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Dual Band Ring Couplers Using T and П Sections

Article in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY · September 2008

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY

VOL. 3, NO. 4, SEPTEMBER 2008

Dual Band Ring Couplers Using T and П Sections

Majeed A. S. Alkanhal and Ashraf S. Mohra

Advanced Technologies Research Center (ATRC)

Department of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University
[email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract- New rat-race couplers that can be ring is widely used for power division in printed
operated at two separate frequency bands are circuit array antennas because it provides good
presented. The design is accomplished by isolation between output ports, which is essential
transforming the lengths and impedances of the for minimizing mutual coupling between
conventional rat-race into dual band T or П
radiating elements.
shaped sections. Simple design equations are used
for basic design geometries. Then the rat-race
coupler geometries are analyzed using a full wave Efforts have been made to size reduction,
electromagnetic (EM) simulator and then realized harmonic suppression [1-8], and bandwidth
at 0.9425 and 1.96 GHz for global system of mobile enhancement [9] of the rat-race hybrid, which
communications (GSM) bands. Excellent lead to great improvements in these aspects.
agreement between simulated and measured However, recent advances in modern
results demonstrates the performance of the communication systems impose new
proposed couplers. Both ring structures have a requirements, such as multiple-band operation,
wide frequency operation range in addition to the on the design of RF passive circuits. Dual-band
significant reduced-size of the П-section based
circuits provide the benefits of reducing the
coupler.
overall size and the fabrication cost of radio
Index Terms- Rat-race, dual band, ring couplers, T- frequency (RF) modules. Arbitrary dual band
section, П-Section, microstrip circuits. microwave components based on Right/Left
Handed (RLH) transmission lines or lumped
distributed elements have been described in
I. INTRODUCTION several contributions [10-12]. Dual band branch
coupler using different techniques have been also
The hybrid-ring directional coupler is one of the reported [13,14]. For rat-race coupler design,
fundamental passive components used in [15] presented a coupler operating at dual
microwave circuits. It is recognized as a rat race frequency bands, but with, noticeably, long
ring when it is used for 3-dB directional coupling circumference, because the 3λg/4 section is
with normalized admittance of 1 / 2 on the replaced by a 5λg/4 line at the two-band average
whole circumference of the ring. Conventionally, frequency, so the total circumference length was
a rat-race is composed of three sections each of 8λg/4. Two short circuit stubs are added to that
λg/4 length and another section of 3λg/4 length, ring structure too. This contributes complexity
where λg is the guided wavelength. This device and discontinuity to the operation of the dual
offers both in-phase and anti-phase relationships band rat-race coupler. The resulted coupler is of
at the designated outputs with equal power considerable size especially if constructed for
splitting as well as perfect isolation between low microwave frequency operation such as for
ports. Applications of rat-race hybrids can be global system of mobile communication (GSM)
seen in mixers (for obtaining good spurious applications. A more recent design was presented
signal rejection), phase shifters, beam-forming in [16] for a dual band rat-race coupler which is
networks, antenna arrays, frequency multipliers, shorter in circumference (6λg/4) than the design
and microwave amplifiers. The rat-race hybrid of [15] and without the short circuited stubs.

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However the design in [16] is limited to the ⎡0 jz1 ⎤

M1 = ⎢ (1)
operation of two widely separated bands (f2>2f1).
⎣ jy1 0 ⎥⎦
In this paper, new structures of dual-band
rat-race ring couplers are presented. These where z1 is the transmission line characteristic
structures feature reduced-size planar rat-race impedance and y1 is its admittance.
configurations and avoid using shorted stubs or The ABCD matrix for the T-shaped transmission
via holes. The desired dual-band operation is line section of Fig. 2b is
ascertained by using dual bands T and П-shaped M T = M 2 M 3M 2 (2)
transmission line sections [13,14]. Each branch- where M 2 and M 3 are the ABCD matrices for
section with λg/4 length is converted to its the series and shunt elements of the T-section and
corresponding dual band T or П-shaped section. are defined as:
Both designed configurations overcome the ⎡ cos θ 2 jz 2 sin θ 2 ⎤
M2 = ⎢ (3)
double frequency restriction imposed in [16]. The
⎣ jy2 sin θ 2 cos θ 2 ⎥⎦
resulted coupler using П shape has a total
circumference of 6λg/4 at average frequency ⎡ 1 0⎤
M3 = ⎢ (4)
which results in a considerable size reduction as ⎣ jy3 tan θ 3 1⎥⎦
compared to the 8λg/4 circumference design where zi, yi and θi (i=2,3) are the impedances,
presented in [15]. To provide design guidelines admittances and the electrical lengths for the
for the proposed ring couplers, closed forms are series and shunt elements of the T-section,
presented utilizing the ABCD-matrices of the respectively. Equating the element A in both Eq.
λg/4, T and П sections. The final layout of the (1) and Eq. (2), results in:
couplers are designed based on these formulas z3
tan θ 3 = 2 cot(2θ 2 ) (5)
and, then, analyzed using a full wave z2
electromagnetic EM simulator. To verify the While equating the element B, gives that:
design concept and performance, microstrip ring z1 = 2 z 2 sin θ 2 cos θ 2 − z 22 y3 sin 2 (θ 2 ) tan θ 3 (6)
couplers exhibiting dual-band operation are
realized on RT/Duroid 5880 (εr=2.2, h=1.575 Based on substituting Eq. (5) into Eq. (6):
mm) substrate. These couplers are designed to z1 = z 2 tan θ 2 (7)
work at the two bands of the global system for For the purpose of dual band operation, the
mobile communications GSM1 (925-960 MHz) necessary conditions implied by satisfying Eq.
and GSM2 (1930-1990 MHz). The measured (7) are [14]:
results are in a very good agreement with the z2 tan θ 2 f = ± z1 (8a)
1
theoretical results and ensure the performance of z 2 tan θ 2 f = ± z1 (8b)
2
the dual-band operation for the proposed ring
structures. where θ 2 f1 and θ 2 f 2 are the electrical lengths of
the series stub at the two operating frequencies
f1 and f 2 respectively, and ( f 2 > f1 ). The solution
II. DUAL BAND RING COUPLERS USING for Eq. (8) is given by:
T-SECTIONS θ 2 f 2 = nπ ± θ 2 f1 , (n=1,2,3…) (9)
θ 2 f 2 / θ 2 f1 = f 2 / f1 = R (10)
Each quarter wave length section (λg/4) of the
conventional rat-race coupler of Fig. 1 will be Based on Eq. (5) and Eq. (10), the following
converted to a dual band T-shaped transmission conditions can be deduced:
line section. The equivalence between the (λg/4) θ 3 f 2 = mπ ± θ 3 f1 , (m=1, 2, 3 …) (11)
transmission line section shown in Fig. 2a, and θ 3 f 2 / θ 3 f1 = f 2 / f1 = R (12)
the T-section of Fig. 2b is investigated utilizing
For practical size transmission line, n=m=1 is
their ABCD matrices [14]. The ABCD matrix for
chosen. The design procedure for the rat-race
the original transmission line, which has (λg/4)
length shown in Fig. 2a is given by

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coupler that operates at dual bands using T- practical realization of microstrip lines, the
sections can be presented as follows: characteristic impedances should be bounded in
-The value of the ratio R is found from Eq. (10) that region (25 Ω< z <160 Ω) in most cases.
-The corresponding electrical length of the series Based on that, the circumference of the resulted
transmission line will be: ring coupler will be greater than that presented in
θ 2 f1 = π /( R + 1) (13a) [16]. Nevertheless, the operation of this ring
θ 2 f 2 = R.θ 2 f1 (13b) coupler overcomes the double frequency
limitation in [16] and will be valid for frequency
-The corresponding electrical length of the shunt ranges ( f2 <2 f1) or (R<1) as shown in Fig. 4.
stub will be:
θ 3 f1 = 2π /( R + 1) = 2θ 2 f1 (14a)
170
θ 3 f 2 = R.θ 3 f1 = 2θ 2 f 2 (14b)
150
-The values of impedances z 2 and z3 can be Z3

Impedances (ohm)
130
calculated as follows: 110
z 2 = z1 / tan θ 2 f1 (15a) Z2
90

z3 = 0.5 z2 tan 2 ( 2θ 2 f1 ) (15b) 70

50

30
1 2
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
λ/4
θ2f (degrees)
λ/4 λ/4 1

3 Z1 =70.7 4 Fig. 3. z2 and z3 varaitoion against θ2f1 .

3λ/4
170

150
Fig. 1. The conventional ring coupler.
Impedances (ohm)

130

110
Z1 , λ / 4 Z3
90
(a) 70 Z2

Z 2 ,θ 2 Z 2 ,θ 2
50

30
1.84 1.89 1.94 1.99 2.04 2.09 2.14 2.19 2.24

Z 3 , θ3
(b) Frequency ratio (R)

170
Z 4 ,θ 4
150
Impedances (ohm)

130 Z2

Z 5 ,θ 5 Z 5 ,θ 5 (c) 110

90 Z3

70
Fig. 2. λ/4 transmission line and its equivalents.
(a) λ/4 section 50
(b) T-shape equivalent 30
(c) П-shape equivalent 5.2 5.45 5.7 5.95 6.2 6.45 6.7
Frequency ratio (R)
Fig. 3 illustrates the variations of impedances Fig. 4. z2 and z3 varaitoion against R.
z 2 and z3 against the electrical length θ 2 f . For
1

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III. DUAL BAND RING COUPLERS z 5 = z 4 tan(θ 5 f1 ). tan(θ 4 f1 ) (22b)

USING П -SECTIONS Fig. 5 illustrates the variations of impedances z4
and z5 against the electrical length θ 4 f1 and
Here each quarter wave length (λg/4) section of
the conventional rat-race of Fig. 1 will be frequency ratio variation (R). For the practical
converted to a dual band П-shaped transmission realization of microstrip lines, the characteristic
line section of Fig. 2c [13]. The ABCD matrix impedances should be bounded in that region
for the П-shaped transmission line section of Fig. (25 Ω< z <160 Ω) in most cases. The
2c is circumference of the resulted П-section-based
M T = M 5M 4M 5 (16) ring coupler will be smaller than that presented in
[15]. In addition to that advantage, the operation
where M4 and M5 are defined as:
of this ring coupler overcomes the double
⎡ cos θ 4 jz 4 sin θ 4 ⎤
M4 = ⎢ (17a) frequency limitation in [16] and will be valid for
⎣ jy 4 sin θ 4 cos θ 4 ⎥⎦ frequency ranges (f2<2f1) or (R<1). The П-section
⎡ 1 0⎤ based ring coupler occupies area that only one-
M5 = ⎢ (17b)
⎣ jy 5 tan θ 5 1⎥⎦ forth of the T-section based ring coupler and has
the benefit of wider frequency operation range as
Equating both of the elements A and B of the well.
ABCD matrix of Eq. (1) and Eq. (16), the
relation between the elements of the Π -shape
section can be given as follows: 170
tan θ 5 = ( z5 / z4 ) cot(θ 4 ) (18a) 150 Z4
z1 = z4 sin θ 4
Im pedances (ohm )

(18b)
130
Following the same procedure of the previous
110
section and after some mathematical
manipulations, we obtain that: 90 Z5
θ 4 f 2 / θ 4 f1 = θ 5 f 2 / θ 5 f1 = f 2 / f1 = R (19) 70
Rnπ
θ 4 f 2 = Rθ 4 f 1 = (20) 50
R +1
30
Rmπ
θ5 f 2 = = Rθ5 f1 (21) 26 29 32 35 38 41 44 47 50 53
R +1
For compact design, n=1 and m=1 are chosen. θ4f (degrees)
The electrical lengths of a practical Π -shape
1

section are bounded in the region 170

(π / 4 ≤ θ 4 , θ 5 ≤ π / 2) . The design procedure for a 150
Im p ed an ces (o h m )

compact rat-race coupler that operates at dual 130

bands can be summarized as follows: Z5
110
-The value of the ratio R is found from Eq. (19).
-The electrical length of the series transmission 90
Z4
line is found from Eq. (20) with n=1 selected for 70
compactness. 50
-The electrical length of the shunt stub is found
30
from Eq. (21) with m=1 selected for
compactness. 2.38 2.88 3.38 3.88 4.38 4.88 5.38 5.88
-The values of impedances z4 and z5 can be Frequency ratio (R)
calculated as:
z4 =
z1
(22a) Fig. 5. z4 and z5 varaitoion against θ4f and R.
sin(θ 4 f1 )
1

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IV. SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT OF simulation results; both are shown in Figs 10-12.
THE DUAL BAND RING COUPLERS For the case of in-phase outputs, the measured
reflection coefficient (S11) is less than (-16.5 dB)
Two rat-race ring couplers are designed for dual for the two GSM bands, while the isolation (S41)
band GSM1 (925-960 MHz) and GSM2 (1930- is less than (-31 dB). The coupling coefficients
1990 MHz) operation. The dual band center (S21) and (S31) are equal to (-3 dB) with a
frequencies are 0.9425 GHz and 1.96 GHz deviation less than (0.59 dB) in both GSM bands.
respectively. Based on the above design The phase shift between the coupling outputs
procedure, with z1 = 50 2 Ω, the design ports (2 and 3) does not exceed (3.8o) for the two
parameters for both of T-based and П-based dual bands. For the case of out–of-phase output, the
band rat-race couplers will be R=2.0769, (θ2= θ4= measured reflection (S33) is less than (-17dB) and
θ5= 58.45o), θ3=116.9o, z2= 43.42 Ω, z3= 84.35 Ω, the isolation coefficient (S23) is less than (-25.7
z4= 82.97 Ω and z5= 220.1 Ω. In fact due to the П dB) in both GSM bands. The coupling
configuration, each two shunt stubs, of 220.1 Ω coefficients (S13) and (S43) deviate from (-3 dB)
impedance will be combined in parallel, so the by less than (0.6 dB). The phase shift between
impedance of the resulted stub will be 110.05 Ω the coupling outputs port (1 and 4) deviates by
which is easier to be realized by microstrip less than (3o). The above observations
technology. Both of the designed dual band rat- demonstrate the dual band superior operation of
the presented designs of the rat race coupler.
race ring couplers (using T and П−sections) are
simulated using a full wave electromagnetic EM
simulator, and then realized on RT/Duroid 5880 1 2 1 2
substrate (εr=2.2, h=1.5748 mm). Fig. 6
illustrates the configurations of the realized dual
4
band rat-race couplers using T-shape and Π- 3 4 3
shape sections. The open circuited stub lines are
folded to fit inside the inner space of the ring
(a) (b)
coupler to have a better space utilization in both
configurations. Fig. 6. The realized ring coupler.
The measurements of the realized dual band rat- (a) T-shape coupler (b) Π-shape coupler
race (using T-sections) are compared with the
simulation results as shown in Figs 7-9. For the
case of the in-phase outputs, the measured
reflection (S11) is less than (-18 dB) and (-15 dB) 3
for the two GSM bands, respectively. The 0
coupling coefficients (S21) and (S31) are equal to -3
(-3 dB) with a deviation less than (0.36 dB) in -6
S -P ar a m eter s (d B )

both GSM bands. The phase shift between the -9

-12 S21(Meas)
coupling output ports (2 and 3) does not exceed
-15
(4.5o) for both GSM bands. For the case of out-
-18 S21(Sim)
of-phase outputs, the measured reflection (S33) S11(Meas)
-21
and isolation (S23) are less than (-15 dB) and (-24 -24
dB), respectively, for both GSM bands. The -27
S11(Sim)
coupling coefficients (S13) and (S43) are equal to -30
(-3 dB) and deviate by less than (0.4 dB) in both 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2
bands. The phase shift between the coupling Frequency (GHz)
output ports (1 and 4) does not exceed (5.15o) for
Fig. 7. The S-parameters (S11) and (S21) against
the two GSM bands. frequency for the T-based rat-race coupler.
The measurements of the realized dual band rat-
race (using П-sections) are compared with the

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3
3
0 S31(Meas)
S31 (Meas) 0
-3 -3
-6 -6
S-Parameters (dB)

-9

S -P aram eters (dB )

-9
-12
-12 -15
S31 (Sim)
-15 -18
-21
-18 S31 (Sim)
S41 (Meas) -24
-21 S41 (Sim) -27
-24 -30
-33
-27 S41(Sim) S41 (Meas
-36
-30 -39
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 -42
Frequency (GHz) 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 8. The S-parameters (S31) and (S41) against
frequency for the T-based dual band rat-race coupler.
Fig. 11. The S-Parameters (S31) and (S41) against
frequency for the П-based rat-race coupler.

∠( s21 − S31 ) ° , ( S ) ∠( s21 − S 31 ) ° , ( M )

∠( s21 − S31 ) ° , ( S ) ∠( s21 − S31 ) ° , ( M ) 10

20
P h ase d ifferen ce (d eg ree)

15 5
Phase shift (degree)

10

5
0
0

-5
-5
-10

-15
-10
-20
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)

Fig. 9. The phase shift of ports (2 & 3) against Fig. 12. The phase shift of ports (2 & 3) against
frequency for T-based rat race coupler. frequency for П-based rat race coupler.

V. CONCLUSIONS
3
0 S21(Sim) This paper presents analysis and design of dual
-3 band rat-race couplers using T-sections and П-
S -P aram eters (d B )

-6
S21(Meas) sections. The basic dual band structure designs
-9
-12
S11(Meas)
use T-section and П-section transformation of the
-15 λg/4 sections of the conventional single frequency
-18 ring coupler with no short circuit stubs or via
-21 holes. Practical design equations are presented in
-24 S11 (Sim) simple forms. Dual band GSM rat-race couplers
-27
-30
are designed and analyzed using a full wave EM
0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 simulator and then realized on RT/Duroid 5880
Frequency (GHz) substrate (εr=2.2, h=1.5748 mm). The
Fig. 10. The S-Parameters (S11) and (S21) against measurements of the realized dual-band rat-race
Frequency for the П-based rat-race coupler.

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VOL. 3, NO. 4, SEPTEMBER 2008

couplers are in excellent agreement with the IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 51, no.
simulated results. The measurements have been 10, pp. 2119-2125, Oct. 2003.
[7] Hani Ghali and Tarek Moselhy," Design of fractal
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experimental results for both types of the dual 2004.
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only by the branch impedance ratio and hence by broadband compact microstrip rat-race hybrid
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This research is supported by the Research [12] X. Li, R. Liu , X. Yang , J. Chen, X. Yin , Q.
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