WOOD-FLOORING-METAL-

GLASS-PAINTPROCESS.
 WOOD
• Wood
• Hardwood .
• Soft wood
• Engineered wood.
Plywood.
Bendable plywood.
Flush door.
MDF & HDF.
particle board.
Block board.
• Bison panel.
• Finishes.
• Veneer
• Laminate
• Solid surface
• alabaster
• Charcoal sheet
 Wood
• Wood is the basic raw element used to construct furniture.
• Hardwoods used in furniture
• Hardwood is denser than softwood. Hardwood lumber comes from
deciduous trees that generally grow more slowly.
• As you may have already noticed, the wood types that are seen most in
high-quality wooden furniture are all from the hardwood family.
• The hardwood list below contains many of the common hardwoods used
in furniture making:
• Oak.
• Hickory.
• Teak.
• Maple.
• Beech.
• Walnut.
• Mahogany .
• Rubber wood.
• Oak wood Hickory wood Teak Wood

• Maple wood Beech wood walnut wood

• Mahogany wood Rubber wood
Plywood • Plywood has been our go-to option for fixed
furniture for decades now. Due to its
popularity, many homeowners are currently
seeking plywood as a substitute to solid
wooden furniture.
• Unlike any other building material, plywood
is one affordable option that is not only
versatile but also holds the beauty of wood.
• Available in softwood, hardwood and
various finishes, this material can be used
for roofing, flooring, furniture, wardrobes
and cabinets.
• Plywood is an engineered wood made by
gluing together thin veneer sheets with a
resin under high pressure. Thus creating a
thick, strong and flexible flat sheet. It is
usually mostly preferred as it is cheaper
than wood and doesn’t get warped or shrink
in the long run.
• MR ply, BWR/BWP ply and Marine ply are three basic
grades.

• MR plywood is used for furniture like beds and cabinets

also known as commercial ply by local vendors, is used in
interiors extensively. From furniture to cabinets, it has
good resistance to moisture in damp and humid
conditions, making it a favourite material in tropical
areas. However, this is not waterproof.

• BWR sheets are waterproof It is most favoured for

interior and exteriors as well. The resistance to water
makes it suitable for all weather conditions and is also
used in the kitchens where exposure to water is high. It
is also used for wall cladding on the exteriors, staircases
and more due to its waterproof nature.

• marine ply is perfect for rooms exposed to water like

kitchens and bathrooms. It is often associated with BWR
and BWP ply by carpenters. But the similarities are
minimum. The material is of superior quality and is
waterproof to a great extent. Thus, its applications are
found mainly in boat building and industries where
exposure to water is high. So, the myth that marine ply is
the best material for kitchens is pointless unless you’re
planning to keep your kitchen immersed in water all the
time.
• Bendable plywood, also known as
Curve-Ply, Flexi-ply, Wacky Wood and
Wiggle wood, bending plywood, is normally
made out of hardwood imported veneers
with the layers all running in one direction,
this allows bend-ability to the panel and can
be applied on a curved radius.

• It s designed to flex to take the shape of

almost any curved contour.

• It comes in thickness of 6mm & 12 mm.

Flush door. • Flush Doors are simple in design which
have plain facing in both the side. These
doors are mainly used in those places
where spaces are at a premium.
• It can be used as an interior and
exterior door. Flush Doors can also be
used in a specific purpose such as
• wardrobe doors, fire doors, X-ray door,
acoustic doors. Flush Doors consist of
the stave, hollow, and solid cores
• 25 mm
• 30 mm
• 35 mm
• 38 mm
MDF(Medium Density Fibreboard)
• (Medium Density Fibreboard) is an engineered material made by breaking
down hardwood or softwood residuals into fine particles, combining it
with wax and a resin binder and applying high temperature and pressure.

Advantages of MDF
• MDF is generally cheaper than plywood.
• The surface of MDF is very smooth which makes it a great surface for
painting.
• MDF is very consistent throughout, so cut edges appear smooth and won’t
have voids or splinters.
• Because of the smooth edges, you can use a router to create decorative
edges.
• The consistency and smoothness of MDF allow for easy cutting of detailed
designs (such as scrolled or scalloped designs) using a scroll saw, band saw
or jigsaw.
• Disadvantages of MDF
• Just like particle board, MDF will soak up water and other
liquids like a sponge and swell unless it’s very well sealed on
all sides and edges.
• Because it consists of such fine particles, MDF doesn’t hold
screws very well.
• Because it’s so dense, MDF is very heavy which can make it
more difficult to work with.
• MDF can’t be stained. Not only does it soak up stain like a
sponge but because there’s no wood grain on MDF, it looks
awful when it’s stained.
• MDF contains VOCs (eg. urea-formaldehyde) so care needs to
be taken while cutting and sanding to avoid inhalation of the
particles.
 • Particle board, also known as chipboard, is
Particle board an engineered wood product manufactured
from wood chips or jute-stick chips and a
synthetic resin or other suitable binder,
which is pressed and extruded.

• Particle board is often confused

with oriented strand board (also known as
flake board, or chipboard), a different type
of flake board. that uses machined wood
flakes and offers more strength.
Block board
• Block board (also known as lumber core) is
a man-made board similar to plywood but,
in this type of board, the center layer or
core is made from strips of softwood.
• Block board is a kind of engineered
compound plywood board. It is used for
various purposes. Followings are the main
uses of block board.
• For shelving such as long book shelve ,
worktops as heavier structure.
• For furniture making such as table, bench,
bed etc.
• For window, door shutter, flush door.
• Block board does not slag in the middle or
does not bend easily, so it is a choice for
carpenters.
• For making wall furniture.
• For wall panels, partition.
BISON PANEL
• Bison Panel is a cement bonded particle board that is fire, weather, &
termite resistant a good sound insulating material, dimensionally stable,
possesses a smooth surface with wood workability, & is chemically stable.

• Bison Panel is highly resistant to termite, vermin, & rat bites.

• Heavier & stronger than wood, it is recommended for applications like

fixed furniture, & work-stations.

• It is an ideal material for planks required for built-in wardrobes in masonry

walls & for storage racks.

• Recommended Thicknesses: 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 14mm, 16mm, 18mm,

20mm & 25mm
 • WPC is a highly durable and secure material
WPC used for construction purposes. It is a blend of
wood fibre/ wood flour and thermoplastics.
• The WPC boards are also prepared from
inorganic fillers and plastic composites. Wood
plastic composite is also used as a strong and
high end flooring option.
• The WPC boards are used for flooring,
decking, railings, fences, landscaping,
windows, doors, outdoor or indoor cladding.

• WPC boards are huge and long lasting and

thus, can be used for wood panelling. It is used
for indoor and outdoor wall panelling
• Wpc boards are used for modern construction
in interior ceiling, household furniture, shoe
rack, wardrobes, kitchen cabinets, bathroom
vanities, interior partitioning, modular
furnishing etc.
 • Rectangular PVC Sheet is a composite material that is
PVC used in the furniture and building industries and it is
substitution of Plywood ,Marine Ply and Particle
Board.

• It can be used for making the ceiling, panels, cabinet

doors, decorative wall, and decorative panels. It's
made of Poly Vinyl Chloride is moisture resistant and
fire-proof.

• It lasts long and does not fall prey to termites or

corrosion like wood and metal.

• The main material PVC resin can be foamed and

extruded into a special sheet with many advantages,
such as glossy or matte surface, waterproof, flame-
resistant, UV stable, sound and heat insulation ,anti-
chemical corrosion, etc, it has a very widely
applications.

• PVC Sheet is 100% plastic sheet which is foamed

using chemicals.
 FINISHES
• [Link] VENEERS & LAMINATES.
• Wood veneers and laminates are among the most commonly used decorative
materials for surfacing cabinetry, furniture, walls, ceilings and much else.

• Wood veneers are thin layers of wood precisely cut from a thicker log while
laminates are multi-layered sheets of paper and plastic resins glued together
into one.

• Both veneers and laminates are pasted on a sub-base of wood composite

plywood board or MDF.
• VEENERS & LAMINATES.
• Are you unsure about which one to choose – wood veneers or laminates?
Both will be judged on the basis of durability, aesthetics, affordability and
ease of maintenance.

Looks great
As veneer is derived from actual timber, each sheet is different from the
other. Embedded natural patterns offer a more organic and high-end look,
one that only a solid wood surface possesses.
• Can be stained and textured as required.
Just like solid wood, veneer sheets can be coloured and polished to
achieve the intended hue and grain that goes with the design theme.

• Lasts long.
Though strength and overall appeal of the veneer application is largely
dependent on workmanship, quality installations last long … and longer.
Veneers are likely to stay intact for a minimum of 15 years if installed and
maintained properly

• Is eco-friendly
Veneers are a renewable resource and they go a long way in economically
replacing solid wood applications. One log of timber produces a number of
veneered wood slices, boosting its cost-effectiveness. Not only that, pricey
veneer sheets can be backed by an inexpensive wood board or plywood
board to achieve the desired rich look within a budget.
• Veneer sheets are softer than laminate sheets. Once the polish layer
wears off over time, the veneer becomes susceptible to abrasions. The
veneer sheet may bubble or warp if moisture seeps into the core material
or if the top layer is exposed to heat. So they are not great options for
kitchens, bathrooms and other wet areas.
 Types of veneers
• Natural veneer.
• Dyed veneer.
• Reconstituted veneer.
 Natural veneer.
Natural veneer is a unique material sliced from logs that is influenced by an
individual tree’s reaction to its soil composition, geographic location and
other growing conditions throughout the duration of its growth.
 Dyed veneer
• The veneers are manufactured via a four-stage industrial process,
composed of bleaching, dyeing, drying and pressing. The sheets are
immersed in the dye so that it fully penetrates the veneer, resulting in a
uniform tone and an enhanced natural grain.
• Reconstituted veneer is a type of man-made wood veneer. It is an
environmentally friendly alternative to expensive rare and exotic wood
species.
• Reconstituted wood veneer is created with consistency using real wood
from natural, renewable sources.
• Check the veneer layer thickness it should be 1mm-1.5 mm thick, typically
it comes in 0.9mm to 3 mm, and thickness after applying on plywood is
4mm-6mm.

• Almost all hardwood and soft wood veneers spices are available in market,
first preference should be hard wood veneer.

• Avoid using dyed veneer, after finishing it will not look appealing. Grains
are not figure out.
2mm-6mm groove is to placed between two sheets of veneer
• Laminates

Is affordable.
Laminates are machine-made products and are, therefore, easy to
produce. Their cost of production is low and they are widely available.

Available in a variety of colours and designs.

Since laminates are pre-printed, one cannot find natural variations in the
sheet like one does in wood veneers. However, other endless designs can
be manufactured to choose from.

Due to availability of both glossy and rough textures, laminates can

replicate almost all surface finishes including wood, stone, marble, leather
and more.. Some digital printers produce personalised prints on the sheet
too.
• Pro: Is strong and easy to maintain

• Laminates are produced by compressing two or more layers under

high pressure, resulting in highly durable and impervious sheets.
• Laminates tend to fight heat, moisture, stains and scratches better
than veneers, making them easier to clean and take care of.
• Therefore, they are great for high traffic and damp areas like
kitchens and tabletops.
• Most laminate manufacturers provide a minimum warranty of 10
years on their products.
• Con: Looks cannot be altered
Most laminates are coated with a thin transparent plastic protective sheet
above the printed decorative layer. Unlike veneers, they cannot be sanded,
stained or textured according to demands of the design.

Con: Is non-renewable and sometimes toxic

A laminate sheet contains plastics and resins. Some resins give off harmful
gas.

• Con: Is prone to clipping at edges

In most veneer installations, the corners and seams are sealed by the
polishing material. On the other hand, the edges of laminate applications
remain open and sharp. Inferior workmanship often leads to clipping and
breaking of hard laminate sheets which can only be solved by replacing
the worn sheet by a new one.
 FINISHES
• [Link] VENEERS & LAMINATES.
• Wood veneers and laminates are among the most commonly used decorative
materials for surfacing cabinetry, furniture, walls, ceilings and much else.

• Wood veneers are thin layers of wood precisely cut from a thicker log while
laminates are multi-layered sheets of paper and plastic resins glued together
into one.

• Both veneers and laminates are pasted on a sub-base of wood composite

plywood board or MDF.
• VEENERS & LAMINATES.
• Are you unsure about which one to choose – wood veneers or laminates?
Both will be judged on the basis of durability, aesthetics, affordability and
ease of maintenance.

Looks great
As veneer is derived from actual timber, each sheet is different from the
other. Embedded natural patterns offer a more organic and high-end look,
one that only a solid wood surface possesses.
• Can be stained and textured as required.
Just like solid wood, veneer sheets can be coloured and polished to
achieve the intended hue and grain that goes with the design theme.

• Lasts long.
Though strength and overall appeal of the veneer application is largely
dependent on workmanship, quality installations last long … and longer.
Veneers are likely to stay intact for a minimum of 15 years if installed and
maintained properly

• Is eco-friendly
Veneers are a renewable resource and they go a long way in economically
replacing solid wood applications. One log of timber produces a number of
veneered wood slices, boosting its cost-effectiveness. Not only that, pricey
veneer sheets can be backed by an inexpensive wood board or plywood
board to achieve the desired rich look within a budget.
• Veneer sheets are softer than laminate sheets. Once the polish layer
wears off over time, the veneer becomes susceptible to abrasions. The
veneer sheet may bubble or warp if moisture seeps into the core material
or if the top layer is exposed to heat. So they are not great options for
kitchens, bathrooms and other wet areas.
 Types of veneers
• Natural veneer.
• Dyed veneer.
• Reconstituted veneer.
 Natural veneer.
Natural veneer is a unique material sliced from logs that is influenced by an
individual tree’s reaction to its soil composition, geographic location and
other growing conditions throughout the duration of its growth.
 Dyed veneer
• The veneers are manufactured via a four-stage industrial process,
composed of bleaching, dyeing, drying and pressing. The sheets are
immersed in the dye so that it fully penetrates the veneer, resulting in a
uniform tone and an enhanced natural grain.
• Reconstituted veneer is a type of man-made wood veneer. It is an
environmentally friendly alternative to expensive rare and exotic wood
species.
• Reconstituted wood veneer is created with consistency using real wood
from natural, renewable sources.
• Check the veneer layer thickness it should be 1mm-1.5 mm thick, typically
it comes in 0.9mm to 3 mm, and thickness after applying on plywood is
4mm-6mm.

• Almost all hardwood and soft wood veneers spices are available in market,
first preference should be hard wood veneer.

• Avoid using dyed veneer, after finishing it will not look appealing. Grains
are not figure out.
2mm-6mm groove is to placed between two sheets of veneer
• Laminates

Is affordable.
Laminates are machine-made products and are, therefore, easy to
produce. Their cost of production is low and they are widely available.

Available in a variety of colours and designs.

Since laminates are pre-printed, one cannot find natural variations in the
sheet like one does in wood veneers. However, other endless designs can
be manufactured to choose from.

Due to availability of both glossy and rough textures, laminates can

replicate almost all surface finishes including wood, stone, marble, leather
and more.. Some digital printers produce personalised prints on the sheet
too.
• Pro: Is strong and easy to maintain

• Laminates are produced by compressing two or more layers under

high pressure, resulting in highly durable and impervious sheets.
• Laminates tend to fight heat, moisture, stains and scratches better
than veneers, making them easier to clean and take care of.
• Therefore, they are great for high traffic and damp areas like
kitchens and tabletops.
• Most laminate manufacturers provide a minimum warranty of 10
years on their products.
• Con: Looks cannot be altered
Most laminates are coated with a thin transparent plastic protective sheet
above the printed decorative layer. Unlike veneers, they cannot be sanded,
stained or textured according to demands of the design.

Con: Is non-renewable and sometimes toxic

A laminate sheet contains plastics and resins. Some resins give off harmful
gas.

• Con: Is prone to clipping at edges

In most veneer installations, the corners and seams are sealed by the
polishing material. On the other hand, the edges of laminate applications
remain open and sharp. Inferior workmanship often leads to clipping and
breaking of hard laminate sheets which can only be solved by replacing
the worn sheet by a new one.
 Alabaster Sheet Panels
• Alabaster Panels. A Malleable Natural Stone Looking Product. it
looks just like alabaster is light transparent and malleable.

• It has the look of natural stone but is two thirds lighter and you can
cut, router, finish with wood working tools.

• The use of Alabaster Sheet Panels in interior design produce

extraordinary effects because the alabaster is the
Translucent tone for excellence.

• The Alabaster Sheets, allows different applications in interior

design, and decoration.
• application:
• Back Lighted panels, Counter tops, Wall Cladding and other decorative uses.
• Size : 48" X 96" (8/4 feet).
• Thickness : 3 mm to 12mm

• USAGE : Color Energy, Light Transparency, Seamless Joints

• Unlimited applications in commercial, Industrial and entertainment industries.
• Building Facade, Display units, Sign boards, Column Covers, Beam and Pillar
Covers, Room Dividers, Ceilings, Counter tops, Outdoor Elements & Translucent
Walls with Black Light Effect.
• Care and Maintenance:

• Remove dirt and residue with soapy water or an ammonia-based cleaner.

• It is important to minimize direct heat exposure to protect your solid surface.

• Prevent hard water marks by wiping surfaces dry after spills or cleaning. Ordinary
vinegar removes most dried water spots.
Charcoal Decorative Sheet
• Charcoal Decorative Sheet for Interior
• Charcoal sheet is you can say a type of laminate but, it is not exactly a
laminate. It is a PVC based material for decorating purpose.
• Many home owners want to add uniqueness and something different to
their home interior, but due to unawareness of materials trending in
market, they have to go with traditional material used.
• Charcoal sheet is quite simple and effective material for your home
interior and furniture.
• The Uses:
• Charcoal sheet can be used anywhere in interior part for e.g. sofa back
wall, entrance area, bed back paneling, wardrobe, door, partition and you
can even use in ceiling also.
• You can use at wall where there are problems of seepage or leakage;
charcoal sheet will not get affected. It is totally termite proof.
• There are variety of designs, textures, colors and patterns available in
charcoal sheet. You can either use full sheet on wardrobe or highlight one
part of it.
• Sizes available:
• Size of 8×4 feet, 8×3 feet, 8×2 feet. You can cut it into triangle, square or
any shape that you want.
• The cost:
• Charcoal sheet cost you Rs. 2000 to 3000 per sheet.
• Here’s another advantage:
• The best part about charcoal sheet is that, you can sell also after using it,
wherein laminates can’t be sold once used.
 Flooring.
• Flooring is often overlooked during the process of designing a space,
whether that be the kitchen, bathroom, living room or bedroom. While it's
often not regarded as being important to an interior design scheme,
getting it right can affect the overall appearance of a room.

• Picking new flooring can be daunting task. There are many materials to
choose from and each type has a gamut of options to go along with it.
Also, depending on the room and the flow of traffic, there are a variety of
considerations to think about.
• Floors are an important part of the house since they usually exposed to
intensive and different kinds of usage, so we have to be meticulous when
choosing flooring materials.

• Unsuitable materials can result in floor deterioration sooner than usual or

they can affect the livelihood in the space.

• To avoid such problems, you should carefully consider these factors when
selecting flooring materials.
• Types of flooring.
– Tiles
– Marbles.
– Wooden flooring.
– Vinyl flooring
– Rubber flooring
– Sand stones flooring
– Quartz
– Granite.
– Pavers.
Tiles
• CERAMIC TILES

• VITRIFIED TILES

• PORCEALIN TILES
 Ceramic tiles.

• Ceramic tiles is one of the key components used in the construction

industry for building interior and exterior floors, footpaths,
swimming pools, walls, partitions, and roofs.

• Ceramic tiles are highly durable.

• They offer protection from abrasion and stains and they require less
maintenance.

• Made of clay and a mixture of other minerals and solvents, ceramic

is an umbrella term used to refer to all types of natural clay.
Ceramics refers to a range of things – ceramic tiles, cutlery, inlay for
teeth, decorative fine art, etc. They are heated to high
temperatures and are resistant to force and stain.
 Vitrified tiles.
• Vitrified tile is a ceramic tile with very low porosity. It is an alternative
to marble and granite flooring. Vitrified tiles are often used outdoors due
to their water and frost resistance. There are four types of Vitrified tiles -
Soluble salt, Double charge, Full Body, Glazed.

• Process
• Vitrified tile is made by hydraulic pressing a mixture
of clay, quartz, feldspar and silica, which make vitreous surface. Thus
creating a single mass making them hard with low porosity. Different clay
bodies reach verification at different temperatures.
• Soluble salt vitrified tiles are screen printed and polished.

• Double charge vitrified tiles are fed through a press that prints the pattern
with a double layer of pigment, 3 to 4 mm thicker than other types of tile.
This process does not permit complex patterns but results in a long-
wearing tile surface, suitable for heavy traffic commercial projects. The
design layer should not be more than 4mm thickness, which may weaken
the strength of the tile.

• Full body vitrified tiles have pigment in entire body (thickness) of the tile.
This makes chips and scratches less noticeable and make this an ideal
choice for high traffic zones, but the process significantly increases the
cost.

• Glazed vitrified tiles (GVT) have a glazed surface. They offer a wide variety
of design, art work and surface textures like wood grain
, bamboo, slate or stone. This is also an expensive process, but the cost is
dropping as digital printing techniques are introduced
• Major differences between ceramic tiles and vitrified tiles:

• As mentioned before, the composition varies. Ceramics are made using

earthen clay while vitrified tiles contain a mixture of silica and clay.
• Ceramic tiles have a coarser texture than vitrified tiles, which are known
for their glossy look. However, ceramic tiles have a more natural and
earthy look than vitrified tiles, whose glassy appearance gives an artificial
touch.
• The process of verification makes vitrified tiles stronger than ceramic tiles.
Since they are composed of a mixture of various materials like silica,
quartz, and feldspar along with clay, baking at high temperatures fuses
them together to make them more durable and resistant.
• Due to their low porosity, vitrified tiles absorb very little water when
compared to ceramic tiles. This makes vitrified tiles a good choice for
flooring.
• Vitrified tiles are more scratch and stain resistant than ceramic tiles.
• Ceramic tiles are easier to install.
 Porcelain tiles
• Porcelain tiles are commonly used to cover floors and walls. Porcelain
tiles are manufactured from fine clay, minerals, and feldspar and are fired
at higher temperatures than ceramic tiles, giving them a more dense body.
Typically a harder glaze is applied, which adds to the durability absorption
rate of but 0.5 percent. The clay used to build porcelain tiles is usually
denser. They will either be glazed or unglazed.
• Specific characteristics of these tiles are:
– High mechanical strength
– Frost resistance
– Good abrasion resistance.

• It comes in two important forms- Glazed and Un-glazed.

• Glazed porcelain: - the top surface of the tiles is applied with a layer of
glaze and then printing is done on top of the glaze. In India its most
commonly known as GpVT (GLAZED VITRIFIEDp TILES).

• Unglazed porcelain: - unglazed tiles remain in its natural form with no

added glaze. Unglazed is preferred for its durability over the non glazed
ones.
 Neolith
•
When was Neolith invented?
• Neolith is produced by a company called The Size, based in Spain. They
developed Neolith a few years ago. Like any new product, it is gradually
gaining more traction and exposure in the market.

• There are many surface choices out there, but Neolith is making a name
for itself especially among the architecture and design community as a
truly innovative option that offers something completely different to many
other choices.

• Does Neolith come with a warranty?

• Yes, Neolith comes with a 10-year warranty.
Durability
• Neolith is extremely durable. You can run a screwdriver over the surface
and all colures and finishes (except polished) won’t even show a scratch.

• Additionally, Neolith is very heat resistant, meaning you can prepare

dishes such as bananas foster directly on it, and you won’t see any heat
damage or scorch marks.

• The durability, combined with its lightweight properties and heat/UV

resistance are what attracts many consumers.

• With a wide range of colour options, including replica marble, it presents

a very appealing low-maintenance option.
• What kind of projects is Neolith suitable for?
• Neolith is suitable for both commercial and residential applications.
• Its versatility means it can be used for regular home remodelling
projects such as kitchen countertops or backsplashes, but it’s also
suitable for commercial projects such as exterior building cladding
or large format flooring.
• Building exteriors are vandalism-proof with Neolith, since graffiti
can be cleaned off, and it’s scratch and UV resistant.
• It comes in a range of thicknesses, meaning that in some
applications, it can be placed over the existing material without the
need for demolition, which reduces cost.
• Another important difference between Neolith and some other
surfacing products (such as quartz) is that it is UV resistant. This
makes it suitable for external applications such as exterior cladding
and outdoor kitchens, and the product will not fade or show signs
of sun damage.
• Is Neolith expensive?

• The installed cost for Neolith is usually similar to that of a mid to high-end
granite, and because of the larger size of the panels it can involve less
grouting and joints than other materials.

• Also, you should consider whether a thin surface Neolith is suitable for
your project, in which case you might also make cost savings in terms of
reduced demolition or removal costs that may be required to install other
materials.
• Is Neolith expensive?

• The installed cost for Neolith is usually similar to that of a mid to high-end
granite, and because of the larger size of the panels it can involve less
grouting and joints than other materials.
• Also, you should consider whether a thin surface Neolith is suitable for
your project, in which case you might also make cost savings in terms of
reduced demolition or removal costs that may be required to install other
materials.
 Stone flooring
• Born of nature, each piece of stone has a definite character and grain. This
hard and cool material is ideal for homes in warmer climates.

• A natural stone’s organic surface resists dust and allergenic organisms,

making it safe and durable. From rough to smooth, porous to dense,
choices in stone flooring. Mainly following types of stone is used for
interior and exterior purpose.
 Marble
• Marble is a beautiful natural stone and is still the most preferred flooring
material for Indian homes compared to other factory-made materials such
as vitrified or porcelain tiles. Numerous varieties of both Indian marble
and Italian marble are readily available in different colours and vein
patterns
• Marble, quarried in mountainous regions around the world, has been a
very popular building material.
• Prized for its beauty, style, and elegance, this material has graced the
palaces of kings and queens for centuries, making it an upscale, luxurious
option for interiors.
• But as a flooring material, it requires more maintenance and there is
more chances to damage than ceramic tile and other forms of natural
stone.
• Most marble tiles are made from raw stone imported from China, India, Iran,
Turkey, Italy, Spain, Brazil, Egypt, Portugal, and Greece.

• No flooring material conveys elegance better marble, but marble is a

temperamental stone that requires considerable care when installing it and
when caring for it afterward. Be aware of its limitations before you select
marble flooring.

• Characteristics
Elegant, upscale appearance
Natural material
Easily polished
Accommodates radiant floor heating
Adds real estate value
Porous stone, requires sealing
Scratches, stains easily
Expensive
Slippery and brittle
Cold underfoot.
• .What is the difference between Indian and Italian marble?
Indian marble is quarried from the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, while Italian marble is
quarried from Northern Italy and is usually available in slabs.

• Italian marble has a very high lustre, as seen in this image, and is a
very soft stone with a crystal-like appearance. Indian marble has a
medium lustre and is a comparatively harder stone.

• Both these types of marble are commonly available in a thickness of

18-20 millimetres. However, the thickness of Indian marble can go
up to 30 millimetres.
• Note: Since Italian marble is a very soft stone, a thin nylon net is glued on
the back of the slab to give it additional support and strength.
Additionally, hard stone is glued on the edges of the Italian marble to
protect the sides of Italian marble so that it does not crumble or chip
during transportation. It also has to be treated with epoxy resins, along
with matching coloured pigments, for additional reinforcement . Hence,
Italian marble is sold with one side pre-polished (as seen in this image) to
camouflage these chemical resins or sealers.

• Good-quality Indian marble is available at prices fromrs50-350 per square

foot onwards.
• Italian marble is available at prices fromrs.350-5000 per square foot
onwards.

• Both Indian and Italian marble lose their lustre over time, so they have to
be polished periodically to retain their shine.
• All the marble slabs should be perfectly levelled during installation,
otherwise it may develop deep cracks over a period of time.

• Another drawback of using Italian marble is that it is a very soft material

and develops prominent hairline cracks over a period of time; this
characteristic makes the harder Indian marble a better choice than Italian
marble.
 Granite flooring
• Granite is a hard-edged stone with a beautiful natural grain. Its resilience
makes it great for both indoor and outdoor use.

• Black, green, pearl and galaxy are widely available granite colours. The
more this stone is polished, the more refined it looks.
• Its avaliable in 16mm,18mm and 20 mm
• Can polished granite in following finishes.
• HONED FINISH
• LEATHERED FINISH
• POLISHED FINISH
• FLAMED FINISH
• BUSH HAMMERED FINISH
 Slate
Slate is a handsome porous stone. It is easy to cut and to make into
sheets. Mostly available in gold, grey and black, slate works well in both
dry and wet areas of the house.

This stain-resistant surface can be great for your living room, hallway,
bathroom, dining and kitchen areas.

Tip: Apply penetrating sealants every two years to make the slate
impermeable. It prevents deep staining and permanent spoiling. Avoid
using vinegar or citrus cleansers for cleaning stains.
 Sandstone

• This is a widely prevalent stone in India with large variations in colour and
grain. Highly durable and warm, it lends the room a distinctive natural look
with its rocky characteristics.

• Sandstone is great for outdoor use, too.

 Limestone
This sedimentary stone can be found in a variety of colours, from creams
to charcoal. These stones make good company for all kinds of decor styles
– from traditional to contemporary.

Limestone is naturally porous and soft. It may be sanded for a polished

look or machine-tumbled for a rough look. The elegance of this house is
enhanced by the earthy appeal of its limestone floor. It is easy to clean
and maintain.
• Cuddapah, commonly known as black limestone, is found abundantly in
Andhra Pradesh. It is impervious and hard. It can withstand all kinds of
exposure without much wear and tear.
• A fine-grained variety of limestone is Kota stone. The green, blue and
brown varieties are mostly quarried from Rajasthan. It is non-porous and
non-slip, making it a great choice for high-traffic areas and outdoor
spaces. thickness is 18mm to 24 mm
 Traven tine
•
Travertine is a cousin of limestone that is lighter on the pocket. The matte
form of travertine is widely applied outdoors on pool surrounds, paving's
and walkways.
• These floors are highly porous and do not heat up easily. For indoor
applications, resin is filled in the stone’s pores and locked with a sealant.
Commonly available in gold, ivory and cream colours, travertine can be
honed to be used in modern decors.
Wooden flooring
• Wooden flooring has become a popular option for home owners in India.
And why shouldn’t it? It makes any room look good and adds a certain
amount of elegance and warmth to it, that not many other flooring
options are able to.

• However, you can’t choose your flooring solely based on how it

looks! There are a lot of factors to consider.
• 3 Most Popular Types of Wooden Flooring in India
• Before we look at the characteristics of different types of wooden flooring,
let’s learn what the most popular styles in India are.

• 1. Hardwood
• This solid timber flooring is made of real wood from top to bottom–wood
that has been harvested from a variety of trees like oak, walnut, pine, .
• Durability: It is extremely durable and will last for years, if well-
maintained. It can be refinished several times over its lifetime. While most
hardwood comes pre-finished, ie with a top protective layer, it should be
kept away from moisture.
• Price: Rs. 650-Rs. 5,000 per square foot
• Ease of installation: Labour-intensive as solid hardwoods are nailed or
stapled down.
• Is it suitable for you: Solid hardwood is value for money. It is suitable for
those who have long-time use in mind, yet do not mind installing different
types of flooring in different parts of the house, as per need
• 2. Engineered wood
• Engineered wood flooring is a veneer of real wood glued to several layers
of other wood, like plywood, underneath. This gives this wood excellent
stability over time.
• Durability: It is quite durable, which is why it is a good choice for any area
of your home. It also holds up better to moisture than hardwood does.

• Price: Rs. 200-Rs. 900 per square foot

• Ease of installation: It includes a wider range of installation methods like
staple or nail, click and fit, or glue.
• Is it suitable for you: Engineered wood doesn’t have the longevity that
solid wood flooring has. Thus, it is for those who want the look of wood
but who are practical about wanting it for a certain period of time.
• 3. Laminate wood
• Floating wood or laminate wooden floor tiles are composed of a synthetic
material that stimulates the appearance of wood, which is then laminated.
• Durability: While it’s fairly durable, the biggest advantage of laminate
wood flooring is that it is very simple to install.
• Price: Rs. 120-Rs. 1,200 per square foot
• Ease of installation: Very simple to install.
• Is it suitable for you: Laminate wooden flooring is ideal for those who
want the finish of solid wood but are on a limited budget.
• Pros and Cons of Wooden Flooring
• To know whether wood flooring is suitable for you or not, it is vital to look
at its pros and cons, and then make an informed decision. We’ve compiled
these for you below.
• Advantages of Wooden Flooring
• 1. Durable: Wooden flooring is extremely durable and with the right kind
of care, it can last a lifetime.
• 2. High Resale Value: Apart from adding a rich and luxe look to your
home, wooden flooring will also increase the value of your home if you
ever plan to sell it.
• 3. Great Appearance: The beauty of wooden flooring lies in its simplicity
and it makes your entire room look beautiful, to say the least. It adds a lot
of warmth to a space.
• 4. Versatile: Your options to decorate a space with wooden flooring
increase as almost all home décor accents complement wood flooring
beautifully.
• Disadvantages of Wooden Flooring

• 1. Scratches Easily: Wooden flooring is susceptible to scratches from high-

heeled shoes, children’s toys, pets etc.

• 2. Regular Cleaning: Ideally, wooden flooring must be polished once a year

and vacuumed every 4-5 days. Regular maintenance is required to prevent
termite attack.

• 3. Expensive: Hardwood flooring is costlier than other flooring materials.

While laminate wood flooring cost is much lesser than hard wood flooring
price, and so a better option, it is still expensive.

• 4. Low Moisture-Resistance: Don’t install wooden flooring in a house that

has high moisture or in areas like the bathroom. Moisture can make wood
swell or get infested with mildew. While mopping wooden floors with a
wet cloth is okay if done carefully, ensure that no water drips onto the
surface.
• What Type of Wood is Suitable for Which Area of Your Home?
• Solid Hardwood: Ideal for living areas, bedrooms, hallways and dining
rooms. While it’s wise to avoid solid wood flooring in kitchens, you can
consider installing it if waterproof mats are placed near the sink or
dishwasher.
• Teak Wood: Unusually functional in wet areas as it keeps fungus and
moisture at bay, owing to its inherent oils. Other than teak, most wood
species used directly in the shower would result in a waste of money.
• Laminate or Engineered Wood: Both can be installed in all the same areas
that solid hardwood can. Again, it is best to avoid any kind of organic
material in the kitchen, but it can be made to work with proper
precautions. Laminate wood can also be installed in the basement as long
as the area doesn’t suffer from any moisture problems.
 Resilient Flooring
Able to recoil or spring back into shape after
bending, stretching, or being compressed.
• Resilient floors are polymer floors engineered for comfort, flexibility and
design. You often hear resilient associated with vinyl tile, cork and rubber
flooring and you will often find these types of surfaces in healthcare and
educational environments. You can also find resiliency in seamless floors.
• advantage
• Preventing slip-and-fall accidents which cause employees or visitors
physical and/or emotional trauma
• Saving money on replacing easily-worn floors. Resilient floors are durable
and long-lasting.
• Providing an ergonomic standard of comfort under foot to keep
employees healthier and happier.
• Achieving noise-reduction in places like schools and public places.
• Choosing a custom appearance -- your choice of design, patterns, finishes,
and colours
• 6 Types of Flooring Go Under the "Resilient”
• According to industry group Resilient Floor Covering Institute (RFCI), only
six types of floor coverings can be called resilient flooring:
• Rubber
• Vinyl
• Linoleum
• Cork
• Asphalt
• Polymeric Poured Seamless Floors
 Rubber flooring.
• Rubber comes with a variety of inherent advantages that have made it an
extremely popular flooring option for commercial, high-traffic
environments.
• And now that rubber flooring is available in a wide selection of colours,
patterns, and textures, this material is also finding its way into residential
interior and exterior applications.
• Tile products, which typically come in 12-inch, 24-inch, and 36-inch
squares.
• Rubber flooring is, easy-to-clean surface that's suitable for hard-wearing
environments, such as gyms, basements, playrooms, laundry rooms, and
utility areas
• Rubber flooring is very easy to care for. Cleaning rubber flooring generally
requires no more than a damp mop .
• The look of rubber flooring can be either an advantage or disadvantage,
depending on your decorating goals. For many years, rubber flooring style
options largely stopped at polished black or slate gray, but today you can
choose from a wide variety of colours and textures, including coin, leaf,
and diamond-plate textures.

• Rubber tiles are among the easiest flooring materials to install. Some tile
products use interlocking edges, while others use a system of edge pins
that hold the tiles together. Tiles are easily cut with a sharp knife. There
are also glue-down forms of rubber tiles available.

• Depending on the type of tile used and the environment it is installed in, a
properly cared for rubber floor may last 20 years or more.

• Its price is starting from 70 rs -300 rs.

Vinyl flooring.
• Vinyl is a great shortcut to new flooring. Vinyl floors are resilient, made
primarily out of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and some chemical additives.

• They offer some degree of elasticity, flexibility and give a good bounce to
the foot.

• Vinyl floors are available in the form of sheets and tiles that are not as soft
as a carpet but not as hard as laminate or tiled floors, either.

• vinyl floors are finished with a clear ‘wear layer’ on top, which works as a
protective coating.

• This flooring can be easily installed directly on the existing floor without
the hassle of dismantling it.

• Vinyl floors come in many colours and designs that replicate natural stone
and wood, except that the floor is a little shiny and has a slightly plastic
look.
• Vinyl flooring has excellent resistance to water and has anti-slip properties
as well.

• Vinyl flooring is a lightweight and highly durable material with a lifespan

that can range between 10 and 20 years.

• Vinyl floors are resistant to stains but can get permanently discoloured
and damaged when attacked by strong chemicals. Also, these floors are
not suitable for outdoor use as the floor colour can fade due to prolonged
exposure to sunlight and its UV rays.

• Its available in plank form and sheets forms, thickness ranging from 1mm
to 6mm.

• Before installation, make sure that the subfloor is smooth and free of dirt
particles. Even small grains trapped below the vinyl sheets can cause
lumps to appear on the surface and cause damage over a period of time.
you can install with adhesive(fevi-bond),just need to paste in flooring.
Linoleum flooring.
• Linoleum is an environmentally friendly flooring option. Linoleum utilizes a
renewable resource thanks to its linseed oil from flax composition.

• Linoleum comes in glue-down sheets and snap-together tiles. It's made

from all natural, renewable materials including linseed oil, cork powder

• Its available in sheets, planks and tiles formats.

• Resistant to moisture, but not completely waterproof. Prone to water

damaged if poorly installed.

• Thickness1.5 mm to 5 mm Repair Requires refinishing once or twice a

year.

• A single tear or cut can be replaced by a patch or tile of the same design.
• Linoleum flooring holds its colour and pattern extremely well, because the
dye is infused through the flooring, not simply a decal under a wear layer,
as is the case with vinyl and laminate flooring.

• Linoleum is easy to install and very low maintenance, requiring only

frequent sweeping and occasional mopping.

• Like all softer flooring options, linoleum can get torn or scratched by
things like dragged furniture or stiletto heels.

• When linoleum is first installed, it emits linseed fumes for a period of

about a week to a month. These odours are completely harmless, but
some people might find them annoying

• Linoleum flooring is incredibly durable, and can last up to 40 years if it is

properly maintained.
Cork flooring.
• Cork flooring isn't a new concept. These floors have been used in the
United States since around the turn of the century "It gives you sound
control because it absorbs foot falls and noise.

• Although cork flooring has been around for many decades, it has recently
come into vogue in a major way, due to the fact that it is a "green"
renewable resource that can be used without the guilt associated with
using fine hardwoods from old-growth forests or tropical rainforests.

• Cork comes from the bark of the cork oak tree and is periodically
harvested from the living trees in plantations planted for commercial
purposes.

• Cork create flooring products, cork is ground up, compressed, and formed
into sheets bonded with resins.
• Cork flooring is available in several different forms, made from either
slices of cork or from granulated cork mixed with resin binders.
• The flooring material can be solid cork throughout the thickness or
laminated around a fibreboard core.
• The traditional cork flooring consists of solid cork tiles that are applied to
the floor with glue-down applications
• Its available in thickness from 12mm to 50mm.
 Asphalt flooring.
• Asphalt tile, smooth-surfaced floor covering made from a mixture of
asphalts or synthetic resins, asbestos fibres, pigments, and mineral fillers.
• It is usually about 1/8 or 3/16 inch (about 3 mm or 4.8 mm) thick, and is
nonporous, non flammable, fairly low in cost, and easily maintained.
 seamless floors
• seamless floors are floors without seams, ridges, or joints. They are
poured-in-place epoxy, urethane, or methyl methacrylate
formulations and they become a natural part of a building’s very
structure. You may also hear this type of flooring referred to as
weld less.

• There are many advantages of seamless floors. Seamless floors are

preferred in many commercial and industrial environments due to
their vast range of benefits.

• Benefit highlights include:

• High performing qualities like impact, abrasion and chemical
resistance
• A surface that is easy to clean.

• A safer surface -- no joints or ridges offer numerous benefits related to foot traffic,
rolling equipment, bacterial growth, and more.

• Environmental considerations -- seamless floors do not end up in landfills and can

incorporate recycled or renewable content.

• A smooth surface for a better work process -- think of a hospital corridor where
patients are being wheeled on gurneys or a manufacturing plant where forklifts
and equipment are driving up and down busy traffic aisles.

• Design. As a design element, seamless floors produce a clean, sleek look that is
highly-coveted in commercial environments.

• Depending on the number of coats, the floor thickness should range between
1mm and 5mm.
 Acoustic Carpets and Rugs
• At many places its important to cover the floor with soundproofing material to
absorb the reflections like in offices, home theatre, studios, auditoriums and
multiplexes. Acoustic Carpets comes with an extra underlay to absorb the sound.
Acoustic carpets are available in different colours to choose from, Solid and
Textured.
• No Connecting Joints, Available in any size

• Available in 150+ shades of colour and designs for an aesthetic look.

• Damps and absorbs the sound making a restful environment.

• Easy to clean using vacuum cleaners

• Provides thermal insulation as well thus reducing air conditioning bills.

• 10 mm to 12mm thick carped is good for sound proofing.

 Metals
• There are many metals around us but mainly we are using following
metals mainly in interior and architecture purpose.

1. Aluminum-120 to 150 rs
2. Steel-350-380
3. Iron 70-80 rs
4. Copper 800-100
5. Brass.-above 1200 to 3000
 Aluminum
• Light, durable and functional: these are the qualities that make aluminium
one of the key engineering materials of our time.

• Aluminium is used in tables, chairs, shutters, picture frames, lamps,

decorative wall panels, air conditioning units and radiators.

• Designers use aluminium because it gives them a lot of freedom in

choosing the shape for their creations, as well as being easy to process
and aesthetically pleasing.

• Aluminium aided the emergence of modern high tech interiors. The liberal
use of glass and metal makes them feel more spacious and used in both
homes and offices. In addition, aluminium significantly reduces the weight
of the interior elements, making them more seamless and less bulky.
• Its available in pipe, profile and sheets form.
Furniture :- Its uses in furniture but due to its light weight its
more used in folding furniture.
Aluminum pipe is used in framing for wall paneling and ceiling.
Sliding windows
Glass partition framing
Profile shutter
Aluminum handles
Aluminum composite panels, it is used for interior and exterior purpose.
available with various designs and color options.
 By this two process we can color aluminum.
[Link]
[Link] coating

• Colour anodising of the initially Powder coating is a process of coating

colourlessly anodised aluminium with metal with a plastic finish applied in
organic or inorganic colour solutions. powder form and baked to a fluid
The colour range is unlimited but state to bond it to the metal surface.
only some colours are non-fading. Powder coating has many advantages
over traditional liquid coating: It's
better for the environment, applies
thicker without running, and is easy
to style with.
 steel(s.s)
• Stainless steel is most commonly found in commercial kitchens, sterile
medical facilities, and transportation hubs. It has also found its way into
retail, hospitality, and residential interior designs.
• Stainless is an extremely flexible material in terms of design options. In
addition to the customization and fusing of components, stainless surfaces
can be highly polished.
• So we can get either an elegantly reflective finish or brush the steel for a
soft satin finish. Our standard blasted and pickled finish is also a favourite
of designers. There are many ways to incorporate stainless steel sections
and shapes into you interior design project
• Its available in three qualities
• 204 ss
• 304 ss
• 404 ss
• Hollow pipe, solid pipe, corrugated
sheets and normal sheets
 Here are some common applications .
• Handrails and guard rails
• Elevator interior rails
• Interior glass partition framing
• Floating stair components, including structural support beams & stringers
• Display shelving
• Tables and seating
• Reflective wall and ceiling surfaces
• Exposed structural framing elements
• Roof coverings.
• Kitchen trolleys
• Commercial kitchen.
 Steel finishes process

• Finishing processes employed to

• Improve appearance,
• Adhesion or wet ability,
• Solder ability,
• Corrosion resistance,
• Tarnish resistance,
• Chemical resistance,
• Wear resistance,
• Hardness,
• Modify electrical conductivity,
• Remove burrs and other surface flaws, and control the surface friction.
Types of steel [Link] .
finish. [Link].

[Link]
• Mill finish
• Otherwise known as a matte finish, the milled
look is pretty bare-bones. It’s inexpensive, less
time-consuming and great for surfaces that don’t
need to be overly attractive (think kitchen sinks
and metal work benches).
• This is the pre-polished look that you’ll get after
using the finest grain abrasive. It gives you a
smooth, less pitted surface and is great for
practical applications. From here, you can
continue the polishing process to create more
visually appealing looks.
• 2. Mirror finish.
• A mirror finish on stainless steel is a
highly reflective, smooth finish with a
scratch free appearance, achieved
through polishing the stainless steel.
• Also known as a #8 finish, a mirror
finish can be achieved mechanically,
using a progressive series of abrasives
and polishing compounds.
Brush finish • Brushing the stainless steel produces a
distinctive look with a muted lustre and a
pattern of fine parallel lines.

• The finish is created by sanding the

stainless steel in one direction with a 120-
180 grit belt, followed by softening with a
80-120 grit medium non-woven belt.
 • Plating — a process where one joins
Electroplating a steel covering to a conductive
finish surface — is a centuries-old process
that many people most commonly
associate with jewellery.
• Adding gold plating or silver plating
to an item to make it appear more
precious and attractive is an
extremely common use for plating.
• However, there are many other uses
— including corrosion inhibition,
radiation shielding, paint adhesion
and many more.
 Copper
• In addition, copper is 100% recyclable and highly durable, so
its use completely meets the requirements of eco-
compatibility, nowadays a key issue in the choice of
environmental- and health-friendly materials.

• Copper home decor items such as table tops, room

decorations, art, chairs, frames, lamps, handles, wall radiators,
curtains, plates, taps, heaters, pots and kitchen design
components… The beauty of copper accessories is exploited
for many items of furniture already present in homes.

• Copper is polished not any color process is done.

It is cast according to requirements
 Brass
• Brass is a timeless metal that adds a touch of elegance and interest to any
space. Unlike copper, we believe brass is here to stay. Used for taps, door
handles and light fittings, it is a metal which has been popular in the home
for centuries.

• Brass is one of the most commonly used materials for making pipe fittings.
The zinc and copper alloy has been used for centuries because of its
unique properties that make it a good choice for a variety of uses. Of
course, in more recent history and modern times, the most common use
for brass is in pipes and fittings used in plumbing

Brass is one of the most commonly used materials for making pipe
fittings. The zinc and copper alloy has been used for centuries
because of its unique properties that make it a good choice for a
variety of uses.
• Same as steel electroplating is done over it.
 Glass
• There are various types of glass used in interiors for different purposes.

Glass is a hard substance which may be transparent or translucent and brittle.

• Properties of Glass
• Transparency
• Strength
• Workability
• Transmittance
• U value
• Recycling property
• Types of glass.
• 1. Float Glass
• Float glass manufactured from sodium silicate and calcium silicate so, it is
also called as soda-lime glass. It is clear and flat, so it causes glare.
Thickness of the float glass is available from 2mm to 20mm, and its weight
range from 6 to 36 kg/m2. The application of float glass is use to make
almost 90% of glass and for shelving in any area.
• 2. Extra Clean Glass
• Extra clean glass has two unique properties, photo catalytic and
hydrophilic. Because of these properties, it acts as stain proof and gives a
beautiful appearance. Maintenance is also easy. it usually help to make
mirror and back painted glass it is 50 percent more costlier than normal
glass.
3. Tinted Glass
• Tinted glass is another type of glass that reduces the brightness of light
and hence used more in places where the brightness of sun is more than
or in locations with extreme heat conditions.
• Tinted glass is nothing but colour glass. A colour producing ingredients is
mixed to the normal glass mix to produce colours glass which does not
affect other properties of glass. Its available in Green, Blue, Black, Blue,
Dark green, Yellowish brown, Yellow Colour.
• [Link] glass
• Reflective glass is a result of technology. When the intensity of light is less
on one side and more on the other, it turns into a mirror and vice versa
when the intensity level swaps.
• Reflective glass is a clear glass with a metallic coating which reflects heat.
It is used in Eco-friendly constructions to reduce the energy consumption
of the buildings.
• It prevents heat loss from the interior of the building and heat gain from
outside the building. While the finish is usually metallic it can also be given
a tinted appearance.
• Another advantage of using reflective glass is that it reduces the glare
which is provides comfortable working environments in the office or
home. The metallic finish blocks the view of the people standing in front
of the installed glass. Its main application is in facade,window.
5. Toughened Glass
• Toughened glass is much stronger compared to normal glass. It can be
used on doors and windows and areas where floor to ceiling glazing is
needed.
• Toughened glass is a durable glass that has low visibility. It is available in
all thicknesses, and when it is broken it forms small granular chunks that
are dangerous. This is also called as tempered glass. This type of glass is
used for fire-resistant doors, mobile screen protectors, etc.
 Laminated glass

• Laminated glass also known as bulletproof glass is produced by adding

laminate layers. Such glasses are used in high security zones and even in
the cars of most [Link] is composition of 10 or 12mm toughned glass
with inter resin layer
[Link] Blocks
• Glass block or glass bricks are manufactured from two different halves and
they are pressed and annealed together while melting process of glass.
These are used as architectural purpose in the construction of walls,
skylights etc. They provide aesthetic appearance when light is passed
through it.
• 7. Insulated Glazed Units
• Insulated glazed glass units contains a glass is separated into two or three
layers by air or vacuum.
• They cannot allow heat through it because of air between the layers and
acts as good insulators. These are also called as double, tripple glazed
units.
[Link].
• A mirror is an object that reflects light and preserves enough of the detail
of the original object to accurately depict the subject for the viewer.
Mirrors are usually made with standard flat glass sheets, sometimes
called float glass. A thin layer of metal is installed our it which I sealed
with adhesive coating. its available from 1mm to 12mm, and also available
in black, brown, golden colour.
[Link] painted glass.

• Technically back painted glass called Spandrel glass or lacquered glass is

used to disguise the less aesthetically pleasing structural elements like
columns, walls, shear walls, beams and so on. It comes in plenty of colours
and hence can be used in versatile locations to compliment the interiors.

• It is opaque and reflective in nature. The uniform appearance of the

Spandrel glass gives a neat look to the space. It is called spandrel mainly
due to its great malleability.

• It can be moulded and shaped to cover even the curvature joining two
spandrel columns. It is also 5 times stronger than the traditional and
annealed glass. Spandrel glass also finds its applications in kitchen
interiors. It can be used to cover the kitchen cabinets ,walls instead of
tiling or any flat surface.
[Link] glass
• The main purpose of frosted glass is to bring in privacy. Mostly it is
installed as partition, shower doors and windows.

• The frosted appearance is given by acid-etching or sand-blasting the

ordinary glass while manufacturing.

• This type of glass obstructs the view while allowing the light to pass
through it.

• Now days, self-adhesive polyester window films are available which when
pasted on normal glass will make it frosted inexpensively.
• Digital art glass
• Digital art is a visual feature created on a computer in digital form. The
digital file can be purely computer generated or taken from another
source, such as a scanned photograph or an image drawn using vector
graphics software.
• Digital art can be transferred by printing onto glass, interlayer's or other
films and substrates.
[Link] or curved glass
• Flat glass which has been formed into a curved shape or profile using
extreme heat and a mould or frame. Bent or curved glass can be heat
treated, further fabricated into laminated or insulated units and
incorporate a variety of decorative features.
[Link] etched glass

• Decorative glass that has had an image engraved into the surface using
laser technology. Laser etching can provide a high detail, crisp engraved
image. Although this method employs heat to etch the glass, the heat is
localized and does not require subsequent re-annealing.
Glass fabrics
• glass fabrics are used in a
wide range of industrial
applications.
• High strength,
dimensional stability,
design, flexibility and
excellent electrical
properties are some of
the characteristics that
ensure optimum
performance and
economy with this highly
engineered material.
• Fluted glass refers to a type of
glass that features grooves,
ridges, or vertical channels on
its surface. These grooves are
often parallel and run vertically
along the glass, creating a
textured or ribbed appearance.
The fluting can vary in depth,
width, and spacing, providing
different aesthetic options.

• This type of glass is commonly

used in architectural and
interior design for both
functional and decorative
purposes
 Paint process
• In interiors we need to finish three things
• [Link] & ceiling.
• [Link] and their products.
• [Link].
• [Link] & ceiling.
Walls
Walls are generally constructed from bricks, stone or cement blocks.

After its construction we need to finish it will plaster

There are four types of plaster
[Link] & sand plaster(we mainly uses this plaster)
[Link] and sand plaster( its economy plaster and not last long)
[Link] plaster(its usually use for thermal insulation or as decorative purpose )
[Link] plaster (exterior finishing)
• Cement and send plaster finshes (3 part of sand : 1 part of cement + water
for mixing both material)
• Smooth finish Rough finish Tar or brush finish

Will apply putty and for interior wall that need for tiles, marble or any
finish with color. to finish with pop hard material insta.
Stucco plaster
• Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates, a binder,
and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is
used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, external building siding,
and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture.

• Thickness is depends upon the design, usually it applies up to 6mm to

12mm, need to apply on cement sand rough plaster.

• Stucco may be used to cover less visually appealing construction

materials, such as metal, concrete, cinder block, or clay brick and adobe.

• As a building material, stucco is a durable, attractive, and weather-

resistant wall covering. It was traditionally used as both an interior and
exterior finish applied in one or two thin layers directly over a
solid masonry, brick, or stone surface. The finish coat usually contained an
integral colour and was typically textured for appearance.
• Types of wall paints
• Interior paints.
1 Distemper.
Interior Distemper is one of the simplest, most traditional interior paints.
• Distemper is a superbly creamy chalk based paint that dries to a velvet-
like finish with a beautifully subtle natural colour variation.
• Distemper is widely used in commercial places , rented houses so in less
budget we get elegant look, its not last long. price 10 rs. sqft including
material and labour.
• If required, can be over-coated with Matt Wall Sealer for extra protection,
and to create a wipe able finish.
2 Plastic paint.
Plastic Paints are made up of pure acrylic latex as well as high opacity
micro-pigments. The surface of the paint is fairly tough, making them
durable and quick to cure. The colour of the paint is reserved for a longer
duration and exposure to water doesn't disturb the quality or colour of
these paints
[Link] paint
• It has some sheen to it, and is an excellent choice for hardworking rooms,
like kitchens and bathrooms.
• It stands up exceptionally well to scrubbing and regular cleaning.
• However, its glossiness highlights wall imperfections like cracks, divots or
poorly patched areas.
[Link] or velvet paint
• Flat paint has a velvety, matte look and is the best choice to hide any wall
imperfections.
• However, it’s the least durable choice and doesn’t usually stand up well to
scrubbing.
• The good news is, many paint formulas clean up easily with soap and
water, but people still tend to shy away from flat paint in favor of other
sheens that are easier to care for.
[Link] or royal paint.

• An eggshell finish has a subtler shine to it, so it’s a great choice if you’re
not ready for satin.
• It offers what you may expect - it’s shinier than flat (but not as glossy as
satin), and it’s easier to clean than flat (but not as easy to clean as satin).
• Eggshell paint is a good choice for living rooms, hallways and bedrooms.
• Exterior paint
• There are two basic types of exterior paint to choose from: oil-based and
the more commonly used latex.
• Oil-based paints are very durable and water-resistant. They result in hard
finish and are often used by professional painters. Use an oil-based if the
surface you are painting has already been painted with oil-based paint.

• Stir oil-based paint frequently, as the oil in these types of paint tend to
separate quickly.

• If using oil-based paint, be sure to use a brush or roller specifically

designed for use with oil-based paint.
• Latex exterior paints have undergone many improvements, and
some can be as durable as oil-based. They are also considerably
easier to work with. Be sure, however, that you select an exterior
latex for use on the outside of your home, not the same latex used
on interior walls.

• Latex is easy to apply, dries quickly, is durable and is resistant to the

effects of direct sunlight. Cleanup is easy, and just requires water.

• Acrylic latex is the highest-quality latex paint. It will cover just about
any building material including masonry and properly primed metal.

• Important: Never put a new coat of latex over an old coat of oil-
based paint. It will almost certainly peel.
• Steps for finishing wall paints
1. Putty
2. Base coat
primer + putty(lapi)+primer
3. Color coat 3
1 .before installation light and all electric fittings
[Link] all electric fittings
3. after completion all interior work till curtain channel is also installed.
 Wall paper
• Wall paper can install in ceiling, walls , furniture but preference is to install
on wall, for this wall surface to be smooth and need to level it properly
and one coat of color is to be applied on it.
• Wallpaper is a material used in interior decoration to decorate the interior
walls of domestic and public buildings. It is usually sold in rolls and is
applied onto a wall using wallpaper paste.
• Wallpapers can come plain as "lining paper“ ,textured with a regular
repeating pattern design, or, much less commonly today, with a single
non-repeating large design carried over a set of sheets.
• it's generally cheaper to paint a room than it is to wallpaper but
aesthetically its looks more better.
• Wall paper is generally applied on wall which is not having any moisture
otherwise it not last long.
• Now a days you can customized your wall paper and its also comes in
plastic sheets or on flex stone. its price per [Link].
 Types and Techniques of Wood
Finishes
• Wood Finishes protect the wooden surfaces from moisture and
make its appearance richer and deeper. Wood finish is different
than painting in a way that, painting hides the original wooden
surface while Wood finishes improve the appearance of the
surface. The term finish can also represent several coats of finish or
an entire build-up of the coating. Below are the most common
types of wood finishes.
• Finishing of a wood surface is highly recommended either it’s new
or old furniture. Finishing is done by adding a liquid on the surface
of the wood. Thus wood finishing creates a wood material looking
like dashing and adds a protective layer. There are two types of
wood finishes i.e surface finishing and penetrating finishing.
Woodworkers usually apply 2 or 3 coats of paint on furniture which
come in daily use.
• Surface Finishing: This type of finishing is easier to apply and leaves a
natural look to woods. Surface finishes applied on the surface of wood
material.

• Penetrating Finishing: This type of finishing is applied inside furniture and

is durable but it doesn’t create a natural look on walls. Linseed, Danish,
and Tung oil is a type of penetrating oil which makes a natural and bold
look at wood material.
 Shellac

• This finish is actually a natural product that is very safe once dried and
hardened.
• In addition to adding a protective coat, it also can add a warm amber
colour to wood.
• It can be affected by heat (white rings will appear under a hot bowl or
mug) or chemicals, so a kitchen table might not be the best place to use it.
• Fine furniture items can be greatly enhanced with shellac. Some shellac
manufacturers recommend using it as a protective coat on non-wood
items. Apply it with a natural bristle brush or with a cotton rag.
• Shellac can also be applied as a protective layer for any wooden battens &
veneers.
 • Wood stain is a type of paint that is used to
colour wood by soaking pigment into wood
Staining process. fibres with a solvent and then having it set
and bind to the wood.
• Stain works by saturating colour into the
wood itself, rather than applying a layer of
colour over the surface of wood.
• The primary purpose of stain is to colour
wood, while offering certain protections as
a result of the colouring and absorption of
the stain deep into the wood.
• Perhaps the most common reason to use
stain as protection is against ultraviolet
light. Many stains help reflect UV light,
which prevents wood surfaces from fading
and losing their colour.
Varnish
• Varnishes are made up of oil, solvents, and resins.
They are usually clear and transparent. They give a
better UV protection. Varnishes dry slowly.
Application of the varnish on the top of dyes gives a
better protection

• The name of this finish often is used generically for

a finish or top coat. It's very durable because it
contains a higher ratio of solids.

• varnish is perfect for outdoor projects and for raw

wood used for exterior doors and trim on rustic
homes.

• In addition to protecting the wood, it also provides

natural ultraviolet light protection.

• varnish is often used on items that will be near or

on the water, like a wood boat, decks, beach chairs,
etc. Apply using a natural-bristle brush.
 • Polyurethane.
Polyurethane • It comes in two category –
oil based .
Water based.
• oil based
• it delivers a clear coating. However,
multiple layers can give a substrate a
plastic type finish, which provides
strong protection against an array of
substances.
• Because the solvents involved are
petroleum-based, the coating is
relatively safe.
• The coating can be somewhat difficult
to apply and requires a 30 day curing
period.
• Paint removers can effectively remove
the coating, and after the curing period,
the coating is quite durable.
• Water-Based Polyurethane
• Due in part to the addition of water, water-
based polyurethane produces a clear
coating without the plastic look.

• Additionally, it works well on products that

are exposed to UV and is safer to use than
traditional polyurethane varnish.

• The coating dries rapidly, so care must be

taken in brush and spray application.

• The curing period is the same

as polyurethane varnish, after which the
coating is durable. Paint removers also work
to remove water-based polyurethane.
Poly resin • For lamination or poly resin finish, the
finish/lamination entire surface undergoes the lamination
process at once unlike other polishing
finishes.

• Poly resin polish delivers natural finish and

also colored finish as per client’s choice.

• For natural look, poly resin clear finish

solution is applied to bring out the
naturalness and richness of the wood.

• With lamination finish, a thin glass like film

or finish is formed over the wooden surface.
• A polyurethane coating is a layer of polyurethane (a type of polymer)
that is applied to a material's surface in order to protect it. A polyurethane
coating can protect the base material from corrosion, weathering, abrasion and
other processes that would degrade the material over time.

• It is available in two types i.e. clear pu and color pu clear pu is applied on wooden
finishes and color pu on any furniture with any color.

• Its available in two finishes that is glossy and matt.

• The most popular transparent/natural wood finishes are melamine and

PU(Polyurethane).

• Melamine and PU are both synthetic hydrocarbon polymers which form a film
over the wood surface that is coated, thus laminating it.
• The purpose of lamination is to preserve the wood by not allowing the
moisture of the wood to escape, preventing it from damage from the
elements and protecting it from wear and tear from use.

• Both finishes enhance the aesthetics of the wood by allowing light to

refract inside the transparent layer formed by them.

• Both the finishes have a similar application procedure by spray. So, what
is the difference between the two?
• Easy steps to polishing Veneer
i. The veneered plywood sheet or furniture is smoothed with sand
paper which also remove dirt settled on top. The sand paper is gently
rubbed in direction of grain.

ii. Many contractar use wood conditioner on veneered wood that absorbs
stains evenly from veneer. This piece of wood is left for drying for a while.

iii. Later wood stain wax is applied which absorbs stains further and give a
natural wood look. If lest for longer time, the veneer shade may get
darker, so the veneer is wiped off with a cloth/mop to remove the excess
stain and solution.

iv. Finally the polish solution is applied to the veneer with spray
machine at industrial level.

v. The polish step is repeated several times to get the desired shade and
effect.
• Lamination finish – the third most commonly preferred finish is
also technically called as Poly Resin Polish. Lamination finish
delivers glossy finish. Well you could say very high glossy finish. But,
its expensive of all. Reason being the chemicals used and the number of
steps to polishing repeated.
• For lamination or poly resin finish, the entire surface undergoes the
lamination process at once unlike other polishing finishes. Poly resin polish
delivers natural finish and also colour finish as per client’s choice.

• For natural look, poly resin clear finish solution is applied to bring out the
naturalness and richness of the wood. With lamination finish, a thin glass
like film or finish is formed over the wooden surface.

• Thickness
• The major difference is the thickness. PU finished wood surface will
have thinner coating film or thickness than Laminated wood finish
surface. Reason being, there are almost 12 to 14 coats done for
lamination or poly resin finish while for PU finish only 2 or maximum 3
coats are applied for achieve desired finish. So you see there’s major
difference in the thickness. This difference you can make out if you
happen to see the same wooden surface, 1 with PU coating and other
with lamination finish at the same time.
• Also the more you wet wipe the laminated wooden surface, glossier and
smoother it becomes.

• Clients who desire for glossy finish, but not wanting to spend much can
choose for PU-gloss polish which is cheaper than laminate finish. But
surely the finish that Lamination finish gives cannot be matched.
THANKYOU