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Veni Vidi Vici 2nd Edition Eugene Ehrlich Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Eugene Ehrlich
ISBN(s): 9780061768033, 0061768030
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Language: english
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EU GE NE EHRL I C=::H
 About the Author
EUGENE EHRLICH,formerly a member of the depart1nent of English
and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, is the au-
thor of numerous reference books on language, including Amo,
Amas, Amat and Jl-1ore and Tbe Highly Selective Thesaurus for
the Extraordinarily Literate. He is also the coeditor of The 1Vew
O:eford American Dictionary.

About the Editor

MARGARET A. BRUCIA earned her Ph.D. in Classics frotn Fordhan1
University and is a Fellow of the American Academy in Rome.
After teaching high-school Latin for many years on Long Island,
she now teaches in the Classics Department at Temple Univer-
sity's Rome campus during the spring semester

CALG/1RY PUB! IC l lSR/'RY

\
VENI, VIDI, VICI
 '

\
VENI, VIOi,
VICI-
Second Edition

Conquer: Your Ene'!lies and

Impress Tour Friends with
Everyday Latin

EUGENE EHRLICH
Revised and Updated by Margaret A. Brucia

HARPER
r,j £ W YORI\ • LO N DON • T ORO N T O , SYDN E Y
 HARPER
VEN!, vm1, v1C1. Copyright © 1995, 2010 by the Estate of Eugene Ehrlich.
All rights reserved. Printed in che United States of America. No part of
this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without
written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in criti-
cal articles and reviews. For information address IIarperCollins Publishers,
10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022.

HarperCollins books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales

promotional use. For information please write: Special Markets Depart-
ment, HarperCollins Publishers, 10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022.

First Quill/ HarperResource edition published 2001.

First Harper paperback published 2010.

Designed by Atma Orenstein

The Librnry of Congress has cau1logued the first edition as follows:

Ehrlich, Eugene H.
Yeni vidi vici : / conquer your enemies, impress your friends with
everyday Latin / Eugene Ehrlich.
p . cm.
\
"A Hudson Group book."
Includes index.
ISBN 0-06-273365-6
1. English language-Foreign words and phrases-1.atin-
Dictionai-ies. 2. Proverbs, Latin- Translations into English.
3. Maxims, Latin-Translations into English. 4. Latin language-
Tem1s and phrases. I. Title.
PE1582.L3E38 1995
422'.471--<lcZ0 94-42354

ISBN 978-0-06-176803-3 (second edition)

JO 11 12 13 14 IRRD 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Sam, Mickey, Hazel, Rebecca, Margie,
.Alice, Harry, aitd Ruth
 ...

\
veni I came
vidi I saw
vici I conquered

-the best-known Latin sentence of

them all, freely rendered as "a piece of
cake," repotted by Plutarch to have
been uttered by Julius Caesar when
announcing his victory in 47 B.c. over
Phamaces, king of Pontus.
•
 Contents

Foreword xi

Preface to the First Edition xiii

Pronunciation Notes . xv

Dramatis Personae xix

Veni, Vidi, Vici 1

English Index 271

...
 Foreword

I have revered Eugene Ehrlich's learned and entertaining com-

pendia of Larin expressions since they were first published.
When I taught high-school Latin, I kept copies of Amo, Amas,
Amat and Veni, Vidi, Vici in my classroom. Eugene's volumes
were the ideal source for the right Latin expression to suit any
situation or occasion. Even though 1 never met Eugene Ehrlich, I
knew chat he ,vas a rara avis(RAAH-rah AH-wihs) whose schol-
arly ac_u men rivaled his sage and sometimes trenchant humor.
Shortly before Eugene's death in the spring of 2008, his son
Herny asked for 1ny thoughts about revising Veni, Vidi, Vici
for republication and put me in touch with Stephanie Meyers
at HarperCollins. I suggested a revision of the pronunciation
guide. Some entries, it seemed to me, would benefit from a bit
of gentle tweaking to broaden the scope of the audience: Eu-
gene had a penchant for addressing like-minded coevals. Updal-
ing several of the references co the modem world a lso seemed
necessary because Veni, Vidi, Vici was first published in 1995.
With the support and encouragement of Henry Ehrlich and
Stephanie Meyers, the task of revising Veni, Vidi, Vici has be-
come a labor of love. It has allowed me to wrestle ,vith some
knotty problems of pronunciation and to savor again, and at
a slo~ver pace, some of the pithiest and most perceptive Latin
gems. Ilut perhaps the most challenging aspect of this project
has been to follow my own n1andate: to keep all the entries true
to the inilnitable flavor of Eugeoe's originals, both in style and
content. In that, above all, I hope I have succeeded.
J will consider my labor fruitful if, as a result, the wisdom
of Eugene and his cohort of Latin authors reaches a wide circle
of new admirers. This book is intended not only for students
xli Foreword

'
and teachers of Latin and classical antiquity, toast makers and
speech writers, linguists and word enthusiasts, but for every-
one, old and young, who takes delight in being reminded that
nibil sub sole novi (NIH-hihl suub SOH-leh NAW-wee): there's
nothing new under the sun. My fondest hope is that Veni, Vidi,
Vici may even inspire son1e of its readers to pursue the study
of Latin.
MARGARET A. BRUCIA
 Preface to the
First Edition

Amo, Amas, Amat and More, the predecessor of Veni, Vidi, Vici,
has remained in print both at home and abroad since it was
first published by HarperCollins in 1985. Since that time, n1y
interest in collecting interesting and useful Latin expressions
has not flagged. Some of the words and phrases I've collected
were provided by readers of.Amo, Amas, Amat and More, oth-
ers by my continuing reading of authors who write in English
but express themselves in Latin from tin1e to tin1e. My files of
Latin expressions finally reached a critical mass over a year ago,
and the present volume began to take fonn. It is my hope that
Veni, Vidi, Vici will prove at least as entertaining and instructive
for readers-judging by letters T have received-as Amo, Amas,
Amat and More.
In the present volume the reader will find only a few of the
entries that appeared in Amo, Amas, Amat and More but in ev-
ery case such phrases are subsun1ed under new entries to which
they are related in n1eaning. Thus, whenever a reader ,vonders
why 1 have not included phrases known to that reader, one ex-
planation is that I did not want to repeat wholesale the entry list
of Amo, Amas, Amat and More. Of course, another explanation
is that I have been ren1iss in Veni, Vidi, Vici.
As in the previous volume, the atte1npt is made in many
entries of this book to supply enlightening free translations as
well as literal explanations. Again as in the previous volume,
most of the entries in this book date back to classical times, but
there is some treatments of phrases that came into use long after
the decline of the Roman Empire. It will be seen that this book
 xiv Preface to the First Edition

present5 a greater proportion of maxims and proverbs than are

found in its predecessor, but the criteria for inclusion remain the
same-the inherent wisdo1n reflected in the thought presented
and the insight the entries provide into a civilization that still
captures modern imagination.
Now to repeat a few words from Amo, Amas, Amat and
More about the pronunciations supplied in this book. No one
knows just how Latin was pronounced by the Romans. I was
taught by my instructors at Townsend Harris High School and
the City College of New York to pronounce the name Caesar
as though the first letter were a k. Others may pronounce that
first letter as though it were eh, as in chew. This difference,
along with several other questions of pronunciation, is moot. Let
n1e assure the reader, however, that using the pronunciations
offered in this book will make it possible to pronounce Latin
without incurring the scorn of most people who have studied
the language in A.Inerican pubUc schools.
EtJGENE EHRLICH

\
 Pronunciation Notes

This volume uses a respelling sche1ne to represent the sounds of

Latin. Stresses are indicated by typographic means.
Stress . Stressed syllables are shown in capital letters, and
unstressed syllables, as well as words of a single syllable, arc
shown in lower case. Thus ego CD is pronounced EH-gaw, virtiis
(virtue) is pronounced WIHR-roos, and ars (art) is pronounced
ahrs.
Syllabification. The rules of Latin syllabification are con1plex
and inconsistent. Evidence from Latin poetry and from inscrip-
tions informs us that syliables usually begin with a consonant or
a. combination of pronounceable consonants. Prefixes, however,
re1nain intact and form separate syllables. An x is placed in the
same syllable as the preceding vo~vel.
Macrons. A macron is a n1ark (-), sometin1es called a long
1nark, placed above a Latin vowel to distinguish long from short
vowels. A long vowel takes twice as much time to say as a short
vowel. In the cases of e, i, o, and u, both the sound of the vowel
and the length of time requifed to pronounce it depend on
whether the vowel is long or short. 1n the case of a, however,
only the length of the vowel is affected; the sound remains the
sa1ne w hether the a is long or short. Macrons are helpful for cor-
rect pronunciation but are not generally used in written Latin.
Vowels. Like English vowels, certain Latin vowels have various
qualities (sound) and quantities (length). The samples given in
the chart below help in sounding out the Latin words on the
pages that follo\V.
xvi Pronunciatio n Notes

English Latin Latin

Vowel Pronunciation Wo rd Wo rd Pron unciation
short a AH orah asin far ' para PAH-roh
long a AAH or aah asin father earns KAAH-rnus
short e EH oreh asin set petere PEH-teh-reh
long e AY oray asin gray fecit FAY-kiht
short i lH orih asin dip id ihd
long i EE orec asin sweet vita WEE-tah
short o AW oraw asin often bominem HAW-mih-nehm
long o OH oroh asin both demo DOH-noh
short u l,'U oruu as in pul nunc nuunk
long u 00 oroo asin rude una 00-nah

Additional information about vowels. When two discrete

vowels (or a vowel and a diphthong) are juxtaposed in Latin,
a transitional sound is added for ease of pronunciation. For ex-
ample, the sound of the English y acts as a transition between
short e and short u, as in meus (my), pronounced MEH-yuus, or
between short i and short u, as in gtadius (s'Arord), pronounced
GLAH-dih-yuus. Similarly, the sound of the English w acts as a
transition between two short us, as in tuus(your), pronounced
TIJU-wuus, or between short u and long i, as in f ui (I have
been), pronounced FUU-,vee.
After the letter q, and sometimes after g and s, the Latin u
has the sound of the English w: This is no surprise for speakers
of English. Consider the words quick, guava, and suave. Thus,
quand6que(whenever) is pronounced kwahn-DOH-kweh, and
suave (pleasant) is pronounced SWAA.H-weh.
The letter y is not found in the Latin alphabet' but does ap-
pear in a few Latin words borrowed from Greek. In all occur-
rences in this book, y 's serve as short vowels. Although there is
no sound in English that accurately represents the sound of y
in Greek or Latin, we can approximate the sound of short y by
pronouncing they as u in the German word uber.
Diphthongs. Like English, in which, for example, the diph,-
thong oi is given a single sound (as in point) and ou is given a
single sound (as in loud), Latin has its share of diphthongs. .
When the second vowel in the combinations ef, oe, and uf is
long, these vowels are not pronounced as diphthongs and each
 Pronunciation Notes xvii

English Latin Latin

Diphthong Pronunciation Word Word Pronunciation
ae i or i as in my Caesar Kf-sahr
au O\'i/ orow as in now Augustus ow-GUUS-tuus
ei EY orey as in grey deinde DEYN-deh
eu EHYOO or ehyoo• as in feud ebeu AY-hehyoo
oe OY oroy as in boy proelium PROY-lih-yuum
ui OOWEE or oowee• as in phooey cui koowec
•Pronounce quickly as a single sound.

vowel has a separate sound, as in the Latin words dei (DEH-

yee), poeta (paw-WAY-tah), and sui (SUU-wee)
Consonants. Latin consonants are generally pronounced in
the same way as their English equivalents, with the following
1nore notable exceptions:
• The Latin c is pronounced as though it were a k. Thus
Cicero is pronounced KIH-keh-roh.
• The Latin g is pronounced like the g in the English word
give. Thus, gemma (gem) is pronounced GEHM-mah.
• Aj is often seen before a voweJ in some Latin texts where
o ne would expect to see an i. Whichever letter is used,
the sound is taken as an initial y, as in the English word
young. This means that the i (as well as the j) functions
as a consonant. Thus, the Latin word for justice, whether
spelled ius or jus, is pronounced yoos, but when i ap-
pears before a consonant, it is p ronounced as a vowel.
As speakers of 1nodem languages, we are not dismayed
by such apparent anomalies. Consider the pronunciation
of the English word union (initial syllable pronounced
YOON) and that of the English word unabie (initial syl-
lable pronounced uun).
• The Latin r is trilled.
• The Latin sis always pronounced like the s in the English
word set or pets. Thus semper paratus (always ready) is
pronounced SEHM-pehr pah-RAAH-tuus.
• The Latin v is always pronounced as though it were a w.
Thus, ave atque vale is pronounced AH-way AHT-kweh
WAH-lay.
• The Latin consonant x is considered a double consonant
 xvill. Pronunciation Notes
'
and has the sound of ks, as it does in English. Thus the
Latin word ex (out of) is pronounced ehks.
• The combinations of the letters eh, ph, and th reflect a
Greek origin and are not pronounced as they are nom1ally
pronounced in English. The initial consonant is aspirated,·
as in the English words chaos, uphill, and Thailand. Thus,
the Latin word chorda (chord) is pronounced KHAWR-
dah. Sin1ilarly, the Latin words philosophus (philosopher)
and thesaurus (treasuse) are pronounced phm-LAW-saw-
phuus and thay-SOW-ruus, with aspirated p's and t.

A final note on pronunciation. The difficulty of reconstruct-

ing the correct pronunciation of a language that is no longer
spoken cannot be overestimated. Ascertaining the quantities of
particular vowels (in other words, whether they are "long" or
"short") is often a vexing issue that has brought many linguistic
scholars to the point of verbal fisticuffs . Dictionaries are not
always helpful (as the quantities of vowels are not always indi-
cated) and, indeed, are often contradictory. This pronunciation
guide ,nay not satisfy the demanding requirements of serious
scholars and linguists, but it will n1ore than suffice for those
enthusiasts and students who strive to pronounce Classical Latin
both intelligibly and intelligently.

\
 Dramatis Personae
(DRAAH-mah-tihs pehr-SOH-ni)
List of Characters

Apuleius. Lucius Apuleius. Flourished around A.D. 155. Boin and

lived most of his life in northern Africa. Best remembered
for his work entitled Metarnorphoses, also known as The
Golden Ass, a Latin novel in eleven books, the most fa-
mous episode of which is the story of Cupid and Psyche.
Caesar. Caius Julius Caesar. 100-44 B.c. Born at Rome. Soldier,
statesrnan. Bel/um Gallicum (The G{ltlic War), Bellum civile
(Ibe Civil War).
Cardinal Newman. Venerable John Henry (Cardinal) Newman.
1801- 1890. Born in London, England. A prolific and influ-
ential Roman Catholic priest and cardinal who converted
to Catholicis1n from Anglicanis1n in 1845. He was declared
"Venerable" by the Catholic Church in 1991, a step toward
attaining canonization as a saint.
Catullus. Gaius Valerius Catullus. 84?- 54? B.c. Born at Verona,
in Cisalpine Gaul. Best known for his tempestuous love
affair with a Roman gentlewoman (probably the notorious
Clodia), whom he i1runo1talized in his poems under the
pseudonym Lesbia. Carmina (Poems).
Cicero. Marcus Tullius Cicero. 106-43 B.C. Born at Arpinum in
central Italy. Jurist, statesman, w1iter, philosopher. Ora-
tiones (Orations), J?hetorica (Writings on Rhetoric), Philo-
sophica (Political and Philosophical Writings), Epistulae
(Letters).
Claudian. Claudius Claudianus. A.D. 4th cent.-c. 404. From
Alexandria. A speaker of Greek. Can1e ro Italy and n1as-
tered Latin, which was the language of his writings. Cou1t
poet under the emperor Honorius; his poetry eulogized
 xx Dramatis Personae

his pau·ons. De consulatu Honorii ( On the Consulship of

Honorius) , De consolatu Stilicponis ( On the Consulship of
Stilicbo).
Descartes. Rene Descartes (also known as Renatus Cartesius).
1596-1650. Born in France, died in Sweden, and buried'
in Paris. Philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer
who spent most of l'lis adult life in the Dutch Republic.
Hailed today as the father of both n1odern philosophy and
analytic geometry, in 1663 the Pope placed his works on
the Index of Prohibited Books.
Ennius. Quintus Ennius. 239-169 B.C. Born in Calabria, Italy.
Served in the Roman army and was awarded Roman citi-
zenship. A prolific writer, whose work survives only in
fragmentary fonn. His principal works were tragedies and
the Annales, a sweeping history of Rome, written in dac-
tylic hexaineter, from its origins to his own day. Enn.ius
was regarded as the father of Latin literature.
Grego1y the Great. c. A.O. 540-604. Born in Rome. Pope from
A.D. 590 until his death, Gregory was one of the six Latin
Fathers of the Church and the first pope to come fro1n a
monastic background. He was canonized a saint by the
Catholic Church and was admired by John Calvin. He
wrote the Dialogues, an account of the life of his n,aster,
St. Benedict, at1d other saints of the period.
Horace. Quintus Horatius Flaccus. 65-8 B.C. Born at Venusia,
in southern Italy. Me1nber of the literary circle brought to-
gether by Maecenas under the patronage of the en1peror
Augustus. Carmina (Odes), Epodi (Epodes) , Satirae (Sat-
ires), Epistulae (Ve~e Lette~), A~ Poetica (The Poetic An).
' Juvenal. Decimus Junius Iuvenalis. A.O. lst-2nd cent. Born at
Aqulnum, Italy. Author of verse satires attacking the cor-
ruption of Roman society. Satirae (Satires).
Llvy. Titus Livius. 59 B.C.-A.D. 17 or 64 B.C.-A.D. 12. Born ac Pata-
viun1, now Padua, in northeastern Italy. Historian. Ab urbe
condita ([History of Rome] from the -.Pounding of the City).
Lucan. Marcus Annaeus Lucanus. A.D . 39-65. Born at Cordoba
in Spain . Courtier in the reign of Nero. Fell fro1n grace and'
eventually was forced to co1nn1it suicide after becoming
implicated in the Pisonian conspiracy. Pharsalia (a poetic
account of Rome's civil war).
 D ramatis Personae xxi

Lucretius. Titus Lucretius Carus. Prob. 94-55 a.c. Probably mem-

ber of an aristocratic family, the Lucretii. Poet and philoso-
pher. De rerum natura (On the Nature of the Universe).
Manilius. lvfarcus lvfanilius. 1st cent B.C.-A.D. lsc cent. Facts of
his life are unknown. Astronomica (a didactic poem on
astrology).
Marcus Aurelius. 1\.farcus Aurelius Antoninus. A.D. 121-180. Ro-
n1an emperor. ll;feditationes (Meditations).
Martial. Marcus Valerius 1\.fartialis. c. A.D. 40-c. 104. Born at
Bilbilis, in Spain. Depicted Roman society in epigrammar.ic
verse. Epigrammata (1:,'pigrams).
Ovid. Publius Ovidius Naso. 43 B.C.-A.D . 17. Born at Sulmo, in
central Italy. Intended by his father for a legal career, but
gave it up to devote himself to poetry. i\,fember of the liter-
ary circle of Messalla. Exiled to the Black Sea by Augustus,
who was offended by Ovid's poetry, though there may
have been other offenses as well. Arnores(LovePoems), Ars
Amatoria (The Amatory Art), lv!etamorphoses (Changes).
Persius. Aulus Persius Flaccus., A.D. 34-62. Born at Volaterrae, in
northern Italy. Stoic satirist. Satirae (Satires).
Phaedrus. c. 15 B.c.-c. A.O. 50. A Thracian, born a slave. Eventu-
ally becan1e a freedman in the household of the en1peror
Augustus. Fabulae (Fables).
Plautus. Titus Maccius Plautus. 3rd-2nd cent. 13.C. Born at Sar-
sina, in central Italy. Author of comic dramas based on
Greek originals.
Pliny the Elder. Gaius Plinius. A.D. 23/4-79. Born at Comum,
now Con10, in north-central Italy. Military COffi!nander in
Gennany, provincial administrator, counselor to emperors
Vespasian and Titus. Naturali.., historia (iVatural H'istory).
Publilius Syn.1s. 1st cent. B.c. Can1e to Rome as a slave, perhaps
from Antioch. Author of mimes. Sententiae (Maxirns).
Quintilian. ,i\.farcus Fabius Quintilianus. c. A.O. 30-before 100.
Born at Calagurris, in Spain. Teacher of rhetoric; among
his pupils was Pliny the Younger. Institutio oratoria (The
Teaching of Oratory).
Sallust. Gaius Sallustius Crispus. 86-35 B.c. A Ron1an politician
turned historian after he was expelled from the senate,
probably on tn1n1ped-up charges against his character. He
wrote three historical monographs, two of which, Bellum
 xxii D ramatis Personae
...
.
Catilinae and Bellumjugurthinum, survive. A third, Histo-
riae, exists in frag1nentary form.
Seneca the Younger. Lucius Annaeus Seneca. Between 4 and
1 B.C.-A.D. 65. Born at Cordoba, in Spain. Counselor to
Nero, philosopher, poet. ' matogi (Dialogues), Naturales
quaestiones (Natural Questions, inquiries in physical sci-
ence), Apocolocyntosis (Tbe Pumpkinification [of the em-
peror Claudius]), tragedies, epigrams.
Suetonius. Caius Suetonius Tranquil/us. c. A.O. 69-? Practiced
law briefly, held various post5 in the imperial service, sec-
retaty to the emperor Hadrian. De vita Caesarum (Lives of
the Caesars [from Julius to Domitianl).
Tacitus. Cornelius Tacitus. c. 56 A.O.- after 115. Probably from
northern Italy or Gaul. Historian, held several official
posts. Annales (Annals), Historlae (Histories), Agricola
([Biography of his fad1er-in-law, Gnaeus Iulius] Agricola),
Germ'ania.
Terence. Publius Terentius A/er. c. 190-159 B.c. Born in no1th-
ern Africa, brought to Rome as a slave. Author of comic
dramas adapted fron1 Greek 1nodels by Apollodorus of
Ca1ystus and Menander. Andria ( Tbe Girl from Andros),
1-fecyra (The Mother-in-Law), lieauton timoru1nenos (The
Self-Punisher), Eunuchus (The Eunuch) , Phorniio, Ade/phi
(The Brothers).
Virgil. P.ublius Vergilius Maro. 70-19 B.C. Born near Mantua, in
northeascern Italy. Early in his career deeply influenced
by Catullus, men1ber of the literary circle of Asinius Pollio.
Later, through Maecenas, came under the patronage of the
e1nperor Aui:,TUstus. Aeneid(an epic poem abour me found-
ing of Rome by Aeneas), Georgics (a treatise ·on fanning in
'
poetry), Eclogues (pastornl poems).
VENI, VIDI, VICI
'
 A
a baculo
aah BAH-kuu-loh
with a big stick
Literally "by n1eans of the rod." The phrase a baculo char-
acterizes a threat of force-the big stick- rather than a resort to
logic or to sweet talk-the carrot. Baculum (BAH-kuu-luu1n)
is a stick or stave, quite useful as a convincer in hand-to-hand
encounters, for example, with a night prowler. In international
disputes, baculum might be a modern fighter-bomber.

ah agendo
ahb ah-GEHN-doh
out of action
For those who prefer more formal language, ab agendo can
also be translated as "incapacitated." But this phrase can also
be taken to mean "retired"-for the extraordinarily literate, "su-
perannuated." A final meaning is "obsolete." Thus, typewriters
and typists now may be considered ab agendo no matter which
translation you use.

ab ante
ahb AHN-teh
in advance
Literally "from before." An apt phrase for those with closed
minds: "I didn't have to think. My mind was made up ab ante,
indeed, even before the debate over where to eat began."
 2 ab antiquo

ab antiquo
ahb ahn-TEE-kwoh
from olden times
A phrase, literally "from ancient times," useful for those who'
are given incurably to looking back to the good old days when
... "If only life were as uncomplicated today as it was ab anti-
quo!"

abest
AHB-ehst
not present
A term useful· in a roll call, literally "he (or she) is absent."
A helpful fellow student n1ay employ this effectively when the
teacher calls a name and is met with no response. Or the teacher
may choose to convert this word to a question by adding the
enclitic -ne. For example, "Abestne (ahb-EIIST-neh) Matilda?"
("Is Matilda absent?") To which an overlooked Matilda might
respond, "Adsum!" (AHD-suum) ("I'm here!")

abeunt studia in mores

AHB-eh-yuunt STOO-dih-yah ihn MOH-rays
you are what you eat
ln this maxim fro1n Ovid, literally "pursuits meld into char-
acter," we are reminded that our interests, whatever they 1nay
be, shape our character. [n matters of food consu1nption, for ex-
' atnple, are you more interested in pursuing quality or quantity?
Have your dining habits 1nade you a gourrnet or a gourmand?

ab hoe et ah hac et ab ilia

ahb hohk eht ahb haahk eht ahb IHL-laah
the talk of gossips
This intriguing phrase, literally "from this man, this woman,
and that woman," characterizes something heard or said in gen-
eral gossip, with no indication of its precise source. But the
 abut ad m a.i ores (or majores) ~

phrase, which can also be translated as "from here, there, and

eve1ywhere," may be taken as the equivalent of "indiscrimi-
nately" or "confusedly." This is an especially handy phrase for
a quick thinker seeking to evade a direct answer to a pesky
question posed by an overbearing authority figure or a nosy
busybody. "Where did you ever get such an idea?" "Ab hoe et ah
hac et ab ilia." A perfectly obfuscatory reply!

ah igne ignem
ahb JHC-neh IHC-nehm
as you sow, so shall you reap
Literally "from fire, fire," suggesting that we can expect to
get out of something no 1nore and no less than what we put
into it. So if we sow dissension, how can v,re expect to reap
anything but further dissension? (See also TIBI SERIS, TIBI METIS and
UT SEMF.NTEM FECERIS, ITA ,METES.)

abi in pace
AHB-ee ihn PAAH-keh
ciao
Literally "depart in peace," a Latin variant of vade (WAAH-
deh) in pace, "go in peace"- both meaning "good-bye." If more
than one person is addressed, the correct phrase is abite (ahb-
EE-teh) in pace.

abiit ad maiores (or majores)

AHB-ih-yiht ahd mah-YOH -rays
he's kicked the bucket
When someone has died, we are accuston1ed to hearing
such euphemisn1s as "she has passed away" and '"he was laid to
rest." The Romans did not do much better in abiit ad maiores,
"he (or she) has gone to the ancestors." And if more than one
person has achieved this state, the correct phrase is abienmt
(ahb-ih-yay-ruunt) ad maiores, "they have gone."
4 abiit, exccssit, cvasit, erupit

ahiit, excessit, evasit, erupit

AHB-ih-yiht ehks-KEHS-siht ay-WAAH -siht ay-ROO-piht
he's flown the coop
There's no doubt about what is being saicl-"he has gone,
he has made off, he has escaped, he has broken away." And
who is he? Catiline, the profligate Roman noble who conspired
in 63 B.C. to overthrow the government of Rome. And who is
saying this? Cicero, the Roman statesman and orator, flaunting
his eloquence in this sentence of his second oration against Cati-
line. (For additional information on Catiline's career, see ALIENI
APPETENS.)

ah inconvenienti
ahb ihri-kawn-weh-nih-YEHN-tee
from inconvenience
A rhetorical term characterizing an argument-a proof-
designed to show that the opposite point of view is untenable
because of the inconvenience or hardship it would create. The
full phrase designating such a proof is argumentum. (ahr-goo-
MEHN-tuum) ab inconvenienti.

ab integro
ahb IHN-teh -groh
anew or afresh
This phrase suggests a ne\.V beginning, a fresh start. lt is ap-
propriate in reference to a change in location, job, relationship,
or, for that 1natter, to any new course of conduct or action. "Let's
begin ab integro to see whether we can make a better go of it
this tin1e."

abnormis sapiens crassaque Minerva

ahb-NOHR-mihs SAH-pih-yayns KRAHS-sah-kweh mih-
NEHR-wah
a natural-born philosopher with nothing but horse sense
 absolvi meam animam 5

Horace, in his Satires, characterizes someone, licerally "an

unorthodox sage of rough genius," with valuable insights to of-
fer despite-because of?-a lack of acade1nic training. Horace
tells us that this person is uninspired by Minerva, the Roman
goddess of wisdorn.

absens heres non erit

AHB-sayns HAY-rays nohn EH-riht
absence doesn't make the heart grow fonder
This realistic maxim, "the absent one will not be the heir,"
cautions against complacency. Anyone who thinks an expected
inheritance is in the bag may not pay sufficient attention to
a wealthy family member before it is too late to do so. More
broadly, it warns the unwary that there's many a slip between
cup and lip--a promised political plum may not prove co be a
sure thing, and having the inside track for a lucrative contract
does not n1ean one can rest easy until the contract is signed. In-
timate knowledge of absens beres non erit is what keeps hordes
of lobbyists on the job, haunting the halls of Congress especially
when an ilnportant piece of legislation is being written. Re1nem-
ber that it ain't over till the fat lady sings.

absente reo
ahb-SEHN-teh RAY-yoh
you have to show up
A legal term, "the defendant being absent," suggesting that
failure of a defendant co appear in court when summoned can
scarcely be considered an mdication of innocence.

absolvi meam animam

ahb-SAWL-wee MEH-yahm AH-nih-mahm
there, I got that off my chest
Once you have confessed your peccadillo or even some-
thing worse, you may be impelled to say or think absolvi meam
animam, literally "I have set my mind free ." (See also L.IBERAVI
ANIMAM MEA!Vl.)
 6 absque argento omnia vana

absque argento omnia vana

AHBS-kweh ahr-GEHN-toh AWM-nih-yah WAAH-nah
first you must put food on the table
Who will contest this aphorism, literally "without money all
efforts are useless"? Noe George Bernard Shaw, who went much
further: "Lack of money is the root of all evil. " And what about
Paul, in Timothy: "Love of money is the root of all evil"? Could
they both have been right?

absque hoe
AHBS-kweh hohk
without this
A legal term used in a formal denial of an allegation. "You
have produced no ·witness to the crime, and absque hoe there is
no basis for holding my client responsible. "

absque ulla conditione

AHBS-kweh OOL-laah kawn-dih -tih-YOH-neh
no ifs, ands, or buts
Literally "without any condition." When one surrenders ab-
sque ulla conditione-whether to a superior military force or
to the strength of authority or to moral suasion- nothing is to
be held back. "You will have that report on my desk at close
of business today absque ulla conditione." No excuses will be
tolerated, no conditions, no reservations. And that's the way the
\
real world works.

abundans cautela non nocet

ah-BUU N-daahns kow-TAY-lah nohn NAW-keht
you can't be too careful
Literally "abundant caution does no ham1." In general, being
told to look before you leap is good advice, but if we look too
many times before we leap, we may find that a golden oppor-
tunity has passed us by.
 a caelo usque ad ceo trum 7

abundant dulcibus vitiis

ah-BU UN-dahnt DUUL-kih-buus WlH-tih-yees
nobody's perfect
An indulgent characterization, literally "they abound with
lovely fauits," from Quintilian, who knew and enjoyed an en-
gaging foible when he encountered one. (See also vmrs NEMO
Sll'iE NASCITUR.)

ab universali ad particulare valet, a particulari ad

universale non valet consequentia
ahb oo-nih-wehr-SAAH-lee ahd pahr-tih-kuu- LAAH -reh
WAH-leht aah pahr-tih-kuu-LAAH-ree ahd oo-nih-wehr-
SAAH -leh nohn WAH -leht kohn-seh-KWEHN-tih-yah
let's get our logic straigh t
We reason logically ·when we apply a general truth-bt1t
let's be sure the general truth is universally correct- about a
group to individual members of that group: ab universali ad
particulare valet, "inference fron1 the universal to the particular
is valid." Thus, it is a valid syllogism to state, "All A is C, all B
is A, therefore all B is C." But dangerous stereotyping can result
from the logical error of reasoning fron1 the particular to the
general: a particulari ad universale non valet consequentia, "in-
ference from the particular to the universal is not valid." Many
faulty attitudes are the result of backwards or syllogistically
faulty reasoning: "He's a me111ber of X 6JToup, he is a terrible
person, therefore all members of X group are terrible persons."
\Vatch out.

a caelo usque ad centrum

aah Kl-loh UUS-kweh ahd KEHN-truum
property r igh ts
A phrase in real estate deeds defining the extent of a land-
owner's holdings, literally "from heaven to the center." That is,
while a deed v-.rill surely spell out the length and breadth of the
property, what about the space above it and the land beneath
it? What part of these does the landovvner own? The answer is
 8 acceptissima semper munera sunt auctor quae pretio sa facit

quite clear, a caelo usque ad centrum, everything above the

land and everything below it-all the way to the center of the
ea1th. Today we may speak of "air rights" and "1nineral rights." A
pale hnitation of "from heaven to the center of the earth."

acceptissima semper munera sunt auctor quae

pretiosa facit
ahk-kayp-TIHS-sih-mah SEHM-pehr MOO-neh-rah suunt
OWK-tawr kwT preh-tih-YOH-sah FAH-kiht
it's the thought behind a gift that counts
An aphorisn1 from Ovid, more literally "most acceptable al-
ways are the gifts that the giver makes precious." In this age
of online gift registries, the donor often does little more than
determine the appropriate amount co spend on the donee. A
quick click reasonably ensures chat a' suitable gift will be speed-
ily sent on its way. No muss, no fuss. What ·would Ovid have to
say about this?

accusare nemo se debet, nisi coram deo

ahk-koo-SAAH-reh NAY-moh say DAY-beht NlH-sih
KOH -rahm DEH-yoh
taking the Fifth
A phrase in law, "no one is bound to accuse himself (or
herself) unJess before God." This is one of the human rights
spelled out in the U.S. Bill of Rights, Article V of which includes
the words "nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be
' a witness against himself." Article V is generally known as the
Fifth Amendment, and the process of invoking the Fifth Atnend-
ment to refuse to answer possibly self-incriminating questions
before a grand jury, in court testimony, or in other sworn of-
ficial interrogations is known informally as "taking the Fifth." In
the phrase nisi coram deo, "unless before God," the full Latin
formulation does not rule out the possibility of answering fuliy
to a higher authority.
 actum agere 9

ac etiam
ahk EH-tih-yahm
and also or and even

acti labores iucundi (or jucundi)

AAHK-tee lah-BOH -rays yoo-KUU N-dee
satisfaction in a job well done
The phrase acti labores iucundi, "completed chores are
pleasant," was a common 1naxi1n even in Cicero's day. If long-
distance runners dwelled on the pain of perforn1ance more than
they basked in the glo,y of accomplishment, would there be a
Boston marathon?

actio personalis moritur cum persona

AAHK-tih-yoh pehr-soh-NAAH-lihs MAW-rih- tuur kuum
pehr-SOH-naah
dead men don't sue
A legal principle, "a personal action dies with the person,''
stemming from common law, the unwritten law based on cus-
tom or earlier court decisions. Thus--in certain courts, at least-
a personal suit undertaken against another is voided when d1e
plaintiff dies.

actum agere
AAHK-tuum AH-geh-reh
to beat a dead horse
Literally, "to do what has already been done." A useful
phrase in any nmnber of situations involving the uselessness
and futility of repetition. It is actum agere to continue to force
your point of view on people who will never see it your way; it
is actum agere to revise your work to excess; it is actum agere
to plagiarize; it is even actum agere to serve reheated leftovers
for dinner.
 10 actum est de republica ..

actum est de republica

AAHK-tuum ehst day ray-POO-blih-kaah
it's all over for us
Many among us, alarnlists by nature, are quick to give up on
government and society when things appear to be going badly.
Of course, Chicken Littles s01netimcs prove correct-the sky is
indeed falling. Such was the case with the once-powerful Roman
empire, when the statement actum est de republica, literally "it's
all over ,vith the commonwealth," proved to be true. When we
contemplate making alarnling pronouncements, it behooves us
nevertheless to think twice before unduly alarming the unwaty.
Maybe, after all, the sky is not really falling. (But maybe it is.)

actus dei nemini facit iniuriam (or injuriam)

AAH K-tuus DEH-yee NAY-mih-nee FAH-kiht ihn-YOO-
rih-yahm
sorry, we have to reject your claim
This is the "act of God" principle, literally "an act of God
injures nobody," which gets insurance con1panies off the hook
when property or lives are damaged, for exan1ple, by abnorn1al
tides, earthquakes, lightning, or storn1s. The idea is that such
natural phenomena are beyond the control of ordinary mo1tals
and so are not covered by insurance. Please look carefully at the
fine print the next time you consider taking out a policy.

\
actus me invito factus non est meus actus
AAHK-tuus may ihn-WEE-toh FAHK-tuus nohn ehst
MEH-yuus AAHK-tuus
I was only following orders
A legal phrase, literally "an act clone against my will is not
my act," that makes life difficult for police officers and prosecut-
ing attorneys. In confornlity with this principle, if a person ·is
coerced into signing an agreen1ent, committing a crime, or con-
fessing guilt, the law does not hold the person responsible.
 ad extremum 11

a cuspide corona
aah KUUS-pih-deh kaw-ROH-nah
the way to get ahead
Conventional wisdom has it that every young man or won1an
enrolling 'at West Point drean1s of one day becoming President
of the United States. Thus, we are not surprised to see in a
cuspide corona, literally "from the spear a crown," that in Rome
successful 1nilitary service surely helped in reaching the ·cop of
rhe republic.

ad bivium
ahd BIH-wih-yuum
at the crossroads
More literally and charmingly "at a place where two ways
meet." To paraphrase Yogi Berra, "If you find yourself ad biviu1n,
cake it.'' In antiquity a trivium (TRIH-wih-yuum), or an inter-
section of three roads, was a natural meeting spot and, as such,
was comn1only equipped with benches for travelers. As people
waited for their friends or simply rested, they passed the tin1e by
engaging in small talk or conversations on trivial subjects.

ad crumenam
ahd kruu-MAY-nahm
the promise of a payday for someone
A phrase, literally "to the purse," used in argumentum (ahr-
goo-MEHN-tuum) ad crumenam, ''an appeal based on the pos-
sibility of profit." This is an aln1ost surefire way to convince
someone to go along with you in what you propose-there's
profit in it for both of us. Argumentum ad crumenam makes for
success in negotiation.

ad extremum
ahd ehks-TRAY-muurn
at last
 12 ad fidelis

The noun extremuni 1nay also be translated as "the extreme,"

and in the pbrase ad extremum virium (WEE-rih-yuum), "of
po,vers," gives us "to the utmost of one's powers." Thus, if we
wish to encourage some·o ne to go all out in pursuing a goal, we
can say, "Never give up. Work ad extremum virium."

ad fidelis
ahd fih-DAY-lees
to the faithful
\Vhen we preach to the choir or address an audience of
those who need no converting to our cause, we are speaking
ad .fidelis. Fund-raisers for a particular political party or organi-
zation, for exa,nple, would probably save postage by targeting
their appeal ad .fidelis.

ad finem
ahd FEE-nehm
to the end
This phrase can also be translated as "at the end" and "finally,"
as in "I wish ad .finem to thank you for listening so politely
to my interminable co,nrnencemenr address." In the phrase ad
.fi.nem fidelis (fih-DAY-lees), we have "faithful to the end," a
perfect epitaph for a beloved pet.

adhibenda est in iocando (or jocando) moderatio

\
ahd-hih-BEHN-dah ehst ihn yaw-KAHN-doh maw-deh-
RAAH-tih-yoh
try not to offend people with your jokes
ln suggesting that people keep their jokes within the bounds
of good taste, literally "one should employ restraint in his jests,"
Cicero offered advice that many speakers at public events and
private parties would do well to take to heart.
 ad impossibile nemo tenetur 13

a dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter

aah OIHK-toh seh-KUUN-duum kwihd ahd DIHK-tuum
sihm-PLIH-kih-tehr
from a particular case to a general truth
This characterization criticizes the drawing of broad gen-
eralizations from a single valid observation. So if Mary, \Vhose
parents both graduated from Yale, is accepted into the freshman
class, we cannot depend on the fact chat everyone whose par-
ents graduated from Yale will be accepted.

a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid

aah DIHK-toh sihm-PLIH-kih-tehr ahd D IHK-tuum seh-
KUUN-duum kwihd
from a general truth to a particular case
This inversion of the preceding obse1vation points out that
we may not properly apply a generalization to a particular case
without considering the possible uniqueness of that case. Even
if most world-famous musicians were once child prodigies, we
should not expect every young child who exhibits exceptional
musical talent to become a world-famous 1nusician.

ad ignorantiam
ahd ihg-noh- RAHN-tih-y'ahm
to ignorance
In law, an argument in a trial 1nay be based ad ignorantiam,
that is, on one's opponent's ignorance of the facts in the case.
Again, a judicial decision may be appealed ad ignorantiam, that
is, on the basis that the case was decided without knowledge
of important information that was known but went unrevealed
during the trial.

ad impossibile nemo tenetur

ahd ihm -paws-SIH -bih-leh NAY-moh teh -NAY-tuur
don't be surprised when you don't bat .400
14 ad initiam
..
This s1nall wisdo1n, "nobody is held to the impossible," is
designed to prevent heanbreak. While people should strive to
do their best, they must not set their hearts on goals that are
virtually itnpossible for them to achieve.

ad initium
ahd ih-NIH-tih-yuum
to or at the beginning
See also A PRINCIPJO.

ad instar
ahd EEN-stahr
after the fashion of
This phrase may be used to indicate a literary creation or
work of art done in the style of a master. Thus, an oration may
be written in the style of a great orator, as ad instar Ciceronis
(kih-keh-R0H-nihs), "in the 1nanner of Cicero." But instar may
also be translated as "likeness," giving us the phrase ad instar
omnium (AWM-nih-yuum), "in the likeness of all," suggesting
a Jack of individuality. So if we are striving for excellence, we
ought to eschew unoriginality.

ad internecionem
ahd ihn-tehr-neh-kih-YOH-nehm
to slaughter
.
A bloody and completely final phrase chat makes a mock-
ery of what we are used to thinking of as civilized behavior. It
characterizes warfare in which no quarter is shown to an enemy
arn1y. Thus, "a war ad internectoneni' is a war of extermination,
and the noun internecio, which may be translated as "massa-
cre" or "extennination," suggests the brutality shov.,n in modem
tunes in the term "Holocaust" or more recently in so-called eth-
nic cleansing. It is worth pointing out that the English adjective
"internecine" n1ost con-ectly conveys the meaning of "mutually
destructive," but in "internecine strife" has taken on the mean-.
ing of "a struggle or conflict within a group." While the etymoJ-
 ad maoum IS

ogy of the term does not suggest this meaning, we must all be
aware that the binerest--even the most savage----conflicts often
occur between n1embers of a family. Consider, for exan1ple, the
bloody toll of the United States Civil War, aptly characterized as
a war between brothers.

ad invidiam
ahd ihn-WIH-dih-yahm
to envy
This phrase is used to characterize an argu1nent or appeal-
argumentum (ahr-goo-MEHN-tuum) ad invidiam-not based
on reason or supporting evidence yet powerful in effect and
frequently employed by the unscrupulous rabble-rouser, ahvays
ready to appeal to envy, jealousy, prejudice, 1nalice, or ill will.

ad iadicium (or judicium)

ahd yoo-DIH-k1h-yuum
to common sense
This phrase, literally "to judgment," is used to characterize
an argument or appeal, argumentum (ahr-goo-MEHN-tuum)
ad iudicium, based on logic or factual evidence, which can be
counted on to convince reasonable people. Or can it?

adiavante (or adjavante) Deo tabor proficit

ahd-yuu-WAHN-teh DEH -yoh LAH -bawr PROH-fih-kiht
with God's help, work prospers
A humble response to such intrusive questions as "How's
business?" and ''How's the novel coming?" or even "Do you
think you can clean your room by lunchtime?"

ad manum
ahd MAH-nuum
in readiness
16 ad meliora vertamur

A happy phrase, literally "at han?," telling the world, for ex-
ample, that an assignment, project, or the like is con1plete. But
it can also be used tnore widely. "The n1oney for this month's
rent is ad manum." "She soon became aware that the solution '
to her problem was not ad manum."

ad meliora vertamur
ahd meh-lih -YOH-rah wehr-TAAH-muur
let's change the subject
A handy expression, literally "let us tum to better things,"
useful for turning attention away from an embarrassing or de-
pressing s~1bject that is under discussion. (See also SEO HAEC
HACTENUS.)

'
ad misericordiam
ahd mih-seh-rih-KAWR-dih-yah1n
to pity
When all other argun1ents fail , one can appeal ad misericor-
diam, hoping that a court or one's opponent will be n1oved co
show sympathy and grant 1nercy- both "sympathy" and "mercy"
are additional translations of misericordia.

ad modum
ahd MAW-duum
like
This phrase, also rendered as "after the manner of," pro-
vides an opportunity to employ the compressed Latin phrase in
place of its lengthier-and more common-English equivalent:
"It would not be farfetched to say the young violinist played ad
modurn Heifetz." By adding bunc (huunk) to ad modutn, we
get ad hunc modum, "like this." A useful locution: "If you cany
on ad bunc modum, you'IJ gain nothing."
 ad summum 17

ad multos annos
ahd MUUL-tohs AHN-nohs
l'chaim
A toast, of course, literally "for many years," and often taken
as "long life!" although "to life," as given above in Hebrew, will
also do. The more co1nmon Latin toast is prosit (PROH-siht),
"may it benefit you," but it is also translated as any of the three
English renderings here given.

ad oculos
ahd AW-kuu-lohs
visibly
Literally "to the eyes."

ad summam
ahd SUUM-mahm
in short
Also translated as "in fact," "in a word," and "in conclusion,"
ad summam is useful especially when the word-; following it are
brief and to the point. Summam is a fonn of the noun summa
(SUUM-mah), meaning "chief point," "summary," "essence," and
other s imilar terms. Ad summam must not be confused with
the following entry, AD SUM.MUM, employing a form of summus
(SUUM-muus), meaning "highest.".

ad summum
ahd SUUM-muum
to the highest point
Also taken as "to the surface" and "to the top," and the phrase
snmmum bonum (SUUM-muum BAW-nuum) means "the high-
est good." The noun "summit," of course, lurks in the adjective
summus (SUUM-muus), "highest." (See the previous entty, AD
suMMAM, for a useful clarification.)
 18 ad usum

ad usum
ahd 00-suum
according to custom
TI1is phrase may also be taken as "according to usage," giv-
ing lexicographers as well as social commentators a peg on
w hich to hang their judgmental pronouncements.

adversa virtute repello

ahd-WEHR-sah wihr-TOO-teh reh-PEHL-loh
I repulse adversity by courage (or valor)
Maybe so, but not when I'tn confronted by an armed mug-
ger. After all, a sixteenth-century proverb teaches us that discre-
tion is the better part of valor. (See also NOLI mRITARE LEONES.)

aegroto dum anima est spes e sse dicitur

1-GROH-toh duum AH-nih-mah ehst spays EHS-seh DEE-
kih-tuur
,vhere there's life, there's hope
Cicero telling us, 1nore literally, "as long as a sick man has
breath, he has hope." Too often, a slender reed to wh ich to
cling.

aemulatio vicini
1-muu-LAAH-tih-yoh wee-KEE-nee
' neighborly envy
In law the phrase, literally "the ill will of a neighbor," telling
us that it is illegal for a landowner to act maliciously toward an
adjacent landowner, for exa1nple by intentionally depriving the
neighbor's property of a water view.

aequabiliter et diligenter
1-kwaah-BlH-lih-tehr eht dee-lih-GEHN-tehr
impartially and conscientiously
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Phot.: Schölvinck.
Konsul Richarz’ Hof.
Regelmäßig Ende Mai, bei Beginn der großen Hitze, pflegte
Richarz seine Winterwohnung zu verlassen und auf „Sommerfrische“
zu ziehen. Der Umzug war nicht weit, bedeutete aber doch in seinem
Leben einen jährlich wiederkehrenden wichtigen Abschnitt: Er begab
sich einfach zwei Treppen tiefer in sein „Särdab“, einen Kühlraum, in
den kein Sonnenstrahl drang. Hier unter der Erde verbrachte er den
ganzen Sommer, und wer an den kleinen Luken des Särdab vorüber
kam, konnte am hellichten Tage die himmlischen Akkorde von
Beethovens Mondscheinsonate aus der Kellertiefe herauftönen
hören.
Bei dem Herrn des Hauses traf ich auch meinen prächtigen
Freund von der deutschen Westfront Rittmeister Schölvinck, den
Adjutanten des Herzogs. An der gemeinsamen Frühstückstafel auf
der Veranda des Konsuls in der regenfrischen Morgenluft gab es so
ein behagliches Plaudern; im Mittelpunkt der Unterhaltung standen
natürlich der vor einer Woche gemeldete Fall von Kut-el-Amara und
seine voraussichtlichen Folgen.
Später am Tage sah ich auch meinen lieben Reisekameraden
Graf Wilamowitz wieder, der von seinem 800-Kilometerritt von
Aleppo her mancherlei zu erzählen wußte. Und nachdem ich den
Abend wieder in Konsul Richarz’ Salon verbracht hatte, fuhr ich im
Auto des Herzogs nach Hause. Im Licht der blendenden
Scheinwerfer hatten Bagdads enge Straßen ein phantastisches
Aussehen; die gelben Lehmhäuser mit ihren kleinen, festen
Straßentüren und die feierlichen Palmen, deren Federn über die
Hofmauern blickten, glichen den Kulissen einer Bühne. Auf den noch
nassen Straßen lungerten herrenlose Hunde herum, die den Rädern
des Autos nur zögernd und unter grimmigem Knurren ihren
angewärmten Schlafplatz preisgaben.
 Bagdad.
Blick nach Südost. In der Ferne der Tigris.

Man hatte mir mittlerweile eine andere Wohnung zugewiesen.

Das Haus, in das mich am Abend zuvor der Zufall geführt hatte,
besaß ein Dr. Endrucks vom deutschen Etappenwesen in
Mesopotamien. Er war seit fünf Jahren hier ansässig im Dienst der
Bagdadbahn. Jetzt empfing mich ein großer Saal im Gebäude des
Oberkommandos der 6. Armee. Seine ganze Einrichtung bestand
aus einem Stuhl, einem Tisch, einer Badewanne und dem Feldbett;
aber unter der Veranda floß der Tigris vorüber, und was diesem
Raum seine Weihe gab, war das Andenken an den Feldmarschall,
meinen großen Freund von der Goltz, der hier gewohnt hatte.
 Moscheekuppel in Bagdad.

Zehntes Kapitel.
Bagdad einst und jetzt.

D er eigentliche Begründer der Abbassiden-Herrschaft war Abu

Dschafar Abdallah al-Mansur. Er bestieg im Jahre 754 den
Thron der Kalifen, der Nachfolger Mohammeds, und erwarb sich
einen der berühmtesten Namen in der mohammedanischen Welt.
Sein Reich war größer als das römische in seiner Glanzperiode; es
erstreckte sich von Chorassan, Kandahar und dem Indus bis Aden,
Algier und Kleinasien. Während die Omaijaden, die erste
mohammedanische Kalifendynastie, ihre Residenz in Damaskus
hatten, verlegten die Abbassiden sie nach Babylonien. Während
seiner ersten Regierungsjahre wohnte Mansur in Haschimija bei
Kufa; zur Verherrlichung seines Namens aber beschloß er eine neue
Hauptstadt zu gründen und wählte einen günstig gelegenen Punkt
am rechten Ufer des Tigris. Dort lag ein kleiner, schon seit der
babylonischen Zeit bekannter Ort, genannt Bagdad.
Im Frühjahr 762 begann die neue Kalifenstadt aus der Wüste
emporzuwachsen. Prachtvolle Paläste und Moscheen,
Regierungsgebäude und Festungswerke wurden errichtet, die
Kanäle, die den Tigris mit dem Euphrat verbanden, wurden
verbessert und Brücken über sie angelegt. Kaufleute, Handwerker
und Kolonisten strömten herzu, zahllose Ziegelhäuser wurden
gebaut, und bereits vier Jahre später war Bagdad eine Weltstadt, die
größte in diesem Teil Asiens, und noch heute ist sie eine der
bedeutendsten Städte im größten Sultanat des Islam. Im Jahre 768
war die Stadtmauer fertig. Die Hauptmasse der neuen Schöpfung
lag auf dem rechten Ufer. Aber der Kalif ließ auch das linke Ufer
bebauen, wohin sich heute der Schwerpunkt des heiligen Bagdad
verlegt hat. Dort residierte sein Sohn und Nachfolger Mahdi.
Von der neuen Hauptstadt aus, die er Dar-es-Salaam, Stadt des
Heils, oder Mansurije, Mansurs Stadt, nannte, leitete der Kalif mit
eiserner Hand sein unermeßliches Reich. Er brachte Ordnung in die
innere Verwaltung und erstickte grausam alle Aufruhrversuche. Für
sich war er sparsam, aber für Bagdad opferte er unerhörte
Reichtümer.
 Dachterrasse beim Suk el-Gasl.
Den Beinamen al-Mansur (Almansor), der Siegreiche, trug er mit
Recht. Er regierte mit rücksichtsloser Kraft und regierte selbst, nicht
durch andere. Keiner seiner Nachfolger hat ihn an Herrschergaben
übertroffen. Seinem Sohn gab er einmal den Rat: „Schlafe nicht;
dein Vater hat auch nicht geschlafen, seit er das Kalifat errang. So
oft auch der Schlaf seine Augen beschwerte, ist sein Geist doch
wach geblieben.“ Er war von größter Mäßigkeit, nicht zum wenigsten
in seinem Verhältnis zu Frauen; Wein trank er nie, und er duldete am
Hof weder Gesang noch Musik, da beides zur Liederlichkeit
verführe. Er konnte wie ein wildes Tier gegen Aufrührer und
verdächtige Personen rasen, war aber mild und freundlich zu
Kindern und Sklaven. Er wird als ein großer, magerer Mann
geschildert von hellbronzebrauner Gesichtsfarbe mit dünnem Bart
und gilt als der größte arabische Redner. Die jährlichen Wallfahrten
nach Mekka leitete er gern selbst, und auf solch einer Fahrt starb er,
mehr als sechzig Jahre alt, am 7. Oktober 775 etwa eine Wegstunde
von der heiligen Stadt entfernt, der Heimat seines Geschlechts; in
ihrer Nähe liegt er auch begraben. Aber Bagdad ist das vornehmste
Denkmal, das er sich errichtet hat.

Junge Türkin in Bagdad.

Mansurs Enkel Harun er-Raschid (der Gerechte) regierte
dreiundzwanzig Jahre (786–809) und führte die Dynastie der
Abbassiden auf die Höhe ihrer Macht. Das Reich blühte, doch mehr
dank der weisen Regierung des Großvaters, als dem eigenen
Verdienst des Enkels. Als er 803 die persische Familie der
Barmekiden, deren Macht er fürchtete, hatte ermorden lassen, fühlte
er sich in Bagdad nicht mehr sicher und verlegte seine Residenz
nach Rakka am Euphrat. Gemeinsame Interessen in Spanien und
dem babylonischen Reich brachten ihn mit Karl dem Großen in
Verbindung. So drang sein Ruhm auch nach Europa. Noch heute
strahlt sein Name in seltenem Glanz, denn er war ein Beschützer der
Kunst und der Wissenschaft, und Sagen und Legenden, vor allem
die Märchen aus Tausendundeiner Nacht sichern ihm die
Unsterblichkeit.

Brücke über den Tigris.

Harun er-Raschids Sohn Mamun mußte Babylonien

zurückerobern, da es durch Bürgerkriege verloren gegangen war,
und residierte seitdem wieder in Bagdad. Sein Nachfolger und
Bruder Mutasim (833–842) aber scheute die Nähe der
aufrührerischen Perser und gründete als neue Residenz Samarra,
das wir später besuchen werden. Er war es, der zur Niederwerfung
von Aufständen türkische Söldnerscharen warb, die von da an zu
immer mächtigerem Einfluß gelangten. Erst der Kalif Mutadid kehrte
891 wieder nach Bagdad zurück, das dann bis zum Untergang des
Kalifats die Hauptstadt blieb.
Der Verfall des mächtigen Kalifenreichs begann schon in der
zweiten Hälfte des 9. Jahrhunderts. Am 17. Januar 1258 wurde
Bagdad von den Mongolen unter Dschingis-Chans Enkel Hulagu
erobert, geplündert und niedergebrannt, dann aber wieder aufgebaut
und zum Sitz eines Statthalters erhoben. Die Gräber der Abbassiden
hatte Hulagu zerstören lassen, und auch ein anderes kostbares
Kleinod, der Mantel des Propheten Mohammed, ging in diesen
Kämpfen verloren.
Nach mehr als halbtausendjährigem Bestand war so die Macht
des Kalifats vernichtet, und Bagdad war und blieb seitdem eine
Provinzstadt. Später wurde es Residenz der Il-chaner, die das
Mongolenreich für den Großchan verwalteten. Im Jahre 1401 stand
der furchtbare Timur-Lenk, Tamerlan, vor seinen Toren; er nahm die
Stadt im Sturm, plünderte und vernichtete alles außer den
Moscheen, ließ die Bevölkerung niedermetzeln und baute
Siegespyramiden aus 90000 Menschenschädeln.
Dann folgte eine Zeit wechselnder Kämpfe zwischen Tataren und
Türken. Im Jahre 1534 nahm Sultan Suleiman die Stadt ohne
Schwertstreich. 1623 wurde sie vom Schah von Persien, Abbas dem
Großen, zurückerobert. Erst nach mehreren erfolglosen Vorstößen
setzten sich die Türken in Bagdad wieder fest; 1638 belagerte Sultan
Murad IV. an der Spitze eines gewaltigen Heeres die Stadt und
erstürmte sie trotz ungeheurer Verluste. Er ließ alle Perser töten und
das Tor zumauern, durch das er als Sieger seinen Einzug gehalten
hatte.
 Straße im Christenviertel von Bagdad.
Im Jahre 1732 lag Nadir Schah, der Eroberer Indiens, acht
Monate lang vergebens vor Bagdad, das der tapfere Ahmed Pascha
hartnäckig verteidigte. Dann wurde es mehrmals von Wahhabiten
und Muntefik-Arabern bedroht und genoß erst seit 1800 eine Zeit
ziemlicher Ruhe, die jedoch öfters durch Pest, Überschwemmungen,
Beduinenangriffe, Hungersnöte und Mißwirtschaft aller Art gestört
wurde. Im Jahre 1837 berechnete man die Einwohnerzahl auf nur
40000. Midhat Pascha, der in den sechziger und siebziger Jahren
des vorigen Jahrhunderts Generalgouverneur war, brachte Ordnung
in die Verwaltung und führte Bagdad zu neuer Blüte.

Dunkler Basartunnel.
Da trat im Jahre 1917 zum erstenmal ein Volk des Okzidents auf
den Schauplatz. Bagdad wurde von den Engländern erobert. Es gibt
zwar naive Leute, die versichern, nunmehr werde die Furie des
Krieges nie mehr über Mansurs Stadt dahinbrausen und Bagdad erst
jetzt und für alle Zeiten mit Recht seinen Ehrennamen Dar-es-
Salaam, Stadt des Heils, des Friedens, führen. Aber ihre Stimmen
sind wie Spreu vor dem Wind. Wenn der nächste Weltkrieg über die
Erde stürmt, sind die Gräber dieser Propheten von heute vielleicht
längst vergessen, und niemand fragt mehr nach ihrem Glauben.
Englands Absicht, über Südpersien hinweg seine Verbindung mit
Indien zu befestigen, kann nicht verwirklicht werden ohne einen
neuen Kampf auf Leben und Tod mit Deutschland und der Türkei,
deren Ziele durch die Bagdadbahn festgelegt sind. —
Was ich im vorigen Kapitel erzählte, war mein zweiter Einzug in
die Stadt der Kalifen, die ehemals als Haupt eines mächtigen
Reiches, als Wiege der Märchen aus Tausendundeiner Nacht so
weltberühmt war und heute als Ziel deutschen
Unternehmungsgeistes, als Knotenpunkt der Bagdadbahn nicht
weniger in aller Munde ist. Dreißig lange Jahre vorher hatte ich ihr
meinen ersten flüchtigen Besuch abgestattet. Wer hätte damals
ahnen können, daß ich drei Jahrzehnte später zurückkehren würde
zu einer Zeit, in der die Welt vom Steppenbrand des größten aller
Kriege heimgesucht wurde! Damals war ich durch Persien von
Buschehr aus mit dem großen englischen Fahrzeug „Assyria“ nach
Basra und von dort mit dem Flußdampfer „Medschidije“ über Korna,
Esras Grab, Amara, Kut-el-Amara, Ktesiphon und Seleucia nach
Bagdad gekommen.
Am Abend des 4. Junis 1886 war die „Medschidije“ vor dem
Zollgebäude vor Anker gegangen. Vom schmucken Haus des
französischen Konsulats hatte die Trikolore geweht. Bei
Sonnenaufgang war ich ans Land gerudert, und der alte englische
Kaufmann Hilpern mit seiner ehrwürdigen Gattin — oder war ich
damals nur so jung? — hatte mich mit ausgesuchter
Gastfreundschaft aufgenommen. Drei nach indischer Art möblierte
Zimmer standen mir zur Verfügung, und sein türkischer Sekretär
Vabib Schika führte mich umher, so daß ich trotz der mörderischen
Hitze und der verödeten und staubigen Straßen während des
Ramasan alle Sehenswürdigkeiten Bagdads gründlich betrachten
konnte. Wo mögen die Freunde von damals jetzt sein?
Wahrscheinlich tot. Aber auf den Kreuzen des christlichen Friedhofs
suchte ich ihre Namen vergeblich.
Jetzt wanderte in Bagdads Straßen ein neues Geschlecht, eine
neue Generation. Die Kinder, die ich damals an den Ufern des Tigris
spielen sah, standen jetzt in der Blüte ihrer Jahre, und wer damals
die Mittagshöhe des Lebens erreicht hatte, beugte sich jetzt unter
der Bürde des Alters.
 Am Ufer des Tigris.
Ein Meheile fährt am Ufer entlang. In der Ferne
das englische Konsulat.
Auch die Stadt hatte manche Veränderungen erfahren. Eigentlich
war alles neu; denn auch die besseren Häuser hier halten sich
selten mehr als fünfzig Jahre, da das Ziegelbrennen primitiv und
schlecht geschieht. Im Winter setzen Regen, im Frühsommer
Überschwemmungen des Tigris den Gebäuden arg zu. An
Bauwerken, die mir vor dreißig Jahren bemerkenswert erschienen
waren, standen noch das Minarett Suk-el-Gasl, Sobeïds Grab, eine
alte Karawanserei im Basar und das Missionshaus der
französischen Väter. Unter den neuen am Ufer des Flusses fielen
jetzt vor allen die Gebäude auf, die zur Bagdadbahn gehörten; dann
das neue englische Konsulat, das schönste Bauwerk der Stadt, das
offenbar dazu ausersehen ist, einen mächtigen Eindruck auf die
umwohnenden Araber und die nach Kerbela und Nedschef
wallfahrenden Perser zu machen. Die alte Schiffbrücke war noch
ganz wie früher. Aber die Wasserräder waren aus der Nähe der
Stadt verschwunden und durch Motore ersetzt, die in ihre asiatische
Umgebung gar nicht hineinpaßten.

Am linken Tigrisufer.
Der Hauptteil Bagdads liegt auf dem linken Tigrisufer. Die
vornehmsten Häuser, darunter alle Konsulate, stehen unmittelbar am
Wasser; unter ihren langen, offenen Veranden flutet der lautlos
dahingleitende Strom. Nur das englische Konsulat ist durch einen
schmalen Hof von seinem Kai und seiner Landungstreppe getrennt.
Seit der Bau der Bagdadbahn begann, wuchsen auch am rechten
Ufer Neubauten empor, und wahrscheinlich wird sich der
Schwerpunkt Bagdads in Zukunft dorthin verschieben. Der Strom
durchflutet die Stadt von Nordwesten nach Südosten, das rechte
Ufer hat daher während der heißesten Stunden des Tages Schatten,
während die Veranden des linken Ufers fast immer in praller Sonne
liegen.
Wenn abends die wagerechten Strahlen der untergehenden
Sonne das Gewirr von Bagdads grauen Häusern purpurn färben,
und die Stämme der Palmen unter dem Gewölbe der Blattkronen
feuerrot leuchten, scheint das wie ein Abglanz all der Herrlichkeit,
die einst Mansurs Stadt umgab; man lebt aufs neue in den Märchen
aus Tausendundeiner Nacht, denkt der wunderbaren Reisen des
Seefahrers Sindbad und der Lieder, die die Dichter zu ihrer Ehre
sangen, und glaubt das alte Bagdad zu seinen Füßen zu sehen, das
Herz des weiten Kalifenreiches, dem Karawanen von Osten und
Westen zuströmten und dessen Gassen Harun er-Raschid verkleidet
mit seinem Wesir Dschafar durchwanderte, um den Reden des Volks
zu lauschen und seine Wünsche zu erforschen. Aber dann geht die
Sonne unter, der Glanz verlischt, Hausdächer, Kuppeln und
Minarette erhalten wieder ihren gleichmäßigen schmutzigen
Farbenton, und die Kronen der Palmen ballen sich zu dunklen
Wolken über der Stadt zusammen. Das ist die Gegenwart — dies
Häuflein Steine ist der dürftige Rest, der noch von der Stadt der
Märchen übrigblieb! Man mag im Staub nach Spuren des Alten
suchen, nach vergessenen Erinnerungen an die Zeit der Kalifen —
vergebens! Nichts als Zerstörung! Eingeborene sammeln und
verkaufen Antiquitäten, aber zu erzählen wissen sie nichts mehr.
Man wartet geradezu darauf, daß irgendetwas eintrete, was an die
Vergangenheit erinnert — vergebens! Bagdad liegt öde da in
schläfrigem Traum am Ufer des Tigris. Was man hört sind nur die
Mächte der Zerstörung, die niemals müde werden, Menschenwerk
zu vernichten.
Auch die Menschen selbst tragen zum Verderben bei. In Bagdad
gibt es nur noch wenig zu zerstören, aber selbst dies wenige ist dem
Untergang verfallen. Die türkischen Gouverneure scheinen von
unersättlichem Bedürfnis nach Stadtregulierungen besessen zu sein.
Durch die alten Städte Babyloniens werden breite, gerade Straßen
gezogen, die alles, was im Wege steht, dem Boden gleich machen.
So auch in Bagdad. Mit welchem Eifer wurden die Häuser
niedergerissen, als für die nach Halil Pascha genannte Straße Platz
geschafft wurde! Es war lebensgefährlich, in die Nähe zu kommen,
und mächtige Wolken Kalkstaub verkündeten schon aus der Ferne
die häßliche Zerstörung. Wenn man wenigstens neue Häuser an
Stelle der alten gebaut hätte! Aber damit hatte man keine Eile. Wie
die neuen Straßen in Aleppo und Mosul sah auch diese aus: als
hätte ein Erdbeben ihr Bahn gebrochen. Es war gewiß nicht viel
damit verloren, und besonders die Straße Halil Paschas hatte des
Ortsverkehrs wegen ihre Berechtigung. Aber die engen Straßen sind
einer der charakteristischsten Züge Bagdads; sie sind absichtlich wie
schmale Korridore angelegt, nicht aus einem Bedürfnis des engeren
Zusammenwohnens, sondern um die Sonne auszuschließen und
Gänge zu schaffen, wo der Schatten bleibt und die kühle Luft nicht
durch jeden Windzug wieder vertrieben wird. Diese Bauart hat
natürlich auch den Nachteil, daß der Regen im Winter und das
Überschwemmungswasser im Frühjahr schwer trocknen und einen
furchtbaren Morast verursachen.
Die Hauptstraße von Bagdad mit Halil Paschas Haus (links).
 Enge Gasse im Christenviertel.
Der sonst so kluge Midhat Pascha ließ die alte Stadtmauer aus
der Zeit der Kalifen, eines der vornehmsten Denkmäler Bagdads,
niederreißen, weil eine moderne Stadt in ihrer Entwicklung durch
eine Mauer gehindert werde. Als ob neue Stadtteile nicht, wie in
Jerusalem, außerhalb angelegt werden könnten! Von altersher war
diese alte Mauer der beste Schutz gegen Überschwemmungen;
seitdem sie beseitigt ist, liegen mehrere Teile der Stadt offen da. Im
Winter 1914 wurde Bagdad von einer ganz unerwarteten
Überschwemmung heimgesucht, denn der Strom steigt sonst nur im
Frühjahr; der Stadtteil Bab-esch-Scheik stand metertief unter
Wasser, ganze Straßen fielen in Trümmer und lagen verlassen da,
darunter die Straße, die nach Abd-el-Kaders stattlicher
Grabmoschee führt, und man fuhr durch die Stadt auf Kähnen, wie in
Venedig. Diesmal hatte die Überschwemmung zwar die Stadt selbst
verschont, aber die Felder nordöstlich davon in einen uferlosen See
verwandelt und dadurch die Heerstraße über Bakuba nach Chanikin
und Persien abgeschnitten, so daß man die Truppennachschübe auf
Fähren und Flößen, Booten und Guffas über die weite Strecke
seichten und sumpfigen Wassers bringen mußte. Von Bagdads
Stadtmauer sind heute nur noch unbedeutende Fragmente übrig,
darunter die festen Türme an den alten Toren Bab-esch-Schergi,
dem Osttor, Bab-el-Gherbi, dem Westtor, Bab-el-Bastani, dem
Mitteltor, und Bab-el-Talesm, dem Talismantor, das von einem der
alten Abbassiden-Kalifen zu Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts stammt.
Bagdad hat sechs christliche Kirchen: die chaldäische — die
vornehmste und zugleich Kathedrale —, die syrische, die lateinische,
die jakobitische, die armenisch-katholische und die armenisch-
orthodoxe.

Phot.: Schölvinck.
Bab-el-Talesm, eines der alten Stadttore von Bagdad.
 Die Kathedrale führt den Namen „Die sieben Schmerzen“ oder
„Mater dolorosa“. Der Gottesdienst wird in chaldäischer, nicht in
lateinischer Sprache abgehalten. Die Gemeinde muß ziemlich
vermögend sein, denn der Priester, der mich herumführte,
berichtete, der Bau der Kirche, der 1898 vollendet wurde, habe
16000 türkische Pfund gekostet; für eine Kathedrale ist das nicht
viel, wohl aber für eine kleine Gemeinde in dem abgelegenen
Bagdad. Ein Prachtbau konnte dafür nicht geschaffen werden;
sowohl innen wie außen ist die Kathedrale einfach und
anspruchslos. Die alte chaldäische Kirche aus dem Jahr 1843, die
ich 1886 besuchte, ist jetzt eine Schule. Beide sind durch einen
kleinen, mit Ziegeln gepflasterten Hof getrennt. Von außen fallen sie
ebensowenig auf wie die übrigen Kirchen; sie liegen alle in dem am
dichtesten bebauten Stadtteil, wo die Straßen so eng wie Korridore
sind.