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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Industrial and
commercial South America
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
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you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Industrial and commercial South America
Author: Annie S. Peck
Release date: December 23, 2023 [eBook #72488]
Language: English
Original publication: New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1922
Credits: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDUSTRIAL
AND COMMERCIAL SOUTH AMERICA ***
INDUSTRIAL AND
COMMERCIAL
SOUTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
INDUSTRIAL AND
COMMERCIAL
SOUTH AMERICA
BY
ANNIE S. PECK, A.M., F.R.G.S.
AUTHOR OF
“A SEARCH FOR THE APEX OF AMERICA,” “THE SOUTH AMERICAN TOUR, A
DESCRIPTIVE GUIDE,” etc.
New York
E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY
681 Fifth Avenue
Copyright, 1922
By E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY
All Rights Reserved
Printed in the United States of America
FOREWORD
“Industrial and Commercial South America” has been prepared, as
was the descriptive guide, “The South American Tour,” with the
desire to aid in promoting acquaintance with South America and, as
a natural sequence, friendship and trade.
As far as possible the facts have been gleaned from publications
of the various Governments, in a few cases from those of our own,
from high officials of many large companies, and from a few
authoritative works. While I can hardly hope that despite all care and
effort I have made no slip anywhere, I devoutly trust that no errors
will be discovered of such magnitude as I have often noted in my
reading of important publications and that any here detected will
receive lenient criticism.
The vast amount of labor involved in the collection of data and the
effort made to attain accuracy has been such that no time remained
for rhetorical embellishment unless with delayed publication.
Great pains have been taken with spelling and accents, the correct
use of the latter discovered with difficulty, as they are altogether
omitted in many works and in others by no means to be depended
upon. Yet they are most important for correct pronunciation.
In this text the spelling of some names varies by intention because
the two spellings are frequent and authorized, and should therefore
be familiar. Thus Marowijne is the Dutch and Maroni the English
name for the same river. So Suriname is spelled with and without the
e.
South American names ending in either s or z are found, the z
common in older publications. The s is a more recent style, taking
the place of z even in the middle of a word. Thus Huaráz is also
written Huarás and even Cuzco, Cusco. But I drew the line there, as
Cuzco is too well established in English to make the new and uglier
form desirable.
My spelling of Chilian is consistent throughout. Formerly so
spelled by all, Chile being earlier written Chili, when the Spanish
form of the name was here adopted many imagined that the
adjective should be changed also. For this no reason appears, but
the contrary. The accepted ending for adjectives of this nature is ian,
unless euphony demands a different, as Venezuelan. Where the
ending ean is correctly employed as in Andean and European, also
Caribbean, which unhappily is often mispronounced, the e is long
and receives the accent. This would be proper in Chilean as the e in
Chileno receives the accent; but as a change in our pronunciation is
unlikely, it is better to drop the final vowel and add the suffix ian as is
done in many other cases; thus Italy, Italian.
The frequent writing of maté in English is absolutely wrong. It is
never so printed in Spanish, though naturally in French; but to copy
their form for a Spanish word is absurd. The word of course has two
syllables, but is accented on the first; not on the last as the written
accent would imply.
Iguassú in Spanish is spelled Iguazú, but the Portuguese form has
the right, because it is a Brazilian river, nowhere flowing in Argentina,
and for a short distance only on the boundary. The Brazilian spelling
should therefore be followed by us, and it has the advantage that it is
more apt to be correctly pronounced.
Persons not undertaking the study of Spanish should at least learn
the simple rules of pronunciation; the vowels having the ordinary
continental sounds, the consonants in the main like our own, though
in the middle of a word b is generally pronounced like v, d like th in
this and ll like ly. The rules for accent are easily remembered, names
ending in a vowel being accented on the penult, those in a
consonant, except s, z, and n, on the ultima, unless otherwise
indicated by an accent.
The heedlessness of many Americans on such matters is
notorious and inexcusable. Knowing the correct pronunciation they
continue to mispronounce even an easy word. A notable illustration
is Panamá, which many former residents of the Canal Zone and
others here persist in calling the ugly Pánama instead of the correct
and agreeable Panamá. Although in English the accent is not
generally used on this word or on Colón, Panamá is repeated
throughout the book to emphasize the correct pronunciation.
It is hoped that other accents given will in general be found
correct. It may however be said on Brazilian authority that the
accents on Brazilian names are less important than in Spanish.
A considerable divergence in the date of statistics may be noted,
for which there are several reasons. In some cases pre-war figures,
in others figures for 1917 or 1918, seem to afford a fairer valuation;
or they might be the only ones available. Some figures (often in the
nearest round number) are given as late as 1921, but to bring all at
the same time up to the moment was quite impossible. Great
difficulty has been experienced in choosing between conflicting
statements and figures. In one case three sets of figures of areas
were presented by the same person, before I finally secured the
most accurate.
My grateful appreciation is due and my hearty thanks are here
expressed to all who in any degree have helped by supplying or
verifying data of whatever nature. Officials of the various countries
and of many large companies evinced kindly interest in the work and
gave freely of their time, few being too busy to afford information.
The names are too numerous to mention, but I trust that all will feel
assured that their courtesy was recognized and that the
remembrance will be cherished.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
Introduction xv
I. South America as a Whole 1
THE NORTH COAST
II. Colombia: Area, History, Government, 7
Population, Etc.
III. Colombia: Physical Characteristics 14
IV. Colombia: The Capital, the States and 20
Territories, Chief Cities
V. Colombia: Ports and Transportation 30
VI. Colombia: Resources and Industries 40
VII. Venezuela: Area, History, Government, 53
Population, Etc.
VIII. Venezuela: Physical Characteristics 59
IX. Venezuela: Capital, States, Territories, 63
Chief Cities
X. Venezuela: Ports and Transportation 77
XI. Venezuela: Resources and Industries 86
XII. Guiana as a Whole: British Guiana 100
XIII. Dutch and French Guiana 109
THE WEST COAST
XIV. Ecuador: Area, History, Government, 114
Population, Etc.
XV. Ecuador: Physical Characteristics 121
XVI. Ecuador: Capital, Provinces, Chief 130
Cities
XVII. Ecuador: Ports and Interior 135
Transportation
XVIII. Ecuador: Resources and Industries 141
XIX. Peru: Area, History, Government, 148
Population, Etc.
XX. Peru: Physical Characteristics 156
XXI. Peru: Capital, Departments, Chief Cities 162
XXII. Peru: Ports and Interior 174
Transportation
XXIII. Peru: Resources and Industries 185
XXIV. Bolivia: Area, History, Government, 205
Population, Physical Characteristics
XXV. Bolivia: Capital, Departments, Chief 214
Cities
XXVI. Bolivia: Ports and Transportation 221
XXVII. Bolivia: Resources and Industries 229
XXVIII. Chile: Area, History, Government, 245
Population, Etc.
XXIX. Chile: Physical Characteristics 250
XXX. Chile: Capital, Individual Provinces, 254
Cities
XXXI. Chile: Ports and Transportation 261
XXXII. Chile: Resources and Industries 270
THE EAST COAST
XXXIII. Argentina: Area, History, Government, 280
Population, Etc.
XXXIV. Argentina: Physical Characteristics 287
XXXV. Argentina: The Capital, Individual 291
Provinces and Territories
XXXVI. Argentina: Seaports and Interior 301
Transportation
XXXVII. Argentina: Resources and Industries 315
XXXVIII. Paraguay: Area, History, Government, 332
Population, Etc.
XXXIX. Paraguay: Physical Characteristics 338
XL. Paraguay: The Capital and Other Cities 341
XLI. Paraguay: Resources and Industries 345
XLII. Uruguay: Area, History, Government, 354
Population, Physical Characteristics
XLIII. Uruguay: Capital, Departments, Chief 360
Cities, Ports
XLIV. Uruguay: Transportation, Resources 366
and Industries
XLV. Brazil: Area, History, Government, 372
Population, Etc.
XLVI. Brazil: Physical Characteristics 379
XLVII. Brazil: The Capital, Individual States, 390
Cities
XLVIII. Brazil: Transportation—Ocean, River 406
and Railway
XLIX. Brazil: Resources and Industries 414
L. Brazil: Other Industries 424
LI. South American Trade 434
LII. Life in South America 454
Appendix I. Postal Regulations, etc. 459
Appendix II. Leading Banks of South 462
America
Appendix III. Steamship Lines to South 467
America
Appendix IV. Publications 477
LIST OF MAPS
FACING
PAGE
South America Frontispiece
Colombia 10
Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, Ecuador, 64
North Brazil
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Southwest Brazil 152
Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay 254
Eastern Argentina, Uruguay 308
Eastern Brazil 390
Environs of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro 408
INTRODUCTION
Our recently awakened interest in foreign trade and in world affairs
renders imperatively necessary a more accurate knowledge of other
countries and a more intimate acquaintance with their peoples.
Engaged in settling the various sections of our own country and in
developing its manifold resources, we were too long self sufficient in
thought and narrow in our activities. Yet years ago a few far-sighted
statesmen like James G. Blaine realized that a broader field of action
would soon become essential to our continued prosperity. A few
manufacturers supplemented their domestic business with a
modicum of foreign trade. A few men of affairs devoted their
energies exclusively to the field of foreign commerce.
The Spanish War, first inspiring many with the idea that the United
States had become a world power with interests beyond its
boundaries, served to arouse in others a disposition to have a share
in foreign trade. Following a gradual increase in the early years of
this century, a sudden expansion of our commerce occurred a few
months subsequent to the outbreak of the Great War. A scarcity of
shipping prevented its attaining the proportions which might
otherwise have been realized. Now that this obstacle is removed and
the exactions of war service are over, adequate preparations should
be made for the conduct of our developing commercial relations,
especially with our Sister Continent at the south.
The supposition that those individuals who are directly engaged in
foreign commerce are alone benefited thereby has unfortunately
been widespread. Under our democratic form of government it is
particularly essential that all should understand the advantages of
foreign trade for the welfare of the entire nation, that this may not be
hampered by the narrow views of local-thinking politicians, jealous of
the prosperity of other individuals or sections, or by persons who
concern themselves merely with the question of wages for a few or
with other special matters; and thus that our commerce may be
fostered by our Government according to the custom of other
nations, with no purpose of bitter rivalry or unfriendly greed, but with
the natural and proper desire of a great nation to share in the mutual
benefits accruing to all countries where suitable and honorable
foreign trade is developed, as in the case of individuals who buy and
sell in the home market.
Some knowledge of other countries and peoples, of causes
contributing to their present condition, and of their prospects for
future development, while giving intelligent interest to trade and of
service in making plans for permanent rather than transitory gain, is
desirable for all who care to rise above ignorant narrow-minded
provincialism, to be better prepared for civic and political duties, and
to enjoy a broader outlook upon the entire world.
The most superficial observer cannot fail to perceive the enormous
advantages which have arisen from division of labor among
individuals and nations. The personal barter of primitive days was
soon superseded by a medium of exchange, fixed locally though
varying in different regions. There followed the transport from one
city to another and from distant lands of the various products, natural
or manufactured, of those cities and countries. As many things grow
only in certain parts of the world, others we know are manufactured
only in certain districts. That in the distant future the time may come
when the entire habitable globe will be occupied, each portion
produce what is best adapted to its environment, and the fruits of the
whole earth be enjoyed by all its inhabitants, is from the physical
point of view the ideal to which we may look forward, a goal for the
attainment of which every nation may fittingly contribute.
Few are the portions of the earth where it is impossible for man to
dwell, providing for his wants from his immediate surroundings. Each
section not altogether barren produces such food and requisites for
clothing as are essential to sustain life in that locality. The only
considerable portion of the globe which is uninhabited, the Antarctic
continent, seems likely so to continue, as it appears not merely the
most unattractive spot in the world but devoid of the barest
necessities for existence.
The North Polar regions, however, support a few people who live
upon the products of the country and who probably would not survive
if they adopted the customs of civilization as we regard them, though
the use of a few articles which have been carried there may slightly
ameliorate their hard existence.
The denizens of the tropical forest, who also have adapted
themselves to their surroundings, being able to live with little labor,
generally pursue an easy life, since necessity and ambition for
improvement are lacking.
In other quarters of the globe where labor is necessary to sustain
life but where its results may be a bare existence, comfort, or luxury,
man has continually struggled for improvement, braving danger and
suffering, and toiling long hours for the future good of himself or his
children. Thus has the world made progress.
Here in the United States we might live in comfort with the
products of our broad lands only; yet we do not desire to seclude
ourselves within a Chinese Wall. We would enjoy the fruits of the
whole earth, not by imperialistic conquest, but through friendly
acquaintance, the sharing of ideas, and the exchange of products.
Some things we produce in such abundance that we have a
superfluity to barter for others things which we produce not at all or
not in sufficient quantities. In the past we have had more trade with
Europe than with other continents. In various lines of manufactures
and of artistic goods we are still unable to compete. While east and
west trade will no doubt continue indefinitely, for natural products it
would seem that the chief exchange should be north and south, a
difference in latitude causing variety in climates, and a diversity in
productions both animal and vegetable. With our expansion of
shipping facilities following the conclusion of the War, we may hope
for a continuing increase of movement from north to south on this
hemisphere, making for friendship and political harmony as well as
for material advantage.
