PRACTICAL 1

-----CREATE TABLE--------

create table deposit (act_no varchar2(5), c_name varchar2(18), b_name varchar2(18), amount
number(8,2), adate date);

Table created.
_______________________

create table branch(b_name varchar2(18), city varchar2(18));

Table created.

_______________________

create table customers(c_name varchar(19) , city varchar(18));

Table created.

_______________________

create table borrow(loan_no varchar(5), c_name varchar(18), b_name varchar(18), amount

number(8,2));

Table created.

___________________________
PRACTICAL 2

-----INSERT DATA INTO TABLE--------

STEP 1 See the following data using

desc deposit

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ACT_NO VARCHAR2(5)
C_NAME VARCHAR2(18)
B_NAME VARCHAR2(18)
AMOUNT NUMBER(8,2)
ADATE DATE

STEP 2 INSERT DATA INTO TABLE

insert into deposit values (100,'anil','vrce',100.00,'1-MAR-95');

1 row created.

OR

STEP 2 ENTER DATA USING SCRIPT

insert into deposit values (&A,'&cname' ,'&bname', '&amount','&adata');

Enter value for a: 101
Enter value for cname: sunil
Enter value for bname: ajni
Enter value for amount: 5000
Enter value for adata: 4-JAN-96
old 1: insert into deposit values (&A,'&cname' ,'&bname', '&amount','&adata')
new 1: insert into deposit values (101,'sunil' ,'ajni', '5000','4-JAN-96')

_________________________________
**HOW TO UPDATE VALUES IN TABLE**
update deposit set amount = 1000 where act_no = 100;
1 row updated.
_________________________________
PRACTICAL 3 [connect system]

-----USE DDL COMMANDS--------

STEP 1 CREATE TABLE

create table employees(empid number, firstname varchar2(20), lastname varchar2(20), email

varchar(20), gender char(1), mobileno char(10), doj date default sysdate, deptid int);

---Create table emp with same structure of employees---

create table emp as select * from employees;

Table created.

---Create table emp1 with few columns of employees---

create table emp1 as select empid, firstname from employees;

Table created.
----Add column to table----

alter table emp add blood_group int;

Table altered.

-----Remove column from table----- {POSSIBLE ONLY IN SYSTEM}

alter table emp drop column blood_group;

Table altered.

-------alter database of single and multiple columns in table ----------

(1) Single Column

alter table emp modify firstname int;

Table altered.

(2) Multiple Columns

alter table emp modify (firstname int, lastname int);

Table altered.

--------Delete column in table [ Similar to drop ] --------{POSSIBLE ONLY IN SYSTEM}

alter table emp set unused column blood_group;

Table altered.

------DROP / DELETE TABLE-------

drop table emp1;

Table dropped.

------Truncate - Used to delete all rows from the table -------

truncate table emp;

Table truncated.

------Rename table ------

METHOD 1

alter table emp rename to emp2;

Table altered.

METHOD 2

rename emp2 to emp;

Table renamed.

_________________________________
PRACTICAL 4 [connect system]

-----USE SQL CONSTRAIN Unique and Not Null--------

(1) Add Not Null Constrain in table

alter table employees modify firstname varchar2(20) not null;

Table altered.

----WHEN WE TRY TO ENTER NULL DATA INSERT QUERY----

USING:
insert into employees values(10,NULL,'Parmar','Krishna','M',103336547,'19-Mar-03',100);
IT SHOWS/DISPLAY:
insert into employees values(10,NULL,'Parmar','Krishna','M',103336547,'19-Mar-03',100)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("SYSTEM"."EMPLOYEES"."FIRSTNAME")

(2) Add Unique Constrain in table

alter table employees add constraint em_lastname unique(lastname);

Table altered.

----WHEN WE TRY TO VIOLATE CONSTRAINT BY ENTERING INSERT QUERY----

USING:
insert into employees values(2,'Cool','Tejas','[email protected]','F',198836547,'30-Mar-04',500);
IT SHOWS/DISPLAY:
insert into employees values(2,'Cool','Tejas','[email protected]','F',198836547,'30-Mar-04',500)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (SYSTEM.EM_LASTNAME) violated

(3) Add Multiple Unique Constraint in table

alter table employees add constraint em_lastname_firstname unique(lastname,firstname);

(4) Drop Constraint in table

alter table employees drop constraint em_lastname;

Table altered.

*****NOTE : IF SINGLE CONSTRAIN IS ADDED PRIOR TO MULTIPLE CONSTRAIN APPLY

ON COMMON COLUMN , IN ORDER TO SHOW ERROR FOR MULTIPLE CONSTRAIN YOU
NEED TO DROP SINGLE CONSTRAIN FIRST. *****

______________________________
_________________________________
PRACTICAL 5 [connect system]

-----USE SQL CONSTRAINT Check and Primary Key--------

(1) Add Check Constrain in table

alter table employees add constraint employees_gnd_chk check(gender in('F','M'));

Table altered.

OR

alter table employees add constraint employees_gnd_chk check(gender='M' or gender='F');

Table altered.

----WHEN WE TRY TO VIOLATE CONSTRAINT BY ENTERING INSERT QUERY----

USING:
insert into employees values(2,'aaCool','aajas','[email protected]','S',198836547,'30-Mar-04',500);
IT SHOWS/DISPLAY:
insert into employees values(2,'aaCool','aajas','[email protected]','S',198836547,'30-Mar-04',500)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (SYSTEM.EMPLOYEES_GND_CHK) violated

(2) Display all the constraints applied on the table

select constraint_name, constraint_type from user_constraints where table_name =
'EMPLOYEES';

CONSTRAINT_NAME C
------------------------------ -
SYS_C007149 C
EMPLOYEES_GND_CHK C
EM_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME U

(3) Display all the constraints with column name applied on the table

select constraint_name, column_name from user_cons_columns where table_name =

'EMPLOYEES';

CONSTRAINT_NAME
------------------------------
COLUMN_NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SYS_C007149
FIRSTNAME

EM_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME
LASTNAME

EM_LASTNAME_FIRSTNAME
FIRSTNAME

CONSTRAINT_NAME
------------------------------
COLUMN_NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EMPLOYEES_GND_CHK
GENDER

(4) Delete Rows from table without deleting the data

delete from employees;

4 rows deleted.

(5) Add Primary Key Constrain in table

alter table employees add constraint primary_emp primary key(empid);

Table altered.

(6) Add Primary Key while creating table

create table department(d_id int primary key, dept_name varchar2(20));

Table created.
______________________________
_________________________________
PRACTICAL 6 [connect system]
----- Foreign Key and inserting data using Script-----

(1) Create Foreign Key

Step 1 Enter values in Department (Parent )

Step 2 Enter value in Employee (Child)
Step 3
alter table employees add constraint emp_dept_id_fk foreign key (deptid) references
department (d_id);

Table altered.

(2) Deleting a row using a value

delete from department where d_id = 102;

1 row deleted.

(3) MEANS
alter table employees add constraint emp_dept_id_fk foreign key (deptid) references
department (d_id) on delete set null;

(4) MEANS
alter table employees add constraint emp_dept_id_fk foreign key (deptid) references
department (d_id) on delete cascade;

(5) Enter Data in Table using Script

insert into department values(&d_id , '&dept_name');
Enter value for d_id: 102
Enter value for dept_name: Parth
old 1: insert into department values(&d_id , '&dept_name')
new 1: insert into department values(102 , 'Parth')

1 row created.

(6) Enter Particular data in Table

insert into employees (empid,firstname,lastname,deptid) values (5,'Ben','Rock',104);

1 row created.

______________________________
_________________________________
PRACTICAL 7 [connect system]
----- DDL & DML commands ------
1) Update
2) Delete
3) Drop
4) Truncate
5) Merge
__________________________

(1) Creating copy of exisiting table using its attributes

create table copy_emp(e_id, e_fname, e_lname, e_mbno, d_id) as select empid, firstname,
lastname, mobileno, deptid from employees where empid=0;

(2)Inserting values into Copy

insert into copy_emp values(1, 'Pa','Tha',81036944,100);

1 row created.

(3)Updating Values in table using attribute

update copy_emp set e_fname = 'Viraj',e_lname = 'Patel' where e_id = 1;

1 row updated.

(4)Deleting Values in table using attribute

delete from copy_emp where e_id = 1;

1 row deleted.

(5)Deleting Columns from table

alter table copy_emp drop column e_mbno;

Table altered.
(6)Drop Copy table
drop table copy_emp;

Table dropped.

(7) Truncate table

truncate table copy_emp;

Table truncated.

(8) Merger Two rows into one by giving specific Condition

Step 1
select * from copy_emp;
Step 2
select * from employees;
Step 3
merge into copy_emp c using employees e on (e.empid = c.e_id) when matched then update
set c.e_fname = e.firstname, c.e_lname = e.lastname, c.d_id = e.deptid when not matched then
insert values(e.empid, e.firstname, e.lastname, e.mobileno, e.deptid);

3 rows merged.

(9)DOUBT - Not Working

merge into copy_emp2 c using copy_emp3 e on (e.empid = c.empid) when matched then
update set c.firstname = e.firstname, c.lastname = e.lastname, c.mobileno = e.mobile when not
matched then insert values(e.empid, e.firstname, e.lastname, e.mobileno);

______________________________
_________________________________
PRACTICAL 8 [connect system]
----- TCL commands ------
1) Commit

2) Savepoint

3) Rollback

__________________________
(1) Commit
CODE : commit;

OUTPUT : Commit complete.

(2) Deleting particular data using given data
CODE : delete from department where d_id = 103;
OUTPUT : 1 row deleted.
 (3)RollBack
CODE : rollback;
OUTPUT : Rollback complete.

(4)Rollback to xyz step

Step 1
select * from department;

D_ID DEPT_NAME
---------- --------------------
100 Viraj
102 Parth
104 Tom

Step 2
savepoint deletion;

Savepoint created.

Step 3
insert into department values (103, 'Harshal');

1 row created.

Step 4
savepoint insertion;

Savepoint created.

Step 5
select * from department;

D_ID DEPT_NAME
---------- --------------------
100 Viraj
103 Harshal
102 Parth
104 Tom

Step 6
rollback to deletion;

Rollback complete.
Step 7
select * from department;

D_ID DEPT_NAME
---------- --------------------
100 Viraj
102 Parth
104 Tom

(5) Insertion and deletion Savepoint and roll back

Step 1
insert into department values (103, 'Harshal');

1 row created.

Step 2 savepoint insertion;

Savepoint created.

Step 3 delete from department where d_id = 103;

1 row deleted.

Step 4 savepoint deletion;

Savepoint created.

Step 5 select * from department;

D_ID DEPT_NAME
---------- --------------------
100 Viraj
102 Parth
104 Tom

Step 6 rollback to deletion;

Rollback complete.

Step 7 select * from department;

D_ID DEPT_NAME
---------- --------------------
 100 Viraj
102 Parth
104 Tom

Step 8 rollback to insertion;

Rollback complete.

Step 9 select * from department;

D_ID DEPT_NAME
---------- --------------------
100 Viraj
103 Harshal
102 Parth
104 Tom

(6) Select data from system while using sysdba

Step 1

conn sys as sysdba

Enter password:
Connected.

Step 2
CODE : select * from system.department;
OUTPUT :
D_ID DEPT_NAME
---------- --------------------
100 Viraj
103 Harshal
102 Parth
104 Tom

______________________________
****FOR THE NEXY FEW QUERIES ENTER DATA INTO EMPLOYEES*******
______________________________

STEP 1 insert into employees

values(1,'Pa','Ta','[email protected]','M','123456789','19-Mar-20',103);

1 row created.
STEP 2 insert into employees
values(2,'Va','De','[email protected]','F','123459789','19-Mar-21',104);

1 row created.

STEP 3 insert into employees

values(3,'Viraj','Patel','[email protected]','M','127899789','19-Mar-23',105);

1 row created.
______________________________

(7) Join Two Columns of table into another table [conn sys as sysdba]
CODE :
select firstname || ' ' || lastname "Full Name", doj from employees order by firstname;

OUTPUT :
Full Name DOJ
----------------------------------------- ---------
Pa Ta 19-MAR-20
Va De 19-MAR-21
Viraj Patel 19-MAR-23

OR
CODE :
select firstname || ' ' || lastname "Full Name", doj from employees order by mobileno;

OUTPUT :
Full Name DOJ
----------------------------------------- ---------
Pa Ta 19-MAR-20
Va De 19-MAR-21
Viraj Patel 19-MAR-23

(8) SORTING DATA

(a) CODE :
select firstname, lastname,email from employees order by lastname desc, firstname;

OUTPUT :
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME EMAIL
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Pa Ta [email protected]
Viraj Patel [email protected]
Va De [email protected]
 (b) CODE :
select firstname, lastname,email from employees order by lastname desc, firstname
desc;

OUTPUT :
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME EMAIL
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Pa Ta [email protected]
Viraj Patel [email protected]
Va De [email protected]

(c) CODE :
select firstname, lastname,email from employees order by lastname, firstname desc;

OUTPUT :
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME EMAIL
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Va De [email protected]
Viraj Patel [email protected]
Pa Ta [email protected]

______________________________
PRACTICAL 9 [connect system]
----- SQL Functions ------
__________________________
1. Character Functions

2. Number Functions

3. Date Functions

________________________
******* TO COMPARE TABLE ******
select * from employees;
EMPID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME EMAIL G MOBILENO DOJ
DEPTID
---------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- - ---------- --------- ----------
5 Vi Pal [email protected] M 123456789 19-MAR-02 104
1 Viraj Patel virajp526 M 8140390836 20-MAR-02
2 Parth Thakkar parth526 M 9120390836 19-MAR-03

(0) Display value for particular value in table

CODE : select empid, firstname, lastname from employees where lastname = 'Patel';
OUTPUT :
EMPID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME
---------- -------------------- --------------------
1 Viraj Patel

(1) Character Functions

(a) UPPER & LOWER

CODE : select empid, upper(firstname), lastname from employees where

lastname = 'Patel';

OUTPUT:

EMPID UPPER(FIRSTNAME) LASTNAME

---------- -------------------- --------------------

1 VIRAJ Patel

CODE : select empid, upper(firstname) as Fname, lastname from employees

where lastname = 'Patel';

OUTPUT:

EMPID FNAME LASTNAME

---------- -------------------- --------------------

1 VIRAJ Patel

CODE : select empid, upper(firstname) as Fname, lastname from employees

where lastname = lower('Patel');

OUTPUT: no rows selected

CODE : select empid, upper(firstname) as Fname, lastname from employees

where lower(lastname) = 'Patel';
 OUTPUT: no rows selected

(b) INITCAP

CODE : select empid, upper(firstname) as Fname, lastname from employees

where initcap(lastname) = 'Patel';

OUTPUT:

EMPID FNAME LASTNAME

---------- -------------------- --------------------

1 VIRAJ Patel

CODE : select empid, upper(firstname) as Fname, initcap(lastname) from

employees where initcap(lastname) = 'Patel';

OUTPUT:

EMPID FNAME INITCAP(LASTNAME)

---------- -------------------- --------------------

1 VIRAJ Patel

CODE : select empid, upper(firstname) as Fname, initcap(lastname) as Lname

from employees where initcap(lastname) = 'Patel';

OUTPUT:

EMPID FNAME LNAME

---------- -------------------- --------------------

1 VIRAJ Patel

(c) Character-Manipulation Functions:

(i) LENGTH:

CODE : select empid,firstname from employees where length(lastname) = 7;

OUTPUT:

EMPID FIRSTNAME

---------- --------------------

2 Parth

CODE : select empid,firstname from employees where length(lastname) = 3;

OUTPUT:

EMPID FIRSTNAME

---------- --------------------

5 Vi

CODE : select empid,firstname, length(lastname) from employees where

length(lastname) = 3;

OUTPUT:

EMPID FIRSTNAME LENGTH(LASTNAME)

---------- -------------------- ----------------

5 Vi 3

CODE : select empid,firstname, length(lastname) from employees;

OUTPUT:

EMPID FIRSTNAME LENGTH(LASTNAME)

---------- -------------------- ----------------

1 Viraj 5

2 Parth 7

5 Vi 3

(ii) CONCAT:

CODE : select empid, concat(firstname, lastname) from employees;

OUTPUT:

EMPID CONCAT(FIRSTNAME,LASTNAME)

---------- ----------------------------------------

1 VirajPatel

2 ParthThakkar

5 ViPal

CODE : select empid, concat(concat(firstname,' '),lastname) from employees;

OUTPUT :

EMPID CONCAT(CONCAT(FIRSTNAME,''),LASTNAME)

---------- -----------------------------------------

1 Viraj Patel

2 Parth Thakkar

5 Vi Pal
(iii)SUBSTR:

CODE : select empid, firstname, substr(lastname,0,3) from employees;

OUTPUT:

EMPID FIRSTNAME SUBSTR(LASTN

---------- -------------------- ------------

1 Viraj Pat

2 Parth Tha

5 Vi Pal

CODE : select empid, firstname, substr(lastname,1,3) from employees;

OUTPUT:

EMPID FIRSTNAME SUBSTR(LASTN

---------- -------------------- ------------

1 Viraj Pat

2 Parth Tha

5 Vi Pal

CODE : select empid, substr(firstname,3,5), substr(lastname,1,3) from

employees;

OUTPUT:

EMPID SUBSTR(FIRSTNAME,3,5 SUBSTR(LASTN

---------- -------------------- ------------

1 raj Pat

2 rth Tha
 5 Pal

CODE : select empid, substr(firstname,3,2), substr(lastname,1,3) from

employees;

OUTPUT:

EMPID SUBSTR(F SUBSTR(LASTN

---------- -------- ------------

1 ra Pat

2 rt Tha

5 Pal

(iv)LPAD & RPAD:

CODE: select empid, rpad(firstname,10,'*') from employees;

OUTPUT:

EMPID RPAD(FIRSTNAME,10,'*')

---------- ----------------------------------------

1 Viraj*****

2 Parth*****

5 Vi********

CODE: select empid, rpad(substr(firstname,2,3),10,'*') from employees;

OUTPUT:

EMPID RPAD(SUBSTR(FIRSTNAME,2,3),10,'*')

---------- ----------------------------------------

1 ira*******

2 art*******
 5 i*********

CODE: select empid, lpad(rpad(firstname,10,'*'),20,'*') from employees;

OUTPUT:

EMPID LPAD(RPAD(FIRSTNAME,10,'*'),20,'*')

---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 **********Viraj*****

2 **********Parth*****

5 **********Vi********

CODE: select empid, lpad(rpad(firstname,10,'*'),10,'*') from employees;

OUTPUT:

EMPID LPAD(RPAD(FIRSTNAME,10,'*'),10,'*')

---------- ----------------------------------------

1 Viraj*****

2 Parth*****

5 Vi********

2. NUMBER FUNCTION

CODE : select * from dual;

OUTPUT :

X
 (i) MOD:

CODE :select mod(7,2) from dual;

OUTPUT :

MOD(7,2)

----------

CODE :select mod(34.3452,2) from dual;

OUTPUT :

MOD(34.3452,2)

--------------

.3452

(ii) ROUND:

CODE : select round(34.3456) from dual;

OUTPUT :

ROUND(34.3456)

--------------

34

CODE: select round(34.9898) from dual;

OUTPUT :

ROUND(34.9898)

--------------

35
 (iii) TRUNC:

CODE :select trunc(34.5656) from dual;

OUTPUT :

TRUNC(34.5656)

--------------

34

CODE : select trunc(34.9) from dual;

OUTPUT :

TRUNC(34.9)

-----------

34

3. DATE FUNCTION

CODE : select sysdate from dual;

OUTPUT :

SYSDATE

---------

17-MAY-22

CODE : select sysdate + 5 from dual ;

OUTPUT :

SYSDATE+5

---------

22-MAY-22
CODE : select sysdate + 31 from dual ;

OUTPUT :

SYSDATE+3

---------

17-JUN-22

CODE : select sysdate - 5 from dual;

OUTPUT :

SYSDATE-5

---------

12-MAY-22

CODE :select sysdate + 14/24 from dual;

OUTPUT :

SYSDATE+1

---------

18-MAY-22

CODE : select sysdate + 5/24 from dual;

OUTPUT :

SYSDATE+5

---------

18-MAY-22

CODE : select systimestamp from dual;

OUTPUT :

SYSTIMESTAMP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

17-MAY-22 09.34.34.313000 PM +05:30

CODE : select to_date('31-Dec-22') - to_date('22-May-22') from dual;

OUTPUT :

TO_DATE('31-DEC-22')-TO_DATE('22-MAY-22')

-----------------------------------------

223

CODE : select to_date('31-Dec-21') - to_date('22-May-22') from dual;

OUTPUT :

TO_DATE('31-DEC-21')-TO_DATE('22-MAY-22')

-----------------------------------------

-142

CODE : select months_between('31-Dec-22','22-May-22') from dual;

OUTPUT :

MONTHS_BETWEEN('31-DEC-22','22-MAY-22')

---------------------------------------

7.29032258

CODE : select next_day('22-May-22','Friday') from dual;

OUTPUT :

NEXT_DAY(

---------

27-MAY-22

CODE : select add_months('22-May-22',2) from dual;

 OUTPUT :

ADD_MONTH

---------

22-JUL-22

CODE : select add_months('22-May-22',15) from dual;

OUTPUT :

ADD_MONTH

---------

22-AUG-23

CODE :select round(months_between('31-Dec-22','22-May-22')) from dual;

OUTPUT :

ROUND(MONTHS_BETWEEN('31-DEC-22','22-MAY-22'))

----------------------------------------------

_________________________________
PRACTICAL 10-1 [connect system]
----- use of Null Value Handing ------
__________________________
1. SQL Functions

********** INORDER TO COMPARE OTHER TABLE WITH MAIN*******

CODE: select * from employees;

OUTPUT:

EMPID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME EMAIL G MOBILENO DOJ

DEPTID

---------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- - ---------- --------- ----------

5 Vi Pal [email protected] M 123456789 19-MAR-02 104

1 Viraj Patel virajp526 M 8140390836 20-MAR-02

 2 Parth Thakkar parth526 M 9120390836 19-MAR-03

_____________________________________________________

(a) to_char

CODE : select empid, firstname, lastname, to_char(doj,'DAY') as day_of_join from

employees;

OUTPUT :

EMPID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME DAY_OF_JOIN

---------- -------------------- -------------------- ------------------------------------

5 Vi Pal TUESDAY

1 Viraj Patel WEDNESDAY

2 Parth Thakkar WEDNESDAY

CODE : select empid, firstname, lastname, to_char(doj,'D') as day_of_join from

employees;

OUTPUT :

EMPID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME D

---------- -------------------- -------------------- -

5 Vi Pal 3

1 Viraj Patel 4

2 Parth Thakkar 4

CODE : select empid, firstname, lastname, to_char(doj,'Day') as day_of_join from

employees where to_char(doj, 'fmDay') = 'TUESDAY';

OUTPUT :

no rows selected

CODE : select empid, firstname, lastname, to_char(doj,'Day') as day_of_join from

employees where to_char(doj, 'fmDay') = 'Tuesday';

OUTPUT :

EMPID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME DAY_OF_JOIN

---------- -------------------- -------------------- ------------------------------------

 5 Vi Pal Tuesday

CODE : select to_char(sysdate,'dd mm yy') from dual;

OUTPUT :

TO_CHAR(

--------

17 05 22

CODE : select to_char(sysdate, 'dd month yy') from dual;

OUTPUT :

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DDMONTHYY')

------------------------------------------

17 may 22

CODE : select to_char(sysdate, 'dd month year') from dual;

OUTPUT :

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DDMONTHYEAR')

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

17 may twenty twenty-two

CODE : select to_char(sysdate, 'day month year') from dual;

OUTPUT :

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DAYMONTHYEAR')

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------

tuesday may twenty twenty-two

CODE : select to_char(sysdate, 'DL') from dual;

OUTPUT :

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DL')
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tuesday, May 17, 2022

_________________________________
PRACTICAL 10-2 [connect system]
----- use of Null Value Handing ------
__________________________
● SQL Functions
● SQL Views
● Creating Users
● DCL commands

*****INORDER TO COMPARE IT*******

CODE: select * from deposit;

OUTPUT :

ACT_N C_NAME B_NAME SALARY ADATE COMM

---------- -------------------- -------------------- ---------- --------- ----------

100 anil vrce 1000 01-MAR-95 100

102 mehul karolbaugh 3500 17-NOV-95

104 Madhuri chandi 1200 17-DEC-95 0

105 Prmod M.G.road 3000 27-MAR-96 500

106 sandip andheri 0 31-MAR-96 0

107 Shiavni Virar 1000 05-SEP-95 0

108 Kranti Nehru Place 5000 02-JUL-95 108

109 Minu Powai 7000 10-AUG-95 140

110 Parht

9 rows selected.

—-------------------

(a) SQL FUNCTION

CODE : select act_n, c_name, salary, comm, salary + (salary * (comm/100)) as inhand_amt from
deposit;

OUTPUT:

ACT_N C_NAME SALARY COMM INHAND_AMT

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------

 100 anil 1000 100 2000

102 mehul 3500

104 Madhuri 1200 0 1200

105 Prmod 3000 500 18000

106 sandip 0 0 0

107 Shiavni 1000 0 1000

108 Kranti 5000 108 10400

109 Minu 7000 140 16800

110 Parht

9 rows selected.

CODE: select act_n, c_name, salary, comm, salary + (salary * nvl((comm/100),0)) as inhand_amt
from deposit;

OUTPUT:

ACT_N C_NAME SALARY COMM INHAND_AMT

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------

100 anil 1000 100 2000

102 mehul 3500 3500

104 Madhuri 1200 0 1200

105 Prmod 3000 500 18000

106 sandip 0 0 0

107 Shiavni 1000 0 1000

108 Kranti 5000 108 10400

109 Minu 7000 140 16800

110 Parht

9 rows selected.

CODE: select act_n, c_name, salary, comm, coalesce(comm, salary, 5) as new from deposit;

OUTPUT:
 ACT_N C_NAME SALARY COMM NEW

---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------

100 anil 1000 100 100

102 mehul 3500 3500

104 Madhuri 1200 0 0

105 Prmod 3000 500 500

106 sandip 0 0 0

107 Shiavni 1000 0 0

108 Kranti 5000 108 108

109 Minu 7000 140 140

110 Parht 5

9 rows selected.

(B) SQL VIEW

CODE : create view parth as select empid, firstname, lastname , gender from employees;

OUTPUT :

View created.

CODE : create view viraj as select empid, firstname, lastname , gender from employees;

OUTPUT :

View created.

CODE : select * from viraj;

OUTPUT :

EMPID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME G

---------- -------------------- -------------------- -

5 Vi Pal M

1 Viraj Patel M

2 Parth Thakkar M
(c) Creating User

CODE : create user viraj identified by root;

OUTPUT :

User created.

CODE: conn system;

OUTPUT :

Enter password:

Connected.

CODE: grant create session to viraj;

OUTPUT :

Grant succeeded.

CODE:conn viraj;

OUTPUT :

Enter password:

Connected.

CODE: conn system;

OUTPUT :

Enter password:

Connected.

CODE: grant create table, create view to viraj;

OUTPUT :

Grant succeeded.

CODE: grant unlimited tablespace to viraj;

OUTPUT :
Grant succeeded.

CODE: create table temp_1(id number, fname varchar2(20));

OUTPUT :

Table created.

CODE: insert into temp_1 values (1,'parth');

OUTPUT :

1 row created.

CODE: insert into temp_1 values (2,'Viraj');

OUTPUT :

1 row created.

CODE: insert into temp_1 values (3,'Miit');

OUTPUT :

1 row created.

CODE: select * from temp_1;

OUTPUT :

ID FNAME

---------- --------------------

1 parth

2 Viraj

3 Miit

CODE: grant select on department to viraj;

Grant succeeded.
CODE: select * from system.department;

OUTPUT :

D_ID DEPT_NAME

---------- --------------------

100 Viraj

103 Harshal

102 Parth

104 Tom

_________________________________
PRACTICAL 11 [connect system]
-----Joints in SQL ------
__________________________
1. INNER JOIN

2. LEFT JOIN

3. RIGHT JOIN

4. FULL JOIN

5. SELF JOIN

*********INORDER TO COMPARE DATA************

STEP 1
select * from employees;
OUTPUT
EMPID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME EMAIL G MOBILENO DOJ
DEPTID
---------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- - ---------- --------- ----------
5 Vi Pal [email protected] M 123456789 19-MAR-02 104
1 Viraj Patel virajp526 M 8140390836 20-MAR-02
2 Parth Thakkar parth526 M 9120390836 19-MAR-03

STEP 2
select * from department;
OUTPUT
D_ID DEPT_NAME
---------- --------------------
100 Viraj
103 Harshal
 102 Parth
104 Tom
—--------------
(1)Inner joint
CODE:
select firstname, lastname , dept_name from employees inner join department on
employees.deptid = department.d_id;
OUTPUT:
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME DEPT_NAME
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Vi Pal Tom

(2) Left Joint

CODE:
select firstname, lastname , dept_name from employees left join department on
employees.deptid = department.d_id;
OUTPUT:
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME DEPT_NAME
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Vi Pal Tom
Viraj Patel
Parth Thakkar

CODE:
select firstname, lastname , dept_name from department left join employees on department.d_id
= employees.deptid;
OUTPUT:
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME DEPT_NAME
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Vi Pal Tom
Harshal
Viraj
Parth

(3) DOUBT
CODE
select firstname, lastname , dept_name from employees, department where deptid = d_id(+);
OUPUT
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME DEPT_NAME
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Vi Pal Tom
Viraj Patel
Parth Thakkar
CODE
select firstname, lastname , dept_name from employees, department where deptid(+) = d_id;
OUTPUT
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME DEPT_NAME
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Vi Pal Tom
Harshal
Viraj
Parth
(4)RIGHT JOINT
CODE
select firstname, lastname, dept_name from employees right join department on
employees.deptid = department.d_id;
OUTPUT
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME DEPT_NAME
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Vi Pal Tom
Harshal
Viraj
Parth
CODE
select firstname, lastname, dept_name from department right join employees on
department.d_id = employees.deptid;
OUTPUT
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME DEPT_NAME
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Vi Pal Tom
Viraj Patel
Parth Thakkar

(5)Full outer joint

CODE: select firstname, lastname, dept_name from employees full outer join department on
employees.deptid = department.d_id;
OUTPUT
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME DEPT_NAME
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Viraj
Harshal
Parth
Vi Pal Tom
Parth Thakkar
Viraj Patel

6 rows selected.
CODE: select firstname, lastname, dept_name from department full outer join employees on
department.d_id = employees.deptid;
OUTPUT
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME DEPT_NAME
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Viraj
Harshal
Parth
Vi Pal Tom
Parth Thakkar
Viraj Patel

6 rows selected.

CODE: select firstname, lastname, dept_name from department full outer join employees on
department.d_id = employees.deptid where employees.deptid>103;
OUTPUTL:
FIRSTNAME LASTNAME DEPT_NAME
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Vi Pal Tom

(7)DOUBT
CODE
select m.firstname as manager, w.firstname as worker from employees m, employees w where
w.managerid = m.empid and w.empid>1;

CODE
select m.firstname as manager, w.firstname as worker from employees m, employees w where
w.managerid = m.empid and m.empid>1;

CODE
select m.firstname as manager, w.firstname as worker from employees m, employees w where
w.managerid = m.empid and w.managerid>1;
______________________________
PRACTICAL 12 [connect system]
----- Subqueries in SQL ------
__________________________

select * from deposit;

select salary from deposit where c_name = 'Madhuri'; - Give salary of madhuri

------SubQuery-----
select act_n, c_name from deposit where salary > (select salary from deposit where c_name =
'Madhuri'); - display account no. , cname and salary of those whose salary is greater than salary
of madhuri

------add salary columns-----

alter table employees add salary number(10);

------add values in salary columns [USING SCRIPT]----

update employees set salary = &s where empid = &e;
#Enter value for s:# 10000
#Enter value for e:# 3

/ -used in script to enter data of next row

----Enter values in Table -----

insert into employees
values(6,'zalak','patel','[email protected]','f',9123456781,'05-may-22',103,15000);

-----Update salary of 10% increment to employes who are in department of zeal------

Step1 Find Department of Zeal

select deptid from employees where firstname = 'zalak'; - give deptid of zeal

Step2 Subquery
update employees set salary = (salary + (salary * 0.1)) where deptid = (select deptid from
employees where firstname = 'zalak'); --will do increment of salary of those who are in
department of zeal

----Sort salary of those whose salary than zalak where there are multiple entries of zalak----
Step 1
select empid,firstname,lastname, salary from employees where (firstname = 'zalak'); - give
details of all firstname named zalak
Step 2 [using all where it gives data greater than all zalak]
select empid,firstname,lastname, salary from employees where salary > all( select salary from
employees where firstname = 'zalak'); - when there are multiple zalak then it gives output of
salary greater than all zalak
OR
Step 2 [using any where it gives data greater than each zalak]
select empid,firstname,lastname, salary from employees where salary > any( select salary from
employees where firstname = 'zalak'); - when there are multiple zalak then it gives output of
salary greater than any zalak

----Display Employees salary greater than min. salary ----

select empid,firstname,lastname,salary from employees where salary > (select min(salary) from
employees);

----[CAN COME IN EXAM] Display Employees salary 2nd max ----

Step 1
select max(salary) from employees where salary < (select max(salary) from employees); - give
2nd highest sALARY
Step 2 [ Using 2 SubQueries]
select empid,firstname,lastname, salary from employees where salary = (select max(salary)
from employees where salary < (select max(salary) from employees)); - display all details of
employee with 2nd highest salary

—---------------------------------
select * from employees where salary = any(select max(salary) from employees group by
deptid);
OUTPUT :
EMPID FIRSTNAME LASTNAME EMAIL G MOBILENO DOJ
DEPTID SALARY
---------- -------------------- -------------------- -------------------- - ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
6 zalak atel [email protected] F 9123456781 05-MAY-22 103
16500
1 Viraj Patel virajp526 M 8140390836 20-MAR-02
1000

__________________________________________
______________________________
PRACTICAL 13 [connect system]
----- Procedural language SQL ------
__________________________
(1)WAC to compare which number is smaller
Step 1
set serverout on;
Step 2
1 DECLARE
2 a number;
3 b number;
4 c number;
5 PROCEDURE findMin(x IN number , y IN number , z out number) is
6 BEGIN
7 if x<y THEN
8 z:= x;
9 ELSE
10 z:= y;
11 END IF;
12 END;
13 BEGIN
14 a:= 23;
15 b:= 45;
16 findMin(a,b,c);
17 dbms_output.put_line('Minimum of (23,45) : ' || c);
18* END;
Step 3 Execute Using
CODE : /
Output
Minimum of (23,45) : 23

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

(2) To edit the written PL SQL code

CODE : ed
OUTPUT : Wrote file afiedt.buf
Opens the given file in NotePad

(3)WAC to compare which number is bigger

Step 1 (if Not)

set serverout on;
Step 2

1 DECLARE
2 a number;
3 b number;
4 c number;
5 function findmax(x IN number , y IN number)
6 return number
7 is
8 z number;
9 BEGIN
10 if x>y then
11 z:= x;
12 ELSE
13 z:= y;
14 END IF;
15 return z;
16 END;
17 BEGIN
18 a:= 23;
19 b:= 45;
20 c:= findmax(a,b);
21 dbms_output.put_line('Minimum of (23,45) : ' || c);
22* END;

Step 3 Execute Using

CODE : /
Output
Maximum of (23,45) : 45

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

(4)Trigger
Step 1
create or replace trigger display_deptid_changes
2 before delete or insert or update on employees
3 for each row
4 when(new.empid > 0)
5 declare
6 deptid_diff number;
7 begin
8 deptid_diff := :new.deptid - :old.deptid;
9 dbms_output.put_line('old deptid:' || :old.deptid);
10 dbms_output.put_line('new deptid:' || :new.deptid);
11 dbms_output.put_line('Dept Difference:' || deptid_diff);
12* end;
13
14 /

Trigger created.
Step 2
insert into employees values(5,'Vi','Pal','[email protected]','M',123456789,'19-Mar-02',104);
old deptid:
new deptid:104
Dept Difference:

1 row created.