LESSON 1 ICT is made up of three words, namely

information, communications, and

What is Information and Communication technology
Technology?
 Information and Information
communications technology or  Knowledge obtained from reading,
investigation, and radio
ICT was defined in a study
 Computers normally process data
conducted by Zuppo (2012) as that are later understood as
“related to technologies that information
facilitate the transfer of  Information is needed to make
information and various types of decisions and to foresee the
electronically mediated future
communication.”
Communication
 According to Baumeister and
 An act of transmitting messages
Leary (1995), the  Prehistoric days, communicated
“belongingness hypothesis” through signs or symbols
states that people have a basic  With technology, communication
psychological need to feel is faster, more convenient and
closely connected to others, and more efficient
that caring, affectionate bonds
Technology
from close relationships are a
 Evolved in ways that improve
major part of human behavior. people’s daily activities
 Communication through
telephones, mobile devices and
internet is faster and easier.
 Radio, Television, Satellites and
World Wide Web are powerful
tools

Evolution of Technology
 The concept of technology
always starts with the basic tool.
In order to build a house, one
cannot simply use his or her own
two hands to cut wood and
attach the wooden pieces
together. A hacksaw. hammer,
and a set of nails are needed to
accomplish the task. The
concept of a wheel has also
made transportation much
easier, and enabled people to
move several objects from one
place to another with ease.
By combining a set of tools,
people have come up with
machines that can do the tasks
faster and more efficiently. A
Breakdown of information and single-wheel transportation tool
communication technology
 has inspired the creation of a capable of learning. This is where
machine capable of the concept of artificial
transporting, not just objects, intelligence comes in. One of the
latest inventions in the
but also passengers. Thus,
automotive industry is the
vehicles have nowadays become intelligent car which is capable of
more of a necessity rather than driving and parking by itself.
a form of luxury
 Another type of machine that is History of Computer
considered a necessity is the  With the evolution of technology,
computer. A computer is an computers have taken a major
electronic device, operating role in the last three decades.
under the control of instructions This is due to the fact that
stored in its own memory, that people have become increasingly
can accept data, manipulate the dependent on computers to do
data according to specified rules, their daily tasks in school, at
produce results, and store the work, or in their routines. What
results for future use. However, started off as simply for research
55 technology evolves, so do purposes, computers are now
machines. Computers today are designed to be more compact,
longer the same computers your more mobile, and more
parents must have first used. integrated in people’s daily
Most machines, including activities.
computers, have evolved  Computers have evolved based
through the process on the type of components used
of automation. in the design. At present,
 Automation is defined as “the scientists and researchers have
technique of making an identified five generations based
apparatus, a process, or a on design, suitability and
system operate automatically.” reliability. These generations of
Automation includes a broad computers are briefly defined.
range of technologies normally below (Pepito, 2002).
connecting computer systems to
other systems, such as Sensors,  First-generation Computer (1946-
wireless applications, expert 1959)
systems, and systems The first electronic computer was
integration, among others. The developed in 1946. Designed by
integration is made in such a J. Presper Eckert and John W.
way that these interconnected Mauchly from the University of
systems are capable of self- Pennsylvania and financed by
acting or self-regulation. the United States Army, the
 Automated systems can reduce Electronic Numeric Integrator
the instances of errors, which are and Calculator (ENIAC) is
usually caused by human-based considered to be the first-
decision and comprehension. generation computer. ENIAC was
Production companies often use a modular computer, composed
automated systems as part of of several panels capable of
their business process as performing different functions.
automation increases However, it could store only a
productivity and lessens the time limited or small amount of
to market. information and only do
 However, an automated system arithmetic operations such as
is not the same as an intelligent addition and subtraction of up to
system. Intelligent systems are 10 digits. The computer was
far more complex and are roughly 167 square meters in
 size, and weighed 27 tons. In this fifth generation, the VLSI
technology has evolved into
 Second-generation Computer (1959- what is called ultra large-scale
1965) integration (ULSI) technology.
The transistor was used as the with the manufacture of
interior sections of the computer. microprocessor chips having 10
Transistors were much smaller, electronic components. This
faster, and more dependable generation involves computer
than the vacuum tubes of the intelligence which is associated
first generation computer. They with artificial intelligence (AI),
generated less heat and natural language, and expert
consumed less electricity but systems that interpret the means
were still very costly. and practices of producing
computers that think like human
 Third-generation Computer (1965- beings.
1971)
In 1965, Jack Kilby invented the Components of Computer
integrated circuit (IC) that was A computer is an electronic device
used instead of transistors as the that manipulates information or
interior sections to build the data. It contains both hardware
computer. A single IC has many components and software
transistors, resistors, and applications.
capacitors that even the full Hardware
circuit board of a transistor can - It pertains to the computer’s
be replaced entirely with one physical devices. It is any part
chip. This chip made the of computer that can be seen
computers smaller, unfailing, and
and touched.
effective. In this third generation,
Input Devices
remote processing, time-sharing,
- Input devices are
and multiprogramming operating
systems were used. hardware components
used to enter data and
 Fourth-generation Computer (1971- commands into a
1980) computer, such as
From 1971 to 1980, very large keyboards, mice, and
scale integrated (VLSI) circuits microphones.
were used to build computers.
These circuits have about 5,000 Keyboard
transistors and other circuit - is the most common input
elements with their connected device that accepts letters,
circuits on a single chip known as numbers, and commands from
the microprocessor. These the user.
fourth-generation computers Mouse
such as personal computers - is a small device that a
become more powerful, dense, computer user pushes across a
reliable, and inexpensive. The desk surface in order to point to
other application of this
a place on a display screen.
microprocessor technology can
be used and applied for pocket
calculators, television sets, Microphone
automotive devices, and audio - allows a user to speak into the
and video appliances. computer to input data and
instructions.
 Fifth-generation Computer (1980-
Scanner
onwards)
 - converts printed materials into a speed, reliability,
form the computer can use. consistency, and accuracy.
Digital Camera Speed
- allows one to take pictures - Computers are fast because
then transfer the they process data using high-
photographed images to the speed electronic circuits that
computer or printer. perform billions of calculations
PC Video Camera per second.
- With the PC Video Camera Reliability and Consistency
attached to the computer, - Computers are reliable and
users can see each other as consistent because they
they communicate via execute programmed
computer. instructions exactly as
Output Devices specified, without deviation or
- an output device is any fatigue.
hardware component that
transmits information to one Accuracy
or more people. The three - Computers are accurate
commonly used output because they follow precise
devices are as follows: algorithms and perform
Printer calculations with a high degree
- produces text and graphics on a of precision.
physical medium such as paper. -
Monitor Communication
- display text, graphics, and - Computers enable
videos on a screen. Many communication by
monitors look similar to a
connecting people and
television. The three types of
devices through various
monitors available in the market
digital networks.
are the following:
The General classifications of computers
- Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Classifying Computers
- Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
- Light-emitting diode (LED) Computers can be classified based on
size and computing power. However, as
Speaker technology advances, these classifications tend
- allows one to hear music, voice, to overlap as modern computers have become
and other sounds. smaller, yet more powerful, and relatively
cheaper.
System Unit
- The system unit is the The General classifications of computers
enclosure composed of the are as follows:
main elements of a computer • Personal computer - is a small, single-
that are used to administer user computer based on a
data. microprocessor. In addition to the on
Storage Device microprocessor, a personal computer
- a piece of computer equipment on has a keyboard for entering data, a
which information can be stored. monitor for displaying information, and
a storage device for saving data.
Why computers are powerful?
- Computers are powerful for •Workstation - is a powerful, single-
a variety of reasons. They user computer. A workstation is like a
work with remarkable personal computer, but it has a more
powerful microprocessor and a internet and even playing console
higher-quality monitor. games.

•Minicomputer - is a multi-user • Wearables - include fitness trackers

computer capable of supporting from and smartwatches that can be worn
10 to hundreds of users throughout the day.
simultaneously.
• Smart TVs - are the latest
•Mainframe - is a powerful multi-user television sets that include applications
computer capable of supporting present in computers. For example,
hundreds or thousands of users videos can be streamed from the
simultaneously. internet directly onto the TV. They can
also be used as a computer monitor
•Supercomputer - is an extremely and gaming monitor.
fast computer that can perform
millions of instructions per second. Digital Age, Information Age, and computer
Age
This is a picture of NASA's Pleiades
 The digital age, information
age, and computer age, used
supercomputer with 245,536 CPU cores
interchangeably, capture the
and a total memory of 935 TB.
ubiquitous nature of computing
Computers are also categorized into
and the prolific use of
several types due to the introduction of
technology in almost all aspects
mobile devices and the proliferation of
of human activity such that
internet-capable devices. Specialized
digital interaction is a defining
computers are now classified according
characteristic of human
to specific uses.
activity.
The different types of computers are as
 It is a period in human history
follows: characterized by the shift from
traditional industry to
•Desktop computers - are computers information technology-based
designed to be placed on a desk, and economy brought by
are normally made up of a few different industrialization during the
parts, including the computer case, Industrial Revolution.
central processing unit (CPU), monitor,
keyboard, and mouse.  The definition of what digital
means (or what information
means) continues to change
•Laptop computers - are battery-
over time as new
powered computer devices whose
technologies, user devices,
portability makes them possible to use
and methods of interaction
almost anytime, anywhere.
with other people and
devices enter the domain of
•Tablet computers - are hand-
research, development, and
held computers with touch-
market launch.
sensitive screen for typing and
navigation.
 This period is also
characterized by the digital
•Smartphones - are hand-held industry creating a
telephones which can do 10 things knowledge-based society
that computers can do, including surrounded by a high-tech
browsing and searching the global economy that exerts
 its influence on how the Hence, although the media can be the
manufacturing process and message, the medium, and the
the service sector work messenger, in the digital age, the
efficiently and conveniently. demarcation lines between them
somewhat blurry.
Media in the Digital Age
Media normally refers to the Evolution of Media
means of communication that use The media has transformed itself
unique tools to interconnect among based on two things - (1) how
people. The forms of media include information is presented; and (2) how
television, radio, cellular phones, and the connection is established.
the internet (which involves the access
and use of various social media sites Woodcut printing on cloth or on
such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, paper was used in the early 15th
and YouTube, among others). In the century. It was in 1436 when Johannes
digital age, however, media can be Gutenberg started working on a printing
considered as the message, the press which used relief printing and
medium, and the messenger. molding systems. Now, the modern
printing press delivers messages in
The Message print, such as newspapers, textbooks,
Media is considered to be the and magazines.
message itself for those who create and
own the rights of content. The forms of In the 1800s, the telegraph was
content can be user-generated or develop followed by the telephone
professionally-produced. User-generated which made the two-way
content (UGC) is a form of content communication possible. Message
created and owned by the users of a sending and receiving can now be done
system. UGC has grown exponentially both ways simultaneously.
especially with the wide internet
coverage or easy WiFi access, increased At the beginning of the 1900s,
social media participation, and broadcasting and recorded media were
affordable smart devices. introduced. Radio and television were
used to send sound and video to homes
Examples of media tools used especially and offices through electromagnetic
spectrum or radio waves.
by millennials to generate content.
Overview of Current Trends Gordon Moore
1. Blog
 Predicted that the computing
2. Tumblr or Twitter power would dramatically
3. YouTube increase over time
The Medium
The medium used refers to the In an article from Forbes.com, DeMers
tool or tools used in sending a message (2016) identified seven major trends in
from the source to the destination. 2017.
1. IoT and Smart home
The Messenger technology
The messenger is the one who
2. Augmented reality and
delivers the message. This is why broad
virtual reality
casters, for example, being the
messenger of news are called “media.”
3. Machine Learning
In the digital space, however, does the 4. Automation
“media” also refers to social network 5. Big Data
users who create content themselves 6. Physical-digital integrations
but are not professional journalist? 7. Everything on demand
 • Music, movies, and
1. IoT and Smart home technology even drivers are made
• Internet of Things has been available through the
trending since 2016 apps in a smartphone
• Pervasive wireless
communication
Impact of ICT on individuals, organizations,
• Wifi, Bluetooth and Cellular
and society Positive Effects
Network
1. Improved access to Education
2. Augmented reality and virtual Reality
2. Access to Information and
• Release of games, such as
Communication
Pokemon Go
3. Security
• VR Headset
• Oculus Rift Negative Effects
• Turning point for AR AND
VR Technology 1. Reduced Personal Interaction and
Physical Activity
2. Job Loss or Increase in Unemployment
~Multiple Workers - being replaced and
3. Machine Learning
reduced by smaller number of
• Artificial Intelligence employees capable of doing the same
• Would make you think of volume of tasks.
robots and talking ~Shipping or Freight Services - in which a
computers certain amount is added to the operating
• iOS’ Intelligent personal costs for the physical process of
assistant, Siri transporting commodities or goods.
~Automation through Robots or
4. Automation Machines - replacing people in the
• Automate previously assembly line.
human-exclusive tasks 3. Security
• Wearable devices
• Information collected is Ethical Issues in ICT
automatically saved 1. Plagiarism – it is an act of theft in which
a person copies another person’s ideas,
5. Big data words, or writings, etc. and pass them
• Term that describes large off as his or her own.
and complex volumes of 2. Exploitation – it is an action in which
data one deals with a person dishonestly,
• Waze is an example of an unethically, and dishonorably, in order
app which uses big data to take advantage of the latter’s works
• Social media data and resources. This leads to unlawful
actions.
6. Physical-digital integrations 3. Libel – it can either be an insult, slur, or
• Organizations are moving slander.
toward system automation Software Piracy
•Concept of having a - It refers to an act of installing or
“paperless company” copying software into the
• Examples are Smart computer in the absence of an end-user
homes and IoT licensing agreement (EULA), and/or
7. Everything on demand producing a copy disregarding the
• Information on demand absence the copyrights.
 LESSON 2 used to represent letters, numbers, and basic
special characters.
HOW COMPUTERS WORK The uppercase character ‘A’ as seen on the
The basic parts of a computer are left is represented in ASCII as 0100 0001
central processing unit (CPU), memory, a in binary, 101 in octal, or 41 in
keyboard or any other input device, a screen or hexadecimal system.
any output device. A computer does not have a Computer Number System
human brain inside but acts in many ways as Humans use the decimal number
though it does have a real one. system to count, measure, and compute.
Computer Number System A computer, on the other hand, can only
Decimal Number System- to count, understand two digits-0 and 1. This type of
measure, and compute. The decimal number number system is called the binary number
system has ten digits, such as, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, system, with the prefix bi, which means 2.
7, 8, and 9.
A computer on the other hand, can only “People who write programs are programmers.”
understand two digits--- a 0 and a 1.
These two numbers play an important
role in the way computers communicate with one
another. This type of number system is called
the binary number system, with the prefix bi,
which means 2.
There are other types of number
systems, such as the octal number system (from
the prefix octa, meaning it uses 8 digits) and
hexadecimal number system (hexa means 6;
deci means 10; meaning it uses 16digits to
represent its values.). However, these special
number systems are merely a way to bridge the
computer’s binary language to a somewhat
understandable human (decimal) language since ASCII TABLE
computer data can be complicated.

Equivalent Number Systems Values

HOW COMPUTERS INTERPRET DATA

Majority if computer systems use
American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII) for converting characters
into 0’s and 1’s. The ASCII code is a 7-bit code
 For example, how does the computer
know that the printer needs more ink? How does
the mouse cursor move along with the actual
mouse? And how does the speaker produce
sound in time with the video displayed on the
monitor?

DATA BUS
A data bus can transfer data to and from
the memory of a computer, or into or out of the
CPU.
Examples of pieces of information that
traverse the data bus include files transferred
from a flash drive to the computer's hard drive
and a document sent to the printer for printing.

ADDRESS BUS
The address bus is used by the CPU to
specify a physical address for instructions, files,
and other devices, within the computer system.
For example, in a given computer unit,
then are typically 6 to 8: USB ports. The address
How Computers Communicate with One bus is responsible for checking which of the USB
Another ports has a printer connected to it along with the
The computer monitor uses a wire to mouse, keyboard, speakers, and, sometimes,
connect to the computer unit while the mouse even external drives.
wirelessly connects to the laptop, etc.
Depending on the situation, computers use CONTROL BUS
different connection methods to do their tasks. A control bus is used by CPUs to
SYSTEM BUS communicate with other devices within the
A computer system, on its own, computer system.
communicates through what is called a system As the address bus carries the location
Bus. A system bus is a pathway composed of of the data being sent and the data bus carries
cables and connectors used to carry data from a the actual data being processed, the control bus
computer's peripheral devices, monitor, carries the commands or instructions from the
keyboard, mouse, etc. to the CPU and the main CPU. It also sends status signals from the
memory. devices, identifying if it is ready or not. The
There are three types of buses the data bus, typical read/write commands are identified
address bus, and control bus through the control bus.
Simplified diagram of a computer For example if one tries to save a file to
system implemented with a single system bus. a flash drive that is already removed from the
This modular organization was popular in the computer, the computer will notify the user with
1970s and 1980s. an error message saying that the folder or drive
where the file is intended to be saved is no and offices to secure the organization's
longer existing. information.
The hardware is different from the For example, some schools me LANs
software. It is advised that if computer Hardware within their campuses so that students can
uses a 32-en bus (hardware), use only software connect to the internet to do online research.
programs running 32-bita. Students are required to login their information
This is so avoid the hardware from (such as their student ID) to connect to the
overheating. Imagine a 32-bit bus computer internet. However, through the school's campus
working double time to make up for the excess server, restrictions to sites such as online
32-him from a 64-bit application software. A 64- games, pornographic materials, and the like are
bit bus, on the other hand, can process either a implemented this means that students will not be
32-bu or a 64-bit software application. able to access these websites inside the
campus.
How Computers Connect to Other
Computers? Wide area network (WAN)
-computer peripherals using wired or wireless Wide area network (WAN) may be less
connections are mentioned. It is also similar restrictive than LAN as rules and policies may
when a computer wants to connect to another differ within its coverage. A WAN may be made
computer with or without wires. of several LANs and PAN A WAN can also be
made up of several more WANs. This is why
Computer Network Systems WAN is considered synonymous to the internet.
Computers are able to communicate
with one another over networks. A computer METHODS OF COMMUNICATION TYPES OF
network is an interconnection of two or more CONNECTION
computers. This interconnection gives these 1. Wired Communication
computers the capability to share information Computer systems have different
and resources. There are several types of connections which usually on the motherboard’s
networks, mostly depending on the number of form factor.
computers in it, how they are used, and what
type of technology is used in its connectivity. Popular wired connections nowadays
Below are some of the computer network include the following:
systems. USB
Personal area network (PAN) Universal Serial Bus is a connection or interface
A personal area network (PAN) is a type that allows the computer to communicate with
of connection which is often limited to an system peripherals
individual person and his or her personal
devices. Normally, these devices must be within FireWire
a range of 10 meters from each other. Type of connector that can transmit data to and
For example, a person traveling with a form devices which have typically high rates,
laptop, a smartphone, and a portable printer such as external hard drives. The transfer speed
could interconnect the devices without having to of a FireWire is faster than that of a USB.
plug anything in, using some form of wireless
technology. Ethernet Cable
Transmits signals between a computer and
A Local area Network (LAN) network devices such as router, switch, or other
A Local Area Network (LAN) group of computers
computers and other devices, such as network
printers, share a common communications line HDMI
within a certain area such as a building or a High-definition Multimedia Interface is a
small computer LANs are often found in schools connector for transmitting audio/video data
which is compatible to computers, projectors, Uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit
and digital televisions. information across a network
Bluetooth
Older computer units have connections that Uses radio waves to connect to other devices
include the following: How Humans Communicate with Computers
People who invented the computer identified
VGA two areas in computer systems;
Video Graphic Array connector has been 1. Computer hardware
provided on many video cards, computer 2. Computer software – enable human to”
monitors, laptops, and projectors. communicate" with the computer
2. Computer Software
Serial
An RS-232 serial connection was once a Most common type of programming
standard feature of a personal computer used language
for connections to modem, printer, mouse, and -Microsoft's C#
other peripheral devices. -Microtymn's Java
-PHP
Parallel Programmers have developed two
Parallel connections were used before to types of computer software
connect other computer peripherals such as 1. System Software
printers. 2. Application Software

PS/2 The OS allows a person to interact with

The PS/2 is a 6-pin connector used to connect the computer from the hardware components
the mouse and keyboard to a computer. It is and peripherals to all the installed software
color-coded to identify which peripheral will be applications and files one has stored on the
connected to which port. Purple id for keyboard computer. The interaction can occur in two
and green is for the mouse. ways:
By using a command-line operating system
Audio Jacks (e.g.. DOS)
The audio jacks are the 3.5 mm jacks used for With a graphical user interface (GUI) operating
microphones and speakers. It uses color codes system (eg. Windows)
as well to indicate the type of input and output
lines. System Platforms
Pink: Mic in With today's trend leaning towards mobility,
Blue: Line in more and more mobile devices are now capable
Green: Front speakers out of doing things which typical desktop computers
Black: Rear speakers out can do. This is why companies that develop
Orange: Center/subwoofer out smartphones, for example, have identified
Gray: Middle speakers out specific system software and application
software for these mobile devices (Hope, 2017).
2. Wireless Communication
System Software
Wireless communication includes microwave
- Microsoft's Windows
transmission, satellite communication, cellular
- Apple's macOS
transmission, and radio transmission such as
WiFi connectivity.
Table 2.4 Different Types of Application
Wireless technology differs hugely from one Programs
another, but the most popular types are
Bluetooth and WiFi
WiFi
 6. Forge
Lastly, people who have no IT
background can now create their own blogs and
websites through online tools which provide web
hosting and web content management.
Two of the most popular website creation
tools available online:
Wix. Com
WordPress.com
Online Application Software
Online Applications Software Both tools offer blogging and website content
As previously discussed, application management system (CMS)
software consists of programs that are designed
to perform specific tasks for users.
- Specific application software products,
called software packages, are
available from different vendors.
- Usually, these software packages cost
money although a lot of application
software is now being made available
for free.
- Often called shareware, freeware or HOW COMPUTERS IMPACT EVERYDAY
public domain software this software LIFE?
can be downloaded for free but usually EDUCATION
with fewer capabilities compared to the - today, Most elementary and secondary
ones sold. schools (public and private) and higher
- is now introduced with the improved education institutions have computers
Internet speed being made available to in their classrooms. ICT and general
consumers, there are various products available has made things convenient and
including software tools that were previously efficient for teachers, students,
identified only a computer application researchers and school administrators.
- Office Productivity Tools, such as - Electronic learning is the newest
Microsoft Office Suite were only teaching methodology in which
available offline but now Microsoft has students and teachers can
developed Microsoft Office 365. communicate and collaborate with
- Google introduced its online each other through online discussion of
applications capable of doing the same their lessons activities and
thing as Microsoft’s Office Suite. examinations. Such examples are
- Other online productivity tools are also Blackboard, Edmodo, Moodle, etc.
available for organizations, such as
data collection and analysis, especially BANKING
for those in the marketing industry. - The computer has made all the
- Tomsguide.com has also listed down banking transactions around the world
several popular applications available easier and more secure it manipulates
in the App Store and Google Play that the entire banking system as it
can increase productivity, improve includes 24 hour electronic banking
efficiency, and provide convenience. services. The services include:
1. Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
Below are just some of the apps on their list: 2. Cheque deposit
1. Any.do 3. Electronic fund transfer
2. Microsoft Office Word, Excel, and Power point 4. Direct deposit
3. WPS Office Adobe Acrobat Reader 5. Pay by phone system
4. Microsoft Outlook 6. Personal computer banking/internet banking
5. Newton Mail 7. WORKFORCE INDUSTRY
- Workers, researchers, and administrators applications not only for research
benefit from ICT. Computers are used to advancement but also for faster
expedite production planning and control diagnosis of patients’ illnesses.
systems, to support chain management, and to - Through computing and monitoring
facilitate product design in the industrial sector. technologies, tests administered in
- Machines that are fully computer-operated are hospitals such as blood test, urine test,
brain testing, ultrasound,
now used.
echocardiography, complete blood
- Researchers use computers to gather and
count CBC, mammography, bone
analyze data for hypothetical reference while density study, magnetic resonance
administrators use computers to manage the imaging MRI, X-rays, and body
entire operations of the plant or factory to detect scanning, among others are made
or anticipate explicit errors or deficiencies that possible.
transpire in the process. - With the development of databases
- Some of the large industrial companies that and other applications, ICTs prevent
implement ICT include Toyota Philippines, medical errors in particular and
Honda Philippines, and San Miguel Corporation. improve the efficiency of the health
- However, the use of ICT can be perceived as a system in general.
threat to assembly line and factory workers as
robots or machines take over their jobs. LESSON 3

Electronic Commerce The Internet

- Electronic commerce or simply e- - defined as of worldwide network
commerce helps boost the economy. connecting to a million of computers
With computers, internet, and shared via dedicated routers & servers.
software as the main tools needed, - When computers are connected to the
buying and selling activities are made internet, end-users could starts
easier, more efficient, and faster. sending & receiving different types of
Customers, sellers, and suppliers all information.
benefit from the capabilities of ICT.
Some of the known e-commerce Internet service providers
markets are Zalora, Lazada, Shopee,
- PLDT, Inc. (Philippine Long-Distance
Metrodeal, Takatack, Amazon,
Telephone company)
OLX.ph, Booking.com, Agoda.com,
- Smart Communications, Inc.
and many others.
- Digited Mobile Philippine, Inc. (I'm
- Customers or clients use computers to
cellular)
communicate with sellers. This method
- Globe Telecom
can save time and cost as consumers
- According to the 2018 Global digital
do not have to go physically to any
suite of reports from We Are Social
outlets or department stores.
Hootsuite, there are more than 4 billion
Suppliers, on the other hand, use the
people anywhere in the world
monitoring inventories.
connecting to the internet for various
reasons.

Hospitals The Internet: Then & Now THEN

- Offers many benefits to both doctors - The Internet started from the
and patients. Advanced research projects Agency's
- Hospitals creates Patients’ databases Wide Area Network which is called the
of health records, treatment records, ARPANET
and medical records. - Established by the US. Department of
- With the help of ICT, doctors use Defense in the 1960's.
computers and various medical
NOW
- Other universities & US institutions How data travels the internet
were connected to ARPANET - Data and information are transferred
- ARPANET then attained the name of around the world through wired or
"Internet" wireless transmission media. In the
- Advancement of hypertext-based Philippines, the transmission media
technology also known as worldwide that make up the internet backbone
web (www) provides channels for allow information or data exchanges
displaying text, graphics, animation & between networks at several locations
etc. across the country, such as La Union
in the northern part, and Batangas,
The Internet2 Environment: Future Cavite, and Davao down south. The
Empowerment INTERNET 2 NETWORK high- speed equipment in these sites
- a next-generation optical and internet functions similarly to a highway
protocol network that is capable of interchange. Data is transferred from
delivering enhanced network services one network to another until it reaches
and is better, faster, and more efficient its final destination.
than the typical internet or broadband - Much of internet runs on the ordinary
connections. public telephone network. However,
there is a big difference between how a
INTERNET 2 DCN telephone call works and how the
internet carries data. For example,
- an advanced technology that allows
friend A gives friend B a telephone call;
user-based allocation of data circuits
the telephone then opens a direct
over the fiber- optic network.
connection (also known as the circuit)
- As of May 2016, 317 U.S. higher
between friend A’s home and friend B’s
education institutions, 81
home. In this scenario, a direct line can
corporations, 64 affiliates members,
be pictured out, running along miles of
43 regional and state education
cable, from friend A's telephone to
networks, 65 national research and
friend B's telephone.
education networking partners
What computers do on the Internet
Philippine Research, Education and
- Computers do different jobs on the
Government Information Network
internet. Some computers work like
(PREGINET)
electronic filing cabinets that store
- is among the international peers information and send it when clients
reachable via Trans-Eurasia request so. These are called servers.
Information Network (TEIN) - A server is a computer that is designed
to process any requests for data and
Internet Today: Still Growing delivers data to other client computers
- The number of internet users as of January over a local network or the internet. A
2018 is 4.021 billion. client is a computer or device that gets
- 5.45 billion people use the internet worldwide information from a server. Any
as of 2024. computer running with special software
- The internet is open to anyone who can can function as a server, and servers
access it. have different roles to play.
- The internet continues to grow both in user - A computer that holds the user
base and technological innovation accounts, computer accounts,
- What could be next? organizational units, and application
services is called the Active Directory
Jobs the Internet can Do
Domain Services (AD DS). Another
- Global Communication
machine that helps the Dynamic Host
- Business and E-Commerce
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server
- Data Sharing and Collaboration is a server that configures IPv4 and
- News and Current Events IPv6 addresses specifically in giving
- Advocacy and Social Movements names to each IP address up to its root
 recognition which is called domain 4 Parts:
name system (DNS) server. Another 1. Protocol
machine that holds and manages
documents is known as the file server
2. domain name
while the other one that holds users' 3. path
mail services and Web services is 4. file name
referred to as Web Server II. A device
that connects printers to client According to W3Counter
computers through the internet is
called a print server. It accepts print CHROME (60.6%) as of March 2018
jobs from the computers, queues these Safari (15.4%)
jobs, and sends them to the Internet Explorer and Edge (7.6%) Firefox
appropriate printers. (7.2%)
Opera (2.9%)
The World Wide Web
Searching For Information On The Web
- The World Wide Web (WWW) is
- A website is maintained by its owner,
referred to as the collection of public
called a Web Administrator.
websites that are connected to the
- There is no single organization
internet worldwide, together with the
controlling all website content.
client computers which include
- Search tools help organize and locate
personal computers, laptops, iPads,
information on the web
and cellular phones that access its
content.
Search Tools
Web Technologies - Subject Directories- are developed and
maintained by human editors
- The WWW is considered to be one of
- Search Engines- uses a small program
the applications in the internet and
(spiderslbots) to index web content
computer networks. This is based on
(Ex., Google, Yahoo).
three fundamental technologies that
are said to be part of the WWW
development: Effective Search Techniques
- Hypertext markup language (HTML) is - Using specific words and placing the
a standard markup language used for most important terms first in the search
creating web pages. HTML is classified text or phrase
as the set of markup symbols or codes - Using quotation marks to create exact
appended in a file intended for phrases this helps the search engine
presentation on a World Wide Web find what its looking using the exact
browser page. sequence of words
- Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) - is - Listing all possible spellings, for
classified as the set of standards example, organization.
allowing users of the World Wide Web
to interchange information seen on Google Search Tips and Tricks
web pages. 1. Use quotes to search for exact phrases.(“)
- Web servers and web browsers a 2. Use an asterisk (*) for missing words
software applications for recovering, 3. Use the minus sign (-) to exclude terms
presenting, and navigating information 4. Search for specific file types (e.g. PDF)
resources on the World Wide Web. 5. Use “vs” to compare topics
6. Use “DEFINE”, for word definitions
7. Use Google Images to search with an image.
The World Wide Web Today
- One of the most important terms to
know is the uniform resource locators
(URLs) which is sorted as the internet
address.