AC. ZSLM = Zeis the angle of emergence and LS is the emergent ray.
(y) JoinkandL, so that KLis the refracted ray.
(vi) Produce the incident ray HK and emergent ray SL to intersect at T. ZRTX =
