Mark Scheme (Results)

Summer 2024

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE

In Pakistan Studies (4PA1) Paper 01
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Summer 2024
Question Paper Log Number P74294
Publications Code 4PA1_01_2406_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2024
General Marking Guidance

• All candidates must receive the same

treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in
exactly the same way as they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates
must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do
rather than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme
not according to their perception of where the grade
boundaries may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark
scheme should be used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be
awarded. Examiners should always award full marks if
deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark
scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award
zero marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of
credit according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will
provide the principles by which marks will be awarded
and exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application
of the mark scheme to a candidate’s response, the team
leader must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the
candidate has replaced it with an alternative response.
Question Answer Mark
Number
1(a) AO1a (1 mark)
Identify the year in which the Cabinet Mission arrived
in India.

D. 1946

The other dates are incorrect.

(1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
1(b) AO1a (2 marks)
State two ways in which the Objectives Resolution
of March 1949 set out the principles on which a
new Pakistan constitution should be based.

Award 1 mark for each correct point up to a

maximum of 2 marks.

• The constitution should observe the principles

of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance
and social justice as laid down by Islam. (1)
• There should be religious freedom. (1)
• The legal system should be independent of
the government. (1)
• Fundamental human rights should be
guaranteed.(1)

Accept any other appropriate response. (2)

Question Indicative content

Number
1(c) AO1b (3 marks)/AO2 (3 marks)
Explain why, by 1968, there was opposition to the government
of Ayub Khan.
The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are
not required to include all the material indicated as relevant. Other
relevant material not suggested below must also be credited.

Indicative content

• The East Pakistanis resented the 1962 constitution and what they
saw as government by West Pakistan.
 • There were suspicions of intimidation and vote-rigging in
elections.
• Few people were benefitting from industrial and agricultural
reform as prices rose.
• In 1968 Ayub’s government introduced a series of repressive
measures and widespread arrests.

Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-2 • Demonstrates limited understanding of concepts, which
may be partially accurate or relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates unsustained links to the conceptual
focus of the question, which are not developed. (AO2)
Level 2 3-4 • Demonstrates partial understanding of concepts, which
are mostly accurate and relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates some links to the conceptual focus of the
question, which are partially developed. (AO2)
Level 3 5-6 • Demonstrates thorough understanding of concepts,
which are accurate and relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates sustained links to the conceptual focus
of the question, which are fully developed. (AO2)

Question Indicative content

Number
1(d) AO2 (8 marks)/AO3 (8 marks)
‘In the years 1927-35, the most important event in Pakistan’s
domestic history was Allama Iqbal’s Allahabad Address.’
Discuss how far you agree with this statement.

You may use the following in your answer:

• the work of Allama Iqbal
• the Government of India Act (1935).
You must also use information of your own.

Marking Instructions
Answers must be credited according to candidates’ deployment of
material in relation to the qualities outlined in the Generic Level
Descriptors, provided after the indicative content.
 The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are
not required to include all the material indicated as relevant. Other
relevant material not suggested below must also be credited.

Indicative content

Relevant Points which support the statement may include:

• Allama Iqbal called for Muslims to work towards achieving an

independent homeland.
• Allama Iqbal acted as an inspiration to Muslims, providing a clear
cut objective.
• Allama Iqbal was an inspiration to other leaders. E.g. Chaudri
Rehmat Ali’s Pakistan ideas were based on the views expressed
in the address.
• Allama Iqbal’s Allababad Address was the first time a Muslim
leader had suggested partition in keeping with the Two-Nation
Theory.

Relevant Points to counter the argument may include:

• The 1935 Government of India Act was very important because it

provided the basis for government of Pakistan after partition.
• The Simon Commission was important because it united all
parties in India in opposition to it.
• Jinnah’s Fourteen Points were important because they
emphasised that the League and Congress could not work
together.
• The Round Tables were important because they emphasised that
Britain was not prepared to make the kind of concessions
Congress and the League required.

Look for a judgment/conclusion

Level Mark Descriptor
0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-4 • Inaccurate application of knowledge and
understanding, lacking in development and showing
little or no organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates unsustained links to the conceptual
focus of the question, which are not developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is inaccurate with no
analysis of issues. (AO3)
 • An unbalanced argument, and judgements are missing
or not supported by evidence. (AO3)
Maximum 3 marks for Level 1 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 2 5-8 • Partially accurate application of knowledge and
understanding, with limited development and
organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates implicit links to the conceptual focus of
the question, which are partially developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is limited with partial
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A partially balanced argument, and judgements are
insecure and supported by limited evidence. (AO3)
Maximum 7 marks for Level 2 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 3 9-12 • Mostly accurate application of knowledge and
understanding, but development and organisation of
material is still lacking in some areas. (AO2)
• Demonstrates some links to the conceptual focus of the
question, which are mostly developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is mostly accurate with
some analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A mostly balanced argument, and judgements are
partially supported by evidence but some justification is
left implicit or some evidence not validly applied. (AO3)
Maximum 11 marks for Level 3 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 4 13-16 • Accurate and precise application of knowledge and
understanding, fully developed and showing coherent
and logical organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates consistent and sustained links to the
conceptual focus of the question, which are fully
developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is accurate with thorough
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A balanced argument, and judgements are fully
supported by relevant, explicit evidence. (AO3)
No access to Level 4 answers that do not go beyond
aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Question Answer Mark
Number
2(a) AO1a (1 mark)
Identify the year in which the Emperor Aurangzeb
allowed the East India Company to set up a trading
post in Calcutta.

B 1690

The other dates are incorrect.

(1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
2(b) AO1a (2 marks)
State two areas conquered by Muhammad bin
Qasim.

Award 1 mark for each correct point up to a

maximum of 2 marks.

• Multan (1)
• Fars (1)
• Sindh (1)
• Punjab (1)

Accept any other appropriate response. (2)

Question Indicative content

Number
2(c) AO1b (3 marks)/AO2 (3 marks)
Explain why Mahmud of Ghazni was an important figure in the
history of the region.

The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are

not required to include all the material indicated as relevant. Other
relevant material not suggested below must also be credited.

Indicative content

• He was important because he established an Islamic empire.

He attacked Hindu temples and weakened Hinduism.
 • He was important because he seized so much wealth. He
took jewels, gold, and silver worth more 3 billion dinars, in
addition to hundreds of thousands of slaves.
• He was a patron of the arts, attracting poets from all parts of
Asia.
• The administrative system that he established was used in
Muslim India for several centuries.
Level Mark Descriptor
0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-2 • Demonstrates limited understanding of concepts, which
may be partially accurate or relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates unsustained links to the conceptual
focus of the question, which are not developed. (AO2)
Level 2 3-4 • Demonstrates partial understanding of concepts, which
are mostly accurate and relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates some links to the conceptual focus of the
question, which are partially developed. (AO2)
Level 3 5-6 • Demonstrates thorough understanding of concepts,
which are accurate and relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates sustained links to the conceptual focus
of the question, which are fully developed. (AO2)

Question Indicative content

Number
2(d) AO2 (8 marks)/AO3 (8 marks)
‘The main reason for the decline of the Mughal empire was that
it was too large to govern efficiently.’
Discuss how far you agree with this statement.

You may use the following in your answer:

• communications
• the strength of the Marathas.
You must also use information of your own.

Marking Instructions
Answers must be credited according to candidates’ deployment of
material in relation to the qualities outlined in the Generic Level
Descriptors, provided after the indicative content.
 The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are
not required to include all the material indicated as relevant. Other
relevant material not suggested below must also be credited.

Indicative content

Relevant Points which support the statement may include:

• The size of the empire made it difficult to administer. Decision

had to be relayed over thousands of miles and took months to
arrive.
• The huge empire required an expensive military force to control
the large variety of peoples within it.
• The size of the empire led to expensive wars to consolidate its
borders or prevent outside invasions e.g. against the Marathas.
• The size of the empire led to inefficient administration. The
mansabdari system was not adequately supervised and tax
revenue declined.

Relevant Points to counter the argument may include:

• The arrival of the British with their more advanced technology

and weapons were important in the decline of the Mughals.
• The Mughals neglected their armies and did not adapt their
fighting to modern techniques and weaponry.
• Some of the Mughal leaders devoted too much time to pleasure
seeking and ignored the principles of Islam.
• Significant sums were spent on impressive buildings to show the
importance of the empire, instead of being used to increase
efficiency or improve the army.

Look for a judgment/conclusion

Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-4 • Inaccurate application of knowledge and
understanding, lacking in development and showing
little or no organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates unsustained links to the conceptual
focus of the question, which are not developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is inaccurate with no
analysis of issues. (AO3)
 • An unbalanced argument, and judgements are missing
or not supported by evidence. (AO3)
Maximum 3 marks for Level 1 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 2 5-8 • Partially accurate application of knowledge and
understanding, with limited development and
organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates implicit links to the conceptual focus of
the question, which are partially developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is limited with partial
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A partially balanced argument, and judgements are
insecure and supported by limited evidence. (AO3)
Maximum 7 marks for Level 2 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 3 9-12 • Mostly accurate application of knowledge and
understanding, but development and organisation of
material is still lacking in some areas. (AO2)
• Demonstrates some links to the conceptual focus of the
question, which are mostly developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is mostly accurate with
some analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A mostly balanced argument, and judgements are
partially supported by evidence but some justification is
left implicit or some evidence not validly applied. (AO3)
Maximum 11 marks for Level 3 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 4 13-16 • Accurate and precise application of knowledge and
understanding, fully developed and showing coherent
and logical organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates consistent and sustained links to the
conceptual focus of the question, which are fully
developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is accurate with thorough
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A balanced argument, and judgements are fully
supported by relevant, explicit evidence. (AO3)
No access to Level 4 answers that do not go beyond
aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Question Answer Mark
Number
3(a) AO1a (1 mark)
Identify the year in which Syed Ahmad Barelvi was
killed in the Battle of Bala kot.
B 1831

The other dates are incorrect.

(1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
3(b) AO1a (2 marks)
State two aims of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s Aligarh
Movement.

Award 1 mark for each correct point up to a

maximum of 2 marks.

• Improve relations with the British. (1)

• Improve the social and economic position of the
Muslims (1)
• Encourage Muslims to accept western education.
(1)
• Make Muslims more politically aware. (1)

Accept any other appropriate response. (2)

Question Indicative content

Number
3(c) AO1b (3 marks)/AO2 (3 marks)
Explain why the British introduced the Doctrine of Lapse.

The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are

not required to include all the material indicated as relevant. Other
relevant material not suggested below must also be credited.

Indicative content

• To encourage efficient government and prevent succession

disputes.
• To increase British political control.
• To increase British revenue through acquiring land.
 • To reduce the risk of opposition to their control of the sub-
continent.

Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-2 • Demonstrates limited understanding of concepts, which
may be partially accurate or relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates unsustained links to the conceptual
focus of the question, which are not developed. (AO2)
Level 2 3-4 • Demonstrates partial understanding of concepts, which
are mostly accurate and relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates some links to the conceptual focus of the
question, which are partially developed. (AO2)
Level 3 5-6 • Demonstrates thorough understanding of concepts,
which are accurate and relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates sustained links to the conceptual focus
of the question, which are fully developed. (AO2)

Question Indicative content

Number
3(d) AO2 (8 marks)/AO3 (8 marks)
‘The most important consequence of the War of Independence
(1857) was worsening conditions for the Muslim community.’
Discuss how far do you agree with this statement.

You may use the following in your answer:

• education
• the abolition of the East India Company.
You must also use information of your own.

Marking Instructions
Answers must be credited according to candidates’ deployment of
material in relation to the qualities outlined in the Generic Level
Descriptors, provided after the indicative content.

The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are

not required to include all the material indicated as relevant. Other
relevant material not suggested below must also be credited.

Indicative content

Relevant Points which support the statement may include:

 • The British carried out brutal reprisals against those involved in
the war. Since the British believed the Muslims were to blame,
they received the harshest punishments.
• Opportunities in the armed forces for Muslims were restricted as
recruitment came mostly from Sikhs, Pathans and Gurkhas.
• Muslims refused to accept English education and suffered as the
British withdrew funding from Muslim schools.
• Hindus accepted British education and so took the small number
of posts that were available for locals in the civil service- at the
expense of Muslims.

Relevant Points to counter the argument may include:

• After the war, the East India Company was abolished and direct
government of the sub-continent from London meant increased
British control.
• In the sub-continent government was by the Viceroy and,
although ‘loyal’ princes were allowed to remain on their thrones,
they were obliged to follow British policy.
• The war marked the formal end of the Mughal empire. Bahadur
Shah was exiled to Burma.
• The subcontinent officially became part of the British empire
with Queen Victoria appointed as Empress of India, replacing the
Mughal monarchs.

Look for a judgment/conclusion

Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-4 • Inaccurate application of knowledge and
understanding, lacking in development and showing
little or no organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates unsustained links to the conceptual
focus of the question, which are not developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is inaccurate with no
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• An unbalanced argument, and judgements are missing
or not supported by evidence. (AO3)
Maximum 3 marks for Level 1 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 2 5-8 • Partially accurate application of knowledge and
understanding, with limited development and
organisation of material. (AO2)
 • Demonstrates implicit links to the conceptual focus of
the question, which are partially developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is limited with partial
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A partially balanced argument, and judgements are
insecure and supported by limited evidence. (AO3)
Maximum 7 marks for Level 2 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 3 9-12 • Mostly accurate application of knowledge and
understanding, but development and organisation of
material is still lacking in some areas. (AO2)
• Demonstrates some links to the conceptual focus of the
question, which are mostly developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is mostly accurate with
some analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A mostly balanced argument, and judgements are
partially supported by evidence but some justification is
left implicit or some evidence not validly applied. (AO3)
Maximum 11 marks for Level 3 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 4 13-16 • Accurate and precise application of knowledge and
understanding, fully developed and showing coherent
and logical organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates consistent and sustained links to the
conceptual focus of the question, which are fully
developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is accurate with thorough
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A balanced argument, and judgements are fully
supported by relevant, explicit evidence. (AO3)
No access to Level 4 answers that do not go beyond
aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Question Answer Mark
Number
4(a) AO1a (1 mark)
Identify the year in which the Delhi Proposals were
issued.

D 1927

The other dates are incorrect.

(1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
4(b) AO1a (2 marks)
State two consequences of the Khilafat
Movement.

Award 1 mark for each correct point.

• A sense of nationalism was awakened in the

sub-continent (1)
• The Muslims realised they had to organise
politically (1)
• A wedge was driven between the Muslims
and Hindus (1)
• Some Muslims suffered economically, e.g.
those involved in the Hijrat. (1)

Accept any valid response. (2)

Question Indicative content

Number
4(c) AO1b (3 marks)/AO2 (3 marks)
Explain why Gandhi called off his campaign of non-co-operation
with the British in 1922.

The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are

not required to include all the material indicated as relevant. Other
relevant material not suggested below must also be credited.

Indicative content

• Gandhi believed in peace and saw that his campaign was being
used by others for violence.
• Gandhi was horrified by the murder of policemen at Chauri-
Chauri in February 1922.
 • After the Moplah uprising in 1921 some Indian leaders criticised
Gandhi’s support of the Khilafat Movement as one of the causes
of the violence seen during the uprising. Gandhi did not want to
be associated with violence
• The events of 1921/22 convinced Gandhi that India was not yet
ready for a mass campaign of civil disobedience.

Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-2 • Demonstrates limited understanding of concepts, which
may be partially accurate or relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates unsustained links to the conceptual
focus of the question, which are not developed. (AO2)
Level 2 3-4 • Demonstrates partial understanding of concepts, which
are mostly accurate and relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates some links to the conceptual focus of the
question, which are partially developed. (AO2)
Level 3 5-6 • Demonstrates thorough understanding of concepts,
which are accurate and relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates sustained links to the conceptual focus
of the question, which are fully developed. (AO2)

Question Indicative content

number
4(d) AO2 (8 marks)/AO3 (8 marks)
‘In the years 1905-17 the most important event in increasing
tension between the British and the people of the sub-continent
was the introduction of the Morley-Minto reforms.’
Discuss how far do you agree with this statement.

You may use the following in your answer:

• British attempts to win support
• the partition of Bengal (1905).
You must also use information of your own.

Marking Instructions
Answers must be credited according to candidates’ deployment of
material in relation to the qualities outlined in the Generic Level
Descriptors, provided after the indicative content.
 The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are
not required to include all the material which is indicated as
relevant. Other relevant material not suggested below must also be
credited.

Indicative content
Relevant points which support the statement may include:
• The British tried to win support by increasing local
representation on the central and local councils.
• British reforms accepted a separate electorate for Muslims.
• The reforms increased opposition to the British as, in reality, they
granted very little more influence to the locals.
• The reforms increased ill-feeling between Hindus and Muslims as
the Hindus objected to the acceptance of separate elections and
campaigned against them for many years.

Relevant Points which counter the statement may include:

• The partition of Bengal was a highly significant moment as it

showed that the British were prepared to take measures to help
Muslims, even if it offended the Hindus.
• The reversal of the partition showed Muslims that the British
could not be trusted if their own commercial or political interests
were threatened.
• The Lucknow Pact was the first time that Hindus and Muslims co-
operated in making joint demands for political reform to the
British.
• The Montagu-Chelmsford reforms confirmed the system of
separate electorates and reserved 32 seats in the Legislative
Council for Muslims.

Look for a judgment/conclusion

Level Mark Descriptor
0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-4 • Inaccurate application of knowledge and
understanding, lacking in development and showing
little or no organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates unsustained links to the conceptual
focus of the question, which are not developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is inaccurate with no
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• An unbalanced argument, and judgements are missing
or not supported by evidence. (AO3)
 Maximum 3 marks for Level 1 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 2 5-8 • Partially accurate application of knowledge and
understanding, with limited development and
organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates implicit links to the conceptual focus of
the question, which are partially developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is limited with partial
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A partially balanced argument, and judgements are
insecure and supported by limited evidence. (AO3)
Maximum 7 marks for Level 2 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 3 9-12 • Mostly accurate application of knowledge and
understanding, but development and organisation of
material is still lacking in some areas. (AO2)
• Demonstrates some links to the conceptual focus of the
question, which are mostly developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is mostly accurate with
some analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A mostly balanced argument, and judgements are
partially supported by evidence but some justification is
left implicit or some evidence not validly applied. (AO3)
Maximum 11 marks for Level 3 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 4 13-16 • Accurate and precise application of knowledge and
understanding, fully developed and showing coherent
and logical organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates consistent and sustained links to the
conceptual focus of the question, which are fully
developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is accurate with thorough
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A balanced argument, and judgements are fully
supported by relevant, explicit evidence. (AO3)
No access to Level 4 answers that do not go beyond
aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Question Answer Mark
Number
5(a) AO1a (1 mark)
Identify the year in which Yahya Khan resigned as
President.

A 1971

The other dates are incorrect.

(1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
5(b) AO1a (2 marks)
State two changes brought about by the Eighth
Amendment (2010).

Award 1 mark for each correct point up to a

maximum of 2 marks.

• NWFP was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.(1)

• Suspending the constitution was to be considered
as high treason. (1)
• The state will provide free and compulsory
education to all girls and boys up to age 16. (1)
• The power to dissolve parliament was withdrawn
from the President. (1)

Accept any other appropriate response. (2)

Question Indicative content

Number
5(c) AO1b (3 marks)/AO2 (3 marks)
Explain why Nawaz Sharif faced opposition from President
Ishaq Khan in 1993.

The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are

not required to include all the material indicated as relevant. Other
relevant material not suggested below must also be credited.

Indicative content

• There was a dispute over the appointment of the army chief of

staff with Ishaq Khan not appointing Sharif’s preferred candidate.
 • There was a dispute over the Eighth Amendment which Ishaq
Khan tried to use to overthrow Sharif.
• Sharif’s policies were failing and there was opposition to him in
the country because of increased violence and unrest in the
country.
• Sharif had lost personal status as a result of financial corruption
such as the co-operative societies scandal.

Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-2 • Demonstrates limited understanding of concepts, which
may be partially accurate or relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates unsustained links to the conceptual
focus of the question, which are not developed. (AO2)
Level 2 3-4 • Demonstrates partial understanding of concepts, which
are mostly accurate and relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates some links to the conceptual focus of the
question, which are partially developed. (AO2)
Level 3 5-6 • Demonstrates thorough understanding of concepts,
which are accurate and relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates sustained links to the conceptual focus
of the question, which are fully developed. (AO2)

Question Indicative content

Number
5(d) AO2 (8 marks)/AO3 (8 marks)

‘The most important reason for the downfall of Zulfiqar Ali

Bhutto was the failure of his economic policies.
Discuss how far you agree with this statement.

You may use the following in your answer:

• nationalisation
• the 1977 election.
You must also use information of your own.

Marking Instructions
Answers must be credited according to candidates’ deployment of
material in relation to the qualities outlined in the Generic Level
Descriptors, provided after the indicative content.
 The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are
not required to include all the material indicated as relevant. Other
relevant material not suggested below must also be credited.

Indicative content

Relevant Points which support the statement may include:

• Bhutto’s industrialisation reforms failed because they lacked the

skilled personnel to run the nationalised industries.
• Bhutto’s agricultural reforms were undermined by big
landowners transferring ownership to family members.
• The measures to increase security of tenure failed because
landowners opposed them and tenants lacked funds to fight
legal cases.
• A world-wide recession undermined Bhutto’s reforms as there
was a declining demand for goods throughout the world.

Relevant Points to counter the argument may include:

• One of the reasons for Bhutto’s overthrow was the decision by

nine opposition parties to unite in the Pakistan National Alliance
to overthrow him
• Bhutto also caused resentment by interfering in the vote in the
1977 election where the PPP allegedly won a landslide victory.
• Bhutto was also highly unpopular because of the way he used
the Federal Security Force to deal with opposition to his
government.
• On 19 April Bhutto declared a state of emergency, putting
Pakistan under martial law. In July, the army staged a coup.

Look for a judgment/conclusion

Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-4 • Inaccurate application of knowledge and
understanding, lacking in development and showing
little or no organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates unsustained links to the conceptual
focus of the question, which are not developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is inaccurate with no
analysis of issues. (AO3)
 • An unbalanced argument, and judgements are missing
or not supported by evidence. (AO3)
Maximum 3 marks for Level 1 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 2 5-8 • Partially accurate application of knowledge and
understanding, with limited development and
organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates implicit links to the conceptual focus of
the question, which are partially developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is limited with partial
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A partially balanced argument, and judgements are
insecure and supported by limited evidence. (AO3)
Maximum 7 marks for Level 2 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 3 9-12 • Mostly accurate application of knowledge and
understanding, but development and organisation of
material is still lacking in some areas. (AO2)
• Demonstrates some links to the conceptual focus of the
question, which are mostly developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is mostly accurate with
some analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A mostly balanced argument, and judgements are
partially supported by evidence but some justification is
left implicit or some evidence not validly applied. (AO3)
Maximum 11 marks for Level 3 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 4 13-16 • Accurate and precise application of knowledge and
understanding, fully developed and showing coherent
and logical organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates consistent and sustained links to the
conceptual focus of the question, which are fully
developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is accurate with thorough
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A balanced argument, and judgements are fully
supported by relevant, explicit evidence. (AO3)
No access to Level 4 answers that do not go beyond
aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Question Answer Mark
Number
6(a) AO1a (1 mark)
Identify the year in which China and Pakistan signed
a nuclear co-operation treaty.
C 1986

The other dates are incorrect.

(1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
6(b) AO1a (2 marks)
State two events which damaged relations
between Pakistan and Afghanistan in the years
1947-55.
Award 1 mark for each correct point up to a
maximum of 2 marks.
• The dispute over the border with the NWFP in
1947. (1)
• Afghanistan voted against Pakistan being
allowed into the UN in 1947.(1)
• Pakistan demanded the establishment of
Pakhtoonistan in 1947. (1)
• In March 1955 Afghans ransacked the
Pakistan embassy in Kabul. (1)

Accept any other appropriate response. (2)

Question Indicative content

Number
6(c) AO1b (3 marks)/AO2 (3 marks)
Explain why the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979) had an
impact on relations between Pakistan and Britain.

The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are

not required to include all the material indicated as relevant. Other
relevant material not suggested below must also be credited.

Indicative content

• Before the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, relations

between the two countries were very poor and Pakistan had
left the Commonwealth. The invasion provided the
opportunity to restore relations.
 • Britain was an ally of the USA which gave substantial
economic aid to Pakistan. This encouraged the British to
behave in a similar way.
• Mrs Thatcher was the first Western leader to visit Pakistan
after the Soviet invasion.
• Britain gave Pakistan nearly £50m in aid to help Afghan
refugees. And increased trade between the two countries.
Level Mark Descriptor
0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-2 • Demonstrates limited understanding of concepts, which
may be partially accurate or relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates unsustained links to the conceptual
focus of the question, which are not developed. (AO2)
Level 2 3-4 • Demonstrates partial understanding of concepts, which
are mostly accurate and relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates some links to the conceptual focus of the
question, which are partially developed. (AO2)
Level 3 5-6 • Demonstrates thorough understanding of concepts,
which are accurate and relevant. (AO1b)
• Demonstrates sustained links to the conceptual focus
of the question, which are fully developed. (AO2)

Question Indicative content

Number
6(d) AO2 (8 marks)/AO3 (8 marks)
‘The most important event in Pakistan’s relations with India in
the years 1947-71 was the signing of the Indus Water Treaty in
1960’
Discuss how far you agree with this statement.

You may use the following in your answer:

• the division of assets
• Kashmir.
You must also use information of your own.

Marking Instructions
Answers must be credited according to candidates’ deployment of
material in relation to the qualities outlined in the Generic Level
Descriptors, provided after the indicative content.
 The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are
not required to include all the material indicated as relevant. Other
relevant material not suggested below must also be credited.

Indicative content

Relevant Points which support the statement may include:

• The division of the assets of the old India between Pakistan and
India was important because it proved to be controversial and
difficult to resolve.
• The Indus Water Treaty improved relations because it secured
use of the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum rivers which are the
lifelines. of Pakistan.
• The treaty improved relations because it provided for the
funding and building of dams, link canals, barrages, and tube
well, which helped provide water to Pakistan in the amounts that
it had previously received.
• Numerous disputes were peacefully settled over the years
through the Permanent Indus Commission which was set up by
the UN as part of the treaty.
• The treaty has been successful in solving the issue of water. Since
1960 India and Pakistan have peacefully shared the water of the
Indus and its tributaries.

Relevant Points to counter the argument may include:

• Kashmir was a very important issue affecting relations between
the two countries. Throughout the period disagreements over
who should control Kashmir have soured relations.
• 1965 and 1971 were important as in both of those years the two
countries went to war.
• The issue of East Pakistan also affected relations between the
two countries. Pakistan was offended by the support India gave
to East Pakistan in 1971.

Look for a judgment/conclusion

Level Mark Descriptor

0 No rewardable material
Level 1 1-4 • Inaccurate application of knowledge and
understanding, lacking in development and showing
little or no organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates unsustained links to the conceptual
focus of the question, which are not developed. (AO2)
 • Interpretation of information is inaccurate with no
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• An unbalanced argument, and judgements are missing
or not supported by evidence. (AO3)
Maximum 3 marks for Level 1 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 2 5-8 • Partially accurate application of knowledge and
understanding, with limited development and
organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates implicit links to the conceptual focus of
the question, which are partially developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is limited with partial
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A partially balanced argument, and judgements are
insecure and supported by limited evidence. (AO3)
Maximum 7 marks for Level 2 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 3 9-12 • Mostly accurate application of knowledge and
understanding, but development and organisation of
material is still lacking in some areas. (AO2)
• Demonstrates some links to the conceptual focus of the
question, which are mostly developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is mostly accurate with
some analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A mostly balanced argument, and judgements are
partially supported by evidence but some justification is
left implicit or some evidence not validly applied. (AO3)
Maximum 11 marks for Level 3 answers that do not go
beyond aspects prompted by the stimulus points.
Level 4 13-16 • Accurate and precise application of knowledge and
understanding, fully developed and showing coherent
and logical organisation of material. (AO2)
• Demonstrates consistent and sustained links to the
conceptual focus of the question, which are fully
developed. (AO2)
• Interpretation of information is accurate with thorough
analysis of issues. (AO3)
• A balanced argument, and judgements are fully
supported by relevant, explicit evidence. (AO3)
 No access to Level 4 answers that do not go beyond
aspects prompted by the stimulus points.

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