Computer Graphics
Unit-3 2D,3D Transformation
and Projections
By Chetana Shravage
2D Transformation-
● Manipulation done on object.
● Translation - changing the position
tx- translation parameter with respect to x-axis
ty- translation parameter with respect to y-axis
● Scaling - Resizing the object
Sx - Scaling parameter with respect to x-axis
Sy - Scaling parameter with respect to y-axis
● Rotation - Rotate object
Rotate clockwise & anticlockwise
1) Translation- changing the position
P(x,y)-point before translation
P’(x’,y’)-point after translation
tx- translation parameter with respect to x-axis
ty- translation parameter with respect to y-axis
x’= x + tx
y’= y + ty
P’= P + T
Matrix Form- [x’ y’]=[x y]+[tx ty]
Exa. Consider square (0,0),(2,0), (0,2), (2,2) with tx=2, ty=3
(0,0)
x’=0 + 2 =2
y’=0 + 3=3
(0,0) →(2,3)
(2,0)
x’=2 + 2 =4
y’=0 + 3=3
(2,0) →(4,3)
(0,2)
x’=0 + 2 =2
y’=2 + 3=5
(0,2) →(2,5)
(2,2)
x’=2 + 2 =4
y’=2 + 3=5
(2,2) →(4,5)
2) Scaling-Resize the object
● Sx - Scaling parameter with respect to x-axis
● Sy - Scaling parameter with respect to y-axis
● Both if Sx & Sy in between 0 & 1
○ Point is closer to origin
○ Size decreases
● if Sx & Sy are greater than 1
○ Point is away from origin
○ Size increases
● If Sx & Sy are equal
Scaling will be done uniformly
x’=x.Sx
y’=y.Sy
Matrix form-
Exa 1). Consider square (0,0),(2,0), (0,2), (2,2) with Sx=2, Sy=3
(0,0)
x’=0 * 2 =0
y’=0 * 3=0
(0,0) →(0,0)
(2,0)
x’=2 * 2 =4
y’=0 * 3=0
(2,0) →(4,0)
(0,2)
x’=0 * 2 =0
y’=2 * 3=6
(0,2) →(0,6)
(2,2)
x’=2 * 2 =4
y’=2 * 3=6
(2,2) →(4,6)
Exa 2). Consider square (0,0),(2,0), (0,2), (2,2) with Sx=0.5, Sy=0.5
(0,0)
x’=0 * 0.5 =0
y’=0 * 0.5=0
(0,0) →(0,0)
(2,0)
x’=2 * 0.5 =1
y’=0 * 0.5=0
(2,0) →(1,0)
(0,2)
x’=0 * 0.5 =0
y’=2 * 0.5=1
(0,2) →(0,1)
(2,2)
x’=2 * 0.5 =1
y’=2 * 0.5=1
(2,2) →(1,1)
3) Rotation-
Example 1) Note-If not mention direction in exa. Consider Anticlockwise.
Example 2)
4) Shearing-
x-shear - y same only x distorted
y’=y
x’=x +Shx.y x shearing parameter
y-shear - x same only y distorted
x’=x
y’=y +Shy.x y shearing parameter
Exa 1). Consider square (0,0),(2,0), (0,2), (2,2) with Shx=2 units
(0,0) (0,2)
x’=0 + 2.0 =0 x’=0+2.2=4
y’=0 y’= 2
(0,0) →(0,0) (0,2) →(4,2)
(2,0) (2,2)
x’=2 + 2.0 =2 x’=2 +2.2=2+4 =6
y’=0 y’=2
(2,0) →(2,0) (2,2) →(6,2)
Exa 2). Consider square (0,0),(2,0), (0,2), (2,2) with Shy=2 units
(0,0) (0,2)
x’= 0 x’=0
y’=0 + 2.0=0 y’= 2 + 2.0=2
(0,0) →(0,0) (0,2) →(0,2)
(2,0) (2,2)
x’=2 x’=2
y’=0 + 2.2=4 y’=2+2.2=2+4=6
(2,0) →(2,4) (2,2) →(2,6)
Homogeneous Coordinates Representation-
● Homogeneous coordinates means 2D matrix converted into 3D matrix for
simplification. (x,y) → (xh,yh,h) where h- any non-zero for simplification,
consider h=1
1) Translation- Homogeneous matrix 2) Scaling-Homogeneous matrix
representation of Translation representation of Scaling
Homogeneous Coordinates…
3) Rotation- Homogeneous matrix 2) Shearing-Homogeneous matrix
representation of Rotation representation of Shearing
(anticlockwise)
Rotation about an arbitrary point-
● We have derived rotation matrices
with respect to origin but suppose
reference point of rotation is other
than origin we must follow 3 steps-
Step 1- Arbitrary point translate to
origin (0,0) tx=-xp, ty=-yp
Rotation about an arbitrary point…
Step 2- Rotate at 𝝷 angle
Step 3- Translate back at same
Arbitrary position tx=xp, ty=yp
Rotation about an arbitrary point…
Now let us form a combined matrix
This is transformation matrix is overall transformation matrix for rotation about arbitrary
point (xp,yp) by an angle 𝝷 in anticlockwise direction.
3D Transformation-
● Translation - changing the position/moving the object tx,ty,tz
● Scaling - Resizing the object/changing the size Sx,Sy,Sz
● Rotation - Rotate object with 𝝷
Rotate clockwise & anticlockwise
● Shearing - Tilting the object
x-shear, y-shear, z-shear
1) 3D Translation-
tx- translation parameter with respect to x-axis x’= x + tx
ty- translation parameter with respect to y-axis y’= y + ty
tz- translation parameter with respect to z-axis z’= z + tz
2) 3D Scaling-
Sx- Scaling parameter with respect to x-axis x’= x . Sx
Sy- Scaling parameter with respect to y-axis y’= y . Sy
Sz- Scaling parameter with respect to z-axis z’= z . Sz
3) 3D Rotation-
A. X-axis rotation
B. Y-axis rotation
C. Z-axis rotation
A. X-axis rotation
B. Y-axis rotation
C. Z-axis rotation
4) 3D Shearing-
A. Shearing in X-axis
B. Shearing in Y-axis
C. Shearing in Z-axis
A. Shearing in X-axis
B. Shearing in Y-axis
C. Shearing in Z-axis
3D Homogeneous Coordinates Representation-
1) Translation- 2) Scaling-
3) Rotation-anticlockwise 4) Shearing-
3D Rotation about an arbitrary point-
● If we want to rotate a point (x,y,z) by an angle 𝝷 which is in space and lying on
an arbitrary axis then we have to follow 7 steps as follows:
Step 1- Translate(T) the arbitrary axis so that it will pass through the origin.
3D Rotation about an arbitrary point..
Step 2-Perform rotation about x-axis(Rx)
until arbitrary axis completely lies in xz plane
Step 3-Perform rotation about y-axis(Ry) until
arbitrary axis coincides with z-axis
3D Rotation about an arbitrary point..
Step 4- perform the desired rotation by theta about
the z axis (Rz)
Step 5-Perform reverse rotation about y-axis(Ry-1)
3D Rotation about an arbitrary point..
Step 6-Perform reverse rotation about x-axis(Rx-1)
Step 7- Perform Inverse translation (T-1)to original
Position
So, final transformation matrix for rotation about
arbitrary axis is
RA=T . Rx . Ry . Rz . Ry-1 . Rx-1 . T-1
Projections-
● Representing n-dimensional object into n-1 dimension is known as projection.
i.e It is the process of converting a 3D object into a 2D object.
● It is also defined as mapping or transformation of the object projection plane
or view plane.
● Projection are of 2 types
1) Parallel Projection
2) Perspective Projection
Projection Types-
1) Parallel Projection-
● Projection lines are parallel to each other and extended from the object and
intersect to the view plane.
● Projection is said to be parallel because parallel lines meet at infinity i.e.
center of projection (COP) is at infinite distance from the projected plane.
2) Perspective Projection-
● In perspective projection line of projection are not parallel, all projection lines are
ending at a single point called COP.
● COP is at finite distance from projected plane.
● Difficult to determine
exact size and shape of object.
● Object appear smaller as
distance from COP increases..
Application : The perspective
projection technique is used by
artists in preparing drawings of three-dimensional
objects and scenes
Types of Parallel Projection-
i) Orthographic
ii) Oblique
Let us see first type-
i) Orthographic- In orthographic projection the
direction of projection is normal to the projection
of the plane.
➢ Front view,Top view, Side view
➢ In orthographic lines are parallel
to each other making an angle 90°
with view plane
Types of Orthographic-
a) Isometric projection- If we consider cube, by using isometric orthographic
projection we can see 3 plane having equal angle & equal sides.
b) Dimetric projection-In dimetric, the direction of projection in such way 2 angles are
equal, 2 sides are equal.
c) Trimetric projection-No any angles also no any sides are equal.
Types of Parallel Projection..
ii) Oblique-In oblique projection the direction of projection is not normal to the
projection of the plane.
➢ We can view object better than orthographic projection.
Types of oblique are:
a) Cavalier- If the projected line making an angle 45° with projected plane.
In this projection, the length of
the reading axis is larger than
the cabinet projection.
Types of Oblique Projection..
b) Cabinet Projection-In Cabinet the length of reading axes just half than the
cavalier projection.
The incident angle at
the projecting plane
is 63.4′ rather 45′.
Types of Perspective Projection-
1) One Point perspective-
● One point perspective projection occurs when any of principal axes intersects
with projection plane or we can say when projection plane is perpendicular to
principal axis.
● In the above figure, z axis intersects projection plane whereas x and y axis
remain parallel to projection plane.
Types of Perspective Projection..
2) Two Point perspective-
● Two point perspective projection occurs when projection plane intersects two of
principal axis.
● In the above figure, projection plane intersects x and y axis whereas z axis remains
parallel to projection plane.
Types of Perspective Projection..
3) Three Point perspective-
● Three point perspective projection occurs when all three axis intersects
with projection plane.
● There is no any principal axis
which is parallel to projection plane.
