BE Fifth Semester

Subject: Structural Analysis - II

Name of faculty: Rakesh Shambharkar, Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering

Unit 4
Beam
Basic concept, Degree of Freedom, Direct Stiffness Method. Formulation of elemental/local
stiffness matrix and global stiffness matrix for beam members (without axial deformation) and
Plane Frames
Member load matrix due to concentrated loads, uniformly distributed loads.

Transformation matrix, Assembly of global/ structural load matrix up to three elements.

Solution to problems with maximum degree of freedom three.

As one of the methods of structural analysis, the direct stiffness method, also known as the
matrix stiffness method, is particularly suited for computer-automated analysis of complex
structures including the statically indeterminate type. It is a matrix method that makes use of the
members' stiffness relations for computing member forces and displacements in structures. The
direct stiffness method is the most common implementation of the finite element method (FEM).
In applying the method, the system must be modeled as a set of simpler, idealized elements
interconnected at the nodes. The material stiffness properties of these elements are then, through
matrix mathematics, compiled into a single matrix equation which governs the behaviour of the
entire idealized structure. The structure’s unknown displacements and forces can then be
determined by solving this equation. The direct stiffness method forms the basis for most
commercial and free source finite element software.

The direct stiffness method originated in the field of aerospace. Researchers looked at various
approaches for analysis of complex airplane frames. These included elasticity theory, energy
principles in structural mechanics, flexibility method and matrix stiffness method. It was through
analysis of these methods that the direct stiffness method emerged as an efficient method ideally
suited for computer implementation.

History

Between 1934 and 1938 A. R. Collar and W. J. Duncan published the first papers with the
representation and terminology for matrix systems that are used today. Aeroelastic research
continued through World War II but publication restrictions from 1938 to 1947 make this work
difficult to trace. The second major breakthrough in matrix structural analysis occurred through
1954 and 1955 when professor John H. Argyris systemized the concept of assembling elemental
components of a structure into a system of equations. Finally, on Nov. 6 1959, M. J. Turner, head
of Boeing’s Structural Dynamics Unit, published a paper outlining the direct stiffness method as
an efficient model for computer implementation (Felippa 2001).
Stiffness matrix for beam member in Local Axis

i j

Let, i and j are two end node of truss member

Let, 1 = Vertical direction at node i 2 = Rotation at node i
3= Vertical direction at node j 4 = Rotation at node j
Case 1: - Unit displacement is imposed at node i along y-axis. Considering other end is fixed.
i.e. u2 = u3 =u4 = 0
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI
F 11= 3 u1 F 21= 2 ×u1 F 31=− 3 u1
L L L
6 EI
F 41= 2 ×u1
L
Case 2 : - Unit rotation imposed at node i along. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u1=u3=u4= 0
6 EI
F 21= 2 u2
4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
F 22= ×u 2 F 32=− u2 F 42= ×u2
L L L L
Case 3 : - Unit displacement is imposed at node j along x-axis. Considering other end is fixed.
i.e. u1 = u2 =u4 = 0
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
F 31=− 3 u3 F 23=− 2 ×u3 F 33= 3 u3 F 43=− 2 ×u 3
L L L L
Case 4 : - Unit displacement is imposed at node j along y-axis. Considering other end is fixed.
i.e. u1 = u2 =u3 = 0
6 EI
F 14= 2 u 4
2 EI 6 EI
F 34=− 2 ×u 4
4 EI
F 24= ×u4 F 44= ×u 4
L L L L
As practically it is not possible thatat a time any all other nodes are fixed, hence assembling all

[ ]
the cases we have,
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
−
L3 L2 L3 L2

{}{ } {}
f1 F 11 + F 12+ F13 + F 14 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI u1
− 2
f2 F + F 22 + F 23+ F 24 L2 L L L u2
= 21 =
f3 F 31+ F 32 + F33 + F 34 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI u3
− 3 − 2 − 2
f4 F 41 + F 42+ F 43+ F 44 L L L3 L u4
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
− 2
L2 L L L

In Short, [ f ] =[ k ] × {u }
Where, [f] = Force nodal matrix in local axis
[k] = Stiffness matrix in local axis for beam member
{u} = Displacement matrix
Numerical:-
1. Analyze the continuous beam shown in figure 8 by stiffness method and Draw its
BMD. Take EI = I Units.

Answer:-
Step – 1 Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement
Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement are shown in figure
4 3 2 1

Step – 2 Degree of Freedom

DOF = 3
Step – 3 Formation of Member Stiffness Matrix

[ ]
4 EI 2 EI
[ K ] m= L L
2 EI 4 EI
L L
Member AB Member BC Member CD
L=4m L=6m L=6m
4 3 3 2 2 1

[ ] [ ] [ ]
4 2 4 2 4 2
[ K ] AB =EI× 4 4
[ K ] BC =EI × 6 6
[ K ] BC =EI × 6 6
2 4 2 4 2 4
4 4 6 6 6 6

Step – 4 Formation of Reduced Global Stiffness Matrix

[ ]
2 1
0
3 3
[ K ] G= 1 4 1
3 3 3
1 5
0
3 3
Step – 5 Formation of Reduced Global load Matrix
We know
{ F }={ f }J − { f } ML
1) Member Load
Member AB Member BC
 { }{ }{}{ }{ }{
WL 2 80 WL 2
− − −
{ }{ }
f4
f3
=
M AB
M BA
=
12
WL 2
12
=
80
3
3 f3
f2
=
M BC
M CB
=
12
WL2
12
=
−90
90 }
Member CD

{ }{
Wab 2 Wab 2
− −

{ }{ }
f2
f1
=
M CD
M DC
=
+
L2 L2
Wa 2 b Wa2 b
2
+ 2
= −75
75 }
L L

Assemble Member Load

{}{ }{ }
f1 75 75
−75+ 90 15
f2 = =
80 −190
f 3 −90+ 3 3

2. Joint Load

{ } {}
f1 0
f2 =0
f3 J
0

Global load Matrix

{ F }={ f }J − { f }1

{ }{ } { } {} { }{ }
F1 f1 f1 75 −75
0
15 −15
F2 = f 2 − f 2 =0 − =
190 190
F3 f 3 J f3 0 −
ML 3 3
Step – 6 Assembly displacement Matrix

{}{}
U1 U1
U2 = U2
U3 G U3
Step – 7 Determination of Primary Unknown
{ F }=[ K ] {U }
{ U }=[ K ]−1 { F }

[ ] {}
−1
1 2 −3860

{}
0

{}
3 3 −75 33

{ }
U1 −116 . 969
−1 4 1 1 −15 1 295 1
U 2 =( EI ) = = 8 . 939
3 3 3 190 EI 33 EI
U3 36 . 212
1 5 3 1195
0
3 3 33
Step – 8 Determination of Secondary Unknown
{ F }m=[ K ] m {U }m+ { F } Am
Member AB
 [ ]{
4 2

{ } { }
F4
F3 AB
=
M AB
M BA
=EI ×
4
2
4
4 1

4
0
+ }{
−26 . 67
4 EI 36 . 21 26 . 67
= }{
−8 . 57
62. 88 }
Member BC

[ ]{
4 2

{ } { }
F3
F2 BC
=
M BC
M CB
=EI ×
6
2
6
6 1 36 . 21
4 EI 8 .94
6
+ }{ }{
−90
90
=
−62 .88
108 .03 }
Member CD

[ ]{
4 2

{ } { }
F2
F1 CD
=
M CD
M DC
=EI ×
6
2
6
6 1 8 . 94
4 EI −116 . 97
6
+
75}{ } {
−75
=
−108 .03
0 }
Step – 9 Interpretation of Result
wL2/8 = 135 108.03kNm
wL2/8 = 40 wa = 75
62.88kNm
8.57kNm

Calculation for SFD

1. For Member AB

2okN/m
62.88
8.57

VA VBA

∑ M A =0 ↑+ ∑ V =0
4
−8 . 57+20×4× +62 . 88−V B×4=0
V A +V BA −20×4=0
2 V A +53 . 58−80=0
4
V B×4=−8 . 57+20×4× +62. 88=214 .31 V A =26 . 42 kN
2
V BA =53. 58 kN

2. For Member BC

30kN/m
108.03
62.888

VBC VCB

∑ M B=0 ↑+ ∑ V =0
 6
−62 . 88+30×6× +108 .03−V CB×6=0
V BC +V CB−30×6=0
2 V BC +97 . 53−180=0
V CB=97 .53 kN V BC=82 . 48 kN
3. For Member CD

50kN
108.03

VCD VD

∑ M C =0 ↑+ ∑ V =0
−108 . 03+50×1 . 5+50×4 . 5−V D×6=0 V CD +V D −50−50=0
V D×6=191 .7 V CD +31 . 95−100=0
V D=31 . 95 kN V CD =68 .05 kN

97.53kN
53.58kN

31.95kN 31.95kN

18.05kN
26.42kN

68.05kN 68.05kN
82.48kN

2. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure. Draw SFD and BMD using stiffness method. EI is
Constant.
Answer:-
Step – 1 Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement
Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement are shown in figure
3 2 1

Step – 2 Degree of Freedom

DOF = 2
Step – 3 Formation of Member Stiffness Matrix

[ ]
4 EI 2 EI
[ K ] m= L L
2 EI 4 EI
L L
Member AB Member BC
L=3m L=4m
3 2 2 1

[ ] [ ]
4 2 4 2
[ K ] AB =EI× 3 3
[ K ] BC =EI × 4 4
2 4 2 4
3 3 4 4

Step – 4 Formation of Reduced Global Stiffness Matrix

[ ]
4 1
[ K ] G= 4 2
1 7
2 3
Step – 5 Formation of Reduced Global load Matrix
We know
{ F }={ f }J − { f } ML
1) Member Load
Member AB Member BC

{ } { }{
WL 2
Wab 2
− −

{}{ }
f3
f2
=
M FAB
M FBA
=
12
WL 2
12
= {−15
15 } {f } {M }
f
=2

1
M FBC

FCB
=
L2
Wa 2 b
L 2
= −15
15 }

Assemble Member Load

{}{ }{
f1
f2
=
MC
MB
=
M CB
M BA + M BC
= 15
15−15
= 15
0 }{ }{ }
2. Joint Load
{ } {}
f1
f2 J
=
0
0

Global load Matrix

{ F }={ f }J − { f }1

{ }{ } { } {}{ }{ }
F1
F2
f
= 1 − 1
f
f2 J f2 ML
= 0 − 15 = −15
0 0 0
Step – 6 Assembly displacement Matrix

{ } { }
U1
= 1
U2 G U2
U

Step – 7 Determination of Primary Unknown

{ F }=[ K ] {U }
{ U }=[ K ]−1 { F }

[ ]{ } { }
4 1 −1 −84

{ }
U1
U2
=( EI )
−1 4
1 7
2 3
2 −15
0
=
1 5
EI 18
5
=
1 −16 .8
EI 3. 6 { }
Step – 8 Determination of Secondary Unknown
{ f }m=[ k ]m { u }m + { f } Am
Member AB

[ ]{
4 2

{ } { }
F3
F2 AB
=
M AB
M BA
=EI×
3
2
3
3 1 0
}{ }{
4 EI 3. 6
3
+
−15
15
=
−12. 6
19 . 8 }
Member BC

[ ]{
4 2

{ } { }
F2
F1 BC
=
M BC
M CB
=EI ×
4
2
4
4 1

4
3.6
+
4 EI −16 . 8 15}{ }{
−15
=
−19 . 8
0 }
Step – 9 Interpretation of Result
wL2/8 = 22.5 Wab/L=30
19.8kNm

12.6kNm

Calculation for SFD

1. For Member AB

2okN/m
19.8
12.6

3m
VA VBA
∑ M A =0 ↑+ ∑ V =0
3 V A +V BA−20× 3=0
−12.6+20 × 3× +19.8−V BA ×3=0
2 V A + 32.4−6 0=0
3 V A =60−32.4=27.6 kN
V B A ×3=−12.6+20 ×3 × +19.8=97.2
2
V BA=32. .4 kN
2. For Member BC

30kN
19.8

VBC VC

∑ M C =0 ↑+ ∑ V =0
−1 9.8−30× 2+V BC ×4=0 V BC +V C −30=0
V BC × 4=79.8 19.95+V C =30
V BC =19.95 kN V C =10.05 kN

27.60kN

19.95kN

10.05kN
32.4kN

Plane Frames
Stiffness matrix for plane frame member in Local Axis
 i j

Let, i and j are two end node of truss member

Let,1 = Horizontal direction at node i 2 = Vertical direction at node i 3 = Rotation at node i
4 = Horizontal direction at node j 5 = Vertical direction at node j 6 = Rotation at node j
Case 1:-Unit displacement is imposed at node i along x-axis. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u 2=u3=u4=u5=u6=0
AE AE
F 11= u F 21=0×u 1 F 31=0×u 1 F 41=− ×u 1 F =0×u F 61=0×u 1
L 1 L 51 1
Case 2:- Unit displacement is imposed at node i along y-axis. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u 1=u3=u4=u5=u6=0
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI
F 22= u2 F 32= ×u2 F 52=− u2
F 12=0×u 2 L3 L2 F 42=0×u2 L3
6 EI
F 62= ×u2
L2
Case3:-Unit displacement is imposed at node i along rotation. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u 1=u2=u4=u5=u6=0
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
F 23= u3 F 32= ×u 3 F =0×u F 53=− u F 63= ×u3
F 13=0×u 3 L 2
L 43 3 L 3 L
Case 4:-Unit displacement is imposed at node j along x-axis. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u 1=u2=u3=u5=u6=0
AE AE
F 14=− u F 44=− ×u4 F =0×u
L 4 F 24=0×u4 F 34=0×u4 L 54 4 F 64=0×u4
Case 5:-Unit displacement is imposed at node j along y-axis. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u 1=u2=u3=u4=u6=0
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
F 25=− u5 F 35=− 2 ×u5 F 55= 3 u5 F 65=− 2 ×u5
F 15=0×u 5 L 3
L F 45 =0×u5 L L
Case6:-Unit displacement is imposed at node i along rotation. Considering other end is fixed. i.e. u 1=u2=u3=u4=u5=0
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
F 26= u 6 F 36= ×u6 F =0×u F 56=− u F 66= ×u6
F 16=0×u6 L 2
L 46 6 L 6 L

[ ]
As practically it is not possible that at a time any all other nodes are fixed, hence assembling all the cases we have,

AE AE
0 0 − 0 0
L L

{ }{ }
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 0 −
f1 F 11 + F 12+ F 13 + F14 + F 15 + F16 L3 L2 L3 L2

{}
f2 F 21+ F 22+ F 23 + F 24 + F25 + F 26 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI u1
0 0 − 2
f3 F + F 32+ F33 + F 34 + F35 + F 36 L2 L L L u2
= 31 =
f4 F 41 + F 42+ F 43 + F 44 + F 45 + F 46 AE AE u3
0 0 − 0 0
f5 F 51+ F 52 + F53 + F 54 + F55 + F 56 L L u4
f6 F 61 + F62 + F 63+ F 64 + F 65+ F 66 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 − 3
− 2
0 3
− 2
L L L L
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
0 0 − 2
L2 L L L

[ ] [ ] { }
In Short, f = k × u
Where, [f] = Force nodal matrix in local axis
[k] = Stiffness matrix in local axis for beam member
{u} = Displacement matrix
1. Analyse the plane frame by stiffness method shown in figure. Take E = 25 x 103 N/mm2
and member cross-section as 200 x 400 mm. Use stiffness method and neglect axial
deformaton.

Step – 1 Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement

Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement are shown in figure 1 2
Step – 2 Degree of Freedom
As the axial deformation is neglected,
DOF = 1
Step – 3 Formation of Member Stiffness Matrix

[ ]
4 EI 2 EI 3
[ K ] m= L L
2 EI 4 EI
L L

Member AB Member BC
L = 5m L = 4m
12 1 3

[ ] [ ]
4 2 4 2
[ K ] AB =E ( I )× 5 5
[ K ] AB =E ( I )× 4 4
2 4 2 4
5 5 4 4

Step – 4 Formation of Global Stiffness Matrix

[ ]
9 2 2
5 5 4
[ K ] G=EI 2 4
0
5 5
2 4
0
4 4

Step – 5 Formation of Global load Matrix

1) Member Load
Member AB Member BC Assembly of Member Load 2) Joint Load

{ } {} {} { }{ } { }{}
WL 2 f1 0 f1 −53 .33 f1 0
− =
{}
f1
f2
=
12
= −53 . 33
WL2
12
{53 . 33 }
f3 0 f 2
= 53 .33
f3 0
f2 = 0
f3 0
 Global load Matrix : - { F }={ f }J − { f } ML

{ }{} { }{ }
F1 0 −53 .33 53 .33
F2 = 0 − 53 .33 = −53 .33
F3 0 J 0 0

Step – 7 Determination of Primary Unknown

{ F }=[ K ] {U }
{ U }=[ K ]−1 { F }

[ ]{
−1
9 2 2

{}
5 5 4

}
U1 53. 33
1 2 4
0 = EI 5 5
0 −53 .33
0 0
2 4
0
4 4

[ ] {29EI.63 }
−1
9
{U 1}= 5 EI { 53.33 }=
Step – 8 Determination of Secondary Unknown
{ F }m=[ K ] m {U }m+ { F } Am

Member AB

[ ]
4 2

{ } { }
F3
F1 AB
=
M AB
M BA AB
=E ( I )×
5
2
5
5 1 0
{
4 EI 29 . 63
5
}{
=
11.852
23. 704 }
BC

Member

[ ]{
4 2

{ } { }
F1
F2 BC
M
= BC
M CB BC
=E ( I ) ×
4
2
4
4 EI
4
0 }{
4 1 29 .63 −53 . 33
+
53 . 33
= }{
−23 .70
68. 15 }
2. Analyse the frame as shown in following figure by stiffness method and draw BMD. Neglect
axial deformation.

20kN/m
B C
15kN I

4m 3I
2I

A D

4m

Step – 1 Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement

Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement are shown in figure
1 2
I

2I 3I

4 3

Step – 2 Degree of Freedom

As the axial deformation is neglected,
DOF = 3 (node 1,2, and 3 are free to rotate as can be observe from the figure)

Step – 3 Formation of Member Stiffness Matrix

As in numerical Axial deformation is neglected, hence only 2 x 2 is only the stiffness matrix can
be considered, as given below.

[ ]
4 EI 2 EI
[ K ] m= L L
2 EI 4 EI
L L

Member AB Member BC Member CD

L = 4m L = 4m L = 4m
4 1 1 2 2 3

[ ] [ ] [ ]
8 4 4 2 12 6
[ K ] AB =E ( I )× 4 4
[ K ] BC =E ( I )× 4 4
[ K ] CD=E ( I )× 4 4
4 8 2 4 6 12
4 4 4 4 4 4

Step – 4 Formation of Stiffness Matrix

[ ]
3 0. 5 0
[ K ] G=EI 0 .5 4 1 .5
0 1. 5 3
Step – 5 Formation of Global load Matrix
1) Member Load
Member AB Member BC Member CD

{ }{}
{ }{ { } {}
f4 0 −w L
2 f2 0
= =

{}{ } }
f1 0 f1 M 12 −26.67 f3 0
= FBC = 2 =
f2 M FCB wL 26.67
12

2) Joint load
As from figure it can be observed that there is no joint force (moment) is given. Though, at
joint B a point load acting along the horizontal direction (i.e along the horizontal axis). But
in this numerical axial deformation is neglected, hence it should not be considered in this
joint load.

{ }{}
f1 0
f2 = 0
f3 0

Member Load

Assembly of
Global load Matrix: - { F }={ f }J − { f } ML

{ }{} { }{ }
F1 0 −26 . 67 26 . 67
F2 = 0 − 26 .67 = −26 .67
F3 0 J 0 0

Step – 7 Determination of Primary Unknown

{ F }=[ K ] {U }
{ U }=[ K ]−1 { F }

{} [ ]{ } { }
−1
U1 3 0. 5 0 26 . 67 10 .53
1 1
U2 = 0 .5 4 1 .5 −26 . 67 = −9 . 83
EI EI
U3 0 1. 5 3 0 4 . 91

Step – 8 Determination of Secondary Unknown

{ F }m=[ K ] m {U }m+ { F } Am

Member AB

[ ]
8 4

{ } { }
F4
F1 AB
=
M AB
M BA AB
=E ( I ) ×
4
4
4
4 1
{0
8 EI 10. 53
4
+}{} {
0
0
=
10 . 53
21 . 06 }
BC

Member

[ ]
4 2

{ } { }
F1
F2 BC
=
M BC
M CB BC
=E ( I ) ×
4
2
4
{
4 1 10. 53
4 EI −9 . 83
4
+}{
−26 . 67
26 . 67 }{
=
−21 .06
22. 11 }
CD

Member

[ ]
12 6

{ } { }
F2
F3 CD
=
M CD
M DC CD
=EI ×
4
6
4
{
4 1 −9 . 83
12 EI 4 . 91
4
+
0
0}{}{
=
−22 .125
0 }
Step – 9 Interpretation of result
BMD
 22.125kNm
21.06kNm

10.53kNm

40 kNm
22.125kNm

21.06 kNm

21.06 kNm 22.125kNm

10.53

3. Derive the member force vectors for the plane frame shown in fig. 9. Take E = 25 x 103
N/mm2 and member cross-section as 200 x 400 mm. Use stiffness method. Consider axial
deformation.
Step – 1 Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement
Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement are shown in figure
2 5

4
3 1 6

8
7
9

Step – 2 Degree of Freedom

Considering axial deformation
DOF = 3 (At joint B, can be deformed in all three direction i.e. translation along x-axis and y-
axis and rotation)
Step – 3 Formation of Member Stiffness Matrix

[ ]
Member stiffness matrix for plane frame with axial deformation
AE AE
0 0 − 0 0
L L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 0 −
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
0 0 − 2
L2 L L L
[ K ] m=
AE AE
− 0 0 0 0
L L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 − 3
− 2
0 3
− 2
L L L L
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
0 0 − 2
L2 L L L

Member AB
L=5m
A = 0.2 x 0.4 = 0.08 m2
bd 3 0 . 2×0 . 4 3 2
I= = = m4
12 12 1875
E = 25 x 103N/mm2 = 25 x 103x 10-3kN/(10-6)m2 = 25 x 103x 10-3 x 106)kN/m2
 2 kN 4 80000
EI =25×106 × m= =26666. 67 kNm 2
1875 m2 3
AE 0 . 08×25×106 m2 kN kN
= 2
=400000
L 5 m⋅m m
θ=90 cos θ=0 sin θ=1

[ ]
400000 0 0 −400000 0 0
0 2560 6400 0 −2560 6400
64000 32000
0 6400 0 −6400
[ K ] AB = 3 3
−400000 0 0 400000 0 0
0 −2560 −6400 0 2560 −6400
32000 64000
0 6400 0 −6400
3 3
Member stiffness matrix in global axis
[ K ] AB =[ T ] T [ k ] AB [ T ]

[ ][ ]
cosθ sin θ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
−sin θ cos θ 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0
[ T ]= 0 0 1 0 0 0= 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 cos θ sin θ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 −sin θ cosθ 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
400000 0 0 −400000 0 0
0 2560 6400 0 −2560 6400 0 1 0 0 0 0
64000 32000 −1 0 0 0 0 0
0 6400 0 −6400
[ K ] AB =[ T ] T 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0
−400000 0 0 400000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 −2560 −6400 0 2560 −6400 0 0 0 −1 0 0
32000 64000 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 6400 0 −6400
3 3

[ ][ ]
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 −1 0 0 0 0 −2560 0 6400 2560 0 6400
1 0 0 0 0 0 64000 32000
−6400 0 6400 0
[ K ] AB = 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 3
0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 2560 0 −6400 −2560 0 6400
0 0 0 0 0 1 32000 64000
−6400 0 6400 0
3 3

[ ]
2560 0 −6400 −2560 0 −6400
0 0 0 0 0 0
64000 32000
−6400 0 6400 0
[ K ] AB = 3 3
−2560 0 6400 2560 0 −6400
0 0 0 0 0 0
32000 64000
−6400 0 6400 0
3 3

Member BC
L=4m
A = 0.2 x 0.4 = 0.08 m2
bd 3 0 . 2×0 . 4 3 2
I= = = m4
12 12 1875
E = 25 x 103N/mm2 = 25 x 103x 10-3kN/(10-6)m2 = 25 x 103x 10-3 x 106)kN/m2
2 kN 4 80000
EI =25×106 × m= =26666. 67 kNm 2
1875 m2 3
AE 0 . 08×25×106 m2 kN kN
= 2
=500000
L 4 m⋅m m

[ ]
500000 0 −500000
0 0 0
0 100005000 0 −5000 10000
80000 40000
0 10000 0 −10000
[ K ] BC = 3 3
−500000 0 0 500000 0 0
0 −5000 −10000 0 5000 −10000
40000 80000
0 10000 0 −10000
3 3

[ ]
2560 0 −6400 −2560 0 −6400
0 0 0 0 0 0
64000 32000
−6400 0 6400 0
[ K ] AB = 3 3
−2560 0 −6400 2560 0 −6400
0 0 0 0 0 0
32000 64000
−6400 0 6400 0
3 3

[ ]
Step – 4 Formation of Global Stiffness Matrix
502560 0 6400 −2560 0 −6400 −500000 0 0
0 5000 10000 0 0 0 0 −5000 −10000
32000
6400 10000 48000 −6400 0 0 −5000 10000
3
−2560 −6400 0 2560 0 −6400 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[ K ] G=
32000 64000
−6400 0 −6400 0 0 0 0
3 3
−500000 0 0 0 0 0 500000 0 0
0 −5000 −10000 0 0 0 0 5000 −10000
64000 80000
0 10000 0 0 0 0 −10000
3 3

Step – 5 Formation of Global load Matrix

We know
[ F ] =[ F ] J −[ f ]1

{}{ }
1) Joint Load
F1
0
F2
0
F3 120
F4 0
F5 = 0
F6 0
F7 0
0
F8
0
F9 J

2) Member Load
Member AB
{ }{ }{}
F4 HA
0
F5 VA 0
F6 MA 0
= =
F1 HB 0
F2 VB 0
0
F3 MB
Member BC

{ } { } { }{ }
0
WL 0
F1 HB 2 80
F2 VB WL2 −160
−
F3 MB 12 3
= = =
F7 HC 0 0
F8 VC WL 80
2 160
F9 L MC L
WL 2 3
12

{ }{ }
Assemble the fixed end reactions
F1 0
80
F2
−160
F3 3
F4 0
F5 = 0
F6 0
F7 0
80
F8
160
F9 3

Global load Matrix

{ F }={ f }J − { f }1

{ }{ } { }{ } { }{ }
F1 F1 F1 0 120
120 80 −80
F2 F2 F2
0 −160 160
F3 F3 F3 0 3 3
F4 F4 F4 0 0 0
F5 = F5 − F5 = 0 − 0 = 0
F6 F6 F6 0 0 0
F7 F7 F7 0 0 0
0 80 −80
F8 F8 F8
0 J 160 −160
F9 F9 J F9 3 3

{ }{ }
Step – 6 Boundary Condition
U1
U1
U2
U2
U3
U3
U4
0
U5 = 0
U6 0
U7 0
U8 0
0
U9
Step – 7 Determination of Primary Unknown

{ }[ ]{ }
{ F }=[ K ] {U }
502560 0 6400 −2560 0 −6400 −500000 0 0
120
0 5000 10000 0 0 0 0 −5000 −10000 U
−80 1
32000
160 6400 10000 48000 −6400 0 0 −5000 10000 U2
3
3 U3
−2560 0 −6400 2560 0 −6400 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 = 0
32000 64000
0 −6400 0 −6400 0 0 0 0 0
3 3
0 0
−500000 0 0 0 0 0 500000 0 0
−80
0 −5000 −10000 0 0 0 0 5000 −10000 0
−160 0
64000 80000
3 0 10000 0 0 0 0 −10000
3 3

{ U }=[ K ]−1 { F }

[ ][ ][ ]{ }
120 −1
U 1 502560 0 6400 2. 199×10−4
−80
U2 = 0 5000 10000 = −1 .8953×10−2
160
U 3 6400 10000 48000
3 1 . 476×10−3
Step – 8 Determination of Secondary Unknown
{ F }m=[ K ] m {U }m+ { F } Am
Member AB

[ ][ ]{ }{}{ }
400000 0 0 −400000 0 0
F4 0 2560 6400 0 −2560 6400 0 0 −87 .96
F5 64000 32000 0 0 57 . 958
0 6400 0 −6400 0
F6 3 3 0 −137 . 024
= + =
F1 −400000 0 0 400000 0 0 2. 199×10−4 0 87 . 96
F2 0 −2560 −6400 0 2560 −6400 −1. 895×10−2 0 −57 .958
32000 64000 1 . 476×10−3 0 152 .768
F3 0 6400 0 −6400
3 3

[ ][ ]{ }{} { }
2560 0 −6400 −2560 0 −6400
F4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −10 . 009
F5 64000 32000 0 0 0
−6400 0 6400 0 0
F6 3 3 0 17 .151
= + =
F1 −2560 0 6400 2560 0 −6400 2 .199×10−4 0 10 .009
F2 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1. 895×10−2 0 0
32000 64000 1 . 476×10 −3 0 32. 895
F3 −6400 0 6400 0
3 3

{ F }G=[ T ]T { F }L

{}[ ]{ } { }
U1
0 −1 0 0 0 0 −10 . 009 0
U2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 −10 . 009
U3 0 0 1 0 0 0 17 .151 17 . 151
= =
U7 0 0 0 0 −1 0 10 . 009 0
U8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 10 . 009
0 0 0 0 0 1 32. 895 G 32 . 895
U9 L
Member BC
[ ][ ]{ } { } {
500000 0 0 −500000 0 0 0

}
F1 0 5000 10000 0 −5000 10000 2 .199×10−4 80 109 . 95
F2 80000 40000 −1 . 895×10−2 −160 0
0 10000 0 −10000
F3 3 3 1 . 476×10−3 + 3 = −203 . 473
=
F7 −500000 0 0 500000 0 0 0 0 −109 . 95
F8 0 −5000 −10000 0 5000 −10000 0 80 159 . 99
40000 80000 0 160 −116 . 487
F9 0 10000 0 −10000
3 3 3

4.Determine the Global stiffness matrix as shown in fig. 9 taking size of member as 30 x 50
cm and E = 25.5 x 106 kN/m2

4m
3m

10m 10m

Step – 1 Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement

Numbering of Nodes, Members and Joint Displacement are shown in figure
Step – 2 Degree of Freedom
DOF = 9

[ ]
Step – 3 Formation of Member Stiffness Matrix
AE AE
0 0 − 0 0
L L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 0 −
L3 L2 L3 L2
6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI
0 0 − 2
L2 L L L
[ K ] m=
AE AE
− 0 0 0 0
L L
12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI
0 − 3
− 2
0 3
− 2
L L L L
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI
0 0 − 2
L2 L L L

Member AB
L=3m
A =66.71 cm2 = 66.71 x 10-4 m2 (Assuming ISMB 350 steel section
I =13630.3 cm4 = 1.36303 x 10-4 m4 (Assuming ISMB 350 steel section
E = 200 x 103 kN/m2
1 kN 4
EI =25 .5×106 × m =79687 . 5 kNm 2
320 m2
AE 0 .15×25 .5×106 m2 kN kN
= 2
=765000
L 5 m m m
 θ=tan −1 ()
3
4
=36 . 869o cos θ=
4
5
sin θ=
3
5

[ ]
765000 0 0 −765000 0 0
0 7650 19125 0 −7650 19125
[ k ] AB = 0 19125 63750 0 −19125 31875
−765000 0 0 765000 0 0
0 −7650 −19125 0 7650 −19125
0 19125 31875 0 −19125 63750
Member stiffness matrix in global axis
[ K ] AB =[ T ] T [ k ] AB [ T ]

[ ]
cosθ sin θ 0 0 0 0
−sin θ cosθ 0 0 0 0
[ T ] == 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 cos θ sin θ 0
0 0 0 −sinθ cosθ 0
0 0 0 0 0 1

[ ]
4 3
0 0 0 0

[ ]
5 5
765000 0 0 −765000 0 0 3 4
− 0 0 0 0
0 7650 19125 0 −7650 19125 5 5
[ K ] AB =[ T ] T 0 19125 63750 0 −19125 31875 0 0 1 0 0 0
−765000 0 0 765000 0 0 4 3
0 0 0 0
0 −7650 −19125 0 7650 −19125 5 5
0 19125 31875 0 −19125 63750 3 4
0 0 0 − 0
5 5
0 0 0 0 0 1

[ ]
T
4 3
0 0 0 0

[ ]
5 5
3 4 612000 459000 0 −612000 −459000 0
− 0 0 0 0
5 5 −4590 6120 19125 4590 −6120 19125
[ K ] AB = 0 0 1 0 0 0 −11475 15300 63750 11475 −15300 31875
4 3 −612000 −459000 0 612000 459000 0
0 0 0 0
5 5 4590 −6120 −19125 −4590 6120 −19125
3 4 −11475 15300 31875 11475 −15300 63750
0 0 0 − 0
5 5
0 0 0 0 0 1

[ ]
492354 363528 −11475 −492354 −363528 −11475
363528 280296 15300 −363528 −280296 15300
[ K ] AB = −11475 15300 63750 11475 −15300 31875
−492354 −363528 11475 492354 363528 11475
−363528 −280296 −15300 363528 280296 −15300
−11475 15300 31875 11475 −15300 63750
Member BC
L=4m
A = 0.3 x 0.5 = 0.15 m2
 bd 3 0 . 3×0. 53 1 4
I= = = m
12 12 320
E = 25.5 x 106 kN/m2
1 kN 4
EI =25 .5×106 × m =79687 . 5 kNm 2
320 m 2

AE 0 .15×25 .5×106 m2 kN kN
= 2
=956250
L 4 m m m

[ ]
956250 0 0 −956250 0 0
0 14941. 406 29882 .812 0 −14941 . 406 29882 .812
[ K ] BC = 0 29882. 812 79687 . 5 0 −29882. 812 39843 . 75
−956250 0 0 956250 0 0
0 −14941 . 406 −29882 .812 0 14941 . 406 −29882 . 812
0 29882. 812 39843 .75 0 −29882. 812 79687 . 5

[ ]
Step – 4 Formation of Global Stiffness Matrix
1448604 363528 11475 −492354 −363528 11475 −956250 0 0
363528 295237 . 406 14582. 812 −363528 −280296 −15300 0 −14942. 406 29882. 812
11475 14582. 812 143437 .5 −11475 15300 31875 0 −29882 . 812 39843 .75
−492354 −363528 −11475 492354 363528 −11475 0 0 0
[ K ] G= −363528 −280296 15300 363528 280296 15300 0 0 0
11475 −15300 31875 −11475 15300 63750 0 0 0
−956250 0 0 0 0 0 956250 0 0
0 −14942. 406 −29882. 812 0 0 0 0 14941. 406 −29882 .812
0 29882. 812 39843 .75 0 0 0 0 −29882 . 812 79687 .5