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GEN-CHEM-Q2-Week-1

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GEN-CHEM-Q2-Week-1

Uploaded by

Freetz John Sumalinog
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUANTUM

MECHANICAL
DESCRIPTION
Quarter 2 Week 1
REVIEW:
Electron

Calculate its probabilities


– location and behavior of
the particles
Quantum Model
Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom suggests that the
electron orbits the nucleus like our solar system (e.g.
the planets around the sun).
Quantum Model
However, the quantum mechanical description of
the hydrogen atom has proven that Bohr’s model of
electrons is incorrect. It states that we do not know
exactly where the electron is, but with high
probability, we can conclude that the electron is
most likely to be found in an orbital (Chang, 2010).
Quantum Mechanical Description
Valence Electron
• Are the electrons in the outermost shell, or
energy level, of an atom.
Activity 1: FACT or BLUFF

FACT

FACT
BLUFF

BLUFF
FACT
QUANTUM
NUMBERS
LESSON 1
Quantum Numbers
•are a set of values that give us
information about the location of
electrons in the electron cloud of an
atom. It can be used to determine the
electron configuration of an atom.
Quantum Numbers
•According to the Pauli Exclusion
Principle, each electron in an atom
has an exclusive set of quantum
numbers and no two electrons can
have the same combination of four
quantum numbers.
FOUR QUANTUM
NUMBERS
LESSON 2
1. PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER
• The principal quantum number (n), indicates the size of the
orbital and describes the energy of an electron.

• It refers to the energy level and the size of the orbital an


electron is likely to be found. The value of n starts from 1 to
the shell containing the outermost electron of that atom.
The larger the value of (n), the greater is the energy and
the larger is the orbital. The group of orbitals with the same
value of n is called an electron shell.
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER
•All the orbitals that have n = 2, for example, are
said to be in the second shell. Carbon is in the
second period of the periodic table, so, its
outermost electron is in the shell with an energy
level of 2. Therefore, an electron in Carbon can
have an (n) value from 1 to 2.
2. AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER
• The azimuthal, orbital, or angular quantum number (ℓ),
also known as angular momentum quantum number,
corresponds to the shape of the orbital.

• Allowed values for ℓ include 0 and all positive integers


less than or equal n-1.
AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER
AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER
AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER
AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER
• For example, an n =1 denotes a specific orbital shape
corresponding to ℓ = 0. An n = 2 may have one of two
orbital shapes corresponding to ℓ = 0 and ℓ = 1. Letters
are assigned to the orbitals depending on the ℓ values.

• Therefore, an ℓ = 0 corresponds to an s orbital; ℓ = 1


means a p orbital; and so on. One or more orbitals with
the same values of n and l are known as subshells.
AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER
• For example, the shell with n = 2 has two subshells (ℓ = 0
and ℓ = 1). These subshells are referred to as the 2s and
2p subshells. The number “2” refers to n, while s and p
refer to the two values of l. Each subshell can
accommodate only a certain number of electrons.
3. MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER

•The magnetic quantum number (mℓ) indicates the


orientation of an orbital around the nucleus.

•For a particular value of ℓ, there will be (2ℓ + 1)


possible values of mℓ. Hence the values of mℓ are
integers from –l to +l, including 0.
MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER
• For example, if ℓ = 0, only one value for ml is possible;
that is ml = 0. If l = 1, there are (2ℓ + 1 = 3) possible values
of mℓ which are -1, 0, and +1. The number of ml values
also gives an idea about the number of orientations of
orbitals belonging to a particular subshell. For instance,
for a p orbital with ℓ = 1, three possible ml values (-1, 0,
+1) imply that there are three possible orientations of
the p orbital around the nucleus
MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER
4. SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER

•The spin quantum number (ms) indicates the spins


of the electrons and may have only two possible
values, +1/2 and -1/2. The (+) and (-) signs only refer
to the orientation of the spin, and not on the
electric charge
SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER
FOUR QUANTUM NUMBERS
RULES GOVERNING
QUANTUM NUMBERS
LESSON 3
Rules Governing the Combination of
Quantum Numbers

1. The quantum numbers n, ℓ, mℓ, are integers.


2. The principal quantum numbers, n, cannot be zero
(0). Its lowest value is 1. Example, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and
so on.
3. The azimuthal quantum number, ℓ, can have a
value from 0 to n-1.
Rules Governing the Combination of
Quantum Numbers

4. The highest the value it can have depends on n.


Example, if n = 6, ℓ can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.
5. The magnetic quantum number, ml, can be any
integer from –l to +l. Example, if ℓ = 1, mℓ can be -1, 0
or +1. If ℓ = 2, mℓ can be -2, -1, 0, +1 or +2.
6. The spin quantum number, ms, can only be +1/2 or
-1/2. No other values are allowed.
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
LESSON 4
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
• - shows how the electrons of an atom are distributed
among the atomic orbitals.
RULES IN WRITING THE
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
Aufbau Principle
•The electrons in an atom fill up its atomic orbitals
according to the Aufbau Principle; "Aufbau," in
German, means "building up." According to this
principle, electrons are filled in the following
order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s,
4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…
Aufbau Principle
Hund’s Rule
•Hund’s rule states that before additional
electrons with opposite spins can occupy the
same orbitals, single electrons with the same spin
must occupy each equal-energy orbital
(degenerate) first (Silberberg, 2013). Figure 4
below shows the correct and incorrect way of
filling electrons.
Hund’s Rule
Pauli Exclusion Principle
•According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, no two
electrons can have the same combination of
four quantum numbers. A maximum of two
electrons may occupy a single orbital, but only if
the electrons have opposite spins. Electrons
come in two varieties based on the direction
they are, spinning. There is an UP spin and a
DOWN spin.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Activity 2.1: Label It!
Directions: Label each part of the following notation of an outermost electron and state
what each part represents.
Activity 2.2: Electron Configuration and Orbital Diagrams
Directions: Write the complete electron configuration of the following elements and draw their
orbital diagrams. State whether the element is paramagnetic or diamagnetic. The first one is
done for you.
PARAMAGNETIC OR
DIAMAGNETIC
Determination if paramagnetic or diamagnetic

•The magnetic properties of a substance can be


determined by examining its electron
configuration: If it has unpaired electrons, then
the substance is paramagnetic and if all
electrons are paired, the substance is then
diamagnetic.

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