ACTIVITY 1 (Page 58) Procedure Calculate the difference in the formulae and

Objective To identify the composition of items present in molecular masses for (a) CH 3OH and C 2 H 5OH, (b)
house (presence of carbon). C 2 H 5OH and C 3H7 OH and (c) C 3H7 OH and C 4 H 9OH.
Materials required Daily used items like tooth brush, fan, Observation
spoon, tumbler pencil, books, bread, pen, clothes etc. (a) CH 3OH and C 2 H 5OH
Procedure Make a list of 10 things that are commonly These differ by a ¾CH 2 unit.
used daily and also mention their constituents with the help of Mass of CH 3OH
your teacher and parents.
= (12 ´ 1) + (1´ 3) + (16 ´ 1) + (1 ´ 1) = 32 u
Observation The list of ten things that are used daily are
Mass of C 2 H 5OH
mentioned below:
= (12 ´ 2) + (1 ´ 5) + (16 ´ 1) + (1 ´ 1) = 46 u
Things Metals Other materials
Toothbrush — Plastic, nylon (carbon) Difference = (46 - 32) u = 14 u
Fan Aluminium/ Iron — (b) C 2 H 5OH and C 3H7 OH
Spoon Stainless steel — These differ by a — CH 2 unit.
Tumbler — Glass
Mass of C 2 H 5OH = 46 u
Pencil Graphite (carbon) Wood (carbon)
Books — Paper obtained from Mass of C 3H7 OH
woods (carbon) = (12 ´ 3) + (1 ´ 7) + (16 ´ 1) + (1 ´ 1) = 60 u
Bread — Wheat (carbon) Difference = (60 - 46) u = 14 u
Pen Steel Plastic (carbon) (c) C 3H7 OH and C 4 H 9OH
Clothes — Cotton (carbon)
These also differ by a —CH 2 unit.
Note You can also mention any substance different from the
above. Mass of C 3H7 OH = 60 u
Conclusion It can be clearly seen that most of the Mass of C 4 H 9OH
substances contain carbon in it. = (12 ´ 4) + (1 ´ 9) + (16 ´ 1) + (1 ´ 1) = 74 u
Difference = (74 - 60) u = 14 u
Viva Questions
Note Other homologous series that you can considered are:
1. Write some materials which are made up of wood
only. Carboxylic
Chloroalkane Aldehyde Ketone
2. Which element is found in most of the items that are acid
found around us? O
3. Out of pen, tumbler, fan, spoon which material is ½½
CH 3Cl HCHO CH 3 ¾ C ¾ CH 3 HCOOH
made up of glass?
O
4. Name the source from which paper is obtained? ½½
5. Write some compounds which are not made up of C 2H5Cl CH 3CHO C 2H5 ¾ C ¾ CH 3 CH 3COOH
carbon. O
½½
ACTIVITY 2 (Page 67) C 3H7 Cl C 2H5CHO C 3H7 ¾ C ¾ CH 3 C 2H5COOH
O
Objective To show that successive members of a
½½
homologous series differ by a ¾CH 2 unit in formula and C 4H 9Cl C 3H7 CHO C 4H 9 ¾ C ¾ CH 3 C 3H7 COOH
by 14-unit in molecular mass.
Conclusion All of these groups possess a similarity, i.e. ACTIVITY 4 (Page 69)
two consecutive members differ by a —CH 2 group and
in molecular mass by14 u. Objective To check the conditions in which complete or
incomplete combustion of fuels occurs.
Viva Questions Materials Required Bunsen burner and a controller (to
1. By how many carbon and hydrogen atoms, do any control the amount of gas coming out of the burner).
two adjacent numbers homologous series differ? Procedure Light a Bunsen burner and adjust the air hole at the
2. Which two of the following compounds could base to get different types of flames in the presence of smoke.
belong to the same homologous series? Observation
C 2 H 6 O 2 , C 2 H 6 O, C 2 H 5 , CH 4 O l If hole is closed, yellow, sooty flame is produced and on
3. Give the formulae of any two higher homologues of placing a spoon above the flame, black deposits of carbon is
methane. obtained.
4. Name the second member of alkyne homologous l If hole is open, blue flame is produced and on placing a
series. What is its structural formula? spoon above the flame, no deposit is obtained.
5. Give the IUPAC name of HCOOH. Conclusion In excess of air, complete combustion takes place
and blue flame is produced. If there is insufficient supply of air,
ACTIVITY 3 (Page 69) incomplete combustion takes place and yellow flame is
produced.
Objective To study the nature of compound, whether it
is saturated or unsaturated by burning. Viva Questions
Materials Required Naphthalene, camphor, alcohol, 1. On placing a spatula above the flame (if hole is closed),
spatula, spirit lamp/burner etc. the black deposits of which substance are obtained ?
Procedure Take some carbon compounds (naphthalene, 2. On closing the hole, we get yellow sooty flame, why?
camphor, alcohol) one by one on a spatula and burn 3. What is the advantage of air hole (inlet) in the Bunsen
them. burner?
Observation On heating these carbon compounds, 4. Which gas is produced during incomplete combustion of
following observations were made. fuels?
Deposits on 5. Which gas is produced during the complete combustion
Carbon compounds Nature of flame
spatula of fuels?
Naphthalene Smoky flame Carbon deposits
Camphor Smoky flame Carbon deposits ACTIVITY 5 (Page 70)
Alcohol Non-sooty flame No carbon Objective To study the oxidising properties of KMnO 4 .
Conclusion Non-sooty flame of alcohol indicates Materials Required Ethanol, 5% alk. KMnO 4 , beaker,
complete combustion or saturated nature whereas smoky dropper, test tubes, water bath, burner etc.
flame of camphor and naphthalene indicates incomplete Procedure
combustion and presence of multiple bonds or
1. Take about 3 mL of ethanol in a test tube and warm it
unsaturated nature.
gently in a water bath.
Viva Questions 2. Add 5% solution of alkaline potassium permanganate drop
1. How can saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons by drop to this solution.
be differentiated on the basis of combustion? Observation The colour of KMnO 4 slowly fades and
2. Why unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a sooty gradually it disappears completely. When excess of KMnO 4 is
flame? added, the colour will not disappear.
3. Which type of bond indicates the incomplete Reaction Involved
combustion? Alk. KMn O 4
CH 3CH 2 ¾ OH ¾¾¾¾¾® CH 3COOH
4. Name two compound which gives smoke flame on Ethanol D Ethanoic acid
heating.
Conclusion Alcohol decolourises KMnO 4 but acid does not .
5. Out of saturated and unsaturated compounds, In excess of KMnO 4 , alcohol gets completely converted into
which are usually not very reactive?
acid which does not decolourise KMnO 4 .

02 ll ne Science 10th
Viva Questions 2. Warm in a water bath for atleast five minutes as shown
1. What is the colour of KMnO 4 solution? in the figure.
3. Pour into a beaker containing 20-50 mL of water and
2. Which acid is formed, when excess of KMnO 4 is smell the resulting mixture.
added to the ethanol?
Test tube
3. Which reaction is involved in the conversion of containing
alcohol to carboxylic acid? reaction
mixture
4. Name the substance used for the oxidation of ethanol.
Beaker
5. Name the compound formed on oxidation of ethanol. Water
Wire gauze
ACTIVITY 6 (Page 72)
Tripod stand
Objective To show that hydrogen gas is evolved when
alcohol is treated with sodium metal or to check the acidic Burner
nature of alcohol (ethanol).
Materials Required Piece of sodium, ethanol, test tubes,
matchstick.
Formation of ester
Procedure
1. Drop a small piece of sodium, about the size of a couple Observation A compound having pleasant fruity smell is
of grains of rice, into ethanol (taken in a test tube). observed.
Reaction Involved
2. Bring a matchstick near the mouth of the test tube. Conc. H SO
Observation A gas is evolved which burns with pop sound. CH 3 ¾ COOH + C 2 H 5 ¾ OH ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾®
2 4

Acetic acid Ethanol Dehydrating agent

Reaction involved CH 3COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 O
– Ester Water
2C 2 H 5OH+ 2Na ¾® 2C 2 H 5 ONa+ + H 2 ­ Conclusion
Sodium
Ethanol
metal
Sodium ethoxide Hydrogen
gas
The obtained compound is known as ester. This process of
making ester is called esterification.
Conclusion The evolved gas burns with a pop sound. This
indicates the presence of hydrogen gas and the reaction of Viva Questions
alcohol with metal show its acidic nature. 1. What is glacial acetic acid?
Viva Questions 2. What are esters?
1. Which gas is evolved on adding sodium metal into 3. Complete the equation,
ethanol? Dehydrating
Acid + Alcohol ¾¾¾¾®
2. How will you test the presence of H 2 gas? agent

3. How sodium ethoxide is formed? Write the reaction. 4. Name the process of ester formation from acid and
alcohol in the presence of H 2 SO 4 .
4. If the same experiment is repeated with acetic acid,
what happens? 5. What is the role of concentrated sulphuric acid in an
esterification reaction?
5. Write the reaction of sodium metal with ethanoic acid.
ACTIVITY 7 (Page 73) ACTIVITY 8 (Page 73)
Objective To study the formation of esters. Objective To compare the pH of dilute acetic acid and
Materials Required Glacial acetic acid, absolute alcohol, dilute hydrochloric acid.
conc. H 2 SO4 , test tubes, beaker, wire gauze, tripod stand, Materials Required Dil. acetic acid, dil. HCl, universal
burner, water bath. indicator, litmus paper, test tubes.
Procedure Procedure Compare the pH of dilute acetic acid and dilute
1. Take 1 mL ethanol (absolute alcohol) and 1 mL glacial hydrochloric acid using both, litmus paper and universal
acetic acid alongwith a few drops of concentrated indicator.
sulphuric acid in a test tube.

Chapter 4 : Carbon and Its Compounds 03

Observation Reaction Involved
– +
Acid pH Litmus test 2CH 3COOH+Na 2 CO 3 ¾® 2CH 3COONa +H 2 O +CO 2 ­
Acetic acid Sodium Sodium Carbon
Dil. HCl 2-3 (more acidic) Blue litmus turns red carbonate acetate dioxide
– +
Dil. CH 3COOH 5-6 (less acidic) Blue litmus turns red CH 3COOH+NaHCO 3 ¾® CH 3COO Na + H 2 O +CO 2 ­
Acetic acid Sodium Sodium Carbon
carbonate acetate dioxide
Conclusion Dil. HCl is more acidic than the dilute acetic
acid as pH of dil. HCl is less than dilute acetic acid. Conclusion The brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide
gas is produced which on passing through lime water turns
Viva Questions it milky.
1. Two acids A and B have pH values of 2 and 6
respectively. Which of the two will be more acidic? Viva Questions
2. Write the correct order of pH values for acid and base 1. What will you get when dilute ethanoic acid is treated
solution. with sodium carbonate? Write the reaction.
3. What is the pH value of a neutral solution? 2. The formation of brisk effervescence indicates the
presence of which gas?
4. What change in colour is observed when red litmus
paper is dipped in acidic solution? 3. What happens when lighted splinter is brought near
5. Why ethanoic acid is a weak acid? the mouth of CO 2 gas?
4. Which type of bonds are present between atoms of
ACTIVITY 9 (Page 74) carboxylic acid?
5. What happens when same procedure is repeated with
Objective To show that carbon dioxide gas is evolved when sodium bicarbonate?
ethanoic acid is treated with sodium carbonates and
bicarbonates. ACTIVITY 10 (Page 74)
Materials Required Sodium carbonate, dilute ethanoic
Objective To study the phenomenon of dirt cleaning by soap.
acid, sodium hydrogen carbonate, lime water, test tubes,
spatula, stand, cork, thistle funnel, delivery tube. Materials Required Water, soap or detergent, oil, test tubes.
Procedure Procedure
1. Take a spatula full of sodium carbonate in a test tube 1. Take about 10 mL of water each in two test tubes.
and add 2 mL of dilute ethanoic acid. 2. Add a drop of oil (cooking oil) to both the test tubes
2. Pass the gas produced through freshly prepared and label them as A and B. To test tube B, add a few
lime water. drops of soap solution.
3. Now, shake both the test tubes vigorously for the same
3. Repeat the above procedure with sodium hydrogen
period of time.
carbonate instead of sodium carbonate.
4. Now leave them undisturbed for some time.
Thistle funnel
Delivery tube Observation In test tube A, oil and water form separate
Stand layers and no such layer is formed in test tube B.
Cork Test tube
Calcium Conclusion This shows the phenomenon of dirt-cleaning
hydroxide by soap. As we know, dirt is oily in nature. Hydrophobic
solution part of soap bonds with dirt and hence, dirty clothes are
Carbon dioxide gas cleaned.
Ethanoic acid
Test tube Viva Questions
1. Which part of soap bind with dirt?
Sodium 2. Why does soap solutions appear cloudy?
carbonate
Showing the release of carbon dioxide gas when
3. How the soap molecules are arranged in a soap
ethanoic acid is treated with sodium carbonate micelle?
4. Name the hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends of a
Observation Brisk effervescence is produced and lime soap?
water turns milky. 5. What is a micelle?

04 ll ne Science 10th
 ACTIVITY 11 (Page 76) ACTIVITY 12 (Page 76)
Objective To study the working of soap with soft and Objective To compare the cleansing action of soaps and
hard water. detergents with hard water.
Materials Required Distilled water, hard water, soap Materials Required Detergent, soap, sample of hard water,
solution, test tubes. test tubes.
Procedure Procedure
1. Take about 10 mL of distilled water (or rain water) 1. Take two test tubes with about 10 mL of hard water in
and 10 mL hard water (from a tubewell or handpump) each and label them as A and B.
in separate test tubes.
2. Add five drops of soap solution to test tube A and five
2. Add a couple of drops of soap solution to both. drops of detergent solution to the other test tube B.
3. Shake the test tubes vigorously for an equal period of 3. Shake both the test tubes for the same period of time.
time.
Observation Same amount of foam is not produced in both
Observation Test tube containing hard water, produces the test tubes. Solution of detergent and hard water forms foam,
curdy white precipitate while the test tube containing while solution of soap and hard water produces curdy white
distilled water, produces foam. precipitate.
Conclusion Soaps work well with soft water but form Conclusion Detergent works better in hard water in
scum (insoluble substance) with hard water. comparison to soap.
Viva Questions Viva Questions
1. Write the name of species responsible for the 1. What will you get on treating soaps and detergents
hardness of water. with hard water, separately?
2. When soap is dissolved in hard water, what happens? 2. What are detergents?
3. What are soaps? 3. Which process is involved in dirt cleaning?
4. How can hardness of water be tested with the help of 4. Why washing clothes with hard water is not effective?
soap solution? 5. What is the advantage of detergents over soaps for
5. Why washing of clothes with hard water is difficult? washing clothes?

Chapter 4 : Carbon and Its Compounds 05