386 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.

0
 Energy Management

7.1 
Principles of Energy Management 388
7.1.1 
The Role of the Network Control System
in Power System Management 388
7.1.2 
Network Control Centers
in a Deregulated Energy Market 396
7.1.3 
Common Information Model 399
7.1.4 
IT Integration and
Service-Oriented Architecture 401

7.2 
Energy Management Products
and Solutions 404
7.2.1 
Spectrum Power Control Systems 404
7.2.2 
Common Model Management
System (CMMS) 420
7.2.3 
Decentralized Energy
Management Systems (DEMS) 421

Info:
Kapitel 6 hört zurzeit mit
Seite 383 auf.

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 387

 7 Energy Management 7.1.1 The Role of the Network Control
System in Power System Management
7.1 Principles of Energy
Management History
The control and information technology used for the manage-
ment of a power system has its origins in the automation of
power plants. The primary objective was then to improve opera-
Maintaining a reliable supply of electrical power to consumers is tional reliability (fig. 7.1-2).
a highly complex process as most of this power cannot be stored
and the individual components of this process, forming what is With the increasing number of power plants and their intercon-
called a power system, can be spread over a wide geographical nection via the grid, primary frequency control, also referred to
area. The purpose of power system management, also referred as generator droop control, was no longer sufficient. To improve
to as Energy Management, is to monitor, control and optimize on power delivery quality, coordination, including secondary
this process in real-time. The basic functionality of power system frequency control, of power generation and, later, external
control is found in the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition interchange became unavoidable and was promptly imple-
(SCADA) function that collects and records values and statuses mented in control centers.
acquired from the power system elements via remote telemetry
to enable control center operators to supervise and control the Before the introduction of the transistor in 1947, the vast
power system. Other decision support functions complement majority of protection and control devices used in power system
this function to provide power system management for a secure control were of electromechanical design. In the early days,
and optimal process (fig. 7.1-1). information was transmitted by means of relays and pulse

Po
we
rc
o nt
ro
ls
y ste
ms

Fig. 7.1-1: Power control systems – serving the complete energy chain from generation to load

388 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

calculations to support operations. The network state was

displayed visually on large switch panels or mosaic walls that
were also used to control the switchgear. Only as the perfor-
mance of graphical displays improved were Operation manage-
ment functions gradually transferred to VDU-based Worksta-
tions.

As computing power continued to increase in the mid-1970s, it

also became possible to use computers for optimization pro-
cesses. With the aid of optimization programs run initially as
batch Jobs and later online as well, it was possible, for instance,
to determine the most economical use of hydroelectric and
thermal power plants. These programs also provided a method
of economically assessing the exchange of energy, a basic
requirement for energy trading later on. Increasing computer
power was, however, also harnessed to further develop man-
Fig. 7.1-2: Todays’ operator user interface of a large machine communication towards greater user friendliness.
power control system
In the mid-1980s, power system control, which had until then
techniques, but with the introduction of electronics it became been restricted to transmission networks, was increasingly used
possible to implement increasingly efficient transmission means. in the distribution network area as well. Apart from pure net-
At the end of the 1960s, with the introduction of the first pro- work supervision, additional functions such as work or material
cess control computer, the first computerassisted power and administration were integrated into control systems during the
frequency control systems became possible. ongoing automation of the distribution network.

As computers became more efficient in the 1970s, the switch- Functions of a network control system
gear in transmission networks was also gradually monitored and With the aid of network control systems, network operators can
automated with the aid of power system control technology. In obtain information from the network, usually in real time, which
response to the growing demand for network control systems, a they can then use as the basis for optimizing supervision and
number of companies began developing standardized systems control of the power supply system (fig. 7.1-3).

7
for these applications. The systems of that period can be called
the first generation of network control systems. The information transmitted by the station automation systems
via telecontrol must be collected and processed at a central
Because of the inadequate graphics capability of computer point. This function is performed by network control systems
terminals at that time, the master computers were used mainly that are installed at central locations, which are also known as
for remote monitoring of unmanned stations or for performing system control centers or control rooms.

Communication Distribution Market

Applica- Addition-
Work as- Energy
tions for Fault Outage al func-
Process OPC ELCOM ICCP signment GIS/NIS market
distri- signaling manage- tions for
linking interface interface interface planning system manage-
bution system ment network
system ment
networks operation
Basic system

Information
Operator Archiving Energy Energy data
Basic system Model SCADA
interface system accounting management
Manager

Applica- Multiple
Long-term Load
Power Schedul- Forecast tions Load Water energy
opera- Training manage-
plant ing appli- applica- for trans- manage- manage- resource
tions simulator ment
control cations tions mission ment gas ment optimiza-
planning electricity
networks tion

Generation Transmission Demand management

Fig. 7.1-3: Power control system – components overview

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 389

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

A distinction is made between Transmission Management Sys- displayed in order to keep the operator constantly informed
tems (TMS) and Distribution Management Systems (DMS) about the current operating state of the power supply system.
depending on the type of network being managed (transmission The operator can also store additional Information in the system
or distribution). Prior to deregulation, Energy Management or enter corrections for incorrectly reported Information or
Systems (EMS) were commonly used for the integrated manage- Information reported by phone into the system in order to
ment of generation and transmission. After deregulation, the complete the current operational network display (fig. 7.1-4).
unbundling of these two functions led to the creation of Genera-
tion Management Systems (GMS) for the independent manage- The main objective of preprocessing is to relieve the operator of
ment of the generating units. routine work and to supply the operator with essential Informa-
tion. The most important preprocessing Steps to mention are
All types of network control systems use the so-called SCADA limit value monitoring and alarm processing. These are abso-
system platform. Other applications may also use this platform. lutely essential, especially in the case of a fault incident, in order
The most important application components of a network control to enable the operator to identify the cause of the fault quickly
system and their application areas. and precisely and to take suitable countermeasures. The supply
state of the network elements is shown in color (topological
Spectrum Power™ offers you a comprehensive range of func- network coloring) in the process Images used for network moni-
tions for requirements in energy generation, network operations toring in order to provide better visualization of the current
management and communications, including: network state. As a result, the operator can see at a glance
• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA). which network sections are supplied and can identify any inter-
• Data input and data modeling: ruption in the supply at that particular moment.
––Data modeling compliant with IEC 61970 using the Common
Information Model (CIM) Another important function performed by the SCADA applica-
––Powerful graphics editor tions is the so-called operational logbook, in which the process
––Parallel multi-station engineering with job management und history is shown chronologically in plain text. Entries in the oper-
undo functions ational logbook can be triggered by events in the power supply
––Powerful online data activation system as well as by operator actions.
• Extensive communications options with communcation
protocols Switching measures in the power supply system, such as discon-
• Maintenance and outage management: necting and earthing a cable so that maintenance can be carried
––Fault report handling out without danger, generally require a sequence of individual

7
––Planning and monitoring commands. Because disconnection processes of this type have
––Fault correction to be checked for plausibility in advance, a switching sequence
• Functions for managing transmission networks: management system in a control system can assist the operator
––State estimation in drawing up and testing the required switching sequences.
––Load flow calculation or short circuit calculation During this process, the switching actions carried out in a simu-
––Contingency Analysis lation environment are recorded and can then be carried out
• Functions for managing distribution networks: partly or fully automatically after positive testing and in the
––Fault isolation and restoration of power real-time environment.
––Load flow calculation
––Short circuit calculation
––Expert system
• Functions for energy data management
––Schedule management
––Forecasting
––Archiving
––Reporting
• Functions for demand side management
––Load management for electricity and gas
––Water supply management
• Functions for electric power producers
––Automatic generation control with load frequency control
––Scheduling applications

Real-time processing
SCADA applications are basic functions of the network control
system and provide a means of supervising and controlling the
power supply system. For this purpose, all information trans-
mitted from the network is collected, preprocessed and visually Fig. 7.1-4: Example for a network diagram of a power grid

390 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

Process data and control center communication

Process data from operational equipment is transferred and
recorded directly from the process. There is often also an
exchange of process data with other control centers. This
exchange of information also has the purpose of enabling
processes in the directly adjacent section of the network to be
included in the network supervision and control process.

Today, the standardized IEC 870-5-101 and 104 protocols are

increasingly used alongside old proprietary transmission proto-
cols for transferring information from the local network. The
OPC (OLE for Process Control) standard also offers a method of
process communication and a means of communicating with the
world of automation. The Inter-Control Center Communication
Protocol (ICCP), also known as TASE2, has now become the Fig. 7.1-5: Operator user interface – replay of archived values
established form of data exchange between control centers and in a network display
is compliant with IEC standard 870-6.

Company
Archiving level
Another basic function of a control system is the processing of
archive data. Archive data processing is responsible for cyclical
collection, storage and aggregation. The archive allows different
functions for data collection that group together and further Participating Participating Participating
control area control area control area
process the data received from the real-time database. The
resulting values are stored in turn in the archive. However, Setpoint Setpoint Setpoint Setpoint Setpoint
archives often also provide additional functions such as gener-
ating a sliding average or determining maximum and minimum
Plant Plant
values in order to process the real-time values before they are Virtual Virtual
stored (fig. 7.1-5). Unit Unit plant Unit Unit Unit plant

Included

7
The calculation functions of an archive usually also comprise Included
functions for implementing recurring calculations for time-
dependent data. For example, the four fundamental operations Fig. 7.1-6: Concept of hierarchical control
can be used on measurement values. These calculations can be
carried out at several levels, with the calculations at the lowest
level being completed before the calculations at the next higher costs, start-up and shutdown times and costs, and rate of power
level are started. A typical application is the totaling of power change) to produce a generation timetable for all power gener-
generation in its entirety and per power plant type, or the ating units. These timetables are then used as target for power
balancing of energy consumption according to regions under generation control (fig. 7.1-6).
different customer groups.
Note that to meet its load the power producer may opt to buy
Load forecasting additional energy
In order to ensure a reliable power supply, a forecast of energy • from a 3rd party within the same power system in which case
consumption (load) over time is required. Forecasting methods purchase contracts will be integrated to this optimization
working on the basis of a regression approach, Kalman filtering process, and/or
or neural networks are used for medium-term planning in the • from a 3rd party outside the same power system in which case
range of up to one year (load planning). For the short term, i.e. interconnection exchanges will be integrated to this
in the range of up to one week, pattern-based approach is optimization process.
typically used with options to adjust for actual load values, for
actual weather data, etc. Accordingly purchase and interchange schedules will then be
integrated to these timetables.
Power generation planning
A power producer company has typically a portfolio of different Power generation control and frequency regulation
power plants available for generating electrical power. Power The advantage that electric power has of being universally
generation planning is made whilst economically optimizing the usable is offset by the disadvantage that it is difficult to store.
generation of the power needed according to the load forecast, For this reason, the generation of electrical power must take
market price forecast and contracts, taking into account the place simultaneously with consumption. The frequency is used
characteristics of the different power plants in the portfolio (fuel as the means of measuring whether generation and consump-

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 391

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

tion are balanced. As long as generation and consumption are in The network state estimation is generally followed by a limit
equilibrium, the network frequency corresponds to the rated value monitoring process that compares the result of the esti-
frequency. If consumption exceeds the power generation, the mation with the operating limits of the individual operational
difference is covered from the kinetic energy of the rotating equipment in order to inform the operator about overloads or
generator or turbine masses. This drawing of energy, however, other limit violations in a timely fashion. The load flow solution
causes a reduction in the rotational speed and hence a drop in of the network state estimation is then used by other network
the frequency. In the reverse situation, in other words, in over- functions such as contingency analysis, short-circuit analysis or
generation, the difference is converted into kinetic energy, and optimal power flow.
the speed of rotation increases and so too does the frequency.
The contingency analysis carries out a, typically very large,
Because the system frequency is equal at all points in the number of “What if?” studies in which the failure of one or more
system, it can be easily used as the input quantity for controlling items of operational equipment is simulated. The results of these
the frequency of power systems. New setpoint values for the load flow calculations are then compared against the operational
individual generators are determined there from the measured equipment limits in order to assess the network security resulting
frequency deviation on the basis of technical and economic from an operational equipment failure. Typically a transmission
factors, and transmitted to the decentralized generator control network must remain secure against any single equipment failure
systems by means of telecontrol. If a power supply system is (n-1 criterion) and against selected double and other multiple
linked to adjacent power systems, the frequency as well as the equipment failures which will be all simulated by this contin-
power exchange with the adjoining systems must be monitored gency analysis application. In the case of security violations other
and controlled. This power exchange is taking place over a application tools can then be used to identify preventive or
number of interconnections for which the flow is telemetered. corrective solutions for such cases with violations.

A PI-type controller, based on a so-called Area Control Error The short-circuit analysis simulates different types, e.g. phase-
(ACE) updated, typically, every 2-10 seconds, is used to identify to-ground, of short-circuits at selected node points, typically
the net generation adjustment required to maintain the fre- busbars, of the network to calculate the resulting fault current
quency at or very near its nominal value. Contractual power and fault current contributions from neighboring branches and
exchanges can also be accounted for by the same controller such generating units. The results are then compared to the short-cir-
that deviations from the interchange schedules are minimized. cuit ratings of these near-the-fault equipments, i.e. breaker,
Accordingly, individual generation unit adjustments will be branch and/or generating unit, for possible violations. The
calculated and sent as correction signals to the generating units operator is informed about any limit violations so that suitable

7
participating to this regulation. This assignment process will also remedial action can be taken in a timely fashion.
account for the committed (economic or market) schedules of
the generating units and the reserve requirements. The set of The optimal power flow attempts to determine the settings of
applications supporting this process is referred to as Automatic control equipments, e.g. the tap of a transformer, to operate
Generation Control (AGC). optimally the power system according to some selected criterion
and subject to operating constraints such as equipment limits:
Transmission network management applications • Network loss minimization – network losses are directly
A transmission network is characterized by a meshed structure, related to the amount of reactive power flow and, therefore,
being mesh-operated and having a number of interconnections to the voltage profile throughout the network. The optimal
with one or more external networks. Most, if not all, of its power flow will minimize the transmission losses by
substations are automated. Typically most, if not all, of its determining the optimal settings of all voltage controls
switchgear statuses, busbar voltages and line flows are teleme- available, i.e. generators, transformers, capacitors, etc.
tered. The transmission network includes typically an extra high • Generation cost minimization – The optimal power flow will
voltage (EHV) part and a high voltage (HV) part. The latter is minimize the total cost of generation by determining the
sometimes referred to as the sub-transmission network. Typi- optimal dispatch of each generating units. Today this criterion
cally, these measurements are in such a number that they is applied mostly in pre-deregulation or centralized markets.
provide more information than it is necessary to solve a power Variations of this criterion, e.g. involving deviations from
flow. However these measurements include errors due to the market set points, are also solved by optimal power flow in
accuracy of their measurement equipment and are even some- fully deregulated energy markets.
times outright wrong due to faulty measurement equipment • Network security – In the presence of equipment limit
and/or telecommunication. A least square approach for optimal violations the optimal power flow will determine corrective
estimation combined with a statistical analysis for bad measure- actions in terms of voltage control settings and/or real power
ment is applied to this problem to determine most accurately control settings to minimize equipment limit violations, i.e.
the state of the network. This function is commonly referred to the settings to restore the network to a secure state. Similarly,
as State Estimation. The estimation of the network state sup- the optimal power flow can also be used in normal operating
plies the operator with a complete load flow solution for super- conditions to increase the security of the network by
vising the network, including those sections of the network for increasing operational margins to limits, i.e. by enforcing
which no measurement values are available. tighter equipment limits. As increased security margin can be

392 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

operationally very expensive it is typically applied only to a performance of the utility towards its customers. Outage Man-
few selected critical equipments. agement with the support from analysis tools provides also for
the coordination of planned outages with the normal operation
The network calculation functions just described can also be of the network to ensure safety of the crews and continuity of
used to study network conditions different from actual condi- service to the customers.
tions. This study mode is used, for example, for checking a
planned switching operation. Other applications in distribution network belong to one of 2
domains: outage analysis or network analysis. Outage analysis
Distribution network management applications includes typically a fault location application destined at pro-
A distribution network is characterized by a mostly radial and viding the operator with the (visual and descriptive) location of
lightly meshed structure that is operated mostly radial. The the fault from real-time events using, for example, fault indica-
distribution network typically includes a medium voltage (MV) tors and distance relays, and a fault isolation/service restoration
part and a low voltage (LV) part and is interconnected to the application destined at providing the operator with a switching
transmission network at HV/MV substations. Depending upon sequence for isolating the fault and restoring service to cus-
countries few to all of the HV/MV substations are today auto- tomers. As the latter may encounter problems meeting all
mated. Under the Smart Grid pressure automation of the MV/LV network security constraints and/or restoring service to all
substations is now accelerating in Europe whilst automation of customers one or more switching sequences may be provided to
the MV feeders is now accelerating as well in the US. For these the operator.
reasons telemetry, e.g. that of power flows, is relatively limited
but rapidly increasing (fig. 7.1-7). Distribution network analysis applications are in many ways
similar to those for transmission network but with a different
Perhaps the most important application in distribution network emphasis due to the specific size, structure and mode of opera-
is the outage management that is responsible for the manage- tion of the distribution network. One resulting requirement is
ment of all planned and unplanned outages, the latter part the need to support balanced, unbalanced and/or unsymmetrical
being also referred to as Fault Management. Outage Manage- operation of the network. Due to the limited amount of available
ment integrates information from SCADA (events), metering measurements and their quality a distribution load flow with
(events), and customers (trouble calls) to infer one or more load scaling has been typically used to determine the state of
concurrent network outages. With the additional help of crews the network. However, as measurement availability increases,
and support from analysis tools, operators are then able to this approach is being progressively replaced by a state-estima-
promptly locate faults, isolate faults and restore service. Outage tion-like approach, e.g. load flow in combination with a least

7
Management will also provide calculation of performance square approach to optimally scale loads to the measurements,
indices that are typically required by the regulator to assess the to determine the state of the network. This latter function is

SCADA

Distribution grid disturbance Mobile workforce Asset management

DNA

Smart meter Meter data management Workforce management

Customer Customer service OMS/GIS Reporting

Distribution management Enterprise resource

system planning

Fig. 7.1-7: Schematic workflow in a distribution management system

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 393

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

referred to as Distribution State Estimation. The solution will

then be checked against equipment limits for any violations. This
application provides the operator with a complete state of the
network including security risks beyond that available from
SCADA. This application’s solution is also used by the other
network applications to perform further analysis.

For example, optimal power flow will be used to optimize the

operation of the network, either towards minimizing network
losses by adjusting voltage controls such as capacitors and
transformer taps or towards minimizing network overloads by
reconfiguring the network. A short circuit application, similar to Fig. 7.1-8: Training on-the-job
that used in transmission, is also used in distribution to identify
security risks against short circuits in different parts of the that would allow the utility to manage some of that peak load
network. A security analysis application is also appearing in should the need arise.
distribution to validate restoration procedures in parts of the
network that are under abnormal conditions, the applicability of In this context of balancing demand with production, load
pre- and post-planned-outage procedures ahead of schedule, serving entities, including distribution utilities, must ensure that
etc. As the distribution network is often in constant state of energy balancing is met whilst still respecting their energy
change, a relay coordination application is becoming more and purchase contracts. This process includes the forecasting of the
more common to validate or suggest adjustments to relay customer loads, the optimal scheduling (typical cycles of 15, 30
settings under abnormal network configurations. or 60 minutes) of their dispatchable means to meet the fore-
casted demand and the energy purchase constraints, the moni-
Load shedding toring of this plan’s execution in real-time (typical cycles are 30,
To insure system stability and maximum service availability 60 or 120 seconds), and, when necessary, the implementation
during periods of very high demand concurrent to generation of corrective actions including load control. The first two steps
shortage and/or large disturbances utilities have, sometimes, no are implemented using similar tools to those already described
other alternative but to disconnect some loads. This process is earlier albeit with adaptations, that is load forecasting and
typically referred to as load shedding. It is normally used as a last energy resource optimization. The last two steps will monitor all
resort solution after all other alternatives (generation reserve, resources and control those resources available to control

7
etc.) have been exhausted. This process is supported by an towards meeting energy purchase schedules over contractual
application called Load Shedding (LS). (tariff) time periods and towards balancing energy as demand
fluctuates outside the forecast. The load control that may be
Typically load shedding will be implemented via direct SCADA required must, of course, account for slow, fast and time-con-
commands, Load Shedding Controllers (LSC) and/or under-fre- strained load response.
quency/voltage relays. In the last two implementations configu-
rations/settings may be downloaded from the control center. In the near future, this process will integrate Demand Response,
Note that these two implementations are the fastest (< 100 ms) a concept identifying dynamically the loads to be available for
but required careful coordination (e.g. 2003 US blackout). The such control.
following typical load shedding activations are possible:
• Manual load shedding Training simulator
• Rotating load shedding (generation shortage for The growing complexity of existing power systems places
extended time) increasing demands on operation personnel (fig. 7.1-8). Efficient
• Equipment overload load shedding (delay/avoid tripping training simulators are therefore required for carrying out the
of equipment) necessary comprehensive hands-on training. The following areas
• Balancing load shedding (import target deviation, islanding) can be covered with training simulators:
• Under-frequency/voltage load shedding (system stability/ • Familiarization of operation personnel with the control system
voltage collapse). and the existing network
As conditions return to normal, the load shedding application • Training of experienced personnel to changes in network,
will also provide support for load restoration, i.e. the manual operating procedures, tools, etc.
or automatic re-connection of shed loads. • Training of personnel to daily work as well as to emergency
conditions (e.g. blackouts)
Load management • Simulation and analysis of operational incidents (post-mortem
As demand has increased much faster than production and or anticipated) towards improving on existing operating
network capacity peak demand has become more and more procedures
difficult and costly to meet. Considering also that the network is • Testing of possible network expansions and analysis of
under-used in other periods (e.g. at night) various incentive alternatives, testing of new tools and analysis of results, etc.
programs reducing or shifting consumption have been created

394 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

For the training of personnel, training simulators must reflect

accurately the power system behavior and provide to the
operator the very same tools, including visualization, as those
used in the control center for an effective training. The training Power system Training
simulator includes 4 essential components (fig. 7.1-9):
• A training management component
• A power system simulation component
• A telemetry simulation component
• A copy of the management system (EMS, TMS, DMS or GMS).

The power system simulation component is responsible for the Telecontrol Control
accurate simulation of the dynamic behavior of the managed model Simulation data system
system, i.e. that of all its field equipments (generating units, (copy)
network and loads). The telemetry simulation component feeds

Process data
into the management system copy the simulated field data as
they would normally come from field equipments into the
control center.

The training simulator provides to the trainee an environment

identical to that used in operation and to the instructor an envi- Fig_71-01
Fig. 7.1-9: Block diagram of a training simulator
ronment that allows him to create training scenarios, influence
(with or without knowledge of trainee) the training session, etc.
• Voltage regulator modeling
Operator Training Simulator (OTS) • Protection relay modeling
OTS is based on 4 key components (fig. 7.1-9): • External company LFC modeling.
• A training management component
• A power system simulation component The telemetry simulation component provides the simulation of
• A telemetry simulation component the data communication between the power system and the
• A copy of the control system (e.g. EMS). control system. It transfers as simulated field telemetry the
results of the power system simulation to the control system

7
The training management component provides tools for creating copy. And it processes all commands issued by SCADA (oper-
training sessions, executing training sessions and reviewing ator), LFC, etc. and transfers them to the power system simula-
trainee performance. It provides tools to tion. This simulated telemetry can be modified via the scenario
builder by the trainer to reflect measurement errors, telemetry
• initialize the training session, e.g. from real-time or a or RTU failures, etc.
saved case
• define the system load profile This operator training simulator provides a dedicated environ-
• create event sequences, e.g. a breaker opening, a telemetry ment for the trainee (operator) and one for the instructor that
failure, etc., that can be either time triggered, event triggered allows the instructor to influence the process in order to force
or command triggered responses from the trainees. The trainee interface is identical
• create training scenarios, i.e. a number of event sequences, with that of the control system so that, for the trainee, there is
to be activated during the training. no difference in functionality and usability between training and
real operation.
It also provides start/stop and pause/resume functions for the
execution of the training session. During the training session it Multi-Utility
is possible for the trainer to create new events and/or modify Some distribution utilities will manage the distribution of multiple
the running scenario. commodities, e.g. electricity, district heating, gas and/or water.
Whilst the distribution process, for example with load manage-
The power system simulation component provides a realistic ment, is commodity specific, inter-dependencies will be created
simulation of the power system behavior to support training either by the procurement process or the production model.
from normal operation to emergency operation including
islanding conditions and blackout restoration. The simulation is It is not unusual to find in distribution cogeneration power
based on a long-term dynamic modeling of the power system plants, also referred to as combined heat and power (CHP)
including: power plants, providing electrical power and district heating.
• Load modeling with voltage & frequency dependency Management of these 2 highly integrated commodities will
• Generation modeling with governor, turbine/boiler and require adapted tools accounting for the high inter-dependen-
generator models cies existing between the production and the demand of these
• Frequency modeling 2 commodities.

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 395

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

7.1.2 Network Control Centers in a

Deregulated Energy Market Power providers
Generation Companies (GenCo) Independent Power Providers (IPP)
As a result of the movement towards deregulation and liberaliza-
tion of the energy business, the electricity industry has under- Independent system operators Power aggregators
gone dramatic changes since the beginning of the 1990s. This Network services
process has been marked by the following characteristics: Power balance Energy traders
Energy brokers
• Competition wherever possible – electrical energy is traded as Voltage control
a commodity. This initially affects power generation, but other System stability
Power reserve Energy exchange / markets
services can also be offered on a competitive basis.
Spot market,
• Commercial Separation of the natural network monopolies Transmission network operation e.g. day-ahead market
from the competitive elements. This impacts numerous areas, TransCo Ancillary market
such as planning, operation and maintenance of formerly
integrated systems. Distribution network operation
• Access to the networks by third parties. This is an essential DisCo
Load aggregators
precondition for open trading in electrical energy via the
natural network monopoly.
• Regulation of the network monopolies by a public agency.
Because the network is the basis for competition in the Customer

electrical energy market, considerable importance is attched to Fully supplied customer Small customer Large customer
reliable, economical and neutral network operation. In order to
ensure such operation, a new regulatory element must be
introduced at the same time that other sections of the Fig. 7.1-10: Players in the deregulated energy market

electricity business are deregulated.

Restructuring models are established as bilateral contracts some of the energy can
In a deregulated environment of the type just described, the also be bought/sold in an open energy market facilitated by one
power companies that traditionally had a vertically integrated or more energy exchanges, e.g. the European Energy Exchange
structure start to split into companies responsible for power (EEX) in Germany. This market model is typically referred to as a
generation (GENeration COmpanies), transmission (TRANSmis- spot energy market and is most common in TSO-structured

7
sion COmpanies), distribution (DIStribution COmpanies) and energy markets for better market transparency and liquidity.
energy service (Load Serving Entities – Service Provider Compa- Energy markets are often structured along time lines such as
nies). This restructuring opened the door to many new market day-ahead, intra-day, etc. energy markets and types such as
players (fig. 7.1-10), such as electricity traders and brokers who balancing, reserve, etc. energy markets. The proportion of
purchase energy from GenCos, independent power producers energy traded on the spot market compared with what is fixed
(IPPs) or other sources and resell it. by bilateral agreements can vary from one country to another.

The technically critical part of deregulation concerns the opera- New requirements for network control centers
tion of the overall system. Because there is no longer integrated Energy markets models vary significantly from region to region
operation of generation, transmission , distribution and energy and typically take many years to reach relative maturity, i.e.
service in one business unit, a dedicated organization must take stable market rules. There is, therefore, a strong requirement for
over the responsibility for observing specific electrical energy high flexibility/customization in the proposed market solutions
quality standards such as frequency control, the voltage level (fig. 7.1-11).
and provision of adequate generation and transmission reserves
for emergencies. When implemented independently of all other The ISO/TSO whilst responsible for rules that have been enforced
energy business activities this organization is referred to as an for decades are now facing a much more complex process using
Independent System Operator (ISO), e.g. in North America, and market mechanisms to acquire the information and means
when integrated with a TransCo it is referred to as a Transmis- enabling them to enforce these rules; information and means
sion System Operator (TSO), e.g. in Western Europe. An ISO is that are now own and controlled by the many competing market
typically managing the energy market over a grid that encom- participants. And the ISO/TSO, as it gets access to the data
passes multiple TransCos whilst a TSO is typically managing the necessary to fulfill his role and responsibilities from the market
energy market over the grid under its own TransCo’s responsi- participants, will need to enforce absolute confidentiality since
bility. ISOs are also referred to as Regional Transmission Opera- these data reflects often market participants positioning, i.e.
tors (RTOs). market competitive data.

The ISO/TSO does not have its own generation capability. There- Similarly, network planning necessary to support a properly
fore it must purchase regulating energy (active and reactive functioning energy market, i.e. one operating without conges-
power) from the power producers. Whilst many energy contracts tion, has become a real challenge between the ISO/TSO,

396 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

TransCos and these same market participants. needed by the ISO/TSO for executing them will rest with the
market participants. The ISO/TSO will therefore need to buy the
Last but not least, energy markets require transparency and use of these tools from the market participants whilst building
auditing. Many services that used to be bundled must now be all its own revenue through network access fees. Many new func-
separately identified and accounted for, detailed market compli- tions will also be required to support an open and fair access to
ance monitoring must be performed, and extensive archiving of the network to all market participants particularly when to
it all must be possible. manage network congestion (e.g. locational marginal pricing),
transfer capacity limitation (e.g. cross-border capacity auc-
Communication tioning), etc.
As extensive communication between the control center and
the various market participants such as power producers, To guarantee open and fair access to the network and equal
distribution companies, energy exchanges and traders will treatment between all market participants, many of these
increase greatly. Whilst some communication media have been functions will be using market mechanisms. This implies that
already in use in the control center, the use of open media such many of the solutions developed for these functions will be
as internet will expand significantly. And the many new market financially-driven whilst still addressing the same physical
interactions such as network access/capacity requests, ancillary problems and therefore will require a lot more integration with
market requests, etc. will require new solutions using this new back office functions such as, for example, settlement.
communication infrastructure. The OASIS system (Open Access
Same-Time Information system) for reserving transmission Network calculations
capacity in the United States is an example of an existing The basic functions, such as state estimator, load flow calcula-
system of this kind. tion, short-circuit calculation and contingency analysis, will not
normally be influenced by the restructuring. However an appli-
Fundamental changes to the properties of network control cation such as optimal power flow considering availability/
systems controllability of generation resources will be affected by the
Many of the ISO/TSO functions will no longer be self-serving but restructuring of the energy business. The total cost optimization
instead will be to serve the market participants towards open of generation is no longer the responsibility of the ISO/TSO but
and fair access to the network. Whilst many functions will that of each market participants. But the use of generation (MW
remain the same as those prior to unbundling, many of the tools and Volt/VAr) whether for security violation relief or network loss

Business
processes Enterprise service
Energy trading Customer service Invoicing
7
bus (SOA)

Meter data
Higher quality Network management Network information management
network operation
Company-wide
processes:
SCADA network DB SCADA SOA interface
monitoring and IT integration
operation Administration
Operation
Maintenance
Communication
Private and public systems

Field data acquisition,

local control &
Automation

Field processes
Electricity

Gas

Water

District heating

Fig. 7.1-11: : Integration on the various process layers

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 397

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

reduction, still responsibilities of the ISO/TSO, will require the

application to account for the cost of using (variable cost) that Bid vs Offer matching
resource within the terms agreed in a separate market based
process. The cost of availability (fixed costs) is already included $
in this market based process.

Power generation planning Bid

Offer
Power generation planning is no longer the responsibility of the
ISO/TSO and therefore no longer considered within the control
center. However its results must be communicated by the market
participants to the ISO/TSO for it to assume its network opera-
tion and security responsibilities.

This process (fig. 7.1-12 and fig. 7.1-13) is quite elaborate and Price
varies from market to market (e.g. with/without exchange,
single/multiple buyer, etc.) but with some constants with respect
MW
to the part under the ISO/RTO responsibility. The ISO/TSO basic
process consists in collecting all market participants’ positions,
i.e. their production plans, and validating it against network Offer vs Demand scheduling
security whilst satisfying load forecasts and planned outage
schedules. In the case network security is not satisfied market MW
signals are returned to the market participants for a new produc- Load Forecast
tion plan and this until network security is satisfied. In parallel or
concurrently the ISO/TSO will also request from the market
participants bids to provide power for ancillary services, e.g.
regulating power. These bids will be finalized upon a market
clearing at the market clearing price. Of course, these bids will
be integrated to the load serving energy schedules in the above
Offers Price
mentioned network security validation process. These market
mechanisms will be, typically, performed at least one day ahead

7
(day-ahead market), and one hour ahead (real-time market) of
real-time operation. This process will then be completed on the
next day by market settlement to address the actual energy
Time
served.

Power generation control Fig. 7.1-12: Fundamentals

The full set of generation control applications still apply with,
however, some adjustments. Indeed target generation timetable
is now defined by the market participants (see process descrip- Market particpants
tion above). And the availability and limits of regulating power Generation/load entites
and reserve power are now defined by the process where the Energy offers
ISO/TSO acquires access to and use of these resources from the
market participants (see process description above). The produc-
tion cost monitoring application is still sometimes used with
Energy
adjustment to account only for the regulating costs. Quantities, Payments,
offers
prices bills

Pre day Day ahead Real time Real time Billing and
ahead market market dispatch settlement

Schedules and contracts Real time values

Set points and prices Schedules and forecast
Net tie schedules Operating constraints

Energy management system

Control area operations
Outage Contingency State Generation Load
scheduling analysis estimation control manegement

Fig. 7.1-13: ISO/TSO Overview

398 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

7.1.3 Common Information Model dard into the newest areas of smart grid, Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI), and Home Area Network (HAN).
In order to survive in the deregulated energy market, power
companies today face the urgent task of optimizing their core CIM data model and packages
processes (fig. 7.1-14). This is the only way that they can survive The CIM data model describes the electrical network, the con-
in this competitive environment. One vital step here is to com- nected electrical components, the additional elements and the
bine the large number of autonomous IT systems into a homoge- data needed for network operation as well as the relations
neous IT landscape. However, conventional network control between these elements. The Unified Modeling Language
systems could only be integrated with considerable effort (UML), a standardized, object-oriented method that is supported
because they did not use a uniform data model standard. Net- by various software tools, is used as the descriptive language.
work control systems with a standardized source data based on CIM is used primarily to define a common language for
the Common Information Model (CIM), in accordance with exchanging information via direct interfaces or an integration
IEC 61970, and its extensions IEC 61968 (DMS) and IEC 62325 bus and for accessing data from various sources.
(energy market), offer the best basis for IT integration.
The CIM model is subdivided into packages such as basic ele-
CIM – key to interoperability and openness ments, topology, generation, load model, measurement values
The Common Information Model (CIM) defines a common and protection. The sole purpose of these packages is to make
language and data modeling with the object of simplifying the the model more transparent. Relations between specific types of
exchange of information between the participating systems and
applications via direct interfaces (fig. 7.1-15). The CIM was
adopted by IEC TC 57 and fast-tracked for international standard-
ization. In the United States, CIM is already stipulated by the
North American Reliability Council (NERC) for the exchange of
data between electricity supply companies. The standardized
CIM data model offers a very large number of advantages for
power suppliers and manufacturers:
• Simple data exchange
• Standardized CIM data remains stable, and data model
expansions are simple to implement
• As a result, simpler, faster and less risky upgrading of energy

7
management systems, and if necessary, also migration to
systems of other manufacturers
• The CIM application program interface creates an open
application interface. The aim is to use this to interconnect the
application packages of all kinds of different suppliers per
“Plug and Play” to create an EMS.
Fig. 7.1-14: The Common Information Model as key-enabler
CIM forms the basis for the definition of important standard for interoperability
interfaces to other IT systems. Siemens is an active member of
the standardization bodies and the working group in IEC TC 57,
playing a leading role in the further development and interna-
tional standardization of IEC 61970 and the Common Informa-
tion Model. Working group WG14 (IEC 61968 Standards) in the
TC57 is responsible for standardization of interfaces between
systems, especially for the power distribution area.

Standardization in the outstation area is defined in IEC 61850.

With the extension of document 61850 for communication to
the control center, there are overlaps in the object model
between 61970 and 61850. In order to accelerate harmoniza-
tion between documents 61970 and 61850, TC57 has set up a
working group (ad hoc WG07).

The primary future challenge is to extend the standard beyond

the control center. Once the standard is extended, it will allow
full data management and data exchange between the transmis-
sion, distribution, planning, and generation areas of the enter-
prise. Especially urgent at the present time is to move the stan- Fig. 7.1-15: Data engineering with Information Model Manager

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 399

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

objects being modeled may extend beyond the boundaries of Power system resource Terminal
packages. 0…1 0…1 1…n
Value alias set Value to alias
0…1 0…1 1
Navigation
Topology model 0…n
0…n
0…n 0…n
1
1
The electrically conductive connections between the elements Measurement type Measurement 0…n
0…1
Control Control type
0…n
Current 0…n 0…n
are defined via terminals and nodes (connectivity nodes). Every Voltage
0…n
0…n
Frequency
conductive element has one or more terminals. A terminal Power factor
1 1

Active power Limit

connects the element, such as a generator, or one side of, for
example, a circuit-breaker, to a node. A node can hold any
0…n 0…n
number of terminals and provides an impedance-free connection Limit set Limit
1
linking all elements connected to it. A topology processor can
determine the current network topology via these relations and Scada
CCLink
with the current states of the circuit-breakers. This topology Operator Quality 53850
Estimate
model can also be used to describe gas, water, district heating 0…n 1
Measurement value source Measurement value Measurement value quality
and other networks for tasks such as modeling interconnected 1 1
control centers.

Measurement value model Fig. 7.1-16: Measurement value model

The dynamic states of an electric network are displayed in the
form of measurement values. Measurement values can contain
numerical values, such as active/reactive power, current and
voltage, or discrete states such as a 1-switch position. Measure- CIM XML CIM XML 3 CIM XML
ment values always belong to a measurement. A measurement Doc 1 4 Doc 2 Validator
5
1
always measures a single physical quantity or a state of the
2
relevant object. It is either allocated directly to the object or to a
CIM XML CIM XML CIM XML
terminal of the object if it is significant at which end of the Import Export Import
object the measurement is made, such as a measurement at the 1,4
2 5

beginning of a high-voltage line. A measurement contains one

Model Model
1,4
or more measurement values, e.g., the value transmitted by Maint 5 Maint.
System System
SCADA, or the value determined by the state estimator or by the Participant Participant

7
voltage/reactive power optimizer. Whether the current value A B
comes from the expected source or is a substitute value can also
be indicated if, for example, the connection to the process is
interrupted (fig. 7.1-16). Fig. 7.1-17: Principle of the interoperability test

Interoperability tests and model data exchange

Since September 2001, North American Electric Reliability The principle of the test can be seen in fig. 7.1-17. Participant A
Corporation (NERC) has prescribed the CIM/RDF/XML formal for imports the test data using the tool, modifies the data and
the exchange of electrical network data between network exports it for further use by participant B. Participant B imports
security coordinators. With funding from the Electric Power the data, processes it and amends it and exports it for partici-
Research Institute (EPRI), leading manufacturers of complete pant C, and so on. Some participants provide a model that is
EMSs or partial components (ABB, Alstom, CIM-Logic, Langdale, used during the IOP testing (for example: Areva 60 Bus Model,
PsyCor, Siemens and Cisco) have started planning interopera- GE WAPA 262 Bus Model, SNC-Lavalin 60 Bus Model, and Sie-
bility tests and developing the tools necessary for this. CIM XML mens 100 Bus Model). Typically full and incremental model are
interoperability tests began in December 2000 and take place exchanged and validated between the participants. Power flow
annually today. Interoperability (IOP) testing proves that prod- solution tests are intended to verify the correct exchange of
ucts from different participants can exchange information and power system model files including generation and load through
provide the interfacing requirements based on the use of the the execution of power flow applications. In addition specific
IEC standards that have been developed to date. An additional tests focused on implementing the latest annual IEC standard
feature and objective of this and future IOP tests is to verify and contents are performed specifically.
validate that changes made to the IEC standards have been
implemented and do not prevent or impede data exchange or
interaction between the participants. The verification of annual
IEC specification updates is an integral part of the IOP testing
process. The IOP test report gets published afterwards and fully
documents all the results as well as the issues discovered during
testing.

400 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

7.1.4 IT Integration and Service- The services of a control system comprise:

Oriented Architecture • Data services with which, for example, the databases of the
core applications can be accessed, e.g., readout of the
In order to survive in the deregulated energy market, power operational equipment affected by a fault incident in the
companies today face the urgent task of optimizing their core power supply system
processes. This is the only way that they can survive in this • Functional logic services, e.g., for starting a computing
competitive environment. The aim is to make the system archi- program for calculating the load flow in the power supply
tecture modular and component-based so that a flexible config- system
uration and IT integration can be implemented in a cost-efficient • Business logic services that coordinate the business logic for
manner. The crucial step here is to combine the large number of specific energy management work processes of the
autonomous IT systems into one homogeneous IT landscape. participating systems, e.g., fault management in the network
However, conventional network control systems could only be control system within the customer information system at the
integrated with considerable effort because they did not use any utility.
integration standard as none did exist. Network control systems
designed with a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) offer the The network control system is one of many systems in the IT
best basis for IT integration. network of the utility that interacts with other systems and that
offers and uses services such as:
Open systems through the use of standards and • Services forming part of the offered scope of functions of the
de facto standards network control system
A modern network control system provides the basis for • Services that are used by the network control system and are
integration of an energy management system in the existing provided by other systems and applications
system landscape of the utility through the use of standards and
de facto standards. Fig. 7.1-18 shows a typical example of the incorporation of the
• IEC 61970 Common Information Model (CIM) defines the network control system in the enterprise service environment of
standard for data models in electrical networks. It supports the the utility. Further planning with respect to the required work
import and export of formats such as XDF and RDF, which are processes and integration in the heterogeneous system land-
based on the XML standard scape of the utility are based on this incorporation.
• Web-based user interface, webtechnology
• Standardized PC hardware instead of proprietary hardware
Client/server configuration based on Standard LANs and

7
protocols (TCP/IP)
• Open interfaces (OBCD, OLE, OPC, etc.)
• RDBMS basis with open interfaces
• Nationally and internationally standardized transmission
protocols (IEC 60870-5, IEC 60870-6)

Service-oriented architecture
A modern network control system provides a service-oriented
architecture with standardized process, interface and communi-
cation specifications based on standards IEC 61968 and
IEC 61970. They form the basis for integrating the network
control system in the enterprise service environment of the
utility.

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 401

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

Model and Display Participant Market

Management Scheduling Market Management Management

CIM/CME
Limit Billing &
Model CRR OASIS MPR
Calculator Settlement
Manager
SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter

One-Line Outage Load DAM RTM Market

BTM ATC/AFC MPPM
Builder Schedule Forecast (SCUC) (SCED) UI
SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter

Enterprise Service Bus (Shared Architecture Services)

SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter

SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter SOA Adapter Asset Generation
Management Siting
SCADA AGC HIS TNA OTS/DTS IEP WAN System

SOA Adapter SOA Adapter

HSB Adapter HSB Adapter HSB Adapter HSB Adapter HSB Adapter HSB Adapter
HSB Adapter
Maintenance Grid
Scheduling Planning
High Speed Bus Services
Maintenance Planning
HSB Adapter HSB Adapter HSB Adapter
Real-Time Data Collection
Meter
and Processing CFE ICCP Data
Collect

Energy Management
7 AFC Available Flow Gate Calculation HIS Historical Information System
AGC Automatic Generation Control IEP Intelligent Event Processor
ATC Available Transmission Capacity Calculation ICCP Inter Control-Center Communication Protocol
BTM Bilateral Transmission Capacity MPR Market Participant Registration
CFE Communications Front End (RTUCS) MPPM Market Participant Prudential Management
CIM Common Information Model OASIS Transmission Reservation
CME CIM Market Extension OTS Operator Training Simulator (DTS)
CRR Congestion Revenue Right RTM Real-Time Market
DAM Day-Ahead Market SCUC Security-Constrained Unit-Commitment
FEP Front End Processor TNA Transmission Network Applications

Fig. 7.1-18: Spectrum Power SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture):

Integration of the network control system in the enterprise Service environment of the utility

402 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.1 Principles of Energy Management

Integration into IT networks Market participant Transmission reservation

registration bidding (generation and load)
A modern network control system acting as an energy manage- customer access Bilateral transaction
ment system fits harmoniously into the IT networks and the
WEB
existing IT landscape of the utility (fig. 7.1-19). The network
control system is one of many systems in the IT network of the Customer Market
information information
utility that interacts with other systems. The following are some portal portal
of the points defined for the IT integration process: Access to the
system by intranet users, e.g., from the back office: Data Market Customer
Market
Support
information
• Configuration for the DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) Integration of systeme warehouse monitoring relations
systems
the corporate network, such as for e-mail notification CIM
• Protected area for the application and SCADA Servers instead XML over EAI (IBM MQ series)
of CM
• TCP/IP-based communication to substations or to adjoining
Frame
control centers device network EMS Market Billing and
cleaning settlement
• Configuration of switches/routers
• Password protection and requirements. ICCP

Fig. 7.1-20 shows an example of the integration of the network Enterprise application Enterprise application
control system in the IT network of the utility. It forms the basis integration ICCP integration ICCP
adapter adapter
for further planning with respect to the tasks required during IT
integration in the heterogeneous system landscapes of the CALISO 1 CALISO 1
utility. EMS EMS

Fig. 7.1-19: Service-Oriented Architecture of applications

in the IT-landscape of a large utility

Internet DMZ Control Center Security Zone Definition Public

(Network segmentation based on tier
Application SCADA Segment classification) DMZ
Segment
- Basis: Asset evaluation and priorization
- Not listed: routers, firewalls, IDSs, Corporate
print server.
Alarm
Terminal Server
Server 1 CC Perimeter

7
Legend
CIM SCADA
Full Blown Setup
Data Model CC Segments
Symbol Number Description
5 Application and
Database Server DMZ
Client Alarm Server Handling Demilitarized Zone
(Remote Server 6 Communication
Access) Terminal Applications 2 ISDN (Alarming)
SCADA
Server n
6 UI Clients
4 Data
Control Center 2 Terminal Server
Historian
Communications
Corporate Network Admin Server Segment 5 Field
(Patch Management)
(Anti-Virus Updates) Control Centers Other Control
(Software Updates) Network Centers
UI Segment
ICCP
ICCP
Client
(Remote
Access) RTU EMS Substation
Communications Network Network
Rich Client 1 Thin Client 1 Segment
(Web Browser)
SSA

Enterprise RTU/GW
Applications
Mail Thin Client n
Rich Client n IEDs
(Web Browser) FEP

Fig. 7.1-20: Integration of the network control system in the IT network of the utility

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 403

 Energy Management

7.2 Energy Management

Products and Solutions
7.2.1 Spectrum Power Control Systems
Siemens has supplied more than 1,600 computer-based control
systems for power systems worldwide. The result of these many
years of experience is the development of the product family
Spectrum Power™ – control systems for electric power systems
as well as for gas, water and district heating networks (fig. 7.2-1).

A Spectrum Power control system is divided into various

Subsystems. On the basis of a minimum configuration for
operation, it is possible to add subsystems to meet the other
requirements in terms of additional functions, structure and size
of the system. With its modular structure, the system can be
expanded with little effort, even subsequently. Modules can be
replaced or new modules can be added to implement the
required modifications. On the basis of the standard system,
open programming interfaces permit individual adaptations and
subsequent expansions for new or existing customer-specific
components. In a basic configuration, a Spectrum Power control
system encompasses the following components, which are
described in greater detail in the remainder of this section:
• Basic services
To ensure that the basic functions are provided, such as real-
time database services, data exchange and coordination of
computers (e.g. redundancy) involved in the control center
• User interface

7
For providing user-friendly, powerful and graphically oriented
interfaces to the operator
• Information Model Management
For data entry and data maintenance of network data, single-
line diagrams and data exchange with other IT systems
• Communication front end Fig. 7.2-1: Spectrum Power control system
For interfacing the field remote terminal units (RTU) to the
process
• ICCP and ELCOM • Forecasting applications
For Inter-communication between Control Centers based on For the long-, medium- and short-term forecasting of system
Standard-protocols (ICCP) and defacto standard protocols loads
(ELCOM). • Power scheduling applications
• SCADA applications For optimal resource planning, including commitment and
For implementing the functions required for system operation, planned dispatch, of the power generating units
i.e. system monitoring and controlling. • Power control applications
For the monitoring and control, i.e. real-time dispatching, of
In addition to these components, the following Subsystems, the power generating units participating to frequency
which are described in greater detail in the remainder of this regulation
section, are available for expanding the functionality. They are • Transmission network applications
used and configured to match the tasks and size of the control For fast and comprehensive analysis and optimization of the
systems: transmission network operation
• Multi-site operation of control centers • Outage management applications
For the flexible and dynamic system management (modeling For efficient management of planned and unplanned outages
and operation) in multi-site configuration in the distribution networks
• Historical Information System • Distribution network applications
For the archiving and subsequent reconstruction of the For fast and comprehensive analysis and optimization of the
process data distribution network operation

404 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

• Expert system applications

For supporting the operator in critical and complex tasks in the
field of distribution network faults
• Training simulator
For training the operator to all range of network behaviors
with the tools and user interface as used in operation.

SCADA applications
The SCADA applications group together all Spectrum Power func-
tions that are the minimum required to operate a network
control center. SCADA contains all functions for signaling,
measuring, controlling and monitoring (fig. 7.2-2).

The basic data processing uses preprocessed data of the commu-

nication front end for further processing. Value changes are
monitored, and data are distributed to other subsystems and Fig. 7.2-2: Large display wall for network operation
written to the operational database. Moreover, calculations, in a large control center
logic operations and special processing functions for special data
types (e.g., metered values) are performed.
assigned to a certain output unit. By using fault data acquisition,
Spectrum Power control systems use a mature network control the dispatch center personnel and system engineers can analyze
concept that reduces the execution time and increases opera- the states prevailing in the power supply system before and after
tional reliability. Network control can be performed for any a fault. Snapshots, trend data and state changes are stored in
elements of the energy distribution network from any operator this analysis.
station that is set up to perform that task. Individual switching
operations and switching sequences can be implemented. Interactive topological path tracing allows the operator to
Online adaptations of interlock conditions and safety features determine paths between electrically connected equipment in
permit network expansion without interrupting operation (using the distribution network. The network coloring function controls
a preliminary test in study mode). Complex switching operations the color display of equipment depending on various properties
such as busbar changeover and line switching permit reduced of individual items of equipment. Partial networks, network

7
switching times and therefore fast execution of the switching groups (e.g., voltage levels) and operating states of equipment
operations. To ensure operational reliability, the network control (e.g., dead, earthed, undefined) can be highlighted in different
concept of Spectrum Power contains various additional safety colors.
features such as checking the various interlock conditions,
network reliability monitoring of planned switching operations, The report generator is an easy-to-use tool for simple and fast
and monitoring of network changes during switching opera- creation, management and output of reports. An SQL interface
tions. permits direct access to the database of the system. The layout
can be configured individually by the operator using the graphic
Spectrum Power control systems allow the user to freely position editor (in the formal world view). The user can define variables
temporary network modifications such as temporary jumpers, for dynamic values that are updated automatically when a report
earth connections and isolating points online or to remove them is created. Moreover, data views (tables and station diagrams)
without having to resort to source data management. Temporary can be linked in, and their dynamic elements are updated auto-
network modifications become active in the topology immedi- matically.
ately (interlocking, path tracing, etc.). They remain active in
topology until they are removed again. The set temporary Basic system services
network modifications can be parameterized. The Spectrum Power contains various basic functions (services
and systems) that govern the fundamental functions required to
Switching procedure management provides the control room operate a network management system. Based on the operating
personnel of a dispatch center with powerful tools for creating, systems and relational databases, these functions are used to
checking and executing switching operations in the network (in organize data management, data exchange and communication
the process and study mode). Up to 1,000 switching procedures between the modules installed on distributed computers.
can be managed; each switching procedure can contain up to
100 actions. The multi-computer system is a subsystem that manages
communication between distributed computers and various
Acoustic alarms and blinking display elements on the screen services for hardware and software redundancy, multi-computer
inform the user about alarms and deviations from the normal coordination and system state monitoring. Bidirectional
state of the power supply system. Logs are used to record alarms communication between individual programs of the system is
and indications. Several logs can be kept. Each log can be possible. The following functions are implemented:

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 405

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

• Management of the operating contexts • Integrated time processing

• Process Operation (normal state of the system) • Support of redundant LANs
• Study context (to perform “What if?” studies) • Support of the test and Simulation mode
• Test context (system test after data or program modifications) • Performance of immediate program activation after delay
• Training (context for training Simulator) or cyclically
• Management of computer states
• Redundancy The database system of Spectrum Power consists of an opera-
• Monitoring tional database for real-time operation (process and application
• Error detection and automatic recovery data) and a relational database that is used by the Information
• Data consistency Model Management. Features of the database system are:
• Start-up coordination and switchover • Standard model for all process and application data
• Updating and synchronization of date and time • Incremental data changes
• Import and export of data
The high-speed data bus is a communication system that orga-
nizes the link between the user programs and the basic system Information Model Management
via standardized interfaces. This communication is provided The Spectrum Power Information Model Management (IMM) is
between individual program modules within a computer. Com- the data modeling, data maintenance and data exchange tool
munication between several computers is conducted via the specifically designed to cost effectively and efficiently manage
local area network (via TCP/IP). The high-speed data bus is also the power system model data for the EMS/DMS applications,
used as the link between the modules and the database. Further SCADA, communication to RTUs, ICCP and other enterprise
features are: information (fig. 7.2-3). It provides a single, central location to

Graphic editor
Automatic display builder
Type and instance editors

7
Remote CC & Multisite

Information
Model Data acquisition and control
CIM-RDF Management Generation and
Import/Export network applications
CIM-based
data model

Field resources

Reporting
System
Archive configuration

Fig. 7.2-3: The Spectrum PowerCC Information Model Management provides the functionality to enter
and maintain all power-system-related data

406 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

input and maintain all power system-related data and is fully

compliant with the international Standard for a Common Infor-
mation Model (CIM), IEC 61970. The IMM embraces widely p Common
XDF/RDF XDF/RDF SVG
accepted industry standard technology such as a commercial information
model CIM
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) and Exten- Import Export
IMM Graphic
Validation Reports
p Job management editor editor
sible Markup Language (XML). p Fully graphic-
oriented data Oracle source data base
editing
The task of IMM within the power control system is to manage
p Workflow-oriented Preparation Generation of the change
the input of the data of the electric power system into the

Job management
and wizard-based ASR Change log files for the different
log applications suites
database, both during commissioning of the system and after- technologies

wards for subsequent modifications and extensions of the p Syntactic and

generic data Data activation Distribution of the incremental
network (new substations, changes to the network, etc.). validations data changes for the different
application
p Import/export
Input and validation of the data is performed in the source p Reports Change
log
database, so that current online data and online system opera- p Online activation ASR
within Spectrum XDF eXtensible Data Format
tions remain unaffected. Once entered, prepared and checked, PowerCC control
RDF Resource Description Framework
SVG Scalable Vector Graphic
the modified set of data can then be activated in the operational center system ASR Application Suite Repository

database at a time convenient to the operator. Activation means

the takeover of modified data from the source database to the
operational database, without interruption of system operation
and without losing any manually entered data. Data activation is Fig. 7.2-4: Functional overview of IMM
coordinated automatically with all other subsystems, servers or
activities of a Spectrum Power control system.
supported for the purpose of major or minor system updates and
After activation, newly entered data (e.g., status information, the initial loading of the database (bulk loading). The following
analog values, station feeders, entire stations) can immediately functions are provided:
be called up and displayed by the operator. • Single point for all data changes. Avoids the necessity of
redundant data maintenance within multiple systems and
Modifications that are recognized later as erroneous can be locations
corrected by an UNDO function, because all modifications carried • Manual data entry or by incremental or bulk data import

7
out in the database are automatically recorded in a built-in • Workflow oriented views on existing, modified or new data
database change log. Several levels of security-checking func- • Multiple and simultaneous data entry sessions of different
tions provide an audit trail for all data changes in the database users on different Spectrum Power user interface consoles
and guarantee data consistency throughout the entire system. • CIM-compliant data model allows easy incorporation of future
information types
An integral part of the user interface is the graphics editor. This • Lifecycle management for planned data modifications
editor is used to build and maintain the graphic displays used in • Data structure version management and automatic data model
the system. archiving facilities provides a history of changes as well as an
outlook to the planned model at a certain time in the future to
All single-line displays of the Spectrum Power control systems reflect the evolutionary nature of models
are world-maps. A worldmap is a two-dimensional (2D) graph- • Automatic change detection
ical representation of a part of the real world. Each point in a • Automatic and on request data validation provides information
worldmap is defined by a pair of unique X, Y coordinates (world consistency and secures the integrity of the model
coordinates). A worldmap is divided into a set of planes. Each • Activation of data modifications without impact on Spectrum
plane covers the complete 2D area including the whole range of Power runtime system
the unique world coordinates. The first plane is visible over the • Automatic Spectrum Power system wide dissemination of data
entire worldmap magnification range. Any other plane is visible modifications
within a certain magnification range only, and contains different • Role-based security features and audit records
graphic representations of the technological (real) objects (e.g., • Instance-level access rights provide clear responsibilities within
plane 2 shows the substation state, plane 3 shows the summary the whole data model
state of the main feeders, plane 4 shows the single-switching • Display (worldmap) editing and automatic generation of
states and so on). Planes can overlap magnification ranges of displays based on the topology of the network models
other planes. • Report generation
• Hierarchical Model Management supports data maintenance
IMM provides standardized interfaces for import and export of and exchange of modified data in a system of hierarchically
source data (fig. 7.2-4). Network data and facility data, as well arranged control centers in an automated way to prevent
as graphic data, can be imported or exported via these inter- model inconsistencies between or within organizations
faces. The ability to import large or small amounts of data is

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 407

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

User interface
The user interface of the Spectrum Power control system pro-
vides powerful functions to ensure an overview at all times and
to permit fast and easy switching between views across all
worldmaps. The user interface allows the user to operate the
networks and power plant efficiently and permits the adminis-
trator to maintain the database and system parameters. The
system uses static and dynamic display elements to display the
network structure and network state. The user interface provides
means for guiding the operator to the workflows, e.g., by
checking the plausibility of switching actions after each oper-
ating step. Multi-screen operation using drag and drop supports
the operator in having a good overview of the power system and
in accessing the required equipment in a fast and comfortable
manner (fig. 7.2-5).
Fig. 7.2-5: Typical control room environment

Spectrum Power map portal is the flexible

platform for presenting geospatial control
center data to corporate users. It is the link
between Spectrum Power control systems
and Google Maps and provides

p A Web-Server for embedding Google Maps

into corporate web sites

p An optional database system for joining

information from different resources, like
– Spectrum Power
– Outage Management Systems
7 – Archiving Systems
– Workforce Management Systems
p All outages at a glance – ...
p Easy access to outage details
p See what others do (roadwork, construction …) p Interfaces for
p Crew position – Invoking Google Maps displays
p Information about lightings from Spectrum Power on-line diagrams
p Address search and cartographic displays

Fig. 7.2-6: Sample visualization of outages

Fig. 7.2-7: Samples for network displays of electrical, gas and water networks

408 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

Communication front end •R  esultant value formation from raw values using specific
The remote terminal interface of Spectrum Power is the Commu- characteristics
nication Front End (CFE). It is part of the control center system • Renewal check of cyclically transmitted values
and communicates with the other Subsystems of a Spectrum • Information type conversion for raised/cleared indication and
Power control system via the local area network (LAN). CFE has transient indications
direct access to the Remote Terminal Units (RTU) of various • Time processing and time synchronization. The CFE server
manufacturers. The control center system is connected to the regularly receives the absolute time. The substations are
substations or power stations through these RTUs, which synchronized via time signal transmitters or by protocol
transmit process data of the power supply system. The data is specific synchronization telegrams. All information is kept
preprocessed by the CFE, which exchanges data with the RTU, internally with a resolution of 1 ms.
preprocesses data in real time and monitors and controls the • Monitoring of remote terminal units, communication
system, including redundant components. connections and system components

CFE supports different connections of remote terminal units as Communication between Control Centers
point-to-point, multiple point-to-point and multi-point. The with ICCP and ELCOM
transmission can be spontaneous, cyclic, periodic or scanned. The necessity of process data exchange between control centers,
The process interface is able to process several protocols such as often from different vendors, is increasing worldwide. Examples
IEC 870-5-101 or the metered value protocol IEC 870-5-102. are hierarchical control centers, the interconnection of net-
Substation equipment (RTUs, submasters) having a TCP/IP Interface works, energy exchange between suppliers or the use of
according to the standard IEC 60870-5-104 may be connected via external billing systems.
a WAN link directly to the CFE-LAN. Both dual channel connec-
tions and multi-channel connections are possible (fig. 7.2-8). Defacto standard protocols for communication between control
centers have been established, e.g., ELCOM-90 or ICCP. The ICCP
The following data are implemented in the process data protocol was defined as an international standard (IEC 870-6
preprocessing: TASE.2) and is now widely accepted and used all over the world.
• Detection of state changes with image maintenance (old/new
comparison of Status messages; forwarding only on change) The Inter-Control Center Communication Protocol (ICCP) is
• Intermediate position suppression (parameterizable designed to allow data exchange over wide area networks
monitoring time) (WANs) between a utility control center and other control cen-
• Plausibility check of all numeric values (error message on ters. Examples of other control centers include neighboring

7
invalid data or limit violations) utilities, power pools, regional control centers and non-utility
• Threshold value monitoring of analog values (passed on only if generators. Exchanged data may include cyclic data, real-time
a parameterized threshold value is exceeded) data and supervisory control commands such as measured
• Measured value smoothing (parameterizable filtering function) values and operator messages.

Web access
Engineering station Operator station Operator station
SICAM DECS
SIPROTEC 1703 SIPROTEC 200

IEC 103 IEC IEC IEC Modbus

RS485 Cu 61850 104 61850 RS485 Cu
OPT
Printer
Firewall firewall
Spectrum Power™
WAN Firewall LAN (redundant)
to office LAN
DB DB
Server-1A Server-1B
RT
Server-1A
mirror

Remote laptop Process LAN

Factory
RT
Server-1B

Fig. 7.2-8: Sample hardware-configuration of a power control system

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 409

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

Data exchange occurs between a SCADA/EMS server of one example state estimator results) can be stored in the Historical
control center and the server of another control center. The ICCP Information System as well as status information and messages
server is responsible for access control when a client requests (for example alarms).
data. One ICCP Server may interact with several clients.
The data to be archived is collected from SCADA and applications
Access control of data elements between control centers is (for example state estimator). The data can be collected either
implemented through bilateral agreements. A bilateral agree- spontaneously or at a configurable cycle. Based on the stored
ment is a document negotiated by two control centers that data, the Historical Information System provides aggregations
includes the elements (that is, data and control elements) that (minimum, maximum, average, integral, sum) and calculations.
each is willing to transmit to the other. Missing or incorrect data can be entered or updated manually.

The ICCP data link supports a redundant configuration utilizing The online part of the Historical Information System provides the
dual communication servers in active and standby mode. A historical data for immediate access. The retention period for
redundant configuration supports two physically separate paths this online part is configurable (typically 1 to 3 years). Historical
between the Spectrum Power control systems and the remote data that exceeds this retention period can be stored to and
system to provide backup in the event that the primary data path reloaded from the so called long term archive.
becomes unavailable.
Multi-site operation of control centers
Historical Information System With the multi-site operation subsystem in Spectrum Power, the
Storage of process data and processing of historical data is an operator is provided with a powerful tool for optimizing opera-
important basis for various power control system functions tion management. It is possible to transfer network management
(fig. 7.2-9 and fig. 7.2-10): partially or wholly from one control center to another. Emergency
• Historical data allows trending and general data analysis concepts can thus be designed and implemented effectively.
• Forecast applications (for example load forecast) need a Such a capability provides for greater reliability of the system
consistent set of historical data as input. (emergency strategies) and makes a considerable contribution to
• Historical data allows post mortem analysis for example in case cost reduction. The multi-site control centers can be configured
of disturbances from two or more control centers and permit a very flexible and
• Reports and audit trails are generated from historical data dynamic system. In the event of failures, each system continues
• Historical data is used to restore past scenarios as input for to work autonomously. After recovery of the communication link,
studies (for example power flow studies) the data is automatically updated.

7
• Historical data is also an important input to asset management
(for example monitoring of equipment maintenance cycles). Energy Accounting
Energy Accounting (EA) provides the capability to collect, edit
Analog values, accumulator values and calculated values (for and store generation, interchange and other energy values on a

Sources: Remote console Local console

• SCADA/
Applications

Incoming Data
Analogs
Digitals
Tap positions
Accumulators
Events/alarms HTTP server
Offline
archive

Online Long-term
Data collection
archive archive
Buffered for Oracle DB
redundancy

Fig. 7.2-9: Archiving with the Historical Information System Fig. 7.2-10: Different views on archived data with the
Historical Information System

410 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

periodic basis. These energy values are processed from accumu- Production Cost Monitoring (PCM)
lator data collected from the field and monitored by SCADA. EA The PCM function calculates, typically, the cost of production for
also performs various aggregate calculations such as the inad- monitoring, e.g. deviations from optimum cost, from planned
vertent energy, calculations of energy values over multiple time cost, etc. and for recording purpose. In the case of an ISO/TSO
periods (e.g. hourly, weekly, monthly, yearly), etc. for reporting the function may be configured to include the regulating cost.
and billing purposes. EA provides extensive editing support such
as keeping track of original value, changed value, time of Reserve Monitoring (RM)
change, author of change, etc. for auditing purpose. RM calculates reserve contributions to reserve from generation
and interchanges and compares them to the requirements. The
Load Shedding requirements are typically defined by a regulatory body to
The load shedding application automatically performs load guarantee continued security of operation following the loss of a
rejection or disconnection of parts of the network in the event of generating unit or an interconnection. These requirements are
certain faults and emergencies in order to maintain system divided in 2 or 3 categories, e.g. spinning, secondary and ter-
stability. It analyzes the state of the network, detects significant tiary reserves, characterized by the response time window in
events, defines the load to be shed and prepares the required which such reserves can be activated. Reserve can include many
switching actions. The emergency strategies can be configured types of generation and interchange capabilities. For example,
individually. Depending on the customer requirements, a peakers would be included in secondary reserve and load shed-
configuration can be selected from a simple manual solution to a ding would be included in tertiary reserve.
fully automatic system for dealing with faults and emergencies.
The following strategies are possible: Economic Dispatch (ED)
• Manual load shedding ED optimally dispatches generation to meet the net interchange,
• Rotating load shedding (generation shortage for system load and network losses whilst respecting generation
extended time) operating limits. Depending on the operating business, i.e. GMS,
• Equipment overload load shedding (delay/avoid tripping EMS or ISO/TSO, ED objective will vary from optimizing produc-
of equipment) tion and/or regulating costs to optimizing profits. ED will also
• Balancing load shedding (import target deviation, islanding) operates different dispatch modes, each including a different
• Under-frequency load shedding (system stability). generation set, e.g. online units under AGC control and in
economic mode, online units under automatic control and
Power control applications online units under plant control, etc.
The aim of the Power Applications (PA) is to support frequency

7
control, i.e. the power system stability (equilibrium between Forecasting applications
generation and demand), whilst maintaining an optimum Forecasting applications are used for predicting the system (i.e.
generation dispatch and scheduled interchanges across the area and customer group) load, water inflow (hydro) and wind
power system interconnections. The power applications support as the basis for generation and interchange planning/scheduling.
single area control, multiple autonomous area controls and These applications are also used in support of operation as
hierarchical area control configurations. To enable this real-time real-time conditions changes. The load forecast applications
process the power applications provide several functions: further described below supports, besides electricity, also com-
modities such as water and gas; supports multiple concurrent
Load Frequency Control (LFC)
LFC provides control mechanisms that maintain equilibrium
between generation and demand in real-time. At the hart of LFC
Power applications
is a PI-controller that, combining actual generation, interchange
and frequency, calculates the deviation from equilibrium, Load
frequency
referred to as the area control error (ACE), and sends accordingly control
Control area
correction signals to the (single, groups of, virtual, etc.) gener-
ating units participating to this regulation process to maintain or Production
restore equilibrium. The corrections will be calculated to meet cost
numerous generation unit operating constraints (base/target monitoring
Generation
point, operating and response limits, etc.). LFC will also imple- area
ment the necessary corrections to satisfy performance criteria Economic
defined, typically, by a regulatory body such as NERC in the US Generating dispatch
Consumers Schedules Schedules Consumers
or UCTE in Europe (fig. 7.2-11). units

Rerserve
In parallel a performance monitoring function will collect all monitoring
data related to the performance of such an automatic control
according to the pre-specified criteria and store this information
for reporting as required by the regulatory body.
Fig. 7.2-11: Automatic generation control with power applications

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 411

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

users and a working forecast environment to allow for review Short-Term Inflow Forecast (STIF)
and tuning/adjustments before load forecast is made current for STIF calculates future inflows into a hydrological system. On the
real-time use; and provides for adjustments (e.g. scaling) and basis of this data, the planning function (e.g., hydro scheduling)
tracking mode (i.e. the next few hours of the active forecast are can calculate the schedule for hydro plant units.
(automatically or on manual request) adjusted based on the
observed deviations between the actual measurement and Power Scheduling Applications
forecast during the last few hours). The aim of Scheduling Applications (SA) is to optimize the use of
individual power plants (thermal, hydro) and external power
Medium-/Long-Term Load Forecast (MTLF/LTLF) transactions in such a way that either the total operating cost is
MTLF is used to forecast the load over a period of 1 week up to 2 minimized or the total profit on energy sales is maximized after
years whilst LTLF is used to forecast the load over a period of 1 taking all maintenance and operational constraints into account.
year up to 5 years. The methods used in both applications are
processing historical data with multiple regression analysis (one The scheduling applications use a sophisticated combination of
method is based on the ARIMA model). Mixed Integer Linear Programming and successive Linear
Programming. Special techniques are applied to consider
Short-Term Load Forecast (STLF) non-linear effects and speed up the solution process (fig. 7.2-12).
STLF is used to forecast the load over a period of few days up to
14 days in 30-60 minutes increments. The load forecast supports The scheduling applications include:
several prediction algorithms (e.g. Similar Day, Pattern Resource Scheduler (RO)
Matching, and Regression Analysis) that can be used separately Resource Scheduler optimizes either the medium-term genera-
or in user configurable combination and provides the operator tion plan including energy transactions for minimum cost or the
with tools to edit the forecast. medium-term electricity delivery contracts including energy
trades for maximum profit subject to optimal use of energy
Very Short-Term Load Forecast (VSTLF) resources (fuels, water, emission, etc.), to maintenance con-
VSTLF is used to forecast the load over a 1-2 hour period in straints, to emission rights, etc.
short, e.g. 5 minutes, time increments. The method used by
VSTLF is based on a neural network algorithm and its use divided RO determines therefore the optimal generation schedules, the
in two phases: the training phase and the forecast phase. amount of traded energy in bilateral, forward and spot markets,
Training is executed automatically periodically or on request. and the corresponding consumption of resources (fuels, emis-

7
5-20 years Expansion planning Applications
Stochastic

1-5 years Maintenance scheduling

Long-term Long-term
planning bilateral trading
1-2 years
Resource optimization

Short-term Day-ahead Hydro-thermal coordination

1-7 days
planning trading
Trade optimizing scheduler
Deterministic

Real-time Economic dispatch

1-15 minutes Dispatch
trading

online Control
Automatic generation control

Fig. 7.2-12: Generation management and planning

412 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

sion, etc.). Outage scheduler Transmission network applications (Real-Time)

OS Network sensitivity

Generation Scheduler (GS) SCADA SCADA

Network
model
State Fault calculations
estimator
Generation Scheduler optimizes the short-term (thermal and update
Security analysis
hydro) unit commitment & generation plan including energy User interface Network
Security analysis
parameter
UI
transactions for minimum cost subject to maintenance, fore- adaptation look ahead

casted load, reserve requirement, energy resources (fuels, water, Scheduling appl. Voltage scheduler
STLF
emission, etc.) and emission constraints. Security dispatch
COP

Results (e.g. reservoir levels, accumulated fuel consumption, Power applications Case management

etc.) from the Resource Scheduler at the end of the short-term AGC

planning horizon are used as targets by the Generation Sched-

Information model
uler application. management

Unit commitment, hydro scheduling and hydro-thermal coordi- Fig. 7.2-13: TNA real-time sequence
nation are integral part of this application.

Trade Scheduler (TS) Network Model Update (NMU)

Trade Scheduler is similar to the Generation Scheduler applica- The Network Model Update integrates all external and internal
tion except for optimizing the short-term traded energy on the information, construct the network topology, and update
spot market for maximum profit. ­accordingly the network data required to create the operating
conditions to be evaluated by the State Estimator or the Power
Results are also similar but for the energy volumes to be bid on Flow, i.e.:
the spot market. • Gathering data from SCADA and other external sources such as
AGC, Load Forecast and Outage Scheduler (user options in
Transmission Network Applications study)
The Transmission Network Applications (TNA) suite provides • Performing topological analysis including identification of
tools for the advanced monitoring, security assessment and electrical island(s), energized/de-energized equipment(s), etc.
operational improvement of the operation of an electrical • Scheduling accordingly all network loads, generations,
transmission network. They are used regulation settings and limits.

7
• to provide a fast and com prehensible assessment of the
current state of the network and improve monitoring by/ In study mode the retrieval of data is user configurable and
beyond SCADA offers additional retrieval options typically not applicable in
• to assess the security against faults & outages real-time.
• to provide preventive/corrective measures against planned/
existing events State Estimator (SE)
• to optimize operation against costs & losses The purpose of this function is to provide a reliable and com-
plete network solution from the real-time measurements,
These applications considerably increase operational reliability pseudo-measurements (e.g. non-telemetered loads) from model
and efficiency in network management. TNA responds automati- update (MU) and operator entries. The state estimator will
cally to the many different operational (secure, unsecure, emer- identify the observable parts of the network where real-time
gency) conditions to provide the appropriate support the oper- measurements are redundant. Using this redundancy, the state
ator. The application suite will execute, in real-time, periodically, estimator will identify “bad” measurements, remove them from
on events and on operator request as a configurable sequence the valid set of measurements, and then solve for the complete
(fig. 7.2-13). Among many other features, TNA also supports network combining, for the portion of the network that is
study mode allowing concurrent users to execute different unobservable, isolated measurements and load, generation and
studies including preparing corrective strategies, preparing next bus voltage scheduled by the MU function. The state estimator
day operating plan, analyzing post-mortem operational events, will also alarm the operator of any operational limit violations. It
etc. will also enable other applications to develop reliable solutions
to specific aspects of network operation (e.g. remedial actions
against operational limit violations). The state estimator features:
• Orthogonal transformation algorithm
• Measurement consistency check
• Chi-Square test w/ Normalized Residual or Measurement
Compensation approach
• Single-pass solution
• Enforcement of equipment limits in the unobservable parts
of the network.

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 413

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

Although the state estimator’s essential task is to process real- OPF offers also plenty of user selectable options for full flexibility
time data, the State Estimator can optionally also be executed in in identifying remedial measures to operational violations and/or
study mode for, for example, post-mortem analysis. in optimizing secure operational conditions. Depending on the
optimization objectives, the OPF applications can be defined as a
Network Parameter Adaptation (NPA) reactive power optimization or as an active power optimization.
The Network Parameter Adaptation (NPA) maintains a time-
dependent database of adapted network data used by the OPF as described here is used only in study whilst two custom-
network model update to schedule net interchanges, bus loads, ized versions described below are provided for real-time use.
regulated voltages, and statuses of time-dependent breakers.
NPA adapts these network data in real-time via exponential Voltage Scheduler (VS)
smoothing using the state estimator results. Then, VS is a real-time application version of the OPF. It determines the
• In real time execution, the parameters are used by the model optimal use of VAr resources and the optimal voltage profile that
update function to schedule loads and regulated bus voltages should be maintained in order either to minimize operational
to be used by State Estimator as pseudo measurements at voltage violations or/and to minimize the network losses. For
unobservable buses. that purpose, optimal settings of reactive power controls are
• In study, the parameters are used by the model update determined and displayed for implementation.
function to schedule loads and regulated bus voltages for the
user-specified study day-type and hour. The results are then When the objective is to alleviate voltage violations, minimum
used by the Power Flow. shifting of controls from specified setpoints (least-squares shift)
is implemented. For that purpose, VS minimizes an objective
Dispatcher Power Flow (DPF) function consisting of the sum of the quadratic “cost” curves for
DPF is used to evaluate the network state under various oper- all control variables. Each such “cost” curve penalizes its related
ating conditions in the present or the future such as, for control variable for a shift away from the target value. Weighting
example, tomorrow’s work plan. It is used exclusively in study of the “cost” curves is performed by a factor specified for each
and typically in conjunction with other applications such as control variable.
Security Analysis and Optimal Power Flow.
Remedial Dispatch (RD)
DPF solves either – user selectable – using the Fast Decoupled or RD is a real-time application version of the OPF. It determines the
Newton-Raphson algorithm. DPF supports, among many optimal use of MW resources and the optimal loading profile
standard features, that should be maintained in order either to minimize opera-

7
• Continuous (e.g. Generator) and discrete controllers (LTCs, tional overloads or/and to minimize the operating costs. For that
Capacitors, etc.); purpose, optimal settings of active power controls are deter-
• DC injections and branches (iterative process between DC and mined and displayed for open- or closed-loop implementation.
AC power flows) Note that the set of overload constraints can be automatically
• Area Interchange control, single/distributed slack, MVAr/MW extended to include branch loading constraints corresponding to
generator curves, etc. critically loaded branches (user specifiable critical loading
factor).
DPF offers plenty of user selectable options for full flexibilit1y of
analysis. Similarly to VS, when the objective is to alleviate overloads,
minimum shifting of controls from specified setpoints (least-
Optimal Power Flow (OPF) squares shift) is implemented. For that purpose, RD minimizes
The OPF is used to improve the system operation under normal an objective function consisting of the sum of the quadratic
(secure) as well as abnormal (unsecure) conditions by recom- “cost” curves for all control variables. These “costs” are con-
mending control adjustments to achieve either of the following structed and handled as described for VS.
optimization objectives:
• SECURITY: active & reactive security optimization Basically, RD provides optimal dispatch similarly to conventional
• COST: active cost & reactive security optimization economic dispatch (ED). Compared to ED, however, it is
• LOSS: loss minimization extended to also take into account network loading constraints.
• FULL: COST optimization & LOSS optimization This is particularly useful in usually highly loaded systems as well
as during exceptional load situations, e.g., due to outages of
OPF solves the LOSS minimization using Newton optimization generating units or transmission lines.
and the other optimizations using Linear Programming. OPF
supports, among many standard features, Security Analysis (SA)
• Constraint & Control priorities The purpose of this function is to determine the security of the
• Constraint relaxation power system under a very large number of contingencies (e.g.
(e.g. long-to-medium & medium-to-short limits) n-1 criteria). Contingency evaluation in large meshed transmis-
• Load shedding sion networks is an exhaustive task because a lot of contingen-
cies (single outages and multiple outages) have to be studied in

414 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

order to get a reliable result. On the other hand, usually only nected to the faulty bus. Fault current contributions from
very few of the possible contingencies are actually critical, and branches and generating units near the faulted bus are also
therefore a lot of computation effort could be wasted. To calculated and may be compared against their respective fault
overcome this difficulty, a two-step approach is used. The two ratings. FC includes, among many features, the effects of mutu-
sub-functions of SA are as follows: ally coupled lines, the modeling of fault and fault-to-ground
• Contingency Screening (CS) provides a ranking of impedance and the combination of a fault with a single branch
contingencies from the contingency list according to the outage.
expected resulting limit violations. For that purpose, a fast
power flow calculation (user definable number of iterations) is Operator Training Simulator (OTS)
performed. OTS is based on 4 key components (fig. 7.1-9, section 7.1.1):
• Contingency Analysis (CA) checks contingencies from the • Training management function
ranked list produced by the CS sub-function. For each of those • Power system simulation
contingencies, a complete AC power flow is performed. • Telecontrol model
• Power Control System (copy).
Security analysis supports, among many features,
• user specified contingency and monitored equipment lists The training management component provides tools for creating
• Single and multiple contingencies training sessions, executing training sessions and reviewing
• automatic simulation of contingencies corresponding to the trainee performance. It provides tools to
real-time violations • initialize the training session, e.g. from real-time or a saved
• conditional contingencies case;
• load transfer and Generator reallocation • define the system load profile;
• modeling of regulating controllers (LTC, ...) • create event sequences, e.g. a breaker opening, a telemetry
• contingency screening bypass failure, etc., that can be either time triggered, event triggered
or command triggered;
Security Analysis Look-Ahead (SL) • create training scenarios, i.e. a number of event sequences, to
Provides the very same function as SA but merges, to the base be activated during the training.
case, outages from Outage Scheduler that are scheduled within
a configurable time window from real-time. SL provides the It also provides start/stop and pause/resume functions for the
operator with the security impact from these scheduled outages execution of the training session. During the training session it is
on real-time operation (which may differ from the conditions possible for the trainer to create new events and/or modify the

7
used to validate the scheduling of the outage). In case the running scenario.
scheduled outage put real-time operation at risk, the operator
can decide whether to cancel the outage, reschedule the outage The power system simulation component provides a realistic
and/or take preventive measures to allow the scheduled outage simulation of the power system behavior to support training
to take place as scheduled. from normal operation to emergency operation including
islanding conditions and blackout restoration. The simulation is
Network Sensitivity (NS) based on a long-term dynamic modeling of the power system
The purpose of this function is to support calculation and man- including:
agement of loss penalty factors for use by Power Applications • load modeling with voltage & frequency dependency;
(PA) and Scheduling Applications (SA). Penalty factors are used • generation modeling with governor, turbine/boiler and
for taking network transmission losses into consideration when generator models;
dispatching generation whilst minimizing total cost. This NS • frequency modeling;
function is executed automatically as part of the real-time net- • voltage regulator modeling;
work application sequence. It calculates, for the current network • protection relay modeling;
state, the sensitivity of system losses to changes in unit genera- • external company LFC modeling.
tion and interchanges with neighboring companies. It, then,
maintains, using exponential smoothing, a database of such loss The telemetry simulation component provides the simulation of
sensitivities for a number of system load ranges and net inter- the data communication between the power system and the
change ranges. In real-time mode, NS operates from the network control system. It transfers as simulated field telemetry the
solution produced by the state estimator function, and in study results of the power system simulation to the control system
mode from that produced by the dispatcher power flow function. copy. And it processes all commands issued by SCADA (oper-
ator), LFC, etc. and transfers them to the power system simula-
Fault Calculation (FC) tion. This simulated telemetry can be modified via the scenario
The purpose of this function is to calculate the fault current and builder by the trainer to reflect measurement errors, telemetry
fault current contributions for single fault and multiple faults or RTU failures, etc.
(user selection). Fault rating violations at and near the fault are
provided to the operator. The short-circuit values are compared This operator training simulator provides a dedicated environ-
against all circuit-breaker ratings for each circuit-breaker con- ment for the trainee (operator) and one for the instructor that

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 415

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

allows the instructor to influence the process in order to force

responses from the trainees. The trainee interface is identical
with that of the control system so that, for the trainee, there is
no difference in functionality and usability between training and
real operation.

Distribution management applications

In distribution networks, the telemetry is relatively limited; the
fault rate is high as well as the frequency of changes in the
network. To meet these requirements, Spectrum Power provides
powerful functions with which the operator can operate the
distribution network effectively and efficiently.

Fault Management
Fault Management is a set of applications used for locating
system incidents and providing fault (or planned outage) isola- Fig. 7.2-14: V iew into a large power control center
tion and service restoration in distribution networks.

The main Fault Management functionality consists of: The user can select the way of ranking of suggested switching
• Fault location procedures according to one or more performance indices and
Locating the faulty section or area of the network as closely as select the best one for service restoration.
possible
• Fault isolation Fault Management switching procedures are typically transferred
Isolating the planned outage or the faulty section or area of to a Switching Procedure Management (SPM) application for
the network further processing, that is, edit, review and implementation.
• Service restoration
Restoring power to de-energized non-faulty areas of the Fault isolation and service restoration can also be used for
network sections isolation due to maintenance work.
• Fault isolation and immediate restoration
Isolating faulty areas and immediately restoring power to Outage Management (OM)

7
de-energized areas of the non-faulty or isolated network is a collection of functions, tools and procedures that an oper-
• Restore to normal or pre-fault state ator/dispatcher uses to manage the detection, location, isola-
Restoring selected number of switches to their normal state or tion, correction and restoration of faults that occur in the power
pre-fault state supply system. OMS is also used to facilitate the preparation and
resolution of outages that are planned for the network. These
Fault location, as a part of the Fault Management application, processes are used to expedite the execution of the tasks associ-
helps to locate permanent faults. Outage faults (for example, ated with the handling of outages that affect the network and
short circuits) as well as non-outage faults (for example earth provide support to operators at all stages of the outage life
faults) are considered. Fault location is performed by using cycle, starting from events such as the reception of a trouble call
remotely controlled and manually updated information (commu- or a SCADA indication of an outage and extending until power is
nicated by the field crews) from, for example, protection devices restored to all customers. This process is used to solve the
and fault indicators. Fault Management localizes the faulty outage regardless of whether the outage is at the level of a
section as closely as possible, based on available real-time data single distribution transformer providing power to one or a few
from SCADA and/or field crews. energy consumers, or at the level of a primary substation pro-
viding power to many energy consumers. All operations, autho-
The isolation function is performed to determine a set of rizations and comments that occur in these processes are docu-
switching operations to isolate an area of the network. mented and collected in outage records. This information is
made available to external sites for further statistical analysis
It can be initiated by the location of the faulty segment or area, and processing. QMS provides the automatic processing of an
or by selecting sections directly on the user interface. The outage record used to monitor changes in the network and has
purpose is to isolate sections or areas of the network specified an internal interface to the crew management or switching
by the isolation request to minimize the outage effect on the procedure management. OMS also provides an interface to the
network. external trouble call systems and an SQL interface (fig. 7.2-14).

Service restoration provides a possible choice of switching Switching Procedure Management (SPM)
procedures to restore service. For each switching procedure allows the operator to create, edit, select, sort, print, execute
suggested by the restoration tool, performance indices are and store switching procedures. Entries in a switching procedure
calculated based on the network conditions. can be created manually by recording the operator’s actions in a

416 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

Simulation mode, by modifying an existing procedure or by currents A) through lines and transformers, and active and reactive
recording the operator’s actions in real-time mode or automati- power losses that allow to detect potential limit violations.
cally by applications such as FISR and the OMS system. The
switching procedure management capabilities can be used to DSPF is used to calculate the network statuses under different
prepare, study and execute clearance operations. It can also be load conditions and configurations:
used to execute switching operations to alleviate fault condi- • Calculate the actual state of the distribution networks using
tions and to restore power following a fault, as well as to opti- real-time measurements and the current topology
mize the network operation. SPM provides management capabil- • Calculate the state of the distribution network in the near
ities via summary displays and easy-to-use menus. future (look-ahead) with actual topology but load values of the
given time
Crew Management (CM) • Study the state of the distribution network in the near future
This system provides convenient access to the information with different topology (i.e. according to planned
necessary to track, contact and assign work schedules (outage maintenance) and the load values of the given time
records) to the field crews of a Utility. The information consists
of data such as crew name, work assignments and locations. Distribution System State Estimator (DSSE) provides a solution
for monitoring the actual operating state of the network and to
Trouble Call Management (TCM) provide a complete network solution for further analysis, for
This system provides convenient access to the information example, optimization of voltage profile.
necessary to track, contact and assign work schedules (outage
records) to the field crews of a utility. The information consists DSSE provides the statistical estimates of the most probable
of data such as crew name, work assignments and locations. active and reactive power values of the loads using existing mea-
sured values, switching positions, and initial active and reactive
Distribution network applications power consumption of the power system loads.
The distribution system network applications (DNA) provide fast
and comprehensive analysis and optimization of the current The initial active and reactive power values of the loads are
distribution network state (fig. 7.2-15). The Distribution System provided by static load curves or load schedules (generated
Power Flow (DSPF) calculates voltages (magnitudes and angles) based on load curves and measured values/meter readings).
for all nodes (busbars), active/reactive powers for slack buses, Further DSSE estimates the real-time network operating state
and reactive power/voltage angles for nodes with PV generators. using measured values.
All other electrical result values are calculated from the node

7
voltages and branch impedances/admittances after DSPF is solved. DSPF and DSSE can handle both symmetrical balanced as well as
The most important result values are flows (powers kW / kVArs and unsymmetrical unbalanced distribution systems.

Workflows
Trouble call management and outage management

Fault location

Crew management

Fault isolation &

service restoration
Local
interaction
Power flow calculation

Fig. 7.2-15: A typical workflow in managing the distribution grid

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 417

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

The results of DSPF/DSSE are presented on network diagrams • Online mode

and in tabular displays. The purpose of this mode is to provide an optimal solution that
conforms to the desired objective function.
Short Circuit Calculation (SCC) • “ What if? “VVC studies online
This application helps operator to detect possible problems The purpose of this mode is to provide an optimal solution that
regarding short circuits, to check capability of circuit breakers reflects the current Status of the distribution network with the
and to check if earth fault currents are within the limits. Based actual topology but with different loading values.
on the results and warnings of SCC, the user can initiate or reject • Study VVC
changes of the network topology. The purpose of this mode is to allow the user to execute
short-term operational studies, with different topology and
SCC solves symmetric or asymmetric faults in symmetrical different loading values.
balanced as well as in unsymmetrical unbalanced distribution
networks. The SCC function is used to determine: The output of VVC application includes the switching procedure
• The maximum shortcircuit current that determines the rating for implementing the solution and the values of the objective
of electrical equipment (normally a circuit-breaker for real-time functions before and after optimization. In online mode, VVC
SCC) supports both open-loop (VVC proposes switching actions) as
• The minimum shortcircuit current that can be a basis for the well as closed-loop (VVC actually initiates switching commands
protection sensitivity checking or fuses selection to implement the solution). Results such as flows, currents,
• Fault current calculation at selected locations voltages and losses are displayed on network diagrams and
tabular displays.
The following fault types are supported, and each of them may
contain fault impedance and/or earthing impedance, depending Optimal Feeder Reconfiguration (OFR)
on user requirements: The objective of this application is to enhance the reliability of
• 3-phase faults without earth (ground) connection distribution system service, power quality and distribution
• 3-phases faults with earth (ground) connection system efficiency by reconfiguring the primary distribution
• 2-phase faults without earth (ground) connection feeders. OFR performs a multi-level reconfiguration to meet one
• 2-phases faults with earth (ground) connection of the following objectives:
• 1-phase to earth (ground), with or without earthed neutral • Optimally unload an overload segment (removal of constraint
point violations)
• Load balancing among supply substation transformers

7
SCC can be started on demand to calculate a single fault and can • Minimization of feeder losses
run in screening mode. In screening mode, SCC checks breaking • Combination of the latter two objectives (load balancing and
capability, protection sensitivity and earth fault current for a loss minimization), where each objective is included in the
selectable area or the entire distribution network. total sum with a user-specified or default weighting factor

The results of SCC are presented on network diagrams and in System operational constraints such as line loading and con-
tabular displays. sumer voltage limits are automatically accounted for in terms of
penalties. OFR supports two modes of operation: In online
Voltage/Var Control (VVC) mode, the application uses the existing real-time measurements
calculates the optimal settings of the voltage controller of LTCs, and the current topology. In the study mode, the operator can
voltage regulators and capacitor states, optimizing the opera- simulate short-term operational studies with different topology
tions according to the different objectives. The following and measurements. The output of OFR application includes the
objectives are supported by the application: switching procedure for reconfiguration and the values of the
• Minimize distribution system power loss objective functions before and after reconfiguration.
• Minimize power demand (reduce load while respecting given
voltage tolerance) Optimal Capacitor Placement (OCP)
• Maximize generated reactive power in distribution network The objective of this application is to optimize the placement of
(provide reactive power support for transmission/distribution capacitors – optimal positions (busbars), optimal regulator
bus) positions and optimal sizes of capacitor banks are considered.
• Maximize revenue (the difference between energy sales and
energy prime cost) OCP can optimize the placement of mobile capacitors for
• Keep the system within constraints planned and unplanned outages as well as fixed capacitors.
When determining the busbars on which capacitor banks should
System operational constraints such as line loading and con- be placed, the sizing of capacitor banks and the positions of
sumer voltage limits are automatically accounted for in terms of capacitor bank regulators, OCP considers minimization of active
penalties. VVC supports three modes of operation: power losses as well as power factor limits and voltage limits.
OCP runs on user request.

418 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

The results of OCP are displayed in network diagrams and tab-

ular displays.

Distribution Security Analysis (DSA)

The objective of this application is to see the influence of faults
(unplanned outages) as well as planned outages on the security
of the distribution network.

DSA assesses
• N-1 security in all meshed parts of the distribution network
• Security of simplified restoration procedures based on the
current reserve
• Security of reconfiguration scenarios (back-feed, coupling of
substations, etc.)
• Security of pre-defined restoration procedures
• Security of scheduled switching procedures

DSA simulates single, multiple and cascading/conditional faults

as well as outages of distributed generation.

Expert system applications

The Spectrum Power expert system supports the operator in
solving critical and complex tasks in the field of network opera-
tion and disturbance analysis (fig. 7.2-16). Spectrum Power Fig. 7.2-16: The Spectrum Power expert system supports the
expert system applications provide two functions, an intelligent operator to solve critical and complex tasks
alarm processor (IAP) and an expert system for Advanced Net-
work Operation (ANOP).
into account all electrical and operational requirements. The
The IAP provides information about the fault location in case of a algorithm develops the best strategy for the given situation and
network disturbance. It is based upon a hierarchical, multi-level considers all necessary steps to reach a solution that fulfils the

7
problem-solving architecture that combines model-based and task in a secure, complete and efficient way.
heuristic techniques, and works with an object-oriented data
structure. Within the diagnosis, the IAP determines the location With the help of the built-in power flow, each step is checked;
and the type of disturbances in electrical networks, e.g., fault tagged equipment is respected. The proposed solution changes
within a transformer. The model used by the IAP corresponds to the actual topology of the network in a minimal way. In the
the model of the protection system. This provides the additional exceptional case in which a complete solution is not available
advantage of monitoring the correct operation of the protection under the actual circumstances, a partial solution is evaluated,
system. The diagnosis results are displayed in the XPS report list. again taking into account all electrical and operational require-
ments. The results are displayed in the XPS report list and in the
Advanced Network Operation (ANOP) XPS balance list, and a switching procedure is created and
This system supports the following network operations of the inserted in the switching procedure management.
operator:
• Automatically triggered operations for:
––Automatic fault isolation and restoration
––Automatic removal of overload
• Manually triggered operations for:
––Manual fault isolation and restoration (trigger fault)
––Planned outage (take out of Service)
––Load relax
––Resupply (energizing)

The algorithm of ANOP manages all types of distribution net-

works – for cities or provinces, small networks or large networks
– with radial configurations and also with looped configurations.
It can be used in telemetered networks as well as in non-teleme-
tered networks. The algorithm is fully generic, considers the
actual network status (topology, values, tagging), and provides
an authentic and extensive solution for the given task, taking

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 419

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

7.2.2 Common Model Management model and all planning changes. The integrated package pro-
System (CMMS) vides consistent, coordinated models for any point in time based
on the planned energization dates provided to the system
In parallel with the liberalization of the energy markets, there is (fig. 7.2-17). Point of time models can be exported to most
an ever-increasing need for data sharing, not just to serve the popular applications using CIM (IEC 61970 and IEC 61968) and
own enterprise, but also to respond to needs from outside CIM for planning and dynamics international standards.
entities. Sometimes this need is driven by industry entities.
Sometimes, and lately more than others, this need is driven by The key features and capabilities are:
industry requirements passed by governing bodies such as NERC • Industry standard CIM-based model representation
and FERC. • Synchronized chronological model tracking from future to past
horizons
Siemens has been alert to the need for common modeling • Single model integration of planning, engineering, operations,
language and integration platforms for optimizing the benefit market, etc.
also to smart grid implementation across the power delivery • Electronically submit network model changes to facilitate
network. In developing the first product of its kind, the Common exchange between the RTO/ISO and the regional TDSP.
Model Management System (Spectrum Power CMMS), Siemens • Develop a planning model for the RTO/ISO combining the
has compiled within a single data model both planning and current regional operating model with the region’s proposed
operations network models for both transmission and distribu- plans. This model can be used as the basis for evaluating
tion and presents model editing and tracking on a time-synchro- network reliability as network changes are implemented over
nized basis – allowing a model of the system to be derived for time.
any point in time in the future or history, in either a planning or • Electronic Approval/Rejection Notification provides electronic
an operations protocol. notification to the TDSP when a plan is approved or rejected. If
the plan is rejected, it identifies the reasons so the TSDP can
Siemens is now changing the mindset of modelers from thinking modify and resubmit the plan in a timely manner.
in terms of traditional network models where individual assets • Approved plans are placed in a secure accessible repository.
properties are aggregated into a larger component in the model The TDSP can access its approved plans from the repository
(i.e. wave traps, underground cable segments, overhead line and use these to develop the commissioning plan necessary to
segments are all aggregated into one “transmission line” in the put them into operations.
network model – resulting in the individual assets loosing their
identity) to terms of the network really being a series of inter- Managed changes between planning and operations within the

7
connected assets. This transitional thinking results in significant TDSP provides streamlined electronic coordination of planning
reliability, efficiency and resource optimization. model changes to be commissioned with the real-time operating
model.
The Siemens Spectrum Power CMMS provides tools and automa-
tion to efficiently manage the exchange, validation, approval,
and commissioning of transmission network model changes RTO/ Dynamic Transfer
Outage CRR
ISO energy limit
within and between RTO/ISO and Transmission Distribution analysis analysis
evaluation auction

Service Provider (TDSP) operations and planning departments. Reliability Congestion Fault Market
EMS Settlement
CMMS enables generating, managing, and synchronizing net- analysis analysis analysis operations

Approved
work model information from a single shared source to support plans:
utility systems and applications, such as network planning, Approved
Planning model Current operations
Operating model
• Plan 1 T&D 1 plans model
energy management, market operations, congestion revenue • Plan 2 T&D 1 Planned network
changes
Actual network
changes
• Plan 1 T&D 2
rights, outage scheduling and more. CMMS also provides a • ... T&D
Planned change Accurate external
approval, rejection network model
• Plan m T&D n
foundation for smart grind information management. The Participant
approved
Current operations
model
plans
Planning model Operating model
CIM-based architecture provides a unified model, auditable Secure Approved planned
network changes
model change records, approval levels for model changes, as repository
Transfer Load
Reliability Fault Shadow
well as rich model documentation capabilities. It allows chrono- analysis
limit
analysis
analysis
EMS manage-
ment
settlement

logical model tracking in a fully open environment allowing all

Operations Congestion
applications to share services and data. This greatly reduces planning analysis
T&D Service provider
modeling errors, improves coordination, and streamlines pro-
cesses for transmission network changes. This enables Fig. 7.2-17: Common Model Methodology
exchanging information on a level far above the paper or file
exchanges that are in use to day.

The CMMS integrates Spectrum Power Information Model Man-

ager (IMM) and Siemens Model on Demand (MOD) products into
a single package. The IMM generates and maintains the opera-
tions network model changes, while MOD tracks the planning

420 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

7.2.3 Decentralized Energy

Management Systems (DEMS)
In parallel with the liberalization of the energy markets, the Ex

te
decentralized generation of electrical power, heat and cold Biomass Power control

rn
power plants system

al
energy becomes more and more important. The generation of

in f
these types of energy near to the consumers offers economical

orm
Block heeating Energy
and ecological benefits. In this context, interest is directed to power plants exchange

at i o
Generation unit s
so-called virtual power plants. A virtual power plant is a collec-

n s o ur c e s
tion of small and very small decentralized generation units that Small hydro- Accounting
power plants
is monitored and controlled by a superordinated energy manage- DEMS
ment system. In general, these generation units produce heating Photovoltaic Meteorogical
and cooling energy as well as electricity (fig. 7.2-18). systems services

A successful operation of a virtual power plant requires the Fuel cells

following technical equipment:

1. An energy management system that monitors, plans and opti- Fixed loads or loads
Wind turbines
mizes the operation of the decentralized power units that can be influenced

it s
t un
2. A forecasting system for the loads that is able to calculate en
ir e m
very short-term forecasts (1 hour) and short-term forecasts R e qu
(up to 7 days)
Fig. 7.2-18: Elements within de-centralized energy management
3. A forecasting system for the generation of renewable energy
units. This forecast must be able to use weather forecasts in
order to predict the generation of wind power plants and
photovoltaics the balance energy, the forecast has to be very exact in the peak
time or times with the high prices for balance energy. Further-
4. An energy data management system which collects and keeps more, the forecast algorithms must be able to adapt rapidly to
the data that is required for the optimization and the fore- new situations. For example, a virtual power plant operated by

7
casts, e.g., profiles of generation and loads as well as contrac- an energy service company must be able to consider changes in
tual data for customer supply the customer structure.

5. A powerful front end for the communication of the energy Based on the results of the forecast algorithms and the actual
management system with the decentralized power units situation of the virtual power plant, the load to be covered can
be dispatched by using the decentralized power units and the
First, a virtual power plant needs a bidirectional communication existing energy contracts. This is a complex and recurrent task.
between the decentralized power units and the control center of Therefore, computer-based methods of operations research are
the energy management system. For larger units, conventional used. This is the most important component in a virtual power
telemetry systems based on protocols such as IEC 60870-5-101 plant, because it realizes and uses the optimization leeway.
or 60870-5-104 can be used. In the future, with an increasing
number of small decentralized power units, the communication The special structure of a virtual power plant places high
channels and protocols will play a more important role. It is likely demands on the mathematical models for the optimization. The
that the costly conventional telemetry technique will be substi- models must be very precise because rough models could yield
tuted by other techniques based on simple TCP/IP adapters or optimization results that cannot be realized by the power
based on power line carrier techniques. Siemens is contributing system. Because the virtual power plant must provide an auto-
to the upcoming standard “IEC 61850-7-420 Ed.1: Communica- matic mode for online control of the decentralized power units,
tion networks and systems in substations – Part 7-420: Commu- e.g., for compensating the imbalance, no operator can check
nications systems for distributed energy resources (DER) – Log- and correct the results. Furthermore, the optimization leeway
ical nodes.” can only be used if the optimization package is able to deter-
mine the solution cyclically within the settlement period.
All operation planning and scheduling applications require
forecasts with sufficient accuracy. For the characterization of the Based on the requirements defined in the preceding section, a
forecasts, several operating figures are used, such as the average Software package for decentralized energy management called
forecast error per day or the absolute error per day or per fore- DEMS was developed. The DEMS system is not meant to be a
casting time period. Depending on the main purpose of the substitute for all possible automation equipment necessary for
virtual power plant, the requirements for the forecast methods operating the components of a virtual power plant. There must
may change. If the primary purpose is to reduce the peak load or be at least that much local automation equipment available to

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 421

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

allow the basic operation of the decentralized power units in

order to ensure component and personal safety in the absence
of the DEMS system.

The components/units of a virtual power plant and their energy

flow topology are modeled in DEMS by some classes of model
elements, e.g., converter units, contracts, storage units, renew-
able units and flexible loads.

The DEMS planning application models all cost/revenue and

constraint-relevant energy and media flows, regardless of their
type (e.g., electricity, hot water, steam, cooling, emissions,
hydrogen).

The DEMS control applications provide control and supervision

capability of all generation units, storage units and flexible
demands as well as control capability to maintain an agreed- Fig. 7.2-19: System topology with DEMS model elements
upon electrical interchange energy profile. Fig. 7.2-19 illustrates (rectangular objects with unit names) and connecting
the modeling of a decentralized power generation system by them via balance nodes (circular objects with node
using DEMS model elements (rectangular objects with unit numbers)
names), and connecting them via balance nodes (circular objects
with node numbers).
Forecast
Weather Generation Load
The functions of DEMS (fig. 7.2-20) can be subdivided into User
planning functions and control functions. The respective plan- interface
ning functions are the weather forecast, the load forecast, Data
Unit commitment parame-
generation forecast and the unit commitment. Furthermore,
terization
DEMS provides generation and load management as an
exchange monitor and online optimization and coordination. Online component EXCEL
OOC reports

7
The planning functions consider a time period of one to seven EM XM LM
days with a time resolution depending on the settlement periods
for energy sales and purchases, e.g., 1 5, 30 or 60 minutes. The
planning functions run cyclically (e.g., once a day or less fre- Communication front end
quently), on manual demand and can be spontaneously trig- Setpoints Measurements
gered.
EM Generation management LM Load management
The DEMS weather forecast function provides the forecasted XM Exchange monitor OOC Online optimization
weather data import/calculation that is used as an input for the
other DEMS function modules. The weather forecast function
Fig. 7.2-20: DEMS functions
has import capability for forecasted (and maybe also historical)
weather data provided by external sources like weather forecast
Services. If there is local weather data measurement equipment
located in the virtual power plant, the external imported are estimated cyclically each day after new measurements are
weather forecast is adapted to the local site measurements by available.
using a moving average correction algorithm that minimizes the
difference of the deviation between the external forecast and For each time stamp of the day (e.g., 96 time stamps for a
locally measured weather data around the actual time step. The 15-minute time resolution), a separate coefficient analysis is
resulting internal weather forecast is provided as an input to the done. The data used for the analysis starts from yesterday for a
other DEMS planning functions. parameterized time range in the past (from 0 to 84 days). The
mathematical method for calculating the model coefficients is a
The DEMS load forecast provides a forecast calculation for Kalman filter. By using the Kalman filter, the definition of fully
multiple load classes. The basic data is the continuous historical dynamic, partial static and fully static forecast models is pos-
measured load data in the time resolution of the planning sible.
functions. A piecewise linear model is set up explaining the
modeling of the demand behavior as a function of influencing
variables such as day types, weather variables or production
schedules from industrial loads. The model equation coefficients

422 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

The DEMS generation forecast calculates the expected output of

renewable energy sources dependent on the forecasted weather
SIMATIC protocols
conditions. The forecast algorithm is a piecewise linear transfor-
mation of two weather variables to the expected power output PROFIBUS, MODBUS
according to a given transformation matrix (e.g., wind speed
OPC, DDE
and direction for wind power units, light intensity and ambient

DEMS
air temperature for photovoltaic systems). The transformation SQL database, ODBC
matrix can be parameterized according to the unit technical
Excel und ASCII file
specifications and/or is estimated on the basis of historical
power and weather measurements by applying neural network XML interface for time series
algorithms (in an offline analysis step).
COM/DCOM interface

The DEMS unit commitment function calculates the optimized TCP/IP

dispatch schedules (including the commitment) for all flexible
units such as contracts, generation units, storage and flexible
demands. The objective function is the difference of revenue Fig. 7.2-21: DEMS interfaces
minus costs, the profit. The scheduling considers the parameters
of the model elements and their topological connection, which
defines the financial Information, as well as the technical,
environmental and contractual parameters and constraints of The DEMS exchange monitor function calculates the expected
the virtual power plant. The unit commitment uses mixed deviation of the agreed-upon electrical interchange schedule of
integer linear programming to calculate the results of the opti- the current accounting period (15 or 30 or 60 minutes) and the
mization problem. necessary power correction value to keep the interchange on
schedule. On the basis of the actual energy consumption of the
The DEMS generation management function allows for the running accounting period and the actual interchange power
control and supervision of all generation and storage units of trend, the expected energy interchange at the end of the
the virtual power plant. Dependent on the control mode of the accounting period is calculated. The difference between this
respective unit (independent, manual, schedule or control value and the agreed-upon interchange value, divided by the
mode) and the unit parameters (minimum/maximum power, remaining time of the accounting period, gives the necessary
power gradients, energy content), the actual state (start-up, overall power correction value that is needed to be on schedule

7
online, remote controllable, disturbed) and the actual power with the agreed interchange at the end of the accounting
output of the unit, the start/stop commands and power set- period. This value is passed to the online optimization and
points for the units are calculated and transmitted via the com- coordination function for further processing.
mand interface. Furthermore, the command response and the
setpoint following status of the units are supervised and sig- The DEMS online optimization and coordination function dis-
naled. In the event of a unit disturbance, the generation man- patches the overall power correction value to all individual
agement can start a spontaneous unit commitment calculation generation units, storage units and flexible load classes that are
to force a rescheduling of the remaining units under the running in control mode. The distribution algorithm works
changed circumstances while also considering all integral con- according to the following rules: First, the actual unit constraints
straints. (e.g., minimum and maximum power, storage contents, power
ramp limitations) must be considered. Second, the overall power
The DEMS load management function allows the control and correction value should be reached as fast as possible. And third,
supervision of all flexible loads in the virtual power plant. A the cheapest units should be used for control actions. “Cheapest”
flexible load class can contain one or several load groups of the in this context means that the incremental power control costs
same priority, where one load group is supposed to be switched of the units around their scheduled operating points are taken as
on or off completely with one switching command. Dependent a reference. The incremental power control costs of the indi-
on the control mode of the load class (independent, schedule or vidual units are calculated by the unit commitment function
control mode) and the actual switching state, the actual control along with the respective dispatch schedules. The individual
state, the actual power consumption and the allowed control unit’s power correction values are passed to the generation
delay time of the load groups, the required switching controls to management function and load management function for
fulfill the overall load class setpoint are calculated and trans- execution. DEMS is based on widespread software components
mitted via the command interface (applying a rotational load running on Microsoft Windows-based computers with standard-
shedding of the load groups of one load class). The optimized ized interfaces and protocols (fig. 7.2-21). This secures the
load class schedules calculated by the unit commitment function owner’s investment in the virtual power plant, because it is easy
are the basis for load class control in the operation modes to extend the system with new modules.
“schedule” and “control”.

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 423

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

Fig. 7.2-22 depicts the main components of DEMS. As basic

DEMS System
SCADA engine, SIMATIC WinCC (Windows Control Center) is
used.
WinCC ECANSE Excel
Configuration Configuration Configuration
The application algorithms are realized with Siemens ECANSE
(Environment for Computer-Aided Neural Software Engineering).
DEMS Software
A Microsoft Excel interface exists for time series data input and
output. The time series data is stored in the process database of User interface Algorithms Data entry Mixed integer
WinCC (using a commercial relational database system). DEMS Data repository Job control Reporting linear
uses CPLEX for solving the mixed integer linear programming Front end Data model programming
problem. By configuring WinCC, ECANSE and Excel files, a con-
crete DEMS application system can be configured according to SIMATIC Siemens Microsoft Ilog
the specific structure of the virtual power plant. WinCC ECANSE Excel CPLEX

The user interface plays an import role in operator acceptance. It Microsoft Windows
must be user-friendly in order to reduce the training effort and
to avoid faulty operations. Therefore, the user Interface of DEMS
is created using the basis of the WinCC user interface builder Fig. 7.2-22: DEMS components
(fig. 7.2-23).

In addition to this, for more complex and flexible graphical

analysis of time series information, Excel report files for result
presentation can be used. By using either a remote desktop
software tool or by using the WinCC web navigator option, ISDN
or Web-based remote access to the DEMS system is possible.
Fig. 7.2-23 shows some examples of the user interface.

As just stated, the interface and protocols of the communication

front end are essential for the success of an energy management
system in a virtual power plant. Therefore, DEMS provides

7
several interface process data interfaces and protocols:
• OPC
• MODBUS Protocol Suite, MODBUS Serial
• PROFIBUS DP, PROFIBUS FMS
• SIMATICS5, S7, Tl
• Windows DDE
• PLC protocols

In addition, DEMS has a SOAP-based XML Web interface that

allows data exchange of process values and time series data
from DEMS to DEMS or DEMS to Web applications. Furthermore,
DEMS allows the import/export of process values and time series
data from/to ODBC data sources, Excel and ASCII files.

• Synchronizing T&D and RTO/ISO operating models

electronically provides TDSP operating model changes to the
RTO/ISO when ready to be commissioned.

Fig. 7.2-23: DEMS user interface

424 Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0

 Energy Management
7.2 Energy Management Products and Solutions

Siemens Energy Sector • Power Engineering Guide • Edition 7.0 425