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8 views

lecture 8

Uploaded by

gedoelmashtoly2002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DESIGN OF

MACHINE ELEMENTS
LECTURE (08)
Prof. DR. / ABDEL SALAM HEMAID
MECHANICAL ENG. DEPT.
DESIGN & PRODUCTION
SHOUBRA FACULTY OF ENG.
BANHA UNIV.
LECTURE (09)

THREADED
JOINTS
THREADED JOINTS

• Threaded joint is defined as a separable joint of two or more machine parts


that are held together by means of a threaded fastening such as a bolt and
a nut.
• The salient features of this definition are as follows:
1) Threaded joints are detachable joints, unlike welded joints.
2) The threaded element can take the shape of bolt and nut, screw
or stud.
3) Threaded joints are ‘reliable’ joints. (wedge action)
4) The mechanical advantage is more and force required to tighten
the joint is small. – ( Spanner length)
THREADED JOINTS

5) Threaded joints have small overall dimensions resulting in compact


construction.
6) The threads are self-locking. Therefore, threaded joints can be
placed in any position—vertical, horizontal or inclined.
7) High accuracy can be maintained for the threaded components.
8) The parts joined together by threaded joints can be detached as
and when required.
9) Threaded fasteners are standardised and a wide variety is available
for different operating conditions and applications.
THREADED JOINTS

• There are certain disadvantages of threaded joints. They are as


follows:
1) Threaded joints require holes in the machine parts that are
to be clamped. This results in stress concentration near the
threaded portion of the parts. Such areas are vulnerable to
fatigue failure.
2) (ii) Threaded joints loosen when subjected to vibrations.
3) (iii) Threaded fasteners are considered as a major obstacle
for efficient assembly. (Cost of tightening)
BASIC TYPES OF SCREW FASTENING

• (i) Through Bolts


A through bolt is simply called a ‘bolt’
or a ‘bolt and nut’. It is shown in Fig. (a).
• (ii) Tap Bolts and Cap Screws
There is a basic difference between
through bolt and tap bolt.
The tap bolt is turned into a threaded
(tapped) hole in one of the parts being
connected and not into a nut. Fig. (b).
BASIC TYPES OF SCREW FASTENING

• (iii) Studs
A stud is a cylindrical rod threaded at both ends. One end
of the stud is screwed into the tapped hole in one of the
connecting parts. The other end of the stud receives a nut.
A stud joint is shown in Fig. (c).
BASIC TYPES OF SCREW FASTENING
• CAP SCREWS

(a) Hexagonal (b) Filister (c) Button


(d) Flat (e) Hexagonal Socket Head
BASIC TYPES OF SCREW FASTENING

• SET SCREWS

a) Flat Point b) Dog Point c) Cone Point


d) Hanger Point e) Cut Point
LOCKING DEVICES
TERMINOLOGY OF SCREW THREADS
BOLTED JOINT—SIMPLE ANALYSIS

The shear area is equal to (𝜋.dc.h), where h is the


height of the nut.

h = 0.5dc
Assuming (dc = 0.8d),
h = 0.4d h = 0.8d (STANDARD)
EXAMPLE 7.1

• An electric motor weighing 10


kN is lifted by means of an eye
bolt as shown in Fig. The eye
bolt is screwed into the frame
of the motor. The eye bolt has
coarse threads. It is made of
plain carbon steel 30C8 (Syt =
400 N/mm ) and the factor of
2

safety is 6.
• Determine the size of the bolt.
SOLUTION
Given
P = 10 kN Syt = 400 N/mm 2 (fs) = 6
Step I Permissible tensile stress

Step II Size of bolt

From Table 7.1, the standard size of the bolt is M20.


EXAMPLE 7.2

• Two plates are fastened by means of two bolts as


shown in Fig. The bolts are made of plain carbon
steel 30C8 (Syt = 400 N/mm ) and the factor of
2

safety is 5.
• Determine the size of the bolts if, P = 5 kN
Given
• P = 5 kN Syt = 400 N/mm 2 (fs) = 5
• Step I Permissible shear stress
• Ssy = 0.5 Syt = 0.5 (400) = 200 N/mm 2

Step II Size of bolt

or d = 8.92 or 9 mm
From Table 7.1, the standard size of the bolt is M10.
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED
BOLTED JOINTS IN SHEAR

Let A1, A2, ..., A5 be the cross-sectional areas of the bolts. The co-ordinates (x1,
y1), (x2, y2), ..., (x5, y5) indicate the position of bolt-centers with respect to the
origin. G is the center of gravity of the group of bolts. The co-ordinates (𝑥, 𝑦)
indicate the location of the center of gravity.
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED
BOLTED JOINTS IN SHEAR

C is the secondary shear factor


ECCENTRICALLY LOADED
BOLTED JOINTS IN SHEAR

Adding P1’ and P1’’ vectorialy to


get the resulting shear force P1
and so on.
EXAMPLE 7.3

• The structural connection shown


in Fig. is subjected to an eccentric
force P of 10 kN with an
eccentricity of 500 mm from the
CG of the bolts. The center
distance between bolts 1 and 2 is
200 mm, and the center distance
between bolts 1 and 3 is 150 mm.
All the bolts are identical. The
bolts are made from plain carbon
steel 30C8 (Syt = 400 N/mm ) and
2

the factor of safety is 2.5.


Determine the size of the bolts.
SOLUTION

Given
P = 10 kN Syt = 400 N/mm2 (fs) = 2.5 e = 500 mm
Step I Permissible shear stress

Step II Primary and secondary shear forces


By symmetry, the center of gravity G is located at a distance of 100 mm
to the right of bolts 1 and 3 and 75 mm below bolts 1 and 2. Thus,
r1 = r2 = r3 = r4 = r
SOLUTION

Similarly, it can be proved that


SOLUTION

Step III Resultant shear force


Referring to Fig. 7.18,
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 7.4

• A steel plate subjected to a force of 5 kN and fixed to a


channel by means of three identical bolts is shown in
Fig. (a). The bolts are made from plain carbon steel
45C8 (Syt = 380 N/mm ) and the factor of safety is 3.
2

Specify the size of bolts.


SOLUTION
Given P = 5 kN Syt = 380 N/mm2 (fs) = 3
Step I Permissible shear stress

Step II Primary and secondary shear forces.


The center of gravity of three bolts will be at the center
of bolt-2.
The primary and secondary shear forces are shown in
Fig. (b) and (c).
ECCENTRIC LOAD PERPENDICULAR
TO AXIS OF BOLT

• In this analysis, the following assumptions are made:


• (i) The bracket and the steel structure are rigid.
• (ii) The bolts are fitted in reamed and ground holes.
• (iii) The bolts are not preloaded and there are no tensile
stresses due to initial tightening.
• (iv) The stress concentration in threads is neglected.
• (v) All bolts are identical.
ECCENTRIC LOAD PERPENDICULAR
TO AXIS OF BOLT
ECCENTRIC LOAD PERPENDICULAR
TO AXIS OF BOLT

The moment (P x e) tends to tilt the bracket about the edge C.


As shown in Fig. (b), each bolt is stretched by an amount (d)
which is proportional to its vertical distance from the point C.
ECCENTRIC LOAD PERPENDICULAR
TO AXIS OF BOLT
ECCENTRIC LOAD PERPENDICULAR
TO AXIS OF BOLT
EXAMPLE 7.5
• The following data is given for the bracket illustrated in
Fig.(a). P = 25 kN e = 100 mm l1 = 150 mm l2 = 25 mm
• There is no pre-load in the bolts.The bolts are made of
plain carbon steel 45C8 (Syt = 380 N/mm ) and the
2

factor of safety is 2.5. Using the maximum shear stress


theory, specify the size of the bolts.
Example 7.6 A wall bracket is
attached to the wall by means of
four identical bolts, two at A and
two at B, as shown in Fig. 7.21.
Assuming that the bracket is
held against the wall and
prevented from tipping about the
point C by all four bolts and
using an allowable tensile stress
in the bolts as 35 N/mm2,
determine the size of the bolts
on the basis of maximum
principal stress theory.

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