BRITISH STANDARD BS 3962-6:

1980
Incorporating
Amendment No. 1

Methods of test for

Finishes for wooden

furniture —
Part 6: Assessment of resistance to
mechanical damage

UDC 684.4.041.059.1:667.638.6:620.178.1

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 BS 3962-6:1980

Cooperating organizations

The Pigments, Paints and Varnishes Standards Committee, under whose

direction this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from
the following Government departments and scientific and industrial
organizations:

British Colour Makers’ Association

Builders’ Merchants’ Federation
Consumers’ Association*
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (PSA)*
Department of Industry (Chemicals and Textiles)
Department of Industry (Laboratory of the Government Chemist)
Greater London Council
London Transport Executive
Ministry of Defence
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Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association

Paint Research Association
Paintmakers’ Association of Great Britain Ltd*
Post Office
Royal Institute of British Architects
Society of Chemical Industry
Titanium Pigment Manufacturers’ Technical Committee
White Lead Manufacturers’ Association
Zinc Development Association
Zinc Pigment Development Association

The organizations marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the
following, were directly represented on the committee entrusted with the
preparation of this British Standard:

Association of County Councils

British Woodworking Federation
Department of Education and Science
Department of the Environment (Joint Fire Research Organisation of the
Department of the Environment and Fire Offices Committee)
This British Standard, having
been prepared under the Furniture Industry Research Association
direction of the Pigments,
Paints and Varnishes
Standards Committee, was
published under the authority
of the Executive Board and
comes into effect on
30 May 1980

© BSI 03-1999 Amendments issued since publication

First published February 1975
First revision May 1980 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments

5937 April 1989 Indicated by a sideline in the margin

The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference PVC/5
Draft for comment 77/53137 DC

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 BS 3962-6:1980

Contents

Page
Cooperating organizations Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 Principle 1
4 Preparation of test surface 1
5 Test procedure 1
6 Assessment and reporting of results 4
Figure 1 — Impact test. Method of viewing test area 5
Figure 2 — Impact test. Diagram showing rating scale 6
Figure 3 — Typical illustrations of cross-cut rating 7
Figure 4 — Cross-cut test. Details of cutting blade 8
Figure 5 — Cross-cut test. Details of suitable template 9
Figure 6 — Cross-cut test. Details of suitable blade holder 10
Figure 7 — Scrape test. Typical layout of scrape test machine 11
Figure 8 — Scrape test. Details of scraper blade 12
Figure 9 — Scrape test. Details of scraper blade holder 12
Figure 10 — Scrape test. Details of blade clamp body 13
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Publications referred to Inside back cover

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 BS 3962-6:1980

Foreword

This Part of this British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the
Pigments, Paints and Varnishes Standards Committee as one of a series of
standard methods for testing and assessing the performance of finishes for
wooden furniture. BS 3962-6 was first published in 1975 in the series of standard
methods for testing the performance of clear finishes for wooden furniture. An
increase in the use of pigmented finishes for furniture has now made it desirable
to broaden the scope of the test method to include such finishes. In addition the
opportunity has been taken to amend the rating codes to align with international
practice.
The method is designed to test the extent to which finishes for wooden furniture
withstand damage from mechanical knocks or scrapes. It provides a method for
comparing different finishes but can also be used to determine whether or not a
sample complies with the requirements detailed in a product specification or
other document.
In view of the diversity of woods and finishing systems used in the furniture
industry, it is impracticable to specify a uniform standard test substrate and
method of preparation of the finishing system. These should be the subject of
agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. This method seeks only to
stipulate a standard procedure for testing a wooden panel coated with the
appropriate finishing system.
Correlation trials between laboratory testing of finishes and subjective
assessment of their resistance to mechanical damage in use have shown that no
single test is sufficient to define the mechanical properties of a finish. These
trials, however, showed that good correlation with performance in use could be
obtained by the use of three tests, each with a rating system for assessing the
results.
Although the rating systems used have been made as objective as possible, they
still contain a large subjective component. Consequently, to cater for the inherent
variability present when subjective decisions have to be made, it is recommended
that not fewer than five observers should examine and assess the tested surfaces.
Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, fewer observers
may be used provided that the observers are experienced in these types of
assessment. The rating in each test is the median value of the assessment of the
observers, the assessments being determined by a procedure described in detail
in clause 6.
No attempt has been made to assess the ease with which the finish may be
restored.
This Part of this British Standard describes a method of test only (comprising
three independent tests), to which reference may be made in a specification in
which test conditions and acceptable performance levels have been specified. A
statement that a wood finishing system complies with the requirements of
BS 3962 should not be used, as it is meaningless.
Other Parts of this standard are:
— Part 1: Assessment of low angle glare by measurement of specular gloss
at 85°;
— Part 2: Assessment of surface resistance to wet heat;
— Part 3: Assessment of surface resistance to dry heat;
— Part 4: Assessment of surface resistance to cold liquids;
— Part 5: Assessment of surface resistance to cold oils and fats.

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 BS 3962-6:1980

A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 14, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

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 BS 3962-6:1980

1 Scope 3.4 Method of assessment. The median value of

the individual assessments in a test determines the
1.1 This Part of this British Standard describes
rating to be given to the finishing system for each
three independent tests which together provide a
specified test. The ratings for each of the three tests
means of assessing the resistance of a wood
considered together provide a means of assessing
finishing system to damage as a result of the resistance to mechanical damage of the wood
mechanical action. finishing system.
NOTE For the purposes of this British Standard, the terms
“wood” and “wooden” include the range of materials
manufactured from wood, e.g. blockboard, particle board, etc., 4 Preparation of test surface
used in the furniture industry.
4.1 Test panel. The test panel shall be of an agreed
1.2 The three tests used together provide a means of wooden substrate and substantially flat. It shall be
comparing a number of finishing systems or as a not less than 400 mm × 100 mm × 10 mm. If the
control check test to ensure that a consistent quality panel surface has a grain pattern, the 400 mm
of supplies is being achieved or maintained. dimension shall be across the grain.
4.2 Finishing of test panel. Apply the full
2 References finishing system by the appropriate method of
The titles of the publications referred to in this application to the agreed wooden substrate, suitably
standard are listed on the inside back cover. prepared and conforming to the dimensions
specified in 4.1. The application rates of the
3 Principle individual coats of material, the drying period and
3.1 Impact test. A steel ball is dropped from a conditions and the surface preparation between
specified height on to a test panel. The damage to coats, e.g. sanding, shall be agreed between the
the finish, in and around the indentation, is purchaser and the supplier.
assessed by a number of observers by reference to a 4.3 Ageing of test panel. Allow the final coat to
descriptive numerical rating code. age at a room temperature not lower than 15 °C
3.2 Cross-cut test. A lattice pattern consisting of with free access of air for an agreed period before
two sets of cuts at right angles, each set consisting test. The period shall be not less than 28 days except
of eleven parallel cuts 2 mm apart, is made on the for special purposes, in which case the period shall
test panel using a standard sharp implement. Loose be agreed between the purchaser and the supplier.
pieces of finish are removed with a soft brush. The
test area is assessed by a number of observers by 5 Test procedure
reference to a descriptive and illustrative numerical 5.1 General. Carry out three separate tests,
rating code. namely the impact test, cross-cut test and scrape
NOTE The cross-cut test as specified in this standard is similar test.
to that standardized for paint testing in ISO 2409-1972 and
BS 3900-E6. For testing wood finishes, however, it has been
Carry out each of the three tests at not less than two
found necessary to describe the apparatus and procedure more positions. Ensure that the test positions for a
precisely and to provide photographs in place of diagrams to particular test are as random as possible, and that
represent standard ratings. they do not lie on the same grain structure, if this is
3.3 Scrape test. A standard scraper blade is drawn visible.
over a test surface, across the grain where Carry out the tests at a room temperature
appropriate, at a constant speed under a gradually of 23 ± 2 °C.
increasing force. The force acting upon the scraper
blade at the point at which it first penetrates the 5.2 Impact test
surface is measured, and a numerical rating is given 5.2.1 Apparatus
according to this force. In addition, the force acting 5.2.1.1 Steel ball. A steel ball bearing,
upon the scraper blade at the point at which it first diameter 19.1 mm (nominal 0.75 in).
penetrates the substrate is also measured, and a
numerical rating is given according to this force. 5.2.1.2 Viewing light, consisting of a source of direct
light. A 60 W frosted lamp in an adjustable desk
The results of the test are assessed by a number of luminaire1) is suitable.
observers.
5.2.1.3 Viewing lens. A hand lens with a
magnification of × 2 to × 3.

1)
This is the preferred term for an electric lamp fitting.

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 BS 3962-6:1980

5.2.2 Procedure 5.3 Cross-cut test

5.2.2.1 With the test panel held in a stable 5.3.1 Introduction. This method is similar to that
horizontal position on a firm base, drop the steel described in BS 3900-E6, except that, in this
ball (5.2.1.1) on to it from a height of 2.00 ± 0.01 m, method, the cutting tool is more closely defined and
taking suitable measures to prevent multiple photographs are given for illustrating the ratings
impacts of the ball. (see Figure 3).
5.2.2.2 With the test panel in a vertical position, NOTE For the cross-cut test, the depth of cut (0.3 mm) has been
carefully examine the test area using the following chosen so as to penetrate most finishes without excessive
penetration of the substrate. This is not so in a few cases,
procedure. e.g. some thick polyester finishes, but for these the excessive
Place the viewing light (5.2.1.2) at a convenient force required to cut through the film makes the test
impracticable.
height shining downward. If the panel surface has a The surface of the substrate can, in certain circumstances, have
grain pattern, hold the panel with the grain upright, a marked influence on the results of this test, e.g. a poor surface
directly under the light and as close to it as is may break down where the cutting blade penetrates it. In such
convenient. Keeping the test area directly under the cases, great care is necessary in the interpretation of the test
results.
light, rock the panel so that the angle between the
direction of the light and the plane of the panel 5.3.2 Apparatus
varies between 0° and 30° (see Figure 1). During 5.3.2.1 Cutting blade. A trimming knife blade
this rocking movement, examine the test area using manufactured from carbon steel, 0.43 ± 0.03 mm
the viewing lens (5.2.1.3). Turn the test face of the thick, hardened and tempered to give a hardness in
panel through 90° and repeat the procedure. the range HV 750 to HV 820 when tested in
Assess the general appearance of the panel as accordance with the procedure given in BS 427-1.
described in 5.2.3. The cutting edge shall be an inclusive angle of 20°
5.2.3 Method of rating. Rate the test area according to 25°, equally disposed about the centre line of the
to the following code (see Figure 2). blade ground or ground and stropped to form a
closed edge. The ends of the blade shall be at an
Appearance of test area Rating angle to the cutting edge of approximately 55° to
(see note 1) form a sharp point (see Figure 4).2)
No surface cracking 5 5.3.2.2 Template. A metal template to produce a grid
Slight cracking, e.g. one or two consisting of eleven cuts 2 ± 0.01 mm apart. A
circular cracks around the edge suitable design, illustrated in Figure 5, consists of
of the indentation (see note 2) 4 two parts: part 2 fits into part 1 in two different
positions so that groups of cuts can be made at right
Moderate or severe cracking angles to each other.
confined to the area of the
indentation (see note 3) 3 5.3.2.3 Blade holder. A metal blade holder to hold
the cutting blade (5.3.2.1) in such a way that, when
Cracking extending outside the
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used with the template (5.3.2.2), the depth of cut is
area of the indentation and/or constant. A suitable design is given in Figure 6.
slight flaking of the finish 2
5.3.2.4 A soft brush.
More than 25 % of finish removed 5.3.2.5 Viewing light, consisting of a source of direct
from the area of the indentation 1 light. A 60 W frosted lamp in an adjustable desk
NOTE 1 In assessing the damage incurred by the finish,
luminaire is suitable.
mechanical deformation of the substrate should not be considered 5.3.2.6 Viewing lens. A hand lens with a
as damage. magnification of × 2 to × 3.
NOTE 2 The cracks need not be complete circles but may have
discontinuities, appearing as short arcs. Using this criterion, the 5.3.3 Procedure
number of cracks stated in the definition should be applied
literally. 5.3.3.1 Fix the cutting blade (5.3.2.1) in the blade
NOTE 3 Some discretion is necessary when deciding whether holder (5.3.2.3) so that, when used with the
cracks are outside the area of the indentation, as this area is not template, it projects by 0.3 ± 0.02 mm.
always well defined. In general, these cracks fall within a
well-defined radius. 5.3.3.2 With the cutting edge of the blade in the
NOTE 4 The rating codes now align with international practice. holder facing the direction of movement, make a
This has the effect of increasing each numerical rating by 1 unit lattice pattern on the surface of the test panel using
from that given in the previous edition of this standard (e.g. a
rating of 3 in this edition corresponds to a rating of 2 previously).
the template (5.3.2.2).

2)
A Stanley trimming knife blade, type 1991, has been found to be suitable.

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 BS 3962-6:1980

The lattice pattern shall consist of two sets, at right 5.4 Scrape test
angles, of eleven singly applied cuts 5.4.1 Apparatus
approximately 35 mm long with a separation
of 2 mm. Where the panel surface has a grain 5.4.1.1 Test machine3). The test machine
pattern, the direction of the component cuts shall be (see Figure 7) shall be capable of drawing a scraper
at approximately 45° to the grain direction. blade4) manufactured from tungsten carbide steel,
as detailed in Figure 8, over the test panel under a
5.3.3.3 During the test, inspect the cutting corner of
force varying from less than 1.5 N to greater
the blade frequently and, when signs of wear or
than 14 N over a distance of approximately 200 mm
chipping are visible, immediately replace with a
at a constant speed of 20 ± 5 mm/s.
new blade.
The scraper blade shall be fixed in a blade holder
5.3.3.4 Brush the test area lightly with the soft (see Figure 9) so designed that the angle of the blade
brush (5.3.2.4) five times backwards and five times
can be varied but locked at the required angle. At
forwards along both diagonals of the lattice pattern.
the same time the blade holder can be placed on, or
5.3.3.5 Carefully examine the test area in good removed from, the blade clamp body (see Figure 10)
direct light lighting (5.3.2.5) using the viewing without disturbing the setting of the blade. This
lens (5.3.2.6). During the viewing process, rotate facility is necessary for calibration purposes.
the panels so that viewing and lighting of the test The table shall be horizontal and its height shall be
area are not confined to one direction only.
adjustable. A reference bar fixed parallel with the
5.3.4 Method of rating. Rate the test area according scraper head support arm shall be fitted.
to the following code:
5.4.1.2 Viewing light, consisting of a source of direct
Appearance of test area Rating light. A 60 W frosted lamp in an adjustable desk
Cuts are smooth, no finish removed, luminaire is suitable.
except for small chips at the 5.4.1.3 Viewing lens. A hand lens with a
intersections of the cuts and an magnification of × 2 to × 3.
occasional small chip along the cut 5 5.4.2 Calibration of scraper blades. Each testing
Finish removed at intersections station requires a station standard blade calibrated
and intermittently along the cuts 4 against the master standard blade held by The
Furniture Industry Research Association, Maxwell
Finish consistently removed Road, Stevenage, Herts., SG1 2EW, and a working
along the cuts 3 reference blade calibrated against the station
Finish removed along the cuts and standard blade. Each of these blades requires its
completely from one or more of the own blade holder in which it is kept permanently. A
squares, but from less than 50 % of third blade and holder, known as the “working
them 2 blade”, shall be used for all testing. References to a
Finish removed completely from blade in the remainder of this standard imply a
more than 50 % of the squares 1 blade in its holder.
Calibrate the working blade at regular intervals
NOTE 1 Figure 3 gives typical illustrations of ratings 5 to 3; it against the working reference blade to determine
is considered that illustrations are not necessary for ratings 2
and 1 because these are self-evident.
the required angle of the blade to the test surface.
NOTE 2 The rating codes now align with international practice. This angle will change slowly as the blade blunts
This has the effect of increasing each numerical rating by 1 unit with use.
from that given in the previous edition of this standard (e.g. a
rating of 3 in this edition corresponds to a rating of 2 previously). Carry out the calibration by placing the relevant
working reference blade on the machine and
applying a scrape to any suitable finished wooden
panel using the test procedure described in 5.4.3.
Replace the reference blade by the blade to be
calibrated and scrape the panel again. Adjust the
angle of the blade until the measured forces at
failure agree with those obtained using the
reference blade. Clamp the blade firmly in this
position.

3) Sets of engineering drawings for the test machine are obtainable from The Furniture Industry Research Association, Maxwell
Road, Stevenage, Herts., SG1 2EW.
4) Suitable blades can be obtained from Wickham Wimet Ltd., Torrington Avenue, Coventry, by quoting Ref. no. Tip G 4002.
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 BS 3962-6:1980

If the edge of the working blade becomes damaged, Force at penetration to substrate Rating
or worn to such a degree that the required angle is
outside the range of the equipment, use the working Equal to or greater than 14 N 5
reference blade as the working blade and use a new Less than 14 N but equal to
blade, calibrated against the station standard blade, or greater than 9 N 4
as the working reference blade. Less than 9 N but equal to
5.4.3 Procedure or greater than 6 N 3
5.4.3.1 Place the test panel on the machine table Less than 6 N but equal to
and, where the panel surface has a grain pattern, or greater than 4 N 2
ensure that the direction of scrape is across the Less than 4 N 1
grain with the scraper blade resting on the panel.
Adjust the height of the table until the reference NOTE The rating codes now align with international practice.
This has the effect of increasing each numerical rating by 1 unit
arm is horizontal. The angle of the blade to the test from that given in the previous edition of this standard (e.g. a
surface is now the required angle, and this angle rating of 3 in this edition corresponds to a rating of 2 previously).
should remain constant over the length of the
scrape. 6 Assessment and reporting of results
5.4.3.2 Draw the blade over the test panel, 6.1 Operation of rating codes
commencing with the lowest force (see 5.4.1.1), after
6.1.1 Impact rating. It is recommended that each
ensuring that the blade and the panel are free from
test area be rated according to the code given
particles, or debris from previous tests, which could
in 5.2.3 by at least five observers. Intermediate
become lodged under the blade to give a false result.
ratings, e.g. 3–2 or 2½, shall not be used. The
5.4.3.3 Carefully examine the scrape in good direct impact rating shall be the largest rating value that
lighting (5.4.1.2), using the viewing lens (5.4.1.3) is equalled or exceeded by the majority of
and note the position at which the blade first observers, e.g.:
penetrates the surface of the finish and, when
individual ratings: 1, 2, 3, 3, 3; impact rating: 3
relevant, the position at which the blade first
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penetrates through to the substrate. individual ratings: 1, 2, 2, 3, 3; impact rating: 2

NOTE The surface will often be marked before the surface of If the impact ratings for the individual test areas
the finish is penetrated. differ by more than one unit, repeat the test on a
Determine the force on the blade at these points, further two areas. If these test results again differ
either by direct measurement or from a previously by more than one unit, abnormal variation over the
determined calibration. panel is indicated and shall be reported.
5.4.3.4 Note any other observations, e.g. the nature 6.1.2 Cross-cut rating. It is recommended that each
of the failure could indicate poor intercoat or test area be rated according to the code given
finish-to-substrate adhesion. in 5.3.4 by at least five observers. Intermediate
5.4.4 Method of rating. Rate the test area according ratings, e.g. 3–2 or 2½, shall not be used. The
to the following codes. cross-cut rating shall be the largest rating value
that is equalled or exceeded by the majority of
Force at surface penetration Rating observers, e.g.:
Equal to or greater than 6 N 5 individual ratings: 1, 2, 3, 3, 3; cross-cut
Less than 6 N but equal to rating: 3
or greater than 4.5 N 4 individual ratings: 1, 2, 2, 3, 3; cross-cut
Less than 4.5 N but equal to rating: 2
or greater than 3 N 3 If the cross-cut ratings for the individual test areas
Less than 3 N but equal to differ by more than one unit, repeat the test on a
or greater than 1.5 N 2 further two areas. If these test results again differ
by more than one unit, abnormal variation over the
Less than 1.5 N 1 panel is indicated and shall be reported.
6.1.3 Scrape rating. It is recommended that the
forces at surface penetration and at penetration to
the substrate be measured by at least five observers
and converted to ratings according to the codes
given in 5.4.4. Any identifying marks made on the
test panels should be such that they could not
influence the decisions of subsequent observers.

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 BS 3962-6:1980

Intermediate ratings, e.g. 3–2 or 2½, shall not be 6.2 Reporting of results. The test report shall
used. The scrape ratings shall be the largest rating include at least the following information:
values that are equalled or exceeded by the majority a) a reference to this Part of this British
of observers, e.g.: Standard, i.e. BS 3962-6;
individual ratings: 1, 2, 3, 3, 3; scrape rating: 3 b) identification of the coating under test;
individual ratings: 1, 2, 2, 3, 3; scrape rating: 2 c) the product specification or other document
If the scrape ratings for the individual test areas supplying the test requirements and performance
differ by more than one unit, repeat the test on a levels, if any;
further two areas. If these test results again differ d) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from
by more than one unit, abnormal variation over the the specified test procedures including the
panel is indicated and shall be reported. duration and reasons, if known, for a special
ageing period of less than 28 days;
e) the required performance levels and the
ratings determined in accordance
with 6.1.1, 6.1.2 and 6.1.3, and also any
abnormality of results;
f) the date of the test.

Figure 1 — Impact test. Method of viewing test area

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 BS 3962-6:1980

Figure 2 — Impact test. Diagram showing

rating scale

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Figure 3 — Typical illustrations of cross-cut rating

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 BS 3962-6:1980

Figure 4 — Cross-cut test. Details of cutting blade

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 © BSI 03-1999

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Figure 5 — Cross-cut test. Details of suitable template

BS 3962-6:1980
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 10

BS 3962-6:1980
Figure 6 — Cross-cut test. Details of suitable blade holder

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BS 3962-6:1980
Figure 7 — Scrape test. Typical layout of scrape test machine

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 BS 3962-6:1980

NOTE Suitable blades can be obtained from Wickham Wimet Ltd., Torrington Avenue, Coventry, by quoting Ref. no. Tip G 4002.
Figure 8 — Scrape test. Details of scraper blade

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NOTE All dimensions ± 0.1 mm unless otherwise stated.

Figure 9 — Scrape test. Details of scraper blade holder

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 BS 3962-6:1980

NOTE 1 All dimensions are ± 0.1 mm unless otherwise stated.

NOTE 2 This dimension should give a scraper blade projection of 6.35 mm using the blade detailed in Figure 8.
Figure 10 — Scrape test. Details of blade clamp body

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 BS 3962-6:1980

Publications referred to

BS 427, Method for Vickers hardness test.

BS 427-1, Testing of metals.
BS 891, Method for Rockwell hardness test.
BS 891-1, Testing of metals.
BS 3900, Methods of test for paints.
BS 3900-E6, Cross-cut test.
ISO 2409, Paints and varnishes — Cross-cut test.
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Copyright British Standards Institution

© BSI 03-1999
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Copyright British Standards Institution

Provided by IHS under license with BSI
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale