Tissues chapter 6

 Tissues
= A group of cells similar in structure that work together to perform a particular function
forms a tissue.
= All cells of a tissue have common origin.

 Importance of tissues
=Formation of tissues has brought about a division of labor in multicellular organisms.
=Tissues become organized to form organs and organs into organ systems.
=Workload of an individual cell has decreased due to origin of issues.
=As a result of improved organization and higher efficiency, multicellular organism have
higher survival.
 Why plants and animals are made of different types of tissues?
=Plants and animals are two different types of organism. Plants are autotrophic organism,
so they prepare their own food by photosynthesis. They are stationary or fixed organism,
they do not have to move from place to place in the search of their food and shelter.
Because they do not move most of the plant tissues are supportive which provide them
with structural strength.
=Animals on the other hand are heterotrophic organism. They have to move in search of
food, and shelter, so they need more energy as compared to plants. Most of the tissue they
contains, are living.
=Based on the dividing capacity of the tissues, various plant tissues can be classified as
meristematic and permanent tissues.
 Meristematic tissues
= Cells of meristems divide continuously and help in increasing the length and girth of the
plant.
=Meristematic tissues are growth tissues and are found in growing regions of the plant.
According to their position in the plant, meristems are apical, lateral and intercalary.
= Apical meristems are situated at the growing tip of stems and roots.
= Lateral meristems are found beneath the cambium and in vascular bundles.
=Intercalary meristems are located at the base of leaves or internode.
 Permanent tissues
= When the plant matures and loses the ability to divide then those tissues are called
permanent tissues. Each gain different roles and purposes as permanent tissues.
= Different types of permanent tissues are formed due to differences in their specialization.
=Permanent tissues may be simple or complex. Their cells may be living or dead, thin walled
or thick walled.
 Simple permanent tissues
= These tissues are composed of cells which are structurally and functionally similar. Thus,
these tissues are all made of one type of cells.

I) Parenchyma
= Parenchyma cells are living and possess the power of division.
=The cell wall is thin and encloses a dense cytoplasm which contains a small nucleus and
surrounds a large central vacuole.
= The parenchyma tissue is found in the soft parts of the plant such as cortex of roots and
ground tissues in stems.
= The main function of parenchyma is to store food. Parenchyma serves as food storage
tissue.
=If chloroplast is present, the parenchyma is called chlorenchyma and performs
photosynthesis.
=In aquatic plants larger air cavities are present in parenchyma to give plant buoyancy to
float. Such type of parenchyma is called aerenchyma.

II) Collenchyma
= It also consists of living cells.
=In collenchyma, intercellular spaces are generally absent. Collenchyma cells are elongated
in shape. They often contain a few chloroplasts.
=The cells of collenchyma are located below the epidermis.
=It is a mechanical tissue, it provides mechanical support and elasticity.
=It allows easy bending in various parts of a plant whithout actually breaking it.
=When cells of collenchyma contains some chloroplasts, they manufacture sugar and
starch.

III) Sclerenchyma
= Sclerenchyma cells are dead cells and they do not have protoplasm.
=The cell walls of sclerenchyma are greatly thickened of lignin. Lignin is a complex polymer
which acts as a cement and hardens cell wall.
= The cells of sclerenchyma are closely packed without intercellular spaces.
=Husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue.
=The sclerenchyma is mainly mechanical and protective in function. It gives strength,
rigidity, flexibility and elasticity to the plant body and enables it to withstand various strains.
 Protective tissue
= Epidermis: It is present in the outermost later of the plant body such as leaves, flowers,
stems and roots. Epidermis is one cell thick and is covered with cuticle. In fact, cuticle
epidermis helps to reduce water loss by evaporation from the plant surface and also helps
in preventing the entry of pathogen.
=Cork: As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue undergoes certain changes. A strip
of secondary meristem, called cork cambium replaces epidermis of stem. Cork is protective
in function. Cork cells prevent desiccation, infection and mechanical injury.
=Stomata: Epidermis of a leaf is not continuous at some places due to the present of small
pores called stomata. Each stomata is bounded by a pair of specialized epidermal cells. The
stomata allows gaseous exchange to occur during photosynthesis and respiration.
 Complex permanent tissues
=The complex permanent tissues consist of more than one type of cells having common
origin.
=Complex tissues transport water, mineral salts, and food materials to various parts of plant
body. Complex tissues are following types:
1) Xylem 2) Phloem

 Xylem
=Xylem is composed of cells of four different types, tracheids, vessels, or trachea, xylem
parenchyma and xylem sclerenchyma.
=Except xylem parenchyma all other xylem elements are dead and bounded by thick
lignified walls.
=The main function of xylem is to carry water and mineral salts upward from the root to
different parts of shoots.
 Phloem
=Phloem is composed of following four elements or cells. Sieve tubes, companion cells,
Phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
 Animal Tissue
=Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It flows and connects different parts of body. It carries
oxygen and food to all cells and in return collects metabolic wastes from them.
=On the basis of the functions thet perform in the body of multicellular animals, the animal
tissues are classified as: Epithelial tissue; Muscle or muscular tissues; Connective tissue;
Nervous tissue.
 Epithelial tissue
=It is the protective tissue of the animal body. The cells of this tissue are tightly packed and
they form a continuous sheet.
=Cells of epithelium contain a very little or no intercellular matrix.
=It also forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate.
=The skin and lining of buccal cavity, blood vessels, alveoli and kidney tubules are made of
epithelial tissue.
=Inside the body, epithelial cells form lining of mouth and alimentary canal and protect
these organs.
=Helps in absorption of water and nutrients.
=Help in elimination of waste products.
=Some epithelial tissues perform secretory function. They secrete a variety of substances
such s sweat, saliva, enzymes, etc
=Types of epithelial tissues. Depending upon the shape and function of the cells, the
epithelial tissues are classified as follows:
i) Squamous ii) Columnar
iii) Cuboidal iv) Ciliated v) Glandular
 Squamous epithelium
=It forms the delicate lining of cavities and of blood vessels and covering of the tongue and
skin.
=This epithelium protects the underlying parts of body from mechanical injury, entry of
germs chemicals and drying.
=It also forms a selectively permeable surface through which filteration occurs.
 Stratified squamous epithelium
=This is found in skin and covers the external dry surface of the skin.
=Cells of this tissue are arranged in many layers.
=Cells forming different layers of this epithelium are not similar.
 Cuboidal Epithelial
=It consists of cube like cells.
=The cuboidal epithelium is found in kidney tubules, thyroid vesicles and in glands.
=It helps in absorption , excretion and secretion. It also provides mechanical support.
 Columnar Epithelial
=The columnar epithelium consists of cells which are taller than broader.
=It forms the lining of stomach, small intestine.
=It also forms the lining of gall bladder and oviducts and facilitates movement across the
cells.
=Its main functions include absorption and secretion by goblet cells or mucous membrane.
 Glandular epithelium
=The columnar epithelium is often modified to form glands which secrete chemicals.
 Ciliated Epithelium
=Certain cuboidal or columnar cells have a free border which bear thread like cytoplasmic
outgrowths, called cilia. Such cells form the ciliated epithelium.
=The ciliated columnar epithelium