DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

ALGORITHMIC THINKING WITH PYTHON

Prof. Sarju S
21 November 2024
 Module 3

Page 2
 Module 3

► SELECTION AND ITERATION USING PYTHON:- if-else, elif, for loop, range, while loop.

► SEQUENCE DATA TYPES IN PYTHON - list, tuple, set, strings, dictionary, Creating and
using Arrays in Python (using Numpy library).

► DECOMPOSITION AND MODULARIZATION* :- Problem decomposition as a strategy for

solving complex problems, Modularization, Motivation for modularization, Defining and
using functions in Python, Functions with multiple return values

Page 3 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
 The numpy package and arrays

Page 4
 Introduction to NumPy

► NumPy (Numerical Python) is an open-source Python library.

► It is mainly used for:
► Performing mathematical operations on large datasets.
► Working with multi-dimensional arrays and matrices.
► Every element of an array must be the same type.

► Importing NumPy
import numpy as np

► Typing numpy repeatedly can be inconvenient, especially in large programs.

► The alias np is shorter and makes the code cleaner and easier to read.

Page 5 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
 What is an “array”?

► An array is a structure for storing and retrieving data.

► We often talk about an array as if it were a grid in space, with each cell storing one element
of the data.
► If each element of the data were a number, we might visualize a “one-dimensional” array
like a list:

► A two-dimensional array would be like a table:

Page 6 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
 What is an “array”?

► Most NumPy arrays have some restrictions.

► All elements of the array must be of the same type of data.
► Once created, the total size of the array can’t change.
► The shape must be “rectangular”, not “jagged”; e.g., each row of a two-dimensional array must have
the same number of columns.

Page 7 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
 Creating arrays

► To create an array, you use the array() method of numpy package as shown below:

>>> import numpy as np

>>> arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
>>> print(arr)
[1 2 3 4 5 6]

► You can also create matrices (two-dimensional arrays) with array() method:

>>> mat = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

>>> print(mat)
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]

Page 8 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
 Creating arrays

► To know the dimensions of an array, you use the ndim attribute in NumPy. See below:

>>> arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

>>> print(arr.ndim)
1
>>> mat = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
>>> print(mat.ndim)
2

► To know the size across each dimension, you use the shape attribute:
>>> arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
>>> mat = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
>>> print(mat.shape)
(2, 3)
>>> print(arr.shape)
(6,)

Page 9 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
 Accessing array elements

► Indexing and slicing work the same way with arrays as with other sequences like lists, and
tuples.
>>> arr = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6])
>>> mat = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
>>> print(arr[3])
4 >>> print(mat[-1,2])
>>> print(arr[2:5]) 6
[3 4 5] >>> print(mat[-2,-3])
>>> print(mat[1]) 1
[4 5 6] >>> print(arr[-2:])
>>> print(mat[0,2]) [5 6]
3 >>> print(arr[1:5:2])
>>> print(mat[0][2]) [2 4]
3 >>> print(arr[:5:2])
>>> print(arr[-2]) [1 3 5]
5 >>> print(mat[:2:2])
[[1 2 3]]

Page 10 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
 Traversing through the array

► A 1D array is similar to a list in structure. You can use a for loop to iterate over its elements.

import numpy as np

# Create a 1D array
arr = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])

print("Traversing a 1D array:")
for element in arr:
print(element)

Page 11 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
 Traversing through the array

► Traversing a 2D Array: Traverse row by row (outer loop for rows, inner loop for elements in
the row).

# Create a 2D array
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])

print("Traversing a 2D array row by row:")

for row in arr:
for element in row:
print(element, end=" ")
print() # Newline after each row #Output
Traversing a 2D array row by row:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

Page 12 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
Changing Array Dimensions in NumPy

► The reshape() function is used to change the shape (dimensions) of an array.

► Rules:
► The total number of elements must remain the same.
► Dimensions should be compatible with the number of elements.

import numpy as np
# Original 1D array
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
#output
# Reshape to 2D (2 rows, 3 columns) Reshaped to 2D (2x3):
reshaped_arr = arr.reshape(2, 3) [[1 2 3]
print("Reshaped to 2D (2x3):") [4 5 6]]
print(reshaped_arr)

Page 13 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
Changing Array Dimensions in NumPy

► Rules:
► The total number of elements must remain the same.
► Dimensions should be compatible with the number of elements.

import numpy as np
# Original 1D array
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

# Reshape to 2D (2 rows, 3 columns)

reshaped_arr = arr.reshape(2, 3)
print("Reshaped to 2D (2x3):")
print(reshaped_arr)

Page 14 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
Changing Array Dimensions in NumPy

► Write a Python program to input the number of rows and columns from the user, then
create a rows × columns matrix using NumPy.

https://github.com/sarjus/Algorithemic-Thinking-with-Python-classroom-
exercises/blob/main/matrix-numpy.py

Page 15 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
Matrix operations

► NumPy has excellent support for doing most of the matrix operations.

Page 16 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
Matrix operations

► NumPy has excellent support for doing most of the matrix operations.

import numpy as np

# Define matrices
#output
matrix1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
Matrix Addition:
matrix2 = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]])
[[ 6 8]
[10 12]]
# Matrix addition
addition = np.add(matrix1, matrix2)
print("Matrix Addition:\n", addition)

Page 17 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
Matrix operations

► NumPy has excellent support for doing most of the matrix operations.

import numpy as np

# Define matrices
matrix1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) #output
matrix2 = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]]) Matrix Subtraction:
[[-4 -4]
# Matrix subtraction [-4 -4]]
subtraction = np.subtract(matrix1, matrix2)
print("\nMatrix Subtraction:\n", subtraction)

Page 18 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
Matrix operations

► NumPy has excellent support for doing most of the matrix operations.
import numpy as np

# Define matrices
matrix1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
matrix2 = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]])

# Element-wise multiplication
elementwise_multiplication = np.multiply(matrix1, matrix2)
print("\nElement-wise Multiplication:\n", elementwise_multiplication)

#output
Element-wise Multiplication:
[[ 5 12]
[21 32]]

Page 19 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
Matrix operations

► NumPy has excellent support for doing most of the matrix operations.

import numpy as np

# Define matrices
matrix1 = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]) #output
matrix2 = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]]) Matrix Transpose:
[[1 3]
# Matrix transpose [2 4]]
transpose = np.transpose(matrix1)
print("\nMatrix Transpose:\n", transpose)

Page 20 Prof. Sarju S, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SJCET Palai
 Thank You

Prof. Sarju S
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology, Palai (Autonomous)
[email protected]

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