WATER
FILTRATION
BARON, GARCIA, MARQUEZ,
DEFINITION:
Reverse is a water purification process
Osmosis that removes impurities from
water by using a semipermeable
membrane. It works by applying
pressure to water, forcing it
through this membrane, which
allows only water molecules to
pass through while blocking
larger molecules, ions, and
contaminants.
Marquez (202115235)
PROCESS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS
FILTRATION
1. Feedwater: 2.Semipermeable Membrane:
The contaminated water which salts, The RO membrane has tiny spore but water
minerals, bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, molecule can passed through them, but
and other impurities being pushed to the other substance like salt, chlorine and other
RO. impurities can’t pass through.
3. Permeate (Clean Water): 4. Concentrate (Reject Water):
The water that successfully passes through The contaminants that are filtered out are
the membrane is called the "permeate" or left behind in a concentrated form. This
purified water. This is the clean water that water, often referred to as "reject water" or
is ready for use. "brine," is typically flushed away.
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PROCESS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS
FILTRATION
Marquez (202115235)
Drinking water purification: RO systems are
commonly used in homes and businesses to
Common produce clean, safe drinking water.
Application
Desalination: RO is used in seawater desalination
plants to produce fresh water from saltwater.
Industrial applications: RO is used in industries
like pharmaceuticals, food processing, and
electronics manufacturing to purify water.
Aquariums: RO water is often used in aquariums,
especially for saltwater tanks, to ensure the water
quality is optimal for marine life.
Marquez (202115235)
HIGH-QUALITY FILTRATION:
Removes up to 99% of dissolved solids,
including salts, chlorine, heavy metals
(like lead and mercury), and pathogens.
Advantage of IMPROVES TASTE:
Reverse
By removing contaminants and
chlorine, RO systems often improve the
Osmosis
taste and odor of water.
HEALTH BENEFITS:
It reduces exposure to harmful
chemicals and pathogens in drinking
water.
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WATER WASTAGE:
For every gallon of purified water, an RO system
may waste 3-4 gallons, depending on the efficiency
of the system.
Disadvantage MINERAL REMOVAL:
While removing harmful contaminants, RO systems
of Reverse also remove beneficial minerals like calcium and
magnesium, which are good for health. Some
systems include a remineralization stage to add
Osmosis these minerals back in.
COST:
The initial setup and maintenance of an RO system
can be more expensive than some other filtration
methods.
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Efficiency Removes up to 99% of dissolved solids,
including salts, chlorine, heavy metals (like
of Reverse lead and mercury), and pathogens.
Osmosis
Overall, reverse osmosis is a highly effective
method for purifying water, especially when
high levels of contamination are present.
However, it’s important to balance its benefits
with the potential drawbacks, such as water
waste and the need for maintenance.
Marquez (202115235)
DEFINITION:
Calcite is a water treatment process commonly
Filtration used to correct low pH (acidic water) by
raising the pH and adding beneficial
minerals, like calcium. It is typically
used in water systems with high acidity
which can be corrosive to plumbing,
appliances, and appliances—and also in
situations where there is a desire to
remineralize water after purification
methods like reverse osmosis have
removed beneficial minerals.
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Process of Acidic water (low pH), typically with a pH below
6.5, can dissolve metals like iron, copper, and lead,
Calcite which may be harmful to health and cause
corrosion in pipes.
filtration
When acidic water passes through calcite
(calcium carbonate), the calcite dissolves and
raises the pH of the water, neutralizing the acidity.
As the calcite dissolves, it also adds calcium and
bicarbonate ions to the water, improving its
mineral content and making it less aggressive to
plumbing.
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Low pH Water: Calcite filtration is specifically
What it can designed for water that is too acidic (typically with
a pH of 5.5-6.5), which can be corrosive to pipes,
Filter
fixtures, and appliances. Acidic water may also
taste bad and leach heavy metals like lead or
copper from plumbing.
Corrosive Water: If your water is too acidic, calcite
filtration helps to prevent corrosion of plumbing
systems, pipes, and appliances, extending their
lifespan.
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Household Water Treatment: For homes with
acidic well water or municipal water with low pH,
Common calcite filters are used to prevent damage to
plumbing and improve water quality.
Application Industrial Applications: In certain industries, such
as food and beverage or pharmaceuticals, calcite
filtration can be used to adjust water pH for
process water.
Agriculture: Acidic irrigation water can be treated
with calcite filtration to avoid damage to irrigation
systems and soil.
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RAISES PH:
Calcite effectively raises the pH of acidic water,
making it less corrosive and more suitable for
consumption and use.
Advantage of
REMINERALIZES WATER:
Adds essential minerals like calcium to the water,
improving taste and health benefits. This can be
Calcite particularly important if the water has undergone
reverse osmosis filtration, which removes
Filtration minerals.
SIMPLE, EFFECTIVE, AND LOW
MAINTENANCE:
Calcite filters are relatively easy to maintain and
require only periodic refilling of calcite material,
unlike other more complex systems.
Marquez (202115235)
LIMITED EFFECTIVENESS FOR VERY LOW PH
WATER
Calcite filtration is generally effective for mildly acidic
water (pH 5.5–6.5). However, for water with a very low pH
(below 5.5), calcite may not be sufficient on its own to
fully neutralize the acidity. In such cases, blended media
or additional treatments like soda ash or alkalinity
Disadvantage enhancers may be required to effectively raise the pH.
of Calcite INCREASED WATER HARDNESS
As calcite dissolves, it adds calcium and magnesium to
Filtration
the water, which can increase water hardness.
MAINTENANCE AND REPLENISHMENT OF
CALCITE
Over time, the calcite media in the filter will dissolve and
need to be replenished. This can require periodic
monitoring and refilling of the filter, which adds to
maintenance costs and effort.
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Efficiency
largely depends on the specific application,
the water quality, and the system's design.
of Calcite
However, calcite filtration is generally efficient
for its intended purpose: neutralizing acidic
water and adding calcium to improve both
Filtration water quality and taste. Below are several
factors that influence the efficiency of calcite
filtration:
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ACTIVATED CARBON Definition:
FILTERS . are devices or systems that
use activated carbon (also
known as activated charcoal)
to remove impurities,
contaminants, or unwanted
substances from liquids or
gases. The activated carbon
material is highly porous and
has a large surface area,
which makes it effective at
adsorbing organic
compounds, chlorine, odors,
and other pollutants.
John Neil Baron, 202118306
What Is the Working Principle
Of Activated Carbon
JOHN NEIL BARON, 202118306
Process
Activated carbon works through the process of adsorption, where
contaminants in the water are attracted to and retained on the surface
of the carbon particles. In water purification systems, activated carbon
effectively removes a wide range of impurities, including organic
compounds, chlorine, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and
disinfection by-products.
When water passes through an activated carbon filter, contaminants
present in the water come into contact with the porous surface of the
carbon particles. Activated carbon with pores provides a larger surface
area for adsorption, allowing it to trap and hold onto contaminants
through physical and chemical interactions.
JOHN NEIL BARON, 202118306
Efficiency
Activated carbon filters are highly efficient for removing specific
contaminants, with efficiency typically ranging from 85–99% for
substances that can be adsorbed by carbon. In water purification, they
remove 95–99% of chlorine and its byproducts, 90–99% of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), and 85–95% of pesticides and herbicides, while also
significantly improving taste and odor. For air filtration, they are 90–95%
effective at eliminating odors and 85–98% efficient for VOCs and
chemical vapors. In industrial applications, efficiency can reach up to 99%
for gases like hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbons. However, they are less
effective (<20%) for inorganic gases such as carbon dioxide and cannot
remove salts or microbial organisms without additional treatment. Over
time, efficiency decreases as the filter becomes saturated, requiring
regular replacement or regeneration to maintain optimal performance.
JOHN NEIL BARON, 202118306
1. High Efficiency for Specific Contaminants: Removes
chlorine, VOCs, odors, and organic compounds
effectively, with removal rates up to 99%.
2. Improves Taste and Odor: Particularly beneficial in water
Advantages
purification by removing unpleasant tastes and smells
caused by chemicals or organic matter.
3. Versatile Applications: Useful for water treatment, air
of Activated
purification, industrial emission control, and chemical
recovery.
4. Low Energy Consumption: Operates passively without
Carbon Filter
requiring significant energy, making it environmentally
friendly.
5. Cost-Effective: Initial costs are relatively low, and the
technology is accessible for both residential and
industrial uses.
6. Eco-Friendly Material: Activated carbon is often
recyclable or biodegradable.
John Neil Baron, 202118306
1. Limited Lifespan: The carbon becomes saturated with
contaminants over time, requiring regular replacement
or regeneration to maintain efficiency.
2. Ineffectiveness Against Some Contaminants: Not
Disadvantages
effective for inorganic compounds, salts, nitrates, or
microbial organisms unless combined with other
filtration methods.
of Activated
3. Decreased Efficiency with High Flow Rates: Fast flow
rates reduce contact time, which diminishes adsorption
efficiency.
Carbon Filter
4. Maintenance Costs: While the filters are affordable,
frequent replacement can add up, especially in high-
use systems.
5. Potential for Bacterial Growth: If not replaced or
maintained properly, the filter can harbor bacteria,
which may compromise water or air quality.
6. Limited Capacity: Filters have a finite adsorption
capacity, making them less suitable for applications
with high contaminant concentrations.
John Neil Baron, 202118306
DEFINITION:
Distillation Process involving the conversion of a
liquid into vapor that is
subsequently condensed back to
liquid form. Used to separate liquids
from nonvolatile solids, as in the
separation of alcoholic liquors from
fermented materials, or in the
separation of two or more liquids
having different boiling points, as in
the separation of gasoline, kerosene,
and lubricating oil from crude oil
Garcia (202119991)
PROCESS OF DISTILLATION
Simple distillation is a method
used to separate and purify a
liquid from a mixture by heating
it until it turns into vapor, then
cooling the vapor back into
liquid. It works best when the
substances in the mixture have
very different boiling points or
when separating a liquid from
non-volatile solids.
GARCIA (202119991)
OTHER TYPES OF DISTILLATION
1. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OR DIFFERENTIAL
Has been developed for certain applications, such as petroleum refining, because
simple distillation is not efficient for separating liquids whose boiling points lie close to
one another.
2. MULTIPLE EFFECT DISTILLATION
This operation, used primarily by large commercial desalting plants, does not require
heating to convert a liquid into vapor. The liquid is simply passed from a container
under high atmospheric pressure to one under lower pressure. The reduced pressure
causes the liquid to vaporize rapidly; the resulting vapor is then condensed into
distillate.
GARCIA (202119991)
1. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION 2. MULTIPLE EFFECT
OR DIFFERENTIAL DISTILLATION
GARCIA (202119991)
Efficiency of Distillation
The efficiency of distillation depends on several factors, including the difference
in boiling points of the components being separated, the design of the
distillation setup, and the number of distillation stages.
Boiling Point Difference : The larger the difference in boiling points, the more
efficient the distillation process will be
Distillation Setup: A fractional distillation column with many stages or multiple
effect distillation can improve efficiency by allowing repeated condensation and
vaporization, which enhances separation.
GARCIA (202119991)
Efficiency of Distillation
Purity: In a single distillation, you might not get pure components, especially if
the boiling points are close. The process may need to be repeated to achieve
higher purity
GARCIA (202119991)
CONTAMINANTS
Contaminants are substances in the liquid mixture that are either separated, reduced,
or potentially carried over during the process. These contaminants can affect the
purity of the distillate (the separated liquid) and the overall efficiency of the process.
Non-volatile impurities: Substances like salts and metals that don't evaporate and
remain in the boiling vessel.
Volatile impurities: Substances with similar boiling points that can vaporize with the
desired liquid, lowering purity.
Azeotropes: Mixtures that distill at a constant boiling point and can't be separated by
simple distillation.
Water and moisture: Can be carried over in the distillate, affecting purity.
Colloidal contaminants: Fine particles that may carry over with the vapor.
JIMLYN GRACE GARCIA 202119991
Effective Separation: Distillation is excellent
for separating liquids with different boiling
points, especially when the difference is
significant.
Advantage of Purity: It can produce high-purity liquids by
removing non-volatile impurities and separating
Distillation
volatile components.
Simple Process: For mixtures with clear boiling
point differences, distillation is a straightforward
and well understood method.
Versatile: It can be applied to various industries
like water purification, alcohol distillation,
petrochemical refining, and essential oil
extraction.
GARCIA (202119991)
Limited for Close Boiling Points: It struggles
to separate components with very similar
boiling points, requiring additional stages or
methods.
Disadvantage Not Effective for Azeotropes: Mixtures that
form azeotropes cannot be completely
of Distillation
separated by simple distillation.
Potential Contaminants: Some volatile
impurities may be carried over into the
distillate, affecting its purity.
Costly Equipment: For large-scale or industrial
distillation, the equipment can be expensive
and complex.
GARCIA (202119991)
UV Filtration DEFINITION:
Treats micro-biologically unsafe
water with germicidal ultraviolet
light. The UV wavelength scrambles
the DNA of living organisms in the
water so that they can no longer
reproduce and make you sick. If you
drink bacteria-infested water, the
organisms can embed in your
digestive tract and replicate.
Ultraviolet radiation renders
bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi
unable to replicate by damaging the
nucleic acids of their DNA.
Garcia (202119991)
PROCESS OF UV FILTRATION
UV water filtration works by passing
water through a chamber where it is
exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. The
UV light disrupts the DNA of
microorganisms like bacteria, viruses,
and protozoa, rendering them unable
to reproduce and cause disease. The
water flows in a controlled manner,
ensuring that it receives sufficient
exposure to UV light before exiting the
system.
GARCIA (202119991)
Efficiency
UV filtration is highly effective at disinfecting
water, capable of killing or inactivating up to
99.99% of pathogens, including bacteria,
viruses, and protozoa. However, its efficiency
depends on factors such as water clarity
(turbidity) and the exposure time to UV light.
Water with high levels of suspended
particles or contaminants may block UV
light, reducing effectiveness.
GARCIA (202119991)
CONTAMINANTS
UV filtration is effective against
biological contaminants such as
bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
However, it does not remove chemical
contaminants, heavy metals, or
sediments from the water.
Additionally, water with high turbidity
or a high concentration of organic
matter may require pre-filtration to
ensure UV light can effectively
disinfect the water.
JIMLYN GRACE GARCIA 202119991
Chemical-Free: UV filtration doesn’t introduce
chemicals into the water, making it an
environmentally friendly option.
Effective Against a Wide Range of Pathogens: UV
Advantage of light can
microorganisms
chlorine.
eliminate a
including
broad
those
spectrum
resistant
of
to
UV Filtration Preserves Water Quality: It doesn't alter the taste,
odor, or composition of the water, unlike chemical
treatments.
Quick Process: UV treatment works in seconds,
making it efficient for large-scale applications.
Low Maintenance: It requires minimal upkeep,
mainly cleaning the UV lamp and replacing it as
needed.
GARCIA (202119991)
No Effect on Chemical Contaminants: UV filtration
does not remove dissolved chemicals, heavy metals,
or other non-biological contaminants.
Disadvantage Dependent on Water Clarity: Turbid or cloudy
water can reduce the effectiveness of UV
of UV
disinfection, as particles may block UV light.
Requires Electricity: UV filtration systems need a
Filtration
continuous power supply to operate.
No Residual Protection: Unlike chlorine, UV doesn’t
leave a residual disinfectant in the water, meaning
the water can become re-contaminated after
treatment if not properly stored or handled.
Maintenance of UV Lamp: The UV lamp must be
cleaned regularly and replaced after a certain period
to maintain its effectiveness.
GARCIA (202119991)
TERMINOLOGIES
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1.Aerobic Digester.- A digester designed to make use of aerobic-process bacteria to
decompose and reduce the volume of sludge to be handled. The sludge is
continuously aerated without the addition of new food other than the sludge itself.
After about 20 days, the material is considered stable enough for ultimate disposal.
2. Bar Screen. -usually, a set of parallel bars placed at an angle in a channel so that
the wastewater flows through the bars. Larger objects entering the plant collect on
these bars and can be removed. Screening is usually the first step in pre-treatment.
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