ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE - a form of radiation that travel though the universe
RADIO
- can't be seen
- travel through air
- communication satellites
MICRO
- electronic radiation with wavelengths
- cooking food
VISIBLE
- can be seen
INFRARED
- can be like heat radiation
- night vision
- animals use this to see in the dark
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
- can be harmful if too much
- vitamin d
- sun is major source
X-RAYS
- can prostate many materials making them useful for media imagine
- excessive exposure to it is harmful
GAMMA RAYS
- most energetic, shortest
- nuclear
PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT
LIGHT
- is an EM wave
(waves that are formed when an electric field and a magnetic field vibrate together, light is
propagating wave of electric and magnetic)
- travels in a straight line
(energy of an electromagnetic wave travels in a straight line along the path of the wave)
- is a transverse wave
(they vibrate energy in a direction perpendicular to the wave's travel direction, all em waves,
including light are transverse waves)
- doesn't need any medium to travel
(fast vibration of charged particles is responsible for the origin of em waves)
- its speed through vacuum is 3x10^8
- its velocity changes when it travels from one medium to another
- frequency of the light wave remains the same in all media
- frequency remains constant since the energy of light doesn't vary
- gets reflected back from polished surface such as mirrors, polished metal
surfaces
(reflection is when light bounces off an object if the surface is smooth and shiny)
undergoes refraction (bending) when it travels from one transparent medium to another
(refracts whenever it travels at an angle into a substance with a different refractive index (optical
density), this change of direction is caused by a change in speed)
TERMS FOR PLANE MIRROR
IMAGE - visual representation of a person or thing that closely resembles another
REAL IMAGE - image can be formed on a screen and appeared inverted
VIRTUAL IMAGE - image formed on a mirror and appeared upright
REFLECTION - bouncing back of light that strikes to a surface
QUALITATIVE - describing the characteristics of an image using words
height = same or different
size = same, enlarge, reduce
distance = same or different
type of image = real or virtual
orientation = inverted or upright
MIRROR - optical device with a surface, typically made of glass coated with a metal amalgam
(aluminum/silver coating) which reflects a clear image
2 types = plane & curve
PLANE MIRROR - flat, smooth surface that reflects light rays, designed to produce a clear,
undistorted image of objects placed in front of it
CHARACTERISTICS OF IMAGES FORMED BY PLANE MIRROR
1. VIRTUAL IMAGE - upright, behind the mirror, can't be projected onto the screen
2. LATERALLY REVERSED - there's an apparent left-right reversal of the image
3. THE SAME DISTANCE AS THE OBJECT
4. THE SAME SIZE AS THE OBJECT
LAWS OF REFLECTION
- the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection
- the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal are all in the same plane
REGULAR OR SPECULAR REFLECTION
- image is very clear and sharp
- light reflected from a smooth surface in a definite/one direction
IRREGULAR OR DIFFUSE REFLECTION
- image isn't clear or sharp
- light reflected from a rough surface in a different direction
IMAGE FORMATION BY PLANE MIRROR
LOCATION - behind the mirror
ORIENTATION - upright
SIZE - same size as the object
TYPE - virtual
N = (360/angle between the mirror)-1
as angle decreased, more reflections will occur
CURVE MIRROR
- with curved reflecting surface
- convex (bulging outward) or concave (recessed inward)
- most have surfaces that are shaped like part of a sphere
- some used in optical devices
IMAGE
REAL
- formed when light rays actually meet after reflection
- can be formed on a screen
- inverted with respect to the object (concave)
VIRTUAL
- formed when light rays don't actually intersect after reflection, but they appear to diverge from
the mirror
- can't be formed on a screen
- erect with respect to the object (convex)
CONVEX MIRROR (outward structure)
- mirror in the department store
- side mirror
CONCAVE MIRROR (inward structure)
- shaving mirror
- solar powered gadget
- dentist's mirror
PRINCIPAL AXIS - passing through the center of the surface of a lens or spherical mirror and
through the centers of curvature of all segments of the lens or mirror
CENTER OR CURVATURE - center of the sphere of which the mirror forms the part (C)
FOCAL LENGTH - distance between the vertex of the surface and the mirror's focal point
RADIUS CURVATURE - distance from the vertex to the center of curvature
LOST
location - between, behind, father, beyond, at
orientation - upright or inverted
size - reduce, same, enlarge
type - real or virtual
STEPS
1. head to mirror
2. mirror to f
3. head to c
CONVEX LENS
- microscope
- camera
- refracting telescope
- magnifying glass
- eyeglasses for hyperopia
- eye
CONCAVE
- peepholes
- eye glasses for myopia
DC GENERATOR - electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into direct current
electricity
1. stator - provide magnetic fields where the coil spins
2. rotor - includes slotted iron laminations with slots that are stacked to shape a cylindrical
armature core
3. commutator - works like a rectifier that changes AC voltage to DC voltage within the
armature winding
4. brushes - in constant with the commutator and are attached to the wires leading from the
generator
5. shaft - transfers mechanical energy to the generator and turns the coil through the magnetic
field
ELECTRIC MOTOR
- changes electricity into motion, meaning electrical energy into mechanical energy is called an
electric motor
HANS CHRISTIAN ORSTED
- began a new scientific era when he discovered that electricity and magnetism are linked
- ELECTROMAGNETISM
1. stator - one stationary and one that rotates
2. rotor - consisting of copper wire wound into a coil around an axle
3. commutator - basics, magnetic poles - brushes and terminals
MICHAEL FARADAY - ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Prepared by:
Daniela C. Doctolero
SSLG Grade 10 Representative
