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 UNIT-4

I. Packages and Java Library:

1. Introduction
2. Defining Package
3. Importing Packages and Classes into Programs
4. Path and Class Path
5. Access Control
6. Packages in Java SE
7. Java.lang Package and its Classes
8. Class Object
9. Enumeration
10. class Math
11. Wrapper Classes
12. Auto-boxing and Auto- unboxing
13. java.util Classes and Interfaces
14. Formatter Class
15. Random Class Time Package
16. Class Instant (java.time.Instant)
17. Formatting for Date/Time in Java
18. Temporal Adjusters Class
19. Temporal Adjusters Class.

II. Exception Handling:

1. Introduction
2. Hierarchy of Standard Exception Classes
3. Keywords throws and throw
4. try catch and finally Blocks
5. Multiple Catch Clauses
6. Class Throwable
7. Unchecked Exceptions
8. Checked Exceptions
9. try-with-resources
10. Catching Subclass Exception
11. Custom Exceptions
12. Nested try and catch Blocks
13. Rethrowing Exception
14. Throws Clause

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 I. Packages and Java Library:
1. Introduction
 A Java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.
 Package in java can be categorized in two form,
i. built-in package and
ii. user-defined package.
 There are many built-in packages such as java.lang, java.awt, java.javax, java.swing,
java.util, etc.
 Here, we will have the detailed learning of creating and using user-defined packages.

Advantage of Java Package

o Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they can be easily
maintained.
o Java package provides access protection.
o Java package removes naming collision.

2. Defining Package
 A package comprises a group of similar type of classes, interfaces, and sub-packages. It
is defined with the keyword package followed by the name of the package and a
semicolon, as illustrated in the following figure.

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 java.mypackage.xpack.ypack.MyClass;
Here different levels in package are seperated by a period (.)

3. Importing Packages and Classes into Programs

 In Java, the import statement is used to bring certain classes or the entire packages, into
visibility. As soon as imported, a class can be referred to directly by using only its name.
 The import statement is a convenience to the programmer and is not technically needed
to write complete Java program. If you are going to refer to some few dozen classes into
your application, the import statement will save a lot of time and typing also.
 In a Java source file, the import statements occur immediately following
the package statement (if exists) and before any class definitions.
 If a program needs several classes of a package, it is better to import the whole package.
This may be done as illustrated in the following example. For importing package awt
contained in package java, the code is.
import java.awt.event.*;

Importing Class in Programs

 All the classes defined in Java or by a programmer have to be in a package.
 A class may be include in a program by importing it through its fully qualified name.
 The selection of packages, sub-packages, and classes achieved by dot (.) selection
operator, as shown in the following code

import java.packageP1.packageP2.package3.ClassName
Here
java – Name of the package
packageP1 – Sub Package of Java
packageP2 – Sub Package of packageP1
packageP3 – Sub Package of packageP2
ClassName - Name of the Class in PackageP3.

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User-defined Packages and Classes
 One of the important features of the Java programming language is that it allows a
programmer to build his/her own packages and classes and make use of them whenever
the need arises for the use of standard Java library packages and classes.
 A programmer can save his/her own packages and classes in a directory, and from there,
it can be imported to the ones required into his/her application program by using import
keyword.
 For this, the following points should be taken care of while constructing a folder for a
user's own package.

1. The folder name should be same as the name of the package desired to be created,
2. Create the desired class required to imported. Save it in the folder.
3. Compile the folder and class. However, do not run it because the class will not have the
main. The application class to which it is imported will have the main method.
4 The application class should be saved outside this folder in any directory of your choice.

Example: The following class is constructed and saved in "userpackage" folder, which is
saved in MyProject folder in Local Disk (C)

Program1: Aray.java in userpackage folder

package userpackage;

public class Aray

{
public Aray()
{
int[] num= new int []{1,2,3,4,5};
System.out.println("Array elements are : ");
for(int x: num)
System.out.print(x + " ");
System.out.println();
}
}

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Program2: ArayMain.java in MyProject folder in Local Disk (C)

import userpackage.*;

public class ArayMain

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Aray objAray = new Aray();
}
}

Execution Process:

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4. Path and Class Path
 The PATH is an environmental variable used by the operating system to find the
executive binary files
Javac, which compiles the source code into bytecode, and
java, which interprets the bytecode through for execution of the program
 such commands Path tells the system where to locate the JDK files that contain these
commands.
 If the programmer is using classes or packages other than the Java standard their location
is specified through classpath.
 The directory tree after the Java Development Kit (JDK) has been installed in Windows
OS would look as illustrated in the following Diagram. The path is indicated by arrows

The system has to reach the location of jdk1.x.0_ yy\bin, which contains javac and java
commands The path may be set in two ways

1. Set the path on Command Prompt for individual programs.

2. Set the path as value of environmental variable. Once done, you can run any number of
programs without bothering about it, as done in running ArayMain class.

The path can be set for individual programs. Therefore, the path to JDK files installed in our
computer is specified as

C:\Program Files\Javaljdk1.8.0_65\bin

Path is set by command set as

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 set path=%path%;C:\Program Files\Javaljdk1.8.0_65\bin

The important thing about setting path is that there will be no blank in assignment.

CLASSPATH is another environment variable. It is used by System or Application

ClassLoader to locate and load .class that comprises the compiled Java bytecodes. Like path,
the classpath is also not case sensitive and you may type it as CLASSPATH, ClassPath, or
classpath.
Enter the path value as indicated in the following figure.

5. Access Control
In Java, There are three access specifiers are permitted:
• public
• protected
• private
The coding with access specifiers for variables is illustrated as

Access_specifier type identifier;

Detials of Access specifiers are as follows.

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6. Packages in Java SE
Java has been evolving since its inception as Java 1. The latest version of Java is Java SE 8
(The Java Standard Edition 8). Originally all were supposed to be part of Java SE 7; however, it was
taking more time, and Java SE 7 was released with some changes/ modifications and the remaining
enhancements of Java were released in Java 8. It is worthwhile to at the additions and modifications
in Java 7 and Java 8.

7. java.lang Package and its Classes

java.lang package is imported into every Java program by default. The programmer does
not have to use the statement import java.lang; in the program. This package
contains classes and interfaces that are essential for the design of Java programming
language and are as follows:

i. Object class is the super class of all other classes in Java. It is the root of the class
hierarchy
ii. Classes encapsulate the primitive data types in Java.
iii. Classes access system resources and other low-level entities.
iv. The class Math provides standard mathematical functions, for example, sine,
cosine, square root, etc
v. The class Throwable is the super class of all error and exception classes in Java. It
deals with the object that can be thrown by the throw statement. Subclasses of
Throwable represent errors and exceptions
vi. The class Thread controls each thread in a multithreaded program.
vii. Classes String and StringBuffer provide commonly used operations on character
strings.

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 It is all very necessary for a programmer to know the different classes available

Table 10.4 gives a brief description of the classes available in this package.
Class name Brief description
Boolean Wrapper class for Boolean values 'true' and 'false'
Byte Wrapper class to provide reference to type byte
Character Wrapper class to provide reference to type char and it supports two byte
Unicode characters
Class Subclass of Object, used for referring classes as objects
Double Wrapper class to provide reference to type double
Enum Defines methods that support enumeration
Float Wrapper class to provide reference to type float
Integer Wrapper class to provide reference to type int
Long Wrapper class to provide reference to type long
Math Contains several mathematical methods
Abstract super class for the Wrapper classes such as Byte, Short, Integer,
Number
Float, and Double
Object Super class to all other classes in Java
Package For managing packages
String Subclass of Object; it defines methods for handling strings.

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 8. Class Object
The class Object is one of the important classes of Java because it is the super class to all
other classes. The class has one constructor and defines 11 methods that are available to all
the objects. The methods of class are described in following Table.

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9. Enumeration
 An enum is a special "class" that represents a group of constants (unchangeable
variables, like final variables).
 To create an enum, use the enum keyword (instead of class or interface), and separate the
constants with a comma. Note that they should be in uppercase letters:

The members of an enum type declaration are as follows:

i. Members declared in the body of the enum type declaration.

ii. Members inherited from the super class Enum<E>.
iii. An enum declaration is implicitly final unless at least one declared constant has a
class in its body
iv. Constants declared, which are implicitly public, static, and final.
v. Constants' body may have annotations, fields, expressions, or a class.
vi. Enum keyword has the properties of a class; therefore, it can implement interfaces
and its member constants can have inner class.

Example:
class Enum
{
enum Level { LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH}
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("First Value = " + Level.LOW);
}
}
Output:
C:\ >javac Enum.java

C:\ >java Enum

First Value = LOW

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10. class Math

The Math class is an important class of java.lang package. It defines methods for
evaluating several mathematical functions such as trigonometry functions (sine, cosines,
etc.), exponential functions, rounding off functions, and other miscellaneous
mathematical functions. The class is defined as a final class.

public final class Math extends Object

The class inherits methods from object class.

double E - Returns value of E (the base of natural logarithm) as double number

double PI - Returns the PI value which is 3.14159 , (ratio of circumference to diameter
of circle as double number
All the methods defined in Math class are static, and thus, they may be called without object;
however, the name of the class is required.
For example, the codes for calling sqrt() and pow() methods are

Math.sqrt(10); // returns square root of 10

Math.pow(2,4); // returns 2 to the power 4

Example: MathDemo.java

class MathDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Value of E = "+ Math.E);
System.out.println("Value of PI = "+ Math.PI);
System.out.println("Squar Root of 25 = "+ Math.sqrt(25));
System.out.println("2 to the power of 4 = "+ Math.pow(2,4));
}
}
Output:
C:\ >javac MathDemo.java

C:\ >java MathDemo

Value of E = 2.718281828459045

Value of PI = 3.141592653589793

Squar Root of 25 = 5.0

2 to the power of 4 = 16.0

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11. Wrapper Classes

 Wrapper class wraps (i.e., encloses) a primitive data type and provides its object
representation.
 In Java, a simple data type can also be converted into an object using Wrapper classes.
 Many data structures in Java are designed to operate on objects.
 Wrapper classes that encapsulate a primitive data type within an object.
 The eight primitive data types, namely
i. boolean,
ii. byte,
iii. short,
iv. int,
v. long,
vi. float,
vii. double, and
viii. char,
 These 8 primitive data types are not objects of classes; hence, they cannot be passed on
by references and they are passed on by value only.
 Therefore, in order to provide object representation, eight Wrapper classes are
defined in java.lang package which is imported by default in all the Java programs.
 The eight Wrapper classes are
i. Boolean
ii. Byte,
iii. Short,
iv. Integer,
v. Long,
vi. Float,
vii. Double
viii. Char
Methods of Wrapper Classes :
i. equals()
ii. isInfinite()
iii. isNaN()
iv. byteValue()
v. compareTo(type Object)
vi. doubleValue()
vii. floatValue()
viii. hashCode()
ix. intValue()
x. longValue()
xi. ShortValue()
xii. toHexString(type number)
xiii. valueOf(type number)
xiv. valueOf(String str)
xv. toString(type number)

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Example: WrapperClasses.java

class WrapperClasses
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
// for int values
int i = 10;
Integer in = i;
System.out.println("Value of in = "+ in);

//for float values

float f = 25.6f;
Float fn = f;
System.out.println("Value of fn = "+ fn);

}
}

Output:

C:\>javac WrapperClasses.java

C:\ >java WrapperClasses

Value of in = 10
Value of fn = 25.6

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12. Auto-boxing and Auto- unboxing

Auto-boxing
 Auto-boxing involves automatic conversion of the primitive data types into its
corresponding wrapper types so that the value may be represented by reference as the
objects of other classes.
 This includes the conversion of
o int to Integer,
o double to Double,
o float to Float,
o boolean to Boolean, etc.,

Auto-unboxing
 Auto - unboxing is the reverse process in which the wrapping class objects are
converted into the corresponding primitive data types.
 This includes conversion of
o Integer to int,
o Long to long,
o Double to double, etc.

Example: AutoBoxing.java

class AutoBoxing
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
// Auto Boxing
int i = 10;
Integer in = new Integer(i); //Auto Boxing: Primitive to Wrapper
System.out.println("Value of Wrapper variable in = "+ in);

//Auto Unboxing
Integer x = 20;
int y = x.intValue(); //Auto Unboxing : Wrapper to Primitive
System.out.println("Value of primitive variable y = "+ y);

}
}

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Output:

C:\>javac AutoBoxing.java

C:\>java AutoBoxing
Value of Wrapper variable in = 10
Value of primitive variable y = 20

13. java.util Classes and Interfaces

java.util is an important package of the Java library. It contains classes and
interfaces of collections, event model, and miscellaneous utility classes. The classes and
interfaces contained in this package are very important as these are required for many
programs. For instance, it comprises Math class that supports Mathematical expressions.

Classes in java.util package

AbstractCollection AbstractList AbstractMap AbstractQueue

AbsractSequentiallist AbstractSet ArrayList Arrays
BitSet Calendar Collections Currency
Date Dictionary EnumMap EnumSet
EventListenerProxy EventObject Formatter HashMap
HashSet Hashtable IdentityHashMap LinkedHashSet
LinkedList ListSources Locale Observable
Bundle
PriorityQueue Properties PropertyPermission Property
ResourceBundle Random ResourceBundle Scanner

ServiceLoader SimpleTimeZone Stack StringTokanizer

Timer TimeTask TimeZone TreeMap
TreeSet UUID Vector WeakHashMap
(Write any ten class names in the Examination)

Interfaces in java.util package

Collection Comparator Deque Enumeration

EventListener Formattable Iterator List
ListIterator Map Map. Entry NavigableMap
NavigableSet Observer Queue RandomAccess
Set SortedMap SortedSet
(Write any ten interface names in the Examination)

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Scanner Class

Java Scanner class is a text scanner that breaks the input into tokens using delimiter, which is
whitespace by default. Delimiter is a character that identifies the beginning or end of
character string and it is not a part of the character string.

The received string can then be converted into values of different types using the various
next() methods. The application of this class is not thread safe. Java Scanner class extends
Object class and implements Iterator and Closeable interfaces. For instance, the following
code allows the user to input into the program an integer number through the keyboard.

Sample Code:

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter your roll no.");
int rollno = sc.nextInt();

Example : UserInput.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class UserInput
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner scaninput = new Scanner (System. in);
int n;
int m;
System.out. print( "Enter the value of n : ");
n=scaninput.nextInt();
System.out. print( "Enter the value of m : ");
m=scaninput.nextInt();

System.out.println("Sum of two numbers is ="+(n+m));

}
}

Output
C:\>javac UserInput.java

C:\>java Arithmetic
Enter the value of n : 10
Enter the value of m : 3
Sum of two numbers is =13

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Radix in java.util package
Radix is another name of base of the number system being referred to.
Radix values specifies the base value of the numbers ie 2 for Binary Numbers, 8 for Octal
Numbers, 10 for Decimal Numbers (The default radix number is 10) and 16 for
HexaDecimal Numbers
 radix() method prints the current radix value
 useRadix() method used to change the radix value

Example : TestRadix.java

import java.util.Scanner;
public class TestRadix
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int n;

//for Decimal Numbers

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("For Decimal numbers- radix = "+ input.radix());
System.out.print("Enter an integer number: ");
n = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("The number n = " + n);

//for HexaDecimal Numbers

input.useRadix(16);
System.out.println("\nFor HexaDecimal numbers radix = "+ input.radix());
System.out.print("Enter a number with base 16: ");
n = input.nextInt ();
System.out.println("The number n= " + n);

//for Octal Numbers

input.useRadix(8);
System.out.println("\nFor Octal numbers radix = "+ input.radix());
System.out.print("Enter a number with base 8 : ");
n = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("The number n = " + n);

//for Binary Numbers

input.useRadix(2);
System.out.println("\nFor Binar numbers radix = "+ input.radix());
System.out.print("Enter a number with base 2 : ");
n = input.nextInt();
System.out.println("The number n = " + n);

}
}

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Output:

E:\>javac TestRadix.java
E:\ >java TestRadix
For Decimal numbers- radix = 10
Enter an integer number: 56
The number n = 56

For HexaDecimal numbers radix = 16

Enter a number with base 16: 55
The number n= 85

For Octal numbers radix = 8

Enter a number with base 8 : 41
The number n = 33

For Binar numbers radix = 2

Enter a number with base 2 : 11110
The number n = 30

14. Formatter Class

 The class Formatter supports the formatting of the output of characters, strings,
and numeric types.
 The declaration of this class is highly inspired by the printf method of C
programming language. It is the printf method of C in Java clothing;
 In Java, printf() method returns an object of print stream.
 Class Formatter provides support for layout justification, alignment, formats for
numeric, string, and date/time data.
 The class declaration is
public final class Formatter
extends Object
implements Closeable, Flushable
 The format string for output of numeric values comprises a % sign followed by a
conversion character.
 The field width and precision are specified between the % sign and the conversion
character.

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Example : FormatterDemo.java

import java.util. Formatter;

public class FormatterDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 165;
float f = 432.14159f;
double d = 5654.87543;
char ch = 'a';
String str = "Hello World";

//Declaration of two objects formt and fmt

Formatter formt = new Formatter(), fmt= new Formatter();

//Formatting and printing formt object

formt.format("x = %d, f= %f, d= %f, ch= %c and str= %s", x, f,
d, ch, str);
System.out.println(formt);

//Formatting and printing fmt object

fmt.format("Upper case of ch = %C and str = %S ", ch, str);
System.out.println(fmt);
}
}

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Output:

C:\>javac FormatterDemo.java

C:\>java FormatterDemo
x = 165, f= 432.141602, d= 5654.875430, ch= a and str= Hello World
Upper case of ch = A and str = HELLO WORLD

15. Random Class

The class Random of java.util package is generally used for generating random numbers
of different types such as int, double, float, long, and byte. The method random() of class
Math may also be used for generating double numbers.

Example: Random.java

import java.util.Random;
public class RandomNumbers
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Random rand = new Random();

// Random Integer values

System.out.print("The random numbers are: ");
for (int i = 0; i<10; i++)
System.out.print((1 + rand.nextInt(6))+ " ");

// Random Double values

System.out.print("\nTHe double random numbers are: ");
for (int i = 0; i<5; i++)
System.out.printf(" %.3f", (rand.nextDouble()));

// Random Boolean values

System.out.print("\nTHe boolean random values are: ");
for (int i = 0; i<5; i++)
System.out.print((rand.nextBoolean())+ " ");
}
}

Output:
C:\ >javac RandomNumbers.java

C:\ >java RandomNumbers

The random numbers are: 5 1 1 5 2 6 5 2 5 2
THe double random numbers are: 0.289 0.543 0.337 0.243 0.250
THe boolean random values are: false true false false false

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16. Time Package

 This package provides support for date and time-related features for program developers.
 It comprises classes that represent date/time concepts including instants, duration, date,
time, time zones, and periods.
 The date and time framework in Java prior to Java SE 8 consisted of classes such as
o java.util.Date,
o java.util.Calendar, and
o java.util.SimpleDateFormatter
which posed problems to programmers because of the following reasons:
These classes are
i. not thread safe
ii. present a poor show.
iii. poor design.
iv. it was difficult to work with different calendar systems followed in different
parts of the world.

 The result is the development of an entirely new package java.time that has classes
that are thread safe; these classes have robust design and they can be adapted to work
with different calendar systems.
Example: TimePrg.java

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.Period;

// declaring the class.

class TimePrg
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//creating an object
LocalTime time = LocalTime.now();
System.out.println("The time at present is :" + time);

// creating another object

LocalTime newTime;
newTime = time.plusHours (2);
System.out.println("The modified time:"+ newTime);

// creating an object
LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("The date today is : "+date);

LocalDateTime datetime = LocalDateTime.now();

System.out.println("The date and time at present are:
"+datetime);

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 //1 year, 3 months and 10 days
Period p = Period.of(1,3,10);

LocalDateTime newdate = datetime.plus(p);

System.out.println("The newdate is:" + newdate);
}
}

Output:

C:\ >javac TimePrg.java

C:\ >java TimePrg

The time at present is :07:24:57.342943800
The modified time:09:24:57.342943800
The date today is : 2021-06-12
The date and time at present are: 2021-06-12T07:24:57.354018300
The newdate is:2022-09-22T07:24:57.354018300

17. Class Instant (java.time.Instant)

Java Instant class is used to represent the specific moment on the time line. It inherits
the Object class and implements the Comparable interface.

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 Example: TimeInstantDemo.java

import java.time.Instant;
public class TimeInstantDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Instant now = Instant.now();
System.out.println("Now Time = "+ now);

Instant before = Instant.now().minusSeconds(600);

System.out.println("before Time = "+ before);

Instant later = Instant.now().plusSeconds(900);

System.out.println("later Time = "+ later);

}
}

Output:

C:\ >javac TimeInstantDemo.java

C:\ >java TimeInstantDemo

Now Time = 2021-06-12T02:25:19.772322600Z
before Time = 2021-06-12T02:15:19.800125300Z
later Time = 2021-06-12T02:40:19.804155800Z

Example2: UntilDemo.java

import java.time.*;
import java.time.temporal.*;

public class UntilDemo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
long td;
LocalTime time = LocalTime.parse("10:15:30");
LocalTime time1 = LocalTime.now();

//Calculating time difference (in hours) thorugh until()

method
td = time1.until(time, ChronoUnit.HOURS);
System.out.println("Time difference = "+ td + "
Hours");

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 //Calculating time difference (in minutes)thorugh until()
method
td = time1.until(time, ChronoUnit.MINUTES);
System.out.println("Time difference = "+ td + "
Minutes");

//Calculating time difference (in seconds)thorugh until()

method
td = time1.until(time, ChronoUnit.SECONDS);
System.out.println("Time difference = "+ td + "
Seconds");
}
}

Output:
C:\>javac UntilDemo.java

C:\>java UntilDemo
Time difference = 2 Hours
Time difference = 169 Minutes
Time difference = 10188 Seconds

18.Formatting for Date/Time in Java

The old API for formatting has been revised in Java 8 to a new class for formatting,
printing, and parsing Date/Time objects through DateTimeFormatter class.

DateTimeFormatter class declaration is as follows.

public final class DateTimeFormatter extends object

The class provides the following three ways to achieve the desired results.

1. By using the predefined constants in the language that represent a particular format of
formatting date/ time objects.
2. By using patterns defined by the programmer.
3. By using localized format.

Example: DateTimeFormatter.java

import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.DateTimeException;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;

public class DateTimeFormatDemo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{

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 //defining an instance
LocalDateTime datetime = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println("Default format of LocalDateTime: "+ datetime);
System.out.println("\nIn 150_LOCAL_DATE_TIME Format: " +
datetime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE_TIME));

LocalDate date= LocalDate.now();

System.out.println("\nDefault format of LocalDate= " + date);

System.out.println("\nIn ISO LOCAL DATE Format: " +

date.format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE));
System.out.println("\nUser format:" + datetime. format
(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("dd-MMM-yyyy hh:mm:ss")));
}
}

Output:

C:\>javac DateTimeFormatDemo.java

C:\>java DateTimeFormatDemo
Default format of LocalDateTime: 2021-06-12T19:24:32.807557700

In 150_LOCAL_DATE_TIME Format: 2021-06-12T19:24:32.8075577

Default format of LocalDate= 2021-06-12

In ISO LOCAL DATE Format: 2021-06-12

User format:12-Jun-2021 07:24:32

19. Temporal Adjusters Class

Temporal Adjuster Interface

The java time temporal defines an interface by name TemporalAdjuster that defines methods
that take a temporal value and return an adjusted temporal value according to a user's
specifications.

Temporal Adjusters class

The package also defines a class TemporalAdjusters, which contains predefined used by a
programmer. Some examples of adjusters are as follows.

i. firstDayOfMonth()
ii. lastDayOfMonth()
iii. firstDayOfyear()
iv. lastDayOfYear
v. firstDayOfWeek ()

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 vi. lastbayOfWeek()
vii. firstInMonth (DayOfWeek. Monday)
viii. lastInMonth (DayOfWeek. FRIDAY)

All these methods are static methods and may be used with static import.
Static import is used to access any static member of a class directly without referring its class
name. There are two general forms of declaration of static import statements.

The first form of static import statement involves importing only a single member of a class
as shown:

import static package.class-name.static-member-name:

As for instance,

import static java.lang.Math.sqrt;

The second form of static import statement involves importing all the static members
of a class as

import static package.class-type-name.*;

This is shown in the following example:

import static java.lang.Math.;

It is different from import statement that allows the programmer to access classes of a
package without providing package name or qualification. It is to be noted that import
statement makes the classes and interfaces accessible, whereas the static import provides
accessibility to static members of the class only.

Example: TemporalAdjusterDemo.java
import java.time.*;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjusters;

public class TemporalAdjusterDemo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// defining an object

LocalDate date1= LocalDate.of(2015, Month.NOVEMBER, 20);

DayOfWeek dow1 = date1.getDayOfWeek();

System.out.println("The day of week on 20th Nov 2015 =" +

dow1);

System.out.println("The first day of November = "+

date1.with(TemporalAdjusters.firstDayOfMonth()));

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 System.out.println("The last day of November = "+
date1.with(TemporalAdjusters.lastDayOfMonth()));
}
}

Output

C:\>javac TemporalAdjusterDemo.java

C:\>java TemporalAdjusterDemo
The day of week on 20th Nov 2015 =FRIDAY
The first day of November = 2015-11-01
The last day of November = 2015-11-30

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 II. Exception Handling:
1. Introduction
 In Java, an exception is an object of a relevant exception class. When an error
occurs in a method, it throws out an exception object that contains the information
about where the error occurred and the type of error. The error (exception) object is
passed on to the runtime system, which searches for the appropriate code that can
handle the exception.
 The event handling code is called exception handler.
 Exception handling is a mechanism that is used to handle runtime errors such as
classNotFound and IO. This ensures that the normal flow of application is not
disrupted and program execution proceeds smoothly.
 The exception handling code handles only the type of exception that is specified for
it to handle. The appropriate code is the one whose specified type matches the type
of exception thrown by the method.
 If the runtime system finds such a handler, it passes on the exception object to the
handler. If an appropriate handler is not found, the program terminates.
 The method that creates an exception may itself provide a code to deal with it.
 The try and catch blocks are used to deal with exceptions.
 The code that is likely to create an exception is kept in the try block, which may
include statements that may create or throw exceptions.
 The exception object has a data member that keeps information about the type of
exception and it becomes an argument for another block of code that is meant to deal
with the exception.
 There may be more than one catch blocks.
• There are basically two models of exception handling.

1. Termination Model
• According to termination model, when the method encounters an exception, further
processing in that method is terminated and control is transferred from the point where
an exception occurs to the point where its nearest matching exception handler (i.e., the
catch block) is located.
• This model is analogous to the real-life situation when the gas in the cylinder gets over
while cooking.
• Under the termination model, the cooking process will stop, whereas in resumption
model, you would change the cylinder with a new one and continue with the cooking
process.
2. Resumption model
• Thus, the alternative approach is based on the resumption model wherein the
exception handler tries to rectify the exception situation and resume the program.
• Resumption model was mostly used in earlier languages including PL/I, Mesa, and
BETA.
• The implementation of resumption model in contemporary languages such as C++ and

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 Java is rarely found as the effort to implement this model is quite high.
• This is because the program code becomes quite cumbersome and difficult to
understand, and further, it is more error prone.
• However, there are situations where the resumption model is quite useful.

2. Hierarchy of Standard Exception Classes

 In Java, exceptions are instances of classes derived from the class Throwable
which in turn is derived from class Object.
 Whenever an exception is thrown, it implies that an object is thrown.
 Only objects belonging to class that is derived from class Throwable can be
thrown as exceptions.
 The next level of derived classes comprises two classes: the class Error and class
Exception.
 Error class involves errors that are mainly caused by the environment in which an
application is running.
 All errors in Java happen during runtime.

• Examples
OutOfMemoryError occurs when the JVM runs out of memory and
StackOverflowError occurs when the stack overflows.
• Exception class represents exceptions that are mainly caused by the application itself.
• It is not possible to recover from an error using try–catch blocks.
• The only option available is to terminate the execution of the program and recover
from exceptions using either the try–catch block or throwing an exception.
• The exception class has several subclasses that deal with the exceptions that are caught
and dealt with by the user’s program.
• The Error class includes such errors over which a programmer has less control.

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 • A programmer cannot do anything about these errors except to get the error message and
check the program code.
• A programmer can have control over the exceptions (errors) defined by several
subclasses of class Exception.

The subclasses of Exception class are broadly subdivided into two categories.
Unchecked exceptions These are subclasses of class RuntimeException, derived from
Exception class. For these exceptions, the compiler does not check whether the method that
throws these exceptions has provided any exception handler code or not.

Checked exceptions These are direct subclasses of the Exception class and are not subclasses
of the class RuntimeException. These are called so because the compiler ensures (checks)
that the methods that throw checked exceptions deal with them.

This can be done in two ways:

1. The method provides the exception handler in the form of appropriate try–catch blocks.
2. The method may simply declare the list of exceptions that the method may throw with
throws clause in the header of the method.
• In this case, the method need not provide any exception handler.
• It is a reminder for those who use the method to provide the appropriate exception
handler.
• If a method does not follow either of the aforementioned ways, the compilation will
result in an error.

Methods defined in class Throwable

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 Example: TryCatchDemo.java

class TryCatchDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i=6,j=0,k;
try {
System.out.println("Entered try block");
k=i/j;
System.out.println("Exiting try block");
}
catch (ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("e = " + e);
}
System.out.println("End of the Program ");
}
}

Output:
C:\ >javac TryCatchDemo.java

C:\ >java TryCatchDemo

Entered try block
e = java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
End of the Program

3. Keywords throws and throw

 If a method can cause one or more checked exceptions directly or indirectly by calling
other methods and throw exceptions and does not deal with them, it must declare the list of
exceptions it can throw by using the throws clause.
 By doing this, the caller of the method can ensure that appropriate arrangements are made
to deal with the exceptions.
 For this, keep the method in a try block, and provide suitable catch blocks.
 The program will not compile if this is not done.
 The throws clause comprises the keyword throws followed by the list of exceptions
that the method is likely to throw separated by commas.
 The method declaration with throws clause is

type Method_Name(type parameters) throws list-of-Exceptions

{
/* Body of Method*/
}

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4. try catch and finally Blocks
try {} Block
• The program code that is most likely to create exceptions is kept in the try block,
which is followed by the catch block to handle the exception.
• In normal execution, the statements are executed and if there are no exceptions, the
program flow goes to the code line after the catch blocks.
• However, if there is an exception, an exception object is thrown from the try block.
• Its data members keep the information about the type of exception thrown.
• The program flow comes out of the try block and searches for an appropriate catch
block with the same type as its argument.

catch {} Block
• A catch block is meant to catch the exception if the type of its argument matches with
the type of exception thrown.
• If the type of exception does not match the type of the first catch block, the program
flow checks the other catch blocks one by one.
• If the type of a catch block matches, its statements are executed.
• If none matches, the program flow records the type of exception, executes the finally
block, and terminates the program.

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Example: TryCatchDemo2.java

class TryCatchDemo2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i=6,j=0,k;
try {
System.out.println("Entered try block");
k=i/j;
System.out.println("Exiting try block");
}
catch (ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("e = " + e);
}

j=2; // Value of j Changed

System.out.println("When J =2, i/j = " + i/j);
System.out.println("End of the Program ");
}
}

Output:

C:\ >javac TryCatchDemo2.java

C:\ >java TryCatchDemo2

Entered try block
e = java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
When J =2, i/j = 3
End of the Program

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 finally {} Block
• This is the block of statements that is always executed even when there is an
exceptional condition, which may or may not have been caught or dealt with.
• Thus, finally block can be used as a tool for the clean up operations and for recovering
the memory resources.
• For this, the resources should be closed in the finally block.
• This will also guard against situations when the closing operations are bypassed by
statements such as continue, break, or return.
•
Finalize() in Exception Handling
• finalize() method releases system resources before the garbage collector runs for a
specific object.
• JVM allows finalize() to be invoked only once per object
• The syntax for using finalize() method is given as follows:
@Override //
protected void finalize() throws Throwable
{
try{
……………….
} catch(Throwable t)
{
throw t;
}finally{
super.finalize();
}
}
• Following points need to be taken into consideration when using finalize() method:
1. super.finalize() method is always called in finalize() method.
2. Time critical application logic should not be placed in finalize() method.

5. Multiple Catch Clauses

 Java allows to write multiple catch block in the program.
 Often the programs throw more than one type of exception, at that time more
catch block need to be used.
 The exception classes are connected by Boolean operator OR.

Example: MultiCatchExample.java

class MultiCatchExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try {
int a=0, b=56, c;

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 int aray[] = {4,5,6,7};
System.out.println("The Array elements are : ");

for(int i=0; i<10;i++)

System.out.println(aray[i] + " ");
System.out.println("a = " + a + " b = " + b);
c=b/a;
} catch (ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("\nInteger Division by 0, e = " + e);
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ae)
{
System.out.println("\nArray Index Out of Bounds, ae = " + ae);
}
System.out.println("End of the Program ");
}
}

Output:

C:\ >javac MultiCatchExample.java

C:\>java MultiCatchExample
The Array elements are :
4
5
6
7

Array Index Out of Bounds, ae =

java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 4 out of bounds
for length 4
End of the Program

6. Class Throwable
• The class is declared as
public class Throwable extends Object
implements serializable
The class Throwable is super class to all the error and exception classes.
• The program code can throw only objects of this class or objects of its subclasses.
• Only the object of Throwable class or its subclasses can be the arguments of catch
clause.
• It would be a bad programming practice to throw Throwable or make Throwable as
argument of catch blocks because it will hide desirable information.

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Methods in Throwable Class:

void addSuppressed (Throwable exception)

Throwable fill InStackTrace()

Throwable getCause()

String getMessage ()

String getLocalizedMessage()

StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace()

Throwable [] get Suppressed()

Throwable initCause ( Throwable cause)

void printStackTrace()

void printStackTrace( printStream strm)

void printStackTrace( printwriter strm)

void setStackTrace(

StackTraceElement[] stackTrace)

String toString()

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Example: TryCatchDemo3.java

class TryCatchDemo3 extends Throwable

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i=6, j=0, k;
String str;
TryCatchDemo3 ct = new TryCatchDemo3();
try {
System.out.println("Entered in try block");
k=i/j;
System.out.println("Entered in try block");
} catch (ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("Entered in catch block");
System.out.println("ct.getStackTrace() = " +
ct.getStackTrace());
System.out.println("Exception e = " + e);

} finally{
System.out.println("It is finally block");
System.out.println("The class is : " + ct.getClass());
}

System.out.println("End of the Program ");

}
}
Output:
C:\1. JAVA\UNIT-4.2>javac TryCatchDemo3.java

C:\1. JAVA\UNIT-4.2>java TryCatchDemo3

Entered in try block
Entered in catch block
ct.getStackTrace() = [Ljava.lang.StackTraceElement;@452b3a41
Exception e = java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
It is finally block
The class is : class TryCatchDemo3
End of the Program

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7. Unchecked Exceptions
 The unchecked exception classes are subclasses of class
 RuntimeException, which is further a subclass of class Exception.
 The runtime exceptions are not checked by the compiler.
 These exceptions form a subgroup of classes that are subclasses of class
Exception.
 It is not checked by the compiler whether the programmer has handled them or
not.

Example: UnCheckedDemo.java

class UnCheckedDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a =12,b = 0, c = 14;
int sum, d;
sum = a+b+c;
System.out.println("Sum = " +sum);

try {
System.out.println("Entered try block");
d=a/b;
System.out.println("d = " + d);
System.out.println("Exiting try block");
}
catch (ArithmeticException e)
{
System.out.println("Do not divide by Zero, Exception =" + e);

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 }
System.out.println("End of the Program ");
}
}

Output:
C:\>javac UnCheckedDemo.java

C:\>java UnCheckedDemo
Sum = 26
Entered try block
Do not divide by Zero, Exception =java.lang.ArithmeticException: /
by zero

End of the Program

8. Checked Exceptions
Checked exceptions are direct subclasses of the Exception class and are not subclasses of
the class RuntimeException. These are called so because the compiler ensures (checks)
that the methods that throw checked exceptions deal with them

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Example: MyThread.java

class MyThread
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
MyThread obj = new MyThread();
obj.method2();
System.out.println("End of the Program ");
}

public static void method2()

{
Thread t1 = new Thread();
Thread t2 = new Thread();
try{
System.out.println("Entered try block");

t2.sleep(200);
System.out.println("Square root of 64 = "
+Math.sqrt(64));
t1.sleep(1000);
t2.notify();

System.out.println("Exiting try block");

}catch (InterruptedException ie)
{
System.out.println("Exception =" + ie);
}
}
}

Output:
C:\ >javac MyThread.java

C:\ >java MyThread

Entered try block
Square root of 64 = 8.0
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalMonitorStateException
at java.lang.Object.notify(Native Method)
at MyThread.method2(MyThread.java:20)
at MyThread.main(MyThread.java:6)

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9. try-with-resources
 Generally, the resources such as file, data bases, or Internet connections that are
opened in try block are closed in finally block, which is always executed.
 This makes a sure-shot method for recovery of sources and memory.
 It is seen that programmers who otherwise are adept at opening sources such as
data bases and files often forget to close these sources when their relevance is
over.
 These heavyweight sources keep lurking in JVM, and thus, overloading JVM and
creating problems in memory allocation.
 In order to redress the problem, Java 7 has added AutoCloseable.
Example: AutoCloseExample.java

class SourceX implements AutoCloseable

{
@Override
public void close() throws Exception
{
System.out.println("The SourceX is closed");
}
}

public class AutoCloseExample

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try {
System.out.println("Entered in Try Block");
SourceX objS = new SourceX();
objS.close();
System.out.println("Exit from Try Block");
} catch (Exception ex)
{
System.out.println("Exception ex = " + ex);
}

System.out.println("End of the Program ");

}
}

Output:
C:\>javac AutoCloseExample.java

C:\>java AutoCloseExample
Entered in Try Block
The SourceX is closed
Exit from Try Block
End of the Program

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10. Catching Subclass Exception
If the super class method does not declare any exception, then subclass overridden method
cannot declare (or throws) checked exceptions but it can declare (or throws) unchecked
exceptions. This is illustrated in the following Programs.

Example1 : SubClass.java - Sub Class cannot throws Checked Exception

import java.io.*;

class A
{
void display()
{
System.out.println("Super class display method");
}
}

public class SubClass extends A

{
//sub class cannot throws Checked Exception
void display() throws IOException
{
System.out.println("Sub class display method");
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
A obj1 = new A();
obj1.display();

SubClass obj2 = new SubClass();

obj2.display();
}
}

Output:
C:\>javac SubClass.java
SubClass.java:13: error: display() in SubClass cannot override
display() in A
void display() throws IOException
^
overridden method does not throw IOException
1 error

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 Example2 : SubClass.java - Sub Class can throws Unchecked Exception

import java.io.*;

class A
{
void display()
{
System.out.println("Super class display method");
}
}

public class SubClass2 extends A

{
//sub class can throws UnChecked Exception
void display() throws ArithmeticException
{
System.out.println("Sub class display method");
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
A obj1 = new A();
obj1.display();

SubClass2 obj2 = new SubClass2();

obj2.display();
}
}

Output:

C:\>javac SubClass2.java

C:\>java SubClass2
Super class display method
Sub class display method

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11. Custom Exceptions
 It is also called as user defined exception.
 A programmer may create his/her own exception class by extending the
exception class and can customize the exception according to his/her needs.
 Using Java custom exception, the programmer can write their own exceptions and
messages.

Example: ExceptionEx.java

class UserException extends Exception

{
UserException (String Message)
{
super(Message);
}
}

class ExceptionEx
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
byte a = 4, b = 9;
try
{
if(a/b== 0)
throw new UserException("It is integer division.");
}catch (UserException Ue)
{
System.out.println("The exception has been caught.");
System.out.println(Ue.getMessage());
}
}
}
Output:

C:\>javac ExceptionEx.java

C:\>java ExceptionEx
The exception has been caught.
It is integer division.

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12. Nested try and catch Blocks
 In nested try–catch blocks, one try–catch block can be placed within another try’s body.
 Nested try block is used in cases where a part of block may cause one error and the entire
block may cause another error.
 In such cases, exception handlers are nested.
 If a try block does not have a catch handler for a particular exception, the next try
block’s catch handlers are inspected for a match.
 If no catch block matches, then the Java runtime system handles the exception.

Example: NestedTry.java

class NestedTry
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
int [] array = {6, 7};
//outer try block
try {
System.out.println("Entered outer try block.");
// inner try block
try {
System.out.println("Entered inner try block.");
for (int i = 0; i<= 2; i++)
System.out.println("Array Element["+i+"]= " + array[i]);
System.out.println ("Exiting try block.");
}

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 // inner catch block
catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println("ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException caught");
System.out.println("Exiting inner catch block.");
}

int n = 5, j=2 ;
for (j =2; j>=0; j--)
System.out.println ("n/j= " + n/j);
}
// outer catch block
catch (ArithmeticException E)
{
System.out.println ("Arithmetic Exception caught");
}
}
}

Output:
C:\>javac NestedTry.java

C:\>java NestedTry
Entered outer try block.
Entered inner try block.
Array Element[0]= 6
Array Element[1]= 7
ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception caught
Exiting inner catch block.
n/j= 2
n/j= 5
Arithmetic Exception caught

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13. Rethrowing Exception
 An exception may be thrown and caught and also partly dealt within a catch
block, and then, rethrown.
 In many cases, the exception has to be fully dealt within another catch block,
and throw the same exception again or throw another exception from within
the catch block.
 When an exception is rethrown and handled by the catch block,
- the compiler verifies that the type of re-thrown exception is meeting
the conditions that the try block is able to throw
- and there are no other preceding catch blocks that can handle it.
Example: Rethrow.java

class Rethrow
{
public static void main (String Str[])
{
int[] array = {6, 7};
try {
System.out.println ("Entered inner try block.");
for (int i = 0; i<= 2; i++)
System.out.println ("Array Element["+i+"]= " + array[i]);
System.out.println ("Exiting try block.");
}catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println ("ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception caught");
System.out.println ("Throwing e and exiting inner catch block.");
throw e;
}
}
}

Output:
C:\ >javac Rethrow.java

C:\ >java Rethrow

Entered inner try block.
Array Element[0]= 6
Array Element[1]= 7
ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception caught
Throwing e and exiting inner catch block.
Exception in thread "main"
java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: Index 2 out of bounds
for length 2
at Rethrow.main(Rethrow.java:9)

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14. Throws Clause

The throws clause specifies that the method can throw an exception. throws is a keyword.

The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. It gives an information to the
programmer that there may occur an exception so it is better for the programmer to provide
the exception handling code so that normal flow can be maintained.

Exception Handling is mainly used to handle the checked exceptions. If there occurs any
unchecked exception such as NullPointerException, it is programmers fault that he is not
performing check up before the code being used.

We can throw either checked or unchecked exception

Syntax of java throws

return_type method_name() throws exception_class_name
{
//method code
}

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Example: Computation.java

class MyException extends Exception

{
MyException(String Message)
{
super (Message);
}
}

public class Computation

{
public void Compute() throws MyException
{
int n = 5, m = 2, z, i ;
for (i = 0; i<5; i++)
{
if ((m-i) == 0)
throw new MyException ("Denominator is zero.");
System.out.println ("z = n/(m-i) = " + n/(m-i));
}
}
public static void main (String args[])
{
try
{
new Computation ().Compute();
}catch (MyException me)
{
System.out.println("Division by zero exception caught.\n
me =" + me);
}
}
}

Output:
C:\ >javac Computation.java

C:\ >java Computation

z = n/(m-i) = 2
z = n/(m-i) = 5
Division by zero exception caught.
me =MyException: Denominator is zero.

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