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Complement and Complementation

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DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21000.55049

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 Complement and Complementation

Mohammed Jasim Betti

Zainab Kadim Igaab

Department of English , College of Education for Humanities,

University of Thi-Qar

Section 1: Complement

Complement and complementation are two terms which are

interchangeably used in grammar references (Igaab, 2015a: 145).

Complement is (grammar) a word or group of words that completes a

grammatical construction in the predicate and that describes or is
identified with the subject or object. It is a part of a sentence that
completes the meaning of the verb or the adjective. It provides greater
details about the subject or the object (Betti, 2013: 8; Betti and Igaab,
2018: 40) :

Example: The soup tasted good. In this case, “the soup” is the subject of
the sentence. “Tasted” is a linking verb to the adjective “good,” which
describes more about the soup (Igaab, 2010b: 152).

Section 2: Types of Complements

There are four main types of complements:, object complements,

adjective complements, verb complements, and subject complements

1
(Stageberg, 1981: 288-.292; Betti, 2013: 9; and Betti, and Mahdi, 2021:
54):

1. Subjective complements

They are either noun phrase or adjective phrase (Betti, 2002e: 87).

- you are a teacher.

- you are nice.

Types of complements are either noun phrase, or adjective phrase

(Betti, 2002b: 40):

- my wife made me a cup of tea.

- He made me happy.

2. Adjective complements

Adjectives need a complement to complete their meaning and structure.

Types of the adjective complement are as follows (Igaab and Al-Bdeary,
2016: 16; and Betti, 1990: 82):

1. to-infinitive: The violin is difficult to play.

2. that clause: I'm sure that he is here now.

3. ing clause: Margery is busy writing letters.

4. Prepositional phrase: She was bad at mathematics.

5. Wh-clause: I was unsure about what I should say. (Quirk et al. 1985:
1220-1230; Betti and Igaab, 2016: 51l and Betti, 2021n: 1).

2
 There are some adjectives which should be followed by a to-infinitive
clause not a that clause and the opposite is also available.

There are some adjectives that should be followed by an -ing clause

not a to-infinitive clause and the opposite . But all adjectives can be
followed by a wh-clause and a prepositional phrase (Betti, 1990: 91).

Section 3: Verb complementation types

Verb complementation types are the following (Quirk et al. 1985: 1170-
1216; Betti, and Yaseen, 2020: 65; Al-Seady, 1995: 75).

1. copular

a. verb plus subjective complement which is either a noun phrase or an

adjective phrase (Betti, 2021e: 94):

- William is my friend.

- The girl seemed restless.

b. verb plus adverb of place.

- The kitchen is downstairs.

2. Mono-transitive Complementation

a. Complementation by a noun phrase as a direct object:

- Tom caught the ball.

b. Complementation by a noun phrase as a prepositional object:

- They agreed on the meeting. (Betti, and AlFartoosy, 2019: 101).

c. Complementation by a finite clause

1. by that clause:

3
- Everybody hoped that she would sing. (Betti, 2015a: 45; Al-Seady,
2002a: 9):

2. by a wh-clause:

- Can you confirm which flight we are taking?

d. Complementation by a nonfinite clause (Betti, 2020c: 9). (Igaab,

2010a: 17; and Betti, 2020d: 13).

a. to-infinitive clause:

- They like children to visit them.

b. an–ing clause:

- I love listening to music.

3) complex transitive complementation (Betti and Hashim, 2018: 284,

a. Complementation by an adjective phrase as an object complement

(Al-Seady, 2002b: 73; Betti, 2021i: 19; and Igaab, 2015b: 23).

- That music drives me mad.

b. NP as object complement:

- we considered him a genius.

c. complementation by an object and an adjunct (Betti, and Al-

Jubouri, 2015c: 77):

- I slipped the key into the lock.

d. Object plus to-infinitive:

- They knew him to be a spy.

4
e. Object plus bare infinitive (Igaab, 2010: 16).

- I heard someone slam the door.

f. Object plus -ing participle (Betti, 2021d: 15).

- I caught Ann reading my diary.

g. Object plus -ed participle:

- we saw him beaten by the world heavy weight champion.

4. Di-transitive complementation (Betti, 1996: 41):

a. Both indirect and direct objects as NPs:

- He gave the girl doll.

b. Indirect object as NP plus direct object as that clause (Betti, 2021h:

5).

- John convinced me that he was right.

c. Indirect object plus finite wh-clause object:

- John asked me what time the meeting would end.

d. Indirect object plus to-infinitive object (Igaab, 2015: 82):

- I told Mark to see a doctor. (Quirk et al. Ibid)

Section 4: Infinitive Complementation

Infinitive Complementation consists of verbs that trigger infinitive

complements can be divided into four categories (Betti, and Igaab, 2015:
25): (Al-Sheikh, 2006b: 61).

5
a. Intention-type Verbs

Intention-type verbs are verbs that allow people to express wishes, hopes,
wants, and expectations usually trigger infinitive complements (Betti,
2021o: 4).

Many of these verbs describe potential future actions. Other verbs in

this category include: plan, mean, aspire, aim, propose, wish, resolve,
long, promise, vow (Betti, and Hasan, 2020: 74).

b. Attempt-type Verbs
This class of verbs has much in common with Intention-type verbs.
However, these verbs can express not only intention but the degree of
success achieved by the agent (doer of the verb). Many of these verbs can
also trigger gerunds (Betti, 2002c : 89; and Betti, and Hasan, 2020: 74).

c. Subject Verb Infinitive Complement:

- She began to study Russian.
- They attempted to rob the bank.
- He forgot to turn-in the paper.
- Jack remembered to call his mother .

- The birds continue to nest in the same place (Betti, 2021f: 70).

Other verbs in this class include: try, start, decide, fail, manage, offer,
proceed (Betti, 2021g: 50).

d. Advise-type Verbs

This class of infinitive complementation is triggered by verbs that imply

persuasion, manipulation, and direction of others. These verbs require

6
another noun in the object position (Al-Sheikh, 2006a: 88; and Betti,
2020d: 13).

e. Subject Verb Object Infinitive Complement

We caused / persuaded/ convinced/ forced/ encouraged my father to try
Vietnamese food . Other verbs in this category include: coax, induce,
advise, tell (Betti, 2002c : 81).

Many of the elderly believe /assume/suppose/think/regard the children

of today to eat poorly, to be undisciplined to lack ambition. This use of
the infinitive complement sounds quite formal, and is unlikely to be used
in casual conversation (Keown, 2012; Betti, 2002d: 94) .

f. Belief-type Verbs
Typically, these verbs trigger that-complements. However, belief-type
verbs can trigger infinitive complementation when a sentence includes
these parts (Betti, 2020a: 9):

[subject + verb + object + infinitive complement + adjective]

(Betti, 2021a: 78).

Section 5: That-clause Complementation

Essentially, there are six categories of verbs that trigger that-clause
complements (Betti and Al-Jubouri, 2009: 3; Al-Seady, 1998a: 11):

1. Request-type Verbs
These verbs are for making requests, suggestions, or commands. Notice
that the final verb after the that-clause complement is NOT inflected.
Subject Verb That-Clause Complement (Betti, 2021l: 5) :
The manager suggested/ requested/ demanded that he leave immediately.
2. Factive Verbs

7
Though many factive verbs trigger gerunds, here only verbs that trigger
that-complements are presented: Subject Verb That-Clause Complement

The researchers admitted / acknowledged[the fact] that the experiment

was flawed (Igaab, 2010b: 151).

Each one of these verbs, the phrase [the fact] fits before the that-
complement. This phrase, though optional, does indicate that these verbs
show people reacting to true information––or at least the truth as they see
it. Other verbs in this category include: regret, deplore, establish,
demonstrate, accept (Betti, 2002a: 9).

3. Emotive Verbs
This class of verbs is employed to express emotion. Like belief-type
verbs, they are rare in the progressive tense. Though emotive verbs
trigger gerundial complements when emotion/preference is expressed
about an activity, emotive verbs trigger that-complements when feelings
about a fact are expressed (Betti, Igaab & Al-Ghizzi, 2018: 276 ).
To determine if a that-complement is appropriate, insert the phrase the
fact after the verb:
Subject Verb That-Clause Complement
She loves/ hates/ regrets [the fact] that college is difficult.
Other verbs in this category include: like, ignore, fear (Keown, 2012;
Betti, 2021m: 2).

4. Belief-type Verbs
Generally, this class of verbs deals not with fact but with belief,
opinion, and understanding. Subject Verb That-Clause Complement.

8
Most medieval Europeans assumed/ believed/ supposed thought that the
world was flat. In most cases, the phrase the fact would sound strange
with belief-type verbs (Betti , 2006: 77).

. It is also important to note that these verbs are rarely used with
present progressive tense (Betti, 2021b: 5). The exception is the verb
think, which is commonly used in the present progressive in informal
communication to indicate deliberation (e.g. I’m thinking that I’ll go to a
movie tonight.) (Betti, and Igaab , 2019: 241).

5. Advise-type Verbs
This kind of that-complementation is triggered by verbs that imply
persuasion, manipulation, or direction of others. Notice that these verbs
require another noun or pronoun in the object position and either A)that +
(pro)noun + modal + verb, ORB) that + (pro)noun + verb +
adverbial/adjective. Subject Verb Object + that +(pro)noun +(modal) +
verb + adverb/adjective. (Igaab, 2010b: 162).
The professor instructed/ reminded/ them that the test is next week.
The meteorologist told /warned/ drivers that the storm would be
dangerous.

Nancy advised convinced them that they should study (Betti, 2003: 5).

6. Reporting Verbs

These verbs are used to convey information Betti, 2020b: 18) (Betti,
2007: 12).

Subject Verb That-Clause Complement

Several critics have said /remarked/ declared pointed out that the law is
poorly designed. These verbs and others like them, also known as signal

9
verbs, are essential for paraphrasing the ideas of other scholars in
academic writing (Keown, 2012; Betti and Ulaiwi, 2018: 80).

Section 6: Gerund Complementation

A gerund is a noun with an –ing ending. At first glance, they can appear
to be verbs in a progressive tense. Though verbs are sometimes described
as action words (e.g. He works there.), (Betti, 2021c: 4) gerunds are the
noun forms of action words (e.g. working here is fun.). Since gerunds are
actions, perhaps it is not surprising to find that verbs that require actions
or activities as objects take gerundial complements (Betti, and Ghadhab,
2020: 64).
1. Result-type Verbs

These verbs are action words that result in subsequent actions.

2. Subject Verb Gerundial Complement

Going to that college (will/would)entail /necessitate/ require/ moving

across the country; Other verbs of this kind include: warrant, demand,
call for, mean, to be grounds for (Betti, 1998: 4).

3. Preventative Verbs

These verbs are used in reference to preventing other actions. Often the
agent of the prevented action is named in the object position and followed
by the preposition from (Betti, 2021k: 5):

[subject + verb + (object + from) + gerund]. Subject Verb(Object +

From) + Gerundial Complement

Lifeguards discouraged/ dissuaded/ prevented(people from) surfing

during the storm .

11
Other verbs in this category include: restrain, avert, hinder, impede,
exclude, obstruct. Verbs + Prepositions.

There are a number of verbs that are followed by prepositions. These verb
+ preposition sequences tend to trigger gerundial complements (Keown,
May 2012; (Betti, and Mahdi, 2020: 98).

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