Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

ISSN 2612-4033

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Journal of Clinical & Developmental Psychology

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University of Messina Journal homepage: http://cab.unime.it/journals/index.php/JCDP/index

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Artificial Intelligence and Clinical Psychology - Current Trends

Mohammad Tahan1* , Photis Zygoulis2

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1 Young Researchers and Elite Club, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran.

[email protected]
2 Electronic governance coordinator – Ph.d candidate, University of Athens, Greece.

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[email protected]
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ABSTRACT
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Psychotherapy endows a sense of control in patients gripped with emotional conflicts which
allow them to handle their reflexes and regain composure through conscious and behavioral
alterations. These transformational changes can be brought about by improving their listening skills,
observational capacities, creating awareness, making them more attentive and intervening. Specialised
tools and techniques are employed through the course of therapy which not only alters but also
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accentuates their cognitive and effective understanding. The idea of amalgamating these two broad
ambits: the complexities of psychology and dynamism of artificial intelligence has gained momentum
in recent times. This review focuses on how machine intelligence through computer-implemented
psychotherapeutic tools can enhance self-awareness through computer-implemented
psychotherapeutic tools can enhance self-awareness.
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Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Applications; Psychology

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* Corresponding author: Mohammad Tahan, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran

E-mail address: [email protected]
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https://doi.org/10.6092/2612-4033/0110-2184

© 2019 by the Author(s); licensee Journal of Clinical & Developmental Psychology, Messina, Italy.
This article is an open access article, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3433670
 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

Introduction

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The Artificial Intelligence (AI) role in psychological science is still underestimated with the help of
psychological science specialists. Sometimes psychologists reject the use of specialist structures in

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their fields of endeavor because they worry that the laptop will replace them. Sometimes they do not
pick out the full workable of the use of Information Technology. The identical reactions have been
encountered among medicine docs when the first computerized diagnose system was tested. The AI

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has now not reached yet that stage of performance successful of emulating simultaneously all pieces
of human behavior, but researchers are on the right music of getting there (Klein, 1999). Anyhow,
there are many intersection factors between these two domains.
Having artificially sensible machines that think, learn, reason, experience, and can function

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autonomously, without supervision, is one of the most fascinating goals in all of Computer Science.
As the sorts of problems, we would like machines to clear up get extra complex; it is becoming a
necessary goal as well. One of the many troubles associated with this goal is that what studying and

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reasoning are have so many possible meanings that the solution can without difficulty be misplaced
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in the sea of opinions and options. The aim of this paper is to set up some foundational principles,
theory, and ideas that we experience are the spine of real, self-sustaining Artificial Intelligence These
article evaluations traits in artificial brain (AI) technologies and their cutting-edge and potential
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purposes in scientific psychological practice. Some of the principal AI assisted activities reviewed
include scientific training, treatment, psychological assessment, and scientific choice making.
Thinking for an integrated AI-based clinician gadget is, also, introduced. Issues associated with AI in
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the context of medical practice, the plausible for job loss among mental health professionals, and
different ramifications related with the advancement of AI technological know-how are discussed.
The development of AI applied sciences and their application in psychological exercise have essential
implications that can be predicted to transform the mental fitness care field. Psychologists and other
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mental fitness care gurus have a necessary section to play in the development, evaluation, and ethical
use of AI technologies.
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Artificial Intelligence
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is technology designed to operate activities that typically require human
intelligence. AI is additionally described as the multidisciplinary area of science that is worried with
the development and learns about of this technology. The subject of AI finds its genesis with the
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establishing of the pc age in the 1940s, and it was officially given its name by laptop scientist John
McCarthy in 1956 (Buchanan, 2005, for a assessment of the history of AI). AI technological know-
how can be in the structure of bodily machines, standalone pc software, disbursed across net-works,

This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3433670
 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

utilized to robotics, or engineered from living biology or coupled to it (e.g., brain– pc interfaces).
This science can be purposed for specialized shrewd functions or to emulate complex human behavior

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that is capable of reasoning, learning, and acting upon surroundings as a self-sufficient shrewd agent

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(Russell & Norvig, 2003). Imperative branches of AI comprise of the learn approximately of tablet
learning, counterfeit neural systems, and home-grown dialect handling. Machine getting to know is
the capability of computers to look at but being unequivocally modified (Samuel, 1959), artificial
neural networks are mathematical, computational, or technological fashions that mimic the common

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sense and learning functions of neurons in a intelligence (Krogh, 2008), and natural language
processing is involved with how computers technique human natural languages (Manning & Schütze,
1999).

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AI has been utilized to activities in the discipline of medicinal drug seeing that the 1970s, especially
in the areas of expert structures for clinical choice making and in biomedical lookup (Morelli,
Bronzino & Goethe, 1987; Patel et al., 2009; Shortliffe, 1993; Szolovits, 1982). The emergence of

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AI in medicinal drug has also introduced forth the scientific journal “Artificial Intelligence in
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Medicine” and quite a few formerly critiques and proposals of AI purposes in psychiatry have been
published (e.g., Garfield, Rapp, & Evens, 1992; Hand, 1985; Morelli, 1989; Servan-Schreiber, 1986).
The use of AI technologies in the mental health care discipline stays a burgeoning location that has
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considered important tendencies in the last decade. The constant makes in laptop performance as well
as advances in different technological areas such as in virtual reality, pc expertise acquisition,
language processing, sensing, and robotics have enabled new and thrilling capabilities that had been
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only dreamed of in the past. The contemporary and forthcoming applications of AI technologies can
be predicted to have a profound impact on the discipline of psychology and mental health care in
general. It is consequently essential for psychologists and others in the mental health care discipline
to be conscious of any ability and ramifications of the use of cutting-edge and emerging AI
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technologies.
The relation between psychology and expert systems is nearer that looks at a first glance. In fact, the
bases of synthetic brain - AI - be counted on the cognitive method in psychology. The AI dynamics
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used to be greater than the evolution of psychology due to its strong mathematic aid and the vital
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industrial functions AI provided. The manufacturing systems, and then the professional systems
emerged around the 80’s as a market asset (Shaw & Gaines, 2005). The links with the foundation is
no longer loosed yet. The expert structures want the help of the psychology. After the primary wave
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of eagerness, the IT specialists have caught on that there is a want for enhancement of a few strategies
to form a proficient run the show extraction from individuals. Here the repertory grid elicitation used
to be diagnosed as being useful and built-in into the local “know how”. From the factor of view of

This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3433670
 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

psychology, the expert systems can be used in conjunction with private assemble psychology.
Unfortunately, the psychologist approach is not economically feasible. But a compromise can be

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reached if an expert device with customary rules about human behavior and thinking is developed,

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and then, in time, a structure of self-acquiring new rules from direct dialog with the affected person
will be used.
The professional structures are complicated purposes that have as their fundamental challenge to seize
a unique set of rules regarding the experience of a human professional in some unique field. There

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are some limits in their implementation, however normally utilized to dimension of guidelines set and
eventually to readability of this set. From the computing electricity point of view, in modern times
there are new procedures in excessive overall performance computing like GRID or CLOUD

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computing that can assure all the wished scalability. Probably the complexity of human thinking, of
natural language and additionally its imperfections as a verbal exchange channel, may limit the
information transfer. The application of these systems is almost unlimited from a theoretical point of

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view, because at the origin of artificial Genius – AI – laid the concept of making an attempt to
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replicate human thinking. However, this is still not generally complete. As a result, a number of
branches of AI try to replicate pieces of lifestyles behavior at any level, starting with genetic
algorithms and neural networks and finishing with artificial life, fuzzy and game theory. Any expert
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gadget ought to have three key components: the knowledge base, the inference engine, and the
interface. The expertise base can be composed of structured records like tables of numbers, facts, if-
then rules, a variety of relationships, vital values, someday equations or units of qualitative
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descriptors. In the order of this database, an exceptional logic interpreter is used for the inference
machine. Inference engines can have distinct complexity levels. The top information is that the engine
can be parallelized (Urbani et al., 2010), so that, into a scalable computing medium, we can solve
problems on any level of complexity we need. On top of the inference engines, we discover the rule-
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based system. Of direction, those are parallelizable too (Petcu, 2006). These systems are based totally
on complicated businesses of regulations – metarules - used to deal with the execution of different
rules.
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The fact the structures are parallelizable opens the opportunity of growing some other form of
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dispensed artificial intelligence. The term usually refers to a complicated system of shrewd marketers
deployed onto a distributed system. It is no longer clear why the usual term artificial brain that in
modern times covers all the unique branches was selected to define only the smart retailers’ utility in
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allotted computing. Usually the regularly occurring time period is allotted expert systems.
Psychology is one of the basic sciences of artificial talent (AT). The founder of the psychology is
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), who engaged in empirical methods, and used to be fascinated in the

This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3433670
 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

wondering approaches all through his scientific work. The major aim of the science is to mannequin
human wondering (in AI the Human Computing offers with this question), but additionally an

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different question rose: How can we clear up psychological, human-near questions or issues with

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artificial intelligence methods? If we possess the special description of the brain, it will enable us to
mannequin this on computer, for example: a broader grasp of Natural language processing, perception
emotional intelligence, sight.
The researchers in social sciences or psychology want to readapt to our on-line world realities. As a

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result, new approaches of gathering records about people or communities have to be developed. There
are probabilities of managing facts retrieval from Internet. There are many tiers in extracting expertise
from digital documents, or from social networks. In the beginning, a search engine is willing to

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perform because the expert will set some brief or long time period areas of interest, normally referred
by way of the use of a key-word set. One possibility is to thoroughly improve the search engine from
scratch. This method is very high-priced in terms of challenge resources, but it has the advantage of

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having an exceptional tune round the trouble specification. This strategy is recommended particularly
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when the search is made in nicely defined giant databases with managed access; otherwise, the use
of accessible global search engines dynamic libraries can effortlessly take care of the problem. The
most vital search engines are Google, Yahoo or Bing. The business method of Google prohibits the
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use of their libraries in that scope; however, the Microsoft Bing alternative can be used except any
problems.
In human-to-human communication, there are many difficulties involving the ordinary ambiguities
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of Natural language or cultural differences. As a result, the primary problem of looking out includes
the minimization of informational redundancy. Worse than that, generally, a search method involves
a set of words from the user knowledge and there are correct chances that his dictionary has solely a
partial match to the ones of different authors who have written some records that is without a doubt
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needed with the aid of that user. In the case of psychology, we have a massive problem because many
schools have the equal universe of discourse (over 50% match), however alas they use different
discourse universes, and from time to time even distinct preferred notations. This makes it very
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challenging to follow a facts retrieval system to efficient filter the news appears in the domain. As a
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result, an efficient dedicated retrieval device for a psychologist will need to be constantly tuned with
the researcher in order to shortly adapt. This method can pressure maybe, in time, the device to gather
sufficient guidelines to limit step by step the supplementary input needs from the expert. in method
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all the troubles involving exceptional representations of the identical knowledge, an expert device
can be used. The Internet has more information about a character than one can expect. That is due to
the non-stop increasing dependence of the human to the IT related tools.

This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3433670
 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

Intelligent dealers also have some unique AI algorithms integrated. Their development looks to be in
shut relationship with disbursed systems. The marketers commonly need a unique framework to be

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loaded on each concerned machine. The improvement of industrial purposes is slow due to the fact

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of protection associated problems. No one can guaranty yet that a piece of code achieved into the
framework cannot be detrimental for the host. That is why carrier-oriented structure starts off evolved
to achieve interest. Anyhow, the clever retailers have a big practicable both from the idea and the
practice point of view. There are quite a number of classifications of clever agents; however, from

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the implementation factor of view, the difference between week and robust retailers appears to be
extra useful (Wooldrige et al., 1995). The susceptible retailers have the following properties:
• Proactive - when agents can provoke behaviors and courses of motion in order to attain their

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objectives.
• Reactive: retailers can answer to external events.
• Autonomous: marketers do not need human interaction.

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• Social: agents two can two speak with two other retailers using an agreed two Agent
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Communication Language (ACL) and ontology (e.g. Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language
(KQML) for clever agents). Strong marketers will inherit the traits of vulnerable agents, but enrich
them with the following characteristics:
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• Rationality: an agent will take no action in such a way that would contradict its objectives.
• Benevolence: dealers ought to no longer act in such as way that would compromise different
agent or its host environment.
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• Veracity: agents are truthful.

For our Human–computer interaction (HCI) we want to use strong agents. We propose to use the
Bickmore approach as a beginning base in designing HCI interface. He developed a gadget primarily
based on a mixture between sensible dealers and advanced HCI techniques in order to collect the
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exceptional viable personal relationship between the human and the laptop (Bickmore, 2003). From
all sorts presented, we choose to use the following type of agents:
• Social agents are defined as those artefacts, primarily computational, that are intentionally
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designed to display social cues or otherwise to produce a social response in the person using
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them (Bickmore, 2003). Their introduction is based on various studies that prove that people
change their behaviour and evaluation of the relation with an animated virtual reality character,
which can emulate some social interaction abilities.
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• Affective agents are those intentionally designed to display affect, recognize affect in users,
or manipulate the user’s affective state (Bickmore, 2003). They have abilities in the emotional
intelligence field. They most control various levels of verbal and nonverbal communication

This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3433670
 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

normally used by a person. Here we can mention the facial expression, the body posture, the
color of skin response, the use of grips, the use of natural voice and synchronized the emulated

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mood with the voice tone. One of the problems is the detection of user mood. This can be done

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using various pattern recognition tools (for speech, face recognition, voice recognition and
analysis, posture and skin color) and then to use the same knowledge database as the emulated
person. Figure 1 shows the relationship of artificial intelligence with other sciences.

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Figure 1. Affective agents
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Clinical Psychology
The assisted cognitive psychotherapy has been examined given that the 90’, and the end result seem
to be encouraging (Wood et al., 1998). The Computer aided Cognitive Behavioral Therapy – CCBT
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- is used in conjunction with the psychotherapist and, based totally on affected person input, it can
suggest some commonplace instructions in patient remedy and even take care of some component of
it (Marks et al., 2007). As in other applications, the use of these structures for the duration of the
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therapeutic process can limit the time spent by using the specialist with the patient, however
dramatically extends the time of remedy equipment due to electronic supervision. Because in most
cases the key of success is increasing as a great deal as viable the time allotted by way of the patient
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to the supervised treatment, then there are many expectations from this approach. Yet the gadget has
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its limitations. For example, until now it cannot offer solutions to issues like compulsive gambling,
nightmares, enuresis and tics. This is anticipated due to gravity and complexity of noted problems.
So, we might also argue that these structures are useful and that they will be constantly developed,
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but there is no way that they totally change the specialist yet.
The hypnotherapy may also be conducted in a traditional manner, but right effects are also acquired
via the use of a number in part or totally electronic techniques. Because the computer can totally

This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3433670
 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

control the audio/video glide in anything manner is necessary, the IT involvement in this field is
higher. In table 1, the techniques overall used in conjunction with a laptop are introduced (Frost,

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2008).

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Recommended
Problem Used Methods
Techniques
Stress Self-hypnosis Interactive web applications
Anxiety Hypnotherapy Interactive web applications

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Depression Relaxation therapy Stand-alone applications
Phobias on various forms Meditation Multimedia support
Cognitive issues (e.g. positive thinking) Stress management Mini mixing desks
Table 1. Computer-based hypnotherapy application

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Nowadays, the use of digital fact has turn out to be widespread in the health care offerings in order
to help the psychotherapist. The specialists commence to think about that the VR function will
consistently amplify in the future within the area of medical psychology (Riva, 2005).

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The assisted cognitive psychotherapy has been tested since the 90’, and the result seem to be
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encouraging (Wood et al., 1998). The Computer aided Cognitive Behavioral Therapy – CCBT - is
used in conjunction with the psychotherapist and, based on patient input; it can suggest some general
directions in patient treatment and even handle some portion of it (Marks et al., 2007). As in other
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applications, the use of these systems during the therapeutic process can decrease the time spent by
the specialist with the patient, but dramatically increase the time of treatment appliance due to
electronic supervision. Because in most cases the key of success is increasing as much as possible the
no

time allocated by the patient to the supervised treatment, than there are many expectations from this
approach. Yet the system has its limitations. For example, until now it cannot offer solutions to
problems like compulsive gambling, nightmares, enuresis and tics. This is expect due to gravity and
complexity of mentioned problems. These systems are useful and, so, they will be continuously
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develop, but there is no way that they entirely replace the specialist yet.
The hypnotherapy may be conducted in a classic manner, but good effects are also obtained by the
use of various partially or totally electronic techniques. Because the computer can fully control the
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audio/video flow in whatever manner is necessary, the IT involvement in this field is higher.
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AI Applications in Psychology
In panic and phobia disorders treatment, the results of using computer application were not so
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impressive; though from an economic efficiency point of view there was a real success (McCrone et
al., 2009).

This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3433670
 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

The video games are already used in education of young people of unique ages, so this manageable
has attain the psychiatrist expert attention. So, the idea of the use of games in schooling at a range of

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tiers of complexity appears. The video games are, in most of cases, based totally on complex expert

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systems or on different varieties of superior artificial intelligence. The psychologists have not
disregarded this approach. As a result, research about using 3D games as centered remedy gadgets
have been conducted (Coyle et al., 2005). First-Order Consequences appear to be promising, but it is
hard to find a popular remedy solution. Therefore, the therapeutic games want behavior guidelines

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change from time to time, beneath the psychiatrist supervision. The relation between psychology and
professional systems is nearer that appears at a first glance. In fact, the bases of artificial Genius - AI
– matter on the cognitive approach in psychology. The AI dynamics used to be greater than the

re
evolution of psychology due to its sturdy mathematic help and the vital industrial functions AI
provided. The manufacturing systems, and then the professional structures emerged around the 80’s
as a market asset (Shaw & Gaines, 2005). The hyperlinks with the beginning are no longer loosed

r
yet. The specialist structures need the help of the psychology. After the first wave of enthusiasm, the
ee
IT experts have understood that there is a want for improvement of some techniques to make an
environment friendly rule extraction from people. Here the repertory grid elicitation was diagnosed
as being useful and integrated into the neighborhood “know how”. From the factor of view of
tp

psychology, the professional structures can be used in conjunction with non-public construct
psychology. Unfortunately, the psychologist strategy is not economically feasible. However, a
compromise can be reached if a specialist gadget with everyday policies about human behavior and
no

wondering is developed, and then, in time, a structure of self-obtaining new regulations from direct
dialog with the affected person will be used.
The expert structures are complicated functions that have as their most important subject to capture
a particular set of rules involving the journey of a human expert in some specific field. There are
int

some limits in their implementation, but generally applied to dimension of regulations set and
subsequently to clarity of this set. From the computing electricity point of view, presently there are
new procedures in excessive overall performance computing like GRID or CLOUD computing that
r

can guarantee all the wished scalability. Probably the complexity of human thinking, of Natural
ep

language and additionally its imperfections as a conversation channel, can also restriction the
information transfer. The utility of these structures is almost unlimited from a theoretical factor of
view, because at the origin of artificial intelligence – AI – laid the thinking of attempting to replicate
Pr

human thinking. But this cannot be one as a complete yet. As a result, a range of branches of AI try
to replicate pieces of lifestyles behavior at any level, opening with genetic algorithms and neural

This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3433670
 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

networks and ending with synthetic life, fuzzy and sport theory. Any expert gadget has to have three
key components: the expertise base, the inference engine, and the interface.

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The expertise base can be composed of structured records like tables of numbers, facts, if-then rules,

we
a number of relationships, fundamental values, sometime equations or sets of qualitative descriptors.
The Use of a Selective Database Technique in Order, a unique logic interpreter is used for the
inference machine. Inference engines can have distinct complexity levels. The correct information is
that the engine can be parallelized (Urbani et al., 2010), so that, into a scalable computing medium,

v ie
we can resolve problems on any degree of complexity we need. On pinnacle of the inference engines,
we locate the rule primarily based system. Of course, these are parallelizable too (Petcu, 2006). These
systems are primarily based on complex groups of regulations – Meta rules - used to deal with the

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execution of other rules.

The correlation between Artificial Intelligence and Clinical Psychology

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Virtual Environment is an important part of Virtual Reality, because more and more people connect
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to them. In these artificial environments (for example, games), human like attributes are relevant. As
represented in figure 2, virtual human may possess several parameters: mental states (which produces
emotional connection to the player), emotions, personality, memory, social norms behavior,
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intelligence, motivation, are connect to sensors to be able to react on outer stimuli. Picture illustrates
the possible mental model of a virtual human. Technologies of Artificial Intelligence provide a basis
for the dream of the virtual reality. Social Norm includes status, rules of information and interaction,
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control of the process, nonverbal social interaction.

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Figure 2. Virtual world

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Artificial Psychology is a theoretical discipline that was first proposed by Dan Curtis (1963). This
theory states that Artificial Intelligence will approach the complexity degree of human Genius when
the artificially smart system meets three very essential conditions:

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 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

• Condition 1: The artificially smart system makes all of its decisions autonomously (without
supervision or human intervention) and is capable of making choices primarily based on facts

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that is 1) New, 2) Abstract, and 3) Incomplete.

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• Condition 2: The artificially smart device is capable of reprogramming itself (evolving), based
on new facts and is capable of resolving its own programming conflicts, even in the presence
of incomplete information.1
• Condition 3: Conditions 1 and 2 are met in conditions that had been no longer part of the

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original operational machine (part of the authentic programming), i.e., novel situations that
were not foreseen in the layout and initial implementation of the system.
We trust that when all three prerequisites are met, then the possibility will exist that the artificially

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clever system will have the ability attain conclusions based on newly obtained and inferred data that
has been discovered and saved as memories. At this point, we trust the standards exist, such that the
new field of Artificial Psychology wishes to be put into vicinity for such systems. The first simulation

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of a psychotherapist that used a human-computer interface used to be the ELIZA pc program in 1966
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(Weizenbaum, 1976). The program was designed to imitate the empathic conversation style of Carl
Rogers (Rogers, 1951), and it used a query and answer layout to respond to statements that its
consumer typed on a keyboard. ELIZA used language syntax to grant formulated responses based
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totally a programmed model and therefore solely mimicked conversation. In the early 1970s,
psychiatrist Kenneth M. Colby developed a program called PARRY at Stanford University that
simulated a man or woman with paranoid schizophrenia and, like ELIZA, the software should
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communicate with others (Güzeldere & Franchi, 1995). PARRY is credited as being the first software
to bypass the Turing Test. The Turing Test (Turing, 1950), named after Alan Turing, is a method for
judging the brain of machines. To pass by the test, a laptop program must impersonate a human real-
time written dialog with a human decide sufficiently adequate so that the judge cannot reliably
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distinguish between the application and a real person. Tests of PARRY confirmed that specialist
psychiatrists had been unable to distinguish between PARRY and a real character with paranoid
schizophrenia (Teuscher & Hofstadter, 2006).
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Technology has now developed into superior virtual human avatars (virtual fact simulated humans)
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that are successful of carrying on interactive and wise conversations. The coupling of virtual truth
simulation, natural language processing, and knowledge-based AI successful of reasoning makes this
possible. Researchers at University of Southern California’s (USC) Institute for Creative
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Technologies, for example, are currently growing life-like digital human sufferers for use in scientific
training and talent acquisition (Rizzo, Lange, et al., 2011). The digital truth sufferers are designed to
mimic the signs and symptoms of psychological problems and engage with therapists via verbal

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This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3433670
 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

dialogue. They can also be modified for precise affected person population simulations and trainee
ability levels. Some of the attainable benefits of this technology include the functionality for trainees

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to receive adaptive and customized training that is rather realistic and additionally on hand to the

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trainee at any time. This can furnish the introduced gain of freeing up instructors to play a greater
advanced position in guiding pupil training. However, more researcher are necessary in order to
decide how tremendous these structures will be.
AI-enabled digital truth human avatars have the doable to be used for all different kinds of person-

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to-person interactions in intellectual health care, which include psychological treatments,
assessments, and testing. The use of virtual actuality avatars to grant people with statistics about
intellectual fitness assets and aid are already in use (DeAngelis, 2012; Rizzo, Lange, et al., 2011). For

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example, Sim Coach (www.simcoach.org) designed to connect army service members and their
families to fitness care and other well-being resources (Rizzo, Lange, et al., 2011). This kind of AI
technological know-how may also one day revolutionize tele practice—AI-enabled avatars ought to

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be accessed remotely to provide psychological services to anywhere where there is an Internet
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connection. One of the benefits for patients is that these automatic AI-enabled virtual consultants can
be readily accessed via patients at any time and grant them with simple assessments,
recommendations, and referrals for in addition therapy that are tailor-made to the patient’s person
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needs. Another gain of digital truth avatar system is that persons who are involved about privateness
and the stigma associated with looking for care in person may additionally be greater willing to are
looking for help from a virtual care company in the remedy of their home. Another benefit of this
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technology is that it is more inter-active and enticing than static informational Internet Web sites.
These structures also have the achievable to help practitioners by means of serving as usually
reachable specialist consultants that have discovered and possess know-how in particular domains or
disciplines.
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The use of AI-enabled kiosk-based computerized health screening systems may additionally be high-
quality in settings where large numbers of humans want to be screened, such as in the military.
Systems that use AI machine learning and reasoning standards go beyond mere computerized surveys
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with logic-based algorithms and gate questions; they ought to make assessments greater environment
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friendly and sophisticated due to the fact of the capability to method complex data, personalize to the
individual, and minimize uncertainty in screening outcomes.
Integrated AI applied sciences can additionally provide a simulated practitioner with abilities that are
Pr

beyond those of human practitioners, correctly making it a remarkable clinician. The notable clinician
could be constructed with advanced sensory technologies such as infrared imaging (to notice body
temperature modifications indicative of modifications in internal states) and optical sensing capable

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 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

of observing and examining refined facial expressions, eye blinking, vocal characteristics, and other
patterns of conduct that furnish clinically relevant information. Machine olfaction technological

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know-how could additionally be used to sense the presence of alcohol, for example. The technological

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know-how ought to use facial awareness science to verify the identification of sufferers and also get
admission to and analyze all data handy about the patient from electronic medical records, session
notes, assessments, and trying out effects via wi-fi technologies. Furthermore, the extraordinary
clinician may want to conduct classes with entire autonomy or serve as an assistant to practitioners

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in the course of scientific assessments and treatments. For example, this technology ought to assist
the human practitioner with documents review, monitoring of physiological data, pretreatment
clinical interviews, or check administration.

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One of the earliest purposes of pc and AI science in the clinical field that also has direct applicability
to the mental health care area is the use of specialist systems for medical selection making. An
specialist system is a computer software designed to comprise the understanding and capability of an

r
expert in a unique domain (McCarthy, 1984), and decision guide systems are a class of professional
ee
gadget that is specially designed to resource in the technique of choice making (Finlay, 1994). Many
of these systems are rule-based specialist systems that have information and regulations
preprogrammed and therefore require a priori expertise on the phase of the selection maker. Decision
tp

aid structures can also be designed to use information mining strategies to search and discover
patterns and relationships in data and therefore do no longer require a priori knowledge (Hardin &
Chhien, 2007). In addition, fuzzy expert structures are expert systems that use fuzzy good judgment
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instead of Boolean logic. Fuzzy logic (Zadeh, 1965) is an approach of reasoning that deals with
approximate values (e.g., some degree of “true”) rather than fixed and actual values (e.g., “true” or
“false”) and is useful for working with uncertainties all through selection making. Fuzzy modeling
and fuzzy-genetic algorithms are techniques used to help with the optimization of regulations and
int

membership classification (Jagielska, Matthews & Whitfort, 1999 for an evaluation of these
concepts). One of the first scientific selection aid programs at Stanford University in the early 1970s
was developed. The system, recognized as MYCIN, to discover microorganism causing infections
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and blood clotting illnesses, was designed (Buchanan & Shortliffe, 1984; Short-liffe, 1976). Built via
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interviewing experts, MYCIN used to be a rule-based gadget that used a typed question and answer
dialog. Al-though the device carried out nicely in tests, it was once by no means put to scientific use
mainly because of the computing technology limitations of the day (Buchanan & Shortliffe, 1984).
Pr

The advancements in computing power and AI technological know-how in view that then, however,
have noticeably extended the skills of medical professional systems. With the use of neural network
ideas and computer studying techniques, current expert systems can discover patterns, trends, and

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 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

which means from complex data that are too complex to be processed by using people or different
computer-based technologies. Support vector machines (SVMs; Cortes & Vapnik, 1995), for

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example, use computer studying to analyze, classify, and recognize patterns in records and have lately

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been examined in the classification of quite a few ailments consisting of Parkinson’s disorder (Gil &
Johnson, 2009) and Alzheimer’s ailment (Kohannim et al., 2010).
The use of specialist structures in the intellectual fitness subject has lagged in the back of utility in
the clinical field, however the applicability of AI more advantageous systems is being realized. For

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example, Masri and Mat Jani (2012) proposed an AI-based Mental Health Diagnostic Expert System
(MeHDES) that would encode human experts’ knowledge of intellectual fitness issues into a know-
how base using rule-based reasoning techniques. Fuzzy good judgment methods would then be used

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to determine the severity degree of a specific ailment to be measured, and fuzzy-genetic algorithms
would be used to decide and recommend customized treatments that think about the patient’s finances
and basic fitness condition. AI-enabled virtual reality human avatars with speech detection and

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Natural language processing technology ought to additionally decorate expert systems by using pro-
ee
viding a human-like verbal communicate interface. These systems should have access to the corpus
of expert expertise regarding psychiatric and scientific problems and be fed facts from affected person
medical information and trying out results. Other realistic functions of AI-enabled expert structures
tp

encompass assistance with evaluation of medicine use, monitoring, and identification of

contraindications (Bindoff, Stafford, Peterson, Kang, & Tenni, 2012). Moreover, the thought of
artificial wise multiagent could additionally be used to have artificial “minds” work at the same time
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to make choices and provide solutions to problems in medical exercise or research. Along these lines,
McShane, Beale, Nirenburg, Jarell, and Fantry (2012) talk about a gadget that enables the introduction
of synthetic intelligent marketers that can function as individuals of multi agent groups (i.e., each
artificial and human clinical experts) to become aware of and unravel clinical diagnostic
int

inconsistencies.
The advantage of AI-based clinical decision assist systems is that they can deal with high levels of
complexity in facts and can therefore aid practitioners with extracting relevant records and making
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most excellent decisions. These structures can also help practitioners deal with uncertainty and assist
ep

pace up choice making. The applications of AI-enabled scientific choice help systems can minimize
needs on staff time and it can assist reduce limitations of limited practitioner competence in precise
areas. Moreover, as humans are inclined to making mistakes as result of cognitive mistakes and
Pr

fatigue, AI science has the attainable to enhance capabilities and reduce human blunders in medical
decision making in all health care fields.

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 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

Conclusion
The presence of AI technology can already be found all around us. It is used in logistics planning,

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finance (to monitor and trade stocks and to conduct other banking functions), data analysis,

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manufacturing, Internet search engines, automobiles, mobile de-vice applications (e.g., Apple’s Siri
speech recognition software), aircraft guidance systems, and in a plethora of other applications
(Kurzweil, 2005; Russell & Norvig, 2003). Moreover, full human brain simulation is a possibility in
the near future. Notably, the Blue Brain Project (Switzerland) aims to create a synthetic brain by

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reverse-engineering the mammalian brain down to the molecular level. In 2009, they successfully
developed a model of rat’s cortex, and a full human brain simulation may be possible in 20 years
(Neild, 2012). In 2013, the Obama administration announced a billion-dollar investment in a brain-

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mapping project that consists of a consortium of both private and public organizations (i.e., Defense
Applied Research Projects Agency; National Institutes for Health, National Science Foundation;
Markoff, 2013). The project aims to create a functional map of neural networks of the human brain

r
(Alivisatos et al, 2012). The current and planned research and development investment in both the
ee
private and public sectors are indicative of the focus on the advancement of AI and associated
technologies. The application of AI technologies in the mental health care field is undoubtedly a
growth area that is destined to have a profound influence on psychological practice and research in
tp

the years ahead.

The field of psychology has historically made important contributions to the field of AI. For example,
Frank Rosenblatt was the psychologist who built the Mark 1 Perceptron (Rosenblatt, 1957) - the first
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machine that could learn on its own using neural network concepts. The work of neuropsychologist
Donald O. Hebb, whose theory for how neurons learn by the strengthening of connections between
them (Hebb, 1949), set the foundation for the study of artificial neural nets in AI. The work of
psychologist David Rumelhart and colleagues (Rumelhart, McClelland & PDP Research Group,
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1986) furthered the study of neural-net models of memory that influenced the development of
machine learning. Moreover, the entire “cognitive revolution” in psychology during the 1960s led to
interest in computer models of human cognition. The further contributions of psychologists and other
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health care professionals in the study, development, and implementation of AI technology can be
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expected. Some of the areas to which psychologists and others in the mental health care field may
contribute include research toward the development of new and creative approaches to designing AI
technologies, laboratory and field evaluation of AI systems, and the study of how humans and AI
Pr

interact with each other. Some other examples of research in this area may include study of the social
relationships between people and artificial intelligent agents as well as the psychological effects of
human-like robots on people (and vice versa). Furthermore, psychologists can contribute to decisions

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 Tahan & Zygoulis Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Vol(n), year, pp

regarding the ethical use of this technology in psychological practice, research, and in all other areas
of society.

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As with any emerging technology, caution needs to be used judiciously to overcome optimistic biases

we
and, primarily, always to serve the best interests of the people for whom the technology is designed
to help. Not to mention that Artificial intelligence (AI) is here to stay. Further emphasizing that the
organization must stay attuned to the economic and social changes of the society; otherwise, it will
fade away (Tahan, 2018).

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As discussed in this article, there are many practical applications of AI technology that may serve to
benefit patients, health care providers, society by enhancing care, increasing efficiency, and
improving access to quality services. There is, nonetheless, the risk of this technology having negative

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implications as well. In the near term, specific applied use and collaboration with AI-enabled systems
that serve to assist mental health care professionals can be expected. In the not-so-distant future, the
widespread use of the AI technologies discussed in this article may be commonplace. Psychologists

r
and all mental health care professionals must therefore be prepared to embrace and guide the use and
ee
study of AI technologies for the benefit of patients, the profession, and society as a whole.

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