DYNAMICS

Momentum
·
Itis and momentum
velocity
productof mass
a mass x

velocity SInit.As kgmst

of a
body. p
mv or
=

Vector

It tells
=> aboutthe amount / strength ofmotion ofa body.

08
m
10kg p mV m
0.2kg P mv
=
= =
=

·>

2ms"
v
p 10 x 2 v 200ms
p 0.2X200
= =
=
=

20Ns 4ONs
P p
=
=

change of momentum

change in
final
a
-
initial

momentum momentum momentum

Ap p-Pi=

change in momentum

↓ ↓

change in mass
change in
velocity
jets of liquids, speed up, slow down, direction changes
i=== cocketpropulsion Xp p+
=

Pi
MV-mU
=

i == I
=
=
Ap m(v u)
=

Ap mx xv
=
-
02

AP P+ =

Pi vifinal velocityuninitial vel.

m
=

V -
Mir

(m) - mi)v
=

Ap xmxV
=
 Ap m(v u)
=
-

t- ->
+
u+
=

1p 0.1 (
=
-

30 -

20)
*p 5Ns or
5kgms-
= -

V =
-

Force
· "

of
The rate
change of momentum.

Fret moreseen SIUnit:Newton (N)

IP- change
=
in ·

·
Vector

resultant
force
·
If Ap:m( u), -
then ·

Ap:smxv,
If then

Fret=sini.
Fret:
1 change in

e mo=m- it
as

Fax
=ijm mass
flocorate
Fret Fast in v SIUnit:kgs -

ma
=
=

60kg per second!

e.g.60kg of passes through pipe
water a

mass
flowrate.
in 10 min. Determine the

in
m
=

60
= =

0.1kgs
10x60
 2
1 1C

l
in
AV-velocity
=

· 3 >V
↑
↓ cross-sectional 7

AL
density
area >
A

in Fret=mv
1m
=

a change in
(AV)v
=

in volume

15 Fnet:pAVZ
=

~> velocity
in p(A xXL)
=

At

in
pAv
=

Types of collision

Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision

1. Ideal collision 1. Real collision

No heat
2.
energy
loss at 2.
Energy lost
mainly as

heat. 3. Collision between large masses,

3. Small masses
e.g. explosion, bodies sticking
atoms collision.
or molecules
after
Momentum:conserved Momentum:consaved

Kinetic Enagy:conserved Kinetic Enagy:Not conceived

Total Total
Energy:conserved Energy:conserved
 Checking Elastic and Inelastic collision

1. Kinetic enagy
Total KE total collision
before collision after
KE

&M,ni ImHz" (m,Vi +

maV
=
+

of the above statement is valid, the collision is elastic.

Relative
2.
speed
relative
speed of approach-relative speed of separation
I before collision) lafter collision)
of the above statement is valid, the collision is elastic.

V, Vz
&-> a · .

same direction:subtract v,<00 - >

Vz

direction:add
relspeed Vz-V, v. Vz
opposite
=
-

rel
speed v, +Vz
=

When two
of equal masses
bodies collide elastically,
velocities.
they exchange their
Law Conservation Momentum
of of
9
For an isolated system, the total momentum
of bodies before "

collision is equal total

their momentum collision.
after
to

MI M2 MI M2

7 7 7 >

u, H2 VI Vz

collision
before collision
after
+
P, Pa
=

Pi #
P2
MH, + MzHz m,V, maVa mostly used!
= +

For isolated the

m,n, m(uc M,V, M2Vz an
system,
= +

m,1 m2Vz momention lost

m, 4. McHz
by one
- = -

m,(n, V,) ma(Vz uz)

-
=

body equal to that

is

mrm,) =R
ur) other."
gained by the
- -

AP, AP2
+
-

...... -

y ⑲

Ap APL =
an
For isolated system, the
change
Ap, 1pc+
0
=
in momentor
99
of the entire
system
is
XPsystem 0 =
2010.
2D-Momentum
vsino,
V,

U1
M2
U2
- M1
V,csO,

-xiii...No
M1 & >
>

collision one
belone

va
vising,
after collision

conservation will be
Law
of of momentum applied along
x-axis a p-axis separately.
x -

axis

m,x, mccz M,V,

+ =
MaVz
+

W,4. M2U2 m,
+
=

(V,0s0.) mc(VicosOc)
+

Y axis
-

1, 4, MCUs MIV, M2Vz

+ = +

0 0
+

m./usin8.) mzfVasinB)
= +

Change in Momentum in 2D
T

m1 > U
m,"p,
- Pf

...'0 >

>
Pi
Pi

A B
+
A
-
B A =
(B)
+

->
-5
1 A B XA
B
+ =

-
+
A + -

B
>
-
I
5X A B
-

OR X.......
=

=
B
-

A
>
AB 1-
B
> I

E
 T
Ap=p-P: or
Pi +
xp P
=

N
Ap
Pf
>

Pi

if change is 90
at DP:p+- P: or Pi +xp P7
=

↑v A

Pf 42
p2 b-
1P
=
+

Pf +
Ap" p +piz
-

m1 > U m1
⑬
=

> >
Pi Pi
⑥
 PHYSICS 9702/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice May/June 2008
1 hour
Additional Materials:
velocities
exchange
⑦
10 Two equal masses X and Y are moving towards each other on a frictionless air track as shown.

Δ
The masses make an elastic collision. DYNAMICS 2008

air track
50 cm s –1 30 cm s –1

X Y

Which row gives possible velocities for the two masses after the collision?

velocity of X velocity of Y

A zero 20 cm s–1 to the right

B 10 cm s–1 to the right 10 cm s–1 to the right
C 20 cm s–1 to the left zero
D 30 cm s–1 to the left 50 cm s–1 to the right

PHYSICS 9702/01
Paper 1 Multiple Choice October/November 2008
1 hour
Additional Materials:

10 Two spheres approach each other along the same straight line. Their speeds are u1 and u2
before collision, and v1 and v2 after collision, in the directions shown below.
4, Uz
before collision u1 u2
+

after collision v1 Vz -
V v2

Which equation is correct if the collision is perfectly elastic?

A u1 – u2 = v2 + v1
B u1 – u2 = v2 – v1
C u1 + u2 = v2 + v1

①D u 1 + u2 = v2 – v1
 PHYSICS M,u, +

M(4i M,V, =
+

MzVz 9702/11

y (60) mx( 40) (2m) v

Paper 1 Multiple Choice + - =
May/June 2010
1 hour
20 2v
=

Additional Materials:
10ms-1 V =

10 Two equal masses travel towards each other on a frictionless air track at speeds of 60 cm s–1 and
40 cm s–1. They stick together on impact.
- - >

60 cm s–1 40 cm s–1

m m

What is the speed of the masses after impact?

o
–1
A 10 cm s B 20 cm s–1 C 40 cm s–1 D 50 cm s–1

12 The diagram shows two identical spheres X and Y.

X Y

Initially, X moves with speed v directly towards Y. Y is stationary. The spheres collide elastically.

What happens?

X Y
1 1
A moves with speed 2 v to the right moves with speed 2 v to the right
B moves with speed v to the left remains stationary
1 1
C moves with speed 2 v to the left moves with speed 2 v to the right

o
D stops moves with speed v to the right
 2, 4, + M2Mz M,V1 MeVz
= +

(20)(6) (12) 15)

(32)V/200 12V
=
+ -

v 1.88
=

= 1.9m5/
11 An object of mass 20 kg is travelling at a constant speed of 6.0 m s–1.

It collides with an object of mass 12 kg travelling at a constant speed of 15 m s–1 in the opposite
direction. The objects stick together.
>

What is the speed of the objects immediately after the collision?

⑧
A 1.9 m s –1
B 9.0 m s–1 C 9.4 m s–1 D 21 m s–1

PHYSICS 9702/11
Paper 1 Multiple Choice May/June 2012
1 hour
Additional Materials:

11 Two similar spheres, each of mass m and travelling with speed v, are moving towards each other.

v v

m m

The spheres have a head-on elastic collision.

Which statement is correct?

A The spheres stick together on impact.

B The total kinetic energy after impact is mv 2.
C The total kinetic energy before impact is zero.
D The total momentum before impact is 2 mv.
 PHYSICS 9702/11
Paper 1 Multiple Choice May/June 2013
1 hour
Additional Materials:

10 Which of the following is a statement of the principle of conservation of momentum?

A In an elastic collision momentum is constant.

B Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
C The force acting on a body is proportional to its rate of change of momentum.
D The momentum of an isolated system is constant.

11 A 2.0 kg mass travelling at 3.0 m s–1 on a frictionless surface collides head-on with a stationary

Mui-meUe=mV
1.0 kg mass. The masses stick together on impact. here

1(2)(3) 0
+

2.0 kg 1.0 kg v 2m5/

=

3.0 m s–1
9.
-

before at rest

I(3)(2)
65. after
-

How much kinetic energy is lost on impact?

A zero B 2.0 J C 2.4 J o

D 3.0 J

PHYSICS 9702/12
Paper 1 Multiple Choice May/June 2013
1 hour
Additional Materials:

10 Two bodies travelling in a straight line collide in a perfectly elastic collision. Which of the following
statements must be correct?

A The initial speed of one body will be the same as the final speed of the other body.
B The relative speed of approach between the two bodies equals their relative speed of
separation.
C The total momentum is conserved but the total kinetic energy will be reduced.
D One of the bodies will be stationary at one instant.
 PHYSICS M, 4,
M2Mc M,V, me VL = +

9702/12
Paper 1 Multiple Choice 15000)(2) (5000) ( 1) (10000) V
=
-
+

May/June 2014
v =
0.5m51 1 hour
Additional Materials:

7 Two train carriages each of mass 5000 kg roll toward one another on a level track. One is
"
travelling at 2.00 m s–1 and the other at 1.00 m s–1, as shown.
I(10,000) (0.5)
(15000)(2)" [(5000) (1)
+

2.00 m s–1 1.00 m s–1 12585

10,000 + 2500

12,5005
5000 kg 5000 kg

12500-1250
112505
They collide and join together.

What is the kinetic energy lost during the collision?

>

A 1250 J B 7500 J o
C 11 250 J D 12 500 J
 PHYSICS 9702/13
Paper 1 Multiple Choice May/June 2014
1 hour
Additional Materials:

11 A resultant force of 10 N acts on a body for a time of 2.0 s.

Which graph could show the variation with time t of the momentum p of the body?

20
p / kg m s –1

15
A
10 B
C
5 D

0
0 1.0 2.0
t/s

12 A stationary body explodes into two components of masses m and 2m.

-
- >

The components gain kinetic energies X and Y respectively.

Vx Vy
m 2m
moves with X Y moves with
kinetic energy X kinetic energy Y

X
What is the value of the ratio ?
Y
1 1 2 4
A B C D
4 2 1 1

zm
M,u, + mcUz MN, MzVz = +

I =

0 0
+

m(Vx) (2m)Vy
=
+

vx 2Vy=

2Vx
IX:Lavine
-

E=
e
11 The diagram shows a man standing on a platform that is attached to a flexible pipe. Water is
pumped through the pipe so that the man and platform remain at a constant height.

F nv
=

F N=

96 x 9.81 =
40xV F mg
=

v 24msT F 96x9.81
=
=

F
↑o
flexible pipe
platform

↓
water in

vertical jet of water out,

M mass flow rate 40 kg s–1
-

The resultant vertical force on the platform is zero. The combined mass of the man and platform
is 96 kg. The mass of water that is discharged vertically downwards from the platform each
second is 40 kg.

What is the speed of the water leaving the platform?

-
-

A 2.4 m s–1 B 6.9 m s–1 C 24 m s–1 D 47 m s–1

PHYSICS 9702/12
M,n, M24z m,V, MeVz
+
= +

Paper 1 Multiple Choice

(2)(1) +

(3)) 4) 15)v
-
=
October/November 2016
1 hour 15 minutes
E V
-

Additional Materials:
=

v
=
- 2ms)

11 Two frictionless trolleys are moving towards each other along the same horizontal straight line.
Their masses and velocities are shown.

1.0 m s–1
<-
w4.0 m s–1

2.0 kg 3.0 kg

The trolleys collide and stick together.

What is the velocity of the trolleys after the collision?

A 2.0 m s–1 to the left

B 2.0 m s–1 to the right

F 0.0080 30
DP mv
C 2.8 m s–1 to the left =
-
u) -

27000N
=

D 2.8 m s–1 to the right 100x10-b

12 A bullet of mass 8.0 g travels at a speed of 300 m s–1. The bullet hits a target and stops after a -

time of 100 µs.

What is the average force exerted by the target on the bullet?

A 24 N B 240 N C 2400 N O
D 24 000 N
 30 of 81
10

3 (a) (i) State the principle of conservation of momentum. For

Examiner’s
For an isolated the total momentum
system, of
.................................................................................................................................. Use

bodies before collision is equal to their total

..................................................................................................................................
collision.
momentum
after
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) State the difference between an elastic and an inelastic collision.

Energy is lostduring inelastic collision.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) An object A of mass 4.2 kg and horizontal velocity 3.6 m s–1 moves towards object B as
shown in Fig. 3.1.

A B
3.6 m s–1 1.2 m s–1
4.2 kg 1.5 kg before collision

Fig. 3.1

Object B of mass 1.5 kg is moving with a horizontal velocity of 1.2 m s–1 towards
object A.

The objects collide and then both move to the right, as shown in Fig. 3.2.

A B
v 3.0 m s–1
4.2 kg 1.5 kg after collision
2.1m/s

Fig. 3.2

Object A has velocity v and object B has velocity 3.0 m s–1.

(i) Calculate the velocity v of object A after the collision.

M,4,
+

mz4z M(V, MzVz = +

(4.2)(3.6) (1.5)( 1.2) (4.2)(v) (1.5)(3)

+ -

=
+

v 2.1ms
=

2.1
velocity = ........................................ m s–1 [3]

(ii) Determine whether the collision is elastic or inelastic.

=306 +102
approach unequal so inelastic!
7.8m51
=

separation:3-2.1
0.9mS -1
=

[3]
© UCLES 2013 9702/23/M/J/13
 8

3 (a) State the principle of conservation of momentum.

For an isolated momentum bodies
system, the total
of
...................................................................................................................................................
collision is equal to their total momentum
before
...................................................................................................................................................
collision.
after
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Ball A moves with speed v along a horizontal frictionless surface towards a stationary ball B,
as shown in Fig. 3.1.
6sing
6.0 m s–1
4.0 kg A
⑥
v 12
v
θ bCosD
= initial path >
A B

4.0 kg 12 kg
of ball A 30°
3.500s300
12 kg B
3.5sin30
/ 3.5 m s–1
before collision after collision

Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 (not to scale)

Ball A has mass 4.0 kg and ball B has mass 12 kg.

The balls collide and then move apart as shown in Fig. 3.2.
Ball A has velocity 6.0 m s–1 at an angle of θ to the direction of its initial path.
Ball B has velocity 3.5 m s–1 at an angle of 30° to the direction of the initial path of ball A.
vatical axis
(i) By considering the components of momentum at right-angles to the direction of the initial
path of ball A, calculate θ.

axis M,n, +
mz4z M,V =

mzVz
+

↑
-

X
0 0
+

(4)(6sin0)
= + (12))-3.5sin30)
0 24sin8 -21
=

b sint 8 610
=

610
θ = ........................................................ ° [3]

© UCLES 2017 9702/23/O/N/17

 9

(ii) Use your answer in (i) to show that the initial speed v of ball A is 12 m s–1.
Explain your working.
X-xis
M,n, mz4z m,V
+ =
+
McVz

(4)(V) 0
+
(u)(620561) 1/2)(3.520s30%
=
+

v 12ms 1
-

[2]

(iii) By calculation of kinetic energies, state and explain whether the collision is elastic or
inelastic.
before
I(U)(12) 0after(6)1(2)3. +

2885 145.55

Inelastic
...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2017 9702/23/O/N/17 [Turn over