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 Skills in
Mathematics for
JEE! MAIN &
ADVANCED

3D o
With Sessionwise Theory & Exercises
►

§ Practice all Objective Questions from

#L I this book on your mobile for FREE
____ I Detailed Instructions inside

■
Amit M. Agarwal arihant
Skills in
Mathematics for
JEE MAIN &
ADVANCED

Vector &
3D Geometry
With Sessionwise Theory & Exercises

Amit M. Agarwal

sjcarihant
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT
Skills in Mathematics for
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

arihant
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT
All Rights Reserved

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Skills in Mathematics for
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

PREFACE
“YOU CANDO ANYTHING IF YOU SET YOUR MIND TO IT, I TEACH GEOMETRY
TO JEE ASPIRANTS BUT BELIEVE THE MOST IMPORTANT FORMULA IS
COURAGE + DREAMS = SUCCESS"

It is a matter of great pride and honour for me to have received such an overwhelming
response to the previous editions of this book from the readers. In a way, this has inspired
me to revise this book thoroughly as per the changed pattern of JEE Main & Advanced. I
have tried to make the contents more relevant as per the needs of students, many topics
have been re-written, a lot of new problems of new types have been added in etc. All
possible efforts are made to remove all the printing errors that had crept in previous
editions. The book is now in such a shape that the students would feel at ease while going
through the problems, which will in turn clear their concepts too.

A Summary of changes that have been made in Revised & Enlarged Edition
• Theory has been completely updated so as to accommodate all the changes made in JEE
Syllabus & Pattern in recent years.
• The most important point about this new edition is, now the whole text matter of each
chapter has been divided into small sessions with exercise in each session. In this way the
reader will be able to go through the whole chapter in a systematic way.
• Just after completion of theory, Solved Examples of all JEE types have been given, providing
the students a complete understanding of all the formats of JEE questions & the level of
difficulty of questions generally asked in JEE.
• Along with exercises given with each session, a complete cumulative exercises have been
given at the end of each chapter so as to give the students complete practice for JEE along
with the assessment of knowledge that they have gained with the study of the chapter.
• Last 10 Years questions asked in JEE Main &Adv, IIT-JEE & AIEEE have been covered in all
the chapters.

However I have made the best efforts and put my all teaching experience in revising this
book. Still I am looking forward to get the valuable suggestions and criticism from my
own fraternity i.e. the fraternity of J EE teachers.
I would also like to motivate the students to send their suggestions or the changes that
they want to be incorporated in this book. All the suggestions given by you all will be
kept in prime focus at the time of next revision of the book.

Amit M. Agarwal
Skills in Mathematics for
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
I

CONTENTS
1. VECTOR ALGEBRA 1-62
LEARNING PART • Section Formula
Session 1* Session 3
• Scalar and Vector Quantities • Linear Combination of Vectors
• Representation of Vectors • Theorem on Coplanar &
• Position Vector of a Point in Space Non-coplanar Vectors
• Direction Cosines • Linear Independence and
• Rectangular Resolution of a Vector Dependence of Vectors
in 2D and 3D Systems
PRACTICE PART
Session 2 • JEE Type Examples
• Addition & Subtraction of Vectors • Chapter Exercises
• Multiplication of Vector by Scalar

2. PRODUCT OF VECTORS 63-166

LEARNING PART • Area of Parallelogram and Triangle
Session 1 • Moment of a Force and Couple
• Product of Two Vectors • Rotation About an Axis
• Components of a Vector Along and Session 3
Perpendicular to Another Vector • Scalar Triple Product
• Application of Dot Product in
Session 4
Mechanics
• Vector Triple Product
Session 2
PRACTICE PART
♦ Vector or Cross Product of Two
•, JEE Type Examples
Vectors
• Chapter Exercises
Skills in Mathematics for
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

3. THREE DIMENSIONAL
COORDINATE SYSTEM 167-282
LEARNING PART Session 3
Session 1 • Plane
• Introduction • Equation of Plane in Various Form
• Position Vector of a Point in Space • Angles between Two Planes
• Shifting of Origin • Family of Planes
• Distance Formula • Two Sides of a Plane
• Section Formula • Distance of a Point from a Plane
• Direction Cosines and Direction • Equation of Planes Bisecting the
Ratios of a Vector Angle between Two Planes
• Projection of the Line Segment • Line and Plane
Joining Two Points on a Given Line Session 4
Session 2 • Sphere
• Equation of a Straight Line in Space PRACTICE PART
• Angle between Two Lines • JEE Type Examples
• Perpendicular Distance of a Point • Chapter Exercises
from a Line
• Shortest Distance between Two Lines
Skills in Mathematics for
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

SYLLABUS FOR JEE MAIN

Three Dimensional Geometry
Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula,
direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew
lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation. Equations of a line and
a plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines.

Vector Algebra
Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two
dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and
vector triple product.

SYLLABUS FOR JEE ADVANCED

Locus Problems
Three Dimensions Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a
straight line in space, equation of a plane, distance of a point from a plane.

Vectors
Addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, scalar products, dot and cross
products, scalar triple products and their geometrical interpretations.
 CHAPTER

Vector Algebra
Learning Part
Session 1
• Scalar and Vector Quantities
• Representation of Vectors
• Position Vector of a Point in Space
• Direction Cosines
• Rectangular Resolution of a Vector in 2D and 3D Systems
Session 2
• Addition & Subtraction of Vectors
• Multiplication of Vector by Scalar
• Section Formula
Session 3
• Linear Combination of Vectors
• Theorem on Coplanar & Non-coplanar Vectors
• Linear Independence and Dependence of Vectors

Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises

Arihant on Your Mobile!

Exercises with the § symbol can be practised on your mobile. See inside cover page to activate for free.
Session 1
Scalar and Vector Quantities, Representation of Vectors,
Position Vector of a Point in Space, Direction Cosines,
Rectangular Resolution of a Vector in 2D and 3D Systems
Vectors represent one of the most important mathematical A directed line segment with initial point A and terminal
systems, which is used to handle certain types of problems
point B is denoted by AB or AB. Vectors are also denoted
in Geometry, Mechanics and other branches of Applied
by small letters with an arrow above it or by small bold
Mathematics, Physics and Engineering.
letters, e.g. a, b, c etc. or a, b, c etc.

Scalar and Vector Quantities

Physical quantities are divided mto two categones-Scalar
quantities and Vector quantities. Those quantities which
have only magnitude and which are not related to any Here, in the figure a = AB and magnitude or modulus of
fixed direction in space are called scalar quantities or a is expressed as | a| = | AB| = AB (Distance between initial
briefly scalars. Examples of scalars are mass, volume, and terminal points).
density, work, temperature etc.
A scalar quantity is represented by a real number along Remarks
with a suitable unit. Second kind of quantities are those 1. The magnitude of a vector is always a non negative real
which have both magnitude and direction, such quantities number.
2. Every vector AB has the following three characteristics
are called vectors. Displacement, velocity, acceleration,
momentum, weight, force etc., are examples of vector
Length The length of AB will be denoted by | AB | or AB.
quantities.
Support The line of unlimited length of which AB is a
I Example 1. Classify the following measures as segment is called the support of the vector AB.
scalars and vectors Sense The sense of AB is from A to B and that of BA is
(i) 20 m north-west (ii) 10 Newton from B to A Thus, the sense of a directed line segment is
(iii) 30 km/h from its initial point to the terminal point.
(iv) 50m/s towards north
I Example 2. Represent graphically
(v) 10~19 coloumb
(i) A displacement of 60 km, 40° east of north
Sol. (i) Directed distance -Vector
(ii) Force-Vector (ii) A displacement of 50 km south-east
(iii) Speed-Scalar Sol. (i) The vector OP represent the required vector.
(iv) Velocity-Vector N
(v) Electric charge-Scalar p

4?760 km
Representation of Vectors w+ >E
O /45°
Geometrically, a vector is represented by a directed line
segment.
0
For example, a= AB. Here, A is called the initial point and
B is called the terminal point or tip.
IS
(ii) The vector OQ represent the required vector.
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 3

Types of Vectors 12. Equality of vectors Two vectors a and b are said to
be equal, if
1. Zero or null vector A vector whose magnitude is zero
(i) |a| = |b|
is called zero or null vectoi and it is represented by 0.
(ii) they have the same or parallel support.
The initial and terminal points of the directed line
segment representing zero vector are coincident and (iii) they have the same sense.
its direction is arbitrary. Two unit vectors may not be equal unless they have
2. Unit vector A vector whose modulus, is unity, is the same direction.
called a unit vector. The unit vector in the direction of
I Example 3. In the following figure, which of the
a vector a is denoted by a, read as ‘a cap'. Thus,
vectors are:
|a| = l-
(i) Collinear
A a Vector
a = — =------------------- (ii) Equal
| a | Magnitude of a
(iii) Co-initial
3. Like and unlike vectors Vectors are said to be like
when they have the same sense of direction and (iv) Collinear but not equal
unlike when they have opposite directions.
4. Collinear or parallel vectors Vectors having the a c
same of parallel supports are called collinear vectors.
5. Coinitial vectors Vectors having the same initial *
point are called coinitial vectors. b
«— scale
6. Coplanar vectors A system of vectors is said to be unit
coplanar, if they lie in the same plane or their d
supports are parallel to the same plane.
7. Coterminous vectors Vectors having the same So/, (i) a,c and d are collinear vectors.
terminal points are called coterminous vectors. (ii) a and c are equal vectors
8. Negative of a vector The vector which has the same (iii) b,c and d are co-initial vectors
magnitude as the given vector a but opposite (iv) a and d are collinear but they are not equal, as their
direction, is called the negative of a and is denoted directions are not same.
by -a. Thus, if PQ= a, then QP=- a.
9. Reciprocal of a vector A vector having the same
direction as that of a given vector a but magnitude
Position Vector of
equal to the reciprocal of the given vector is known as
the reciprocal of a and is denoted by a ‘ . Thus, if
a Point in Space
|a| = a, then|a-1| = l/a. Let 0 be the fixed point in space and X' OX, Y' OY and
Z' OZ be three lines perpendicular to each other at 0.
Then, these three lines called X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis
Remark
A unit vector is self reciprocal.
which constitute the rectangular coordinate system. The
planes XOY, YOZ and ZOX, called respectively, the
10. Localised vector A vector which is drawn parallel to X Y plane, the YZ-plane and the ZX-plane.
a given vector through a specified point in space is Z+
called a localised vector. For example, a force acting
on a rigid body is a localised vector as its effect k P (x. y, z)

depends on the line of action of the force. ■tx7 X/

Z
11. Free vectors If the value of a vector depends only on
X j
q ---- » Y
its length and direction and is independent of its
position in the space, it is called a free vector. Zi
Remark y M
Unless otherwise stated all vectors will be considered as free vectors. x,
 4 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

Now, let P be any point in space. Then, position of P is Sol. (d) Leta=3i+4j +5kthen|a|
given by triad (x, y, z) where x, y, z are perpendicular
= V32 + 42 +52 = V9 +16 + 25 = 5^2
distance from YZ-plane, ZX-plane and XT-plane
respectively. Thus, the length of a side of square = 5^2
The vector OP is called the position vector of point P Hence, area of square = (5>/2)2 = 25 X 2 = 50
with respect to the origin 0 and written as

AAA
OP = xi+yj+zk
Direction Cosines
where i, j and k are unit vectors parallel to X-axis, Y-axis
Let r be the position vector of a point P(x, y, z). Then,
and Z-axis. We usually denote position vector by r .
direction cosines of r are the cosines of angles a, p and y
Remarks that the vector r makes with the positive direction of X, Y
and Z-axes respectively. We usually denote direction
1. If Zand B are any two points in space having coordinates
cosines by /, m and n respectively.
(x1t Yi- ^i) and (x2. y2, z2) respectively, then distance between
the points Zand B = y](x2 - x,)2 + (y2 - y,)2 + (z2 - z,)2. In the figure, we may note that AOAP is right angled
triangle and in it we have
2. Using distance formula, the magnitude of OP (orr) is given by
X
I OP| = ^(x - 0)2 + (y - 0)2 + (z - 0)2 = y/x2 + y,22 + z2 cos a = — (r stands for | r D
r
3. Two vectors are equal if they have same components, i.e. if
a = + aj + a^k and b = i + -+ are equal, then Similarly, from the right angled triangles OBP and OCP,
we get
a, = b|, dj = and aj = b$.
y 2
cos p = — and cos y = —
I Example 4. Find a unit vector parallel to the vector r r
Thus, we have the following
x X X
Sol. Let a = - 3i + 4 j cos a = I -
Then, |a| = 7(-3)2+(4)2 =5
42+/+z2 in r

cos p = m - y y y
1
.*. Unit vector parallel to a = a = — • a \]x2 +y2 +z2 in r

-3: +. 4:
= r3li4j = ^ 4. and cosy = n =
z _2 z
5 5 5J ^x2+/+z22 ”ki r

I Example 5. Let a = 12i + nj and | a | = 13, find the Clearly, I2 + m2 + n2 = 1.

value of n. Here, a = Z POX, P = Z POY, y = Z POZ and i, j and k are
the unit vectors along OX, OY and OZ respectively.
Sol. Here, a = 12i + nj
Z
|a| = ^122 + n 2 = 13
=> 144 + n2 = 169
/ I
n2 =25 or n = ±5 / 1
z ■'’y I ' '
I Example 6. Write two vectors having same
magnitude. I
I
o. y
A

and b = i +j+2k ,'B

Sol. Let a =2i I ✓ p
xZ^'7 : /
Then, | a| = | b | = ^22 + I22 + I2 = ^6
Zl
90°
I Example 7. If one side of a square be represented by X x^
the vectors 3i + 4j+5k, then the area of the square is z
(a) 12 (b)13 X
(c) 25 (d) 50
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 5

Remarks The scalars x and y are called the components or resolved

1. The coordinates of point P may also be expressed as parts of r in the directions of X-axis and Y-axis,
(/r, mr. nr). respectively and the ordered pair(x,y) is known as
2. The numbers Ir, mr and nr. proportional to the direction coordinates of point whose position vector is r.
cosines, are called the direction ratios of vector rand are
denoted by a, b and c respectively. Y

3. If r = a i + bj + ck. then a b and c are direction ratios of the P(*,y)

given vector. □
Also, if a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, then a b and c will be direction
cosines of given vector. j
r,

I Example 8. The direction cosines of the vector

■
3i -4j+5k are h -x
o A.
i
. . 3 -4 1 3 ' -4 1
a)-/ —, - (b)
5 5 5 572 ' 572 ' 72
Also, the magnitude of r = \x 2 +y2 and if 9 is the
. . 3 -4 1 3 41
(c)-7=
72 72 72
Sol. (b) r = 3i - 4 j + 5k
572 '572 '72 inclination of r with the X-axis, then 9 = tan
0
| r| = tJ32 + (-4)2 + 52 = 572
=>
3-4 5
In three Dimensional System
Hence, direction cosines are —7=, —7=, —7= Any vector r in three dimensional system can be
572 572 572 ’
. 3 -4. 1 expressed as
AAA

ie‘ sTTsTTTT r = xi + yj + zk
Y
I Example 9. Show that the vector i + j + k is equally
inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ.
<t^7
Sol. Let a = i + j + k
i r
If a makes angles a, 0, y with X, Y and Z-axes respectively,
then X
i
<k
1 1_
cos a =
Vl2 + 12 + 12 5 Z
AAA

cosB =.-7= The vectors xi, yj and zk are called the right angled
73
1 components of r.
and cosy = -7=
73 The scalars x, y and z are called the components or
Thus, we have cos a = cos0 = cosy, i.e. a = 0 = y resolved parts of r in the directions of X-axis, Y-axis and
Hence, a is equally inclined to the axes. Z-axis, respectively and ordered triplet (x, y, z) is known
as coordinates of P whose position vector is r. Also, the
magnitude or modulus of
Rectangular Resolution of a r = |r| = 7x2 +y2 +z2.
Vector in 2D and 3D Systems I Example 10. Let AB be a vector in two dimensional
plane with the magnitude 4 units and making an angle
In Two Dimensional System of 30° with X-axis and lying in the first quadrant.
Any vector r in two dimensional system can be expressed Find the components of AB along the two axes of
as r = xi + yj. The vectors xi and yj are called the coordinates. Hence, represent AB in terms of unit
perpendicular component vectors of r. vectors i and j.
6 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

Sol. Let us consider A as origin. From the diagram, it can be = AB cos 30° = 4 cos 30°
seen that the component of AB along X-axis
Y = 4X — = 2^3
2
Dj B and the component of AB along Y-axis
j 4. = AB sin 30° = 4x- = 2
2
30° I Hence, AB = 2-?3i + 2 j
A —L ■X

Exercise for Session 1

1. Classify the following measures as scalars and vector:
(i) 20 kg weight (ii) 45°
(iii) 10 m south-east (iv)50m/sec 2
2. Represent the following graphically:
(i) A displacement of 40 km, 30’ west of south (ii) a displacement of 70 km, 40’ north of west
3. In the given figure, ABCDEF is a regular hexagon, which vectors are:

(i) Collinear
(iii) Coinitial
if) Aa B
(ii) Equal
(iv) Collinear but not equal
4. Answer the following as true or false
(i) aand a are collinear.
(ii) Two collinear vectors are always equal in magnitude.
(iii) Zero vector is unique.
(iv) Two vectors having same magnitude are collinear.
5. Find the perimeter of a triangle with sides 3i +4j +5k, 4i -3j -5k and 71 + j.

6. Find the angle of vector a = 61 + 2j-3kwith X-axis.

7. Write the direction ratios of the vector r = i-j+2k and hence calculate its direction cosines.
 Session 2
wr.twwwwr^iiubut.rzsatu.?? -r- xoarara 'im. <r.-35s-_x-.ct<

Addition & Subtraction of Vectors, Multiplication

of Vector by Scalar, Section Formula

Addition of Vectors 3. Polygon law of addition

. (Resultant of Vectors) If the number of vectors are represented by the sides of a
polygon taken in order, the resultant is represented by the
1. Triangle Law of Addition closing side of the polygon taken in the reverse order.

If two vectors are represented by two consecutive sides of E . D

a triangle, then their sum is represented by the third side
of the triangle, but in opposite direction. This is known as
the triangle law of addition of vectors. Thus, if AB = a, F C
BC= b and AC= c, then AB + BC= AC i.e. a+ b= c.
C
A B
In the figure, AB+BC+CD + DE+EF=AF
c =a+b
b

a
4. Addition in Component Form A A A

A 8 If the vectors are defined in terms of i, j and k, i.e. if

AAA AAA

a= i + a2 j + a3kand b = bji + b2j + ^3^ then their

2. Parallelogram Law of Addition sum is defined as
a+b = (U] +bi)i+(a2 + b2)] + (a3 + b3)k.
If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then their sum is represented by the
diagonal of the parallelogram whose initial-point is the Properties of Vector Addition
same as the initial point of the given vectors. This is
known as parallelogram law of vector addition. Vector addition has the following properties

Thus, if OA = a, OB = b and OC = c (i) Closure The sum of two vectors is always a vector.

Then, OA+ OB= OC i.e. a + b= c, where OC is a diagonal (ii) Commutativity For any two vectors a and b,
of the parallelogram OACB. => a+b=b+a
(iii) Associativity For any three vectors a, b and c,
=> a + (b+c) =(a+b)+c
(iv) Identity Zero vector is the identity for addition. For
any vector a.
=> 0+a=a-a+0
(v) Additive inverse For every vector a its negative
Remarks vector -a exists such that a + (-a) = (-a) + a= 0
1. The magnitude of a + b is not equal to the sum of the i.e. (-a) is the additive inverse of the vector a.
magnitudes of a and b.
2. From the figure, we have OA + AC = OC (By triangle law of I Example 11. Find the unit vector parallel to the
vector addition) resultant vector of 2i+4j-5k and i + 2j+3k.
orOA + OB = OC(v AC = OB), which is the parallelogram
law. Thus, we may say that the two laws of vector addition are Sol. Resultant vector, r = (2i + 4j - 5k) + (i + 2j + 3k)
equivalent to each other. = 3i + 6j - 2k
8 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

Unit vector parallel to r = -^-r

lrl
1
(3i + 6j — 2k)
-J32 + 62 + (—2)2

= i(3i + 6j-2k)
= AB+ 0+0+ AB + 2AB = 4 AB
( v ED = AB, FC = 2AB)
I Example 12. If a,b and c are the vectors represented Hence proved.
by the sides of a triangle, taken in order, then prove
that a+ b+ c = 0.
Sol. Let ABC be a triangle such that
Subtraction of Vectors
BC= a, CA= b and AB = c If a and b are two vectors, then their subtraction a- b is
A defined as a- b= a +(-b), where -b is the negative of b
having magnitude equal to that of b and direction
opposite to b.
B

B a C a+b b
Then,a+ b+ c= BC+ CA+ AB
= BA+AB (v BC+CA=BA) O A
a
= -AB+AB
a+ b+ c = 0 Hence proved.

I Example 13. If S is the mid-point of side QR of a -b

a+(-b) = a-b
APQR, then prove that PQ+ PR=2 PS.
Sol. Clearly, by triangle law of addition, we have C
A A A

If a =aji + a2j + ^3k

and b = &1i + B2j + &3k
Then, a-b=(aj -bJi+G^ -&2)j + (a3 ~b3^

Q S R

PQ+QS = PS
Properties of Vector Subtraction
(i) a- b^ b- a
and PR+RS=PS .-(ii)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (ii) (a- b) -c# a -(b- c)
(PQ + QS) + (PR+ RS) = 2PS (iii) Since, any one side of a triangle is less than the sum
and greater than the difference of the other two sides,
=> (PQ + PR) + (QS + RS) = 2PS
so for any two vectors a and b, we have
PQ+ PR+0 = 2PS
(a)|a+b| <|a| + |b| (b) |a+ b| >|a|-1b|
[v S is the mid-point of QR :. QS = - RS]
(c) |a-b| <|a| + |bl (d) |a-b| >|a| -|b|
Hence, PQ+PR=2PS Hence proved.

I Example 14. If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon, prove Remark

that AD+EB+FC =4AB. If /land 8are two points in space having coordinates (xv y1t z^
and (x2, y2, then
Sol. We have, AB = Position Vector of B - Position Vector of A
AD+ EB + FC= (AB + BC+ CD) + (ED + DC+ CB) + FC = (x2i + y2j + Zjk) - (xj + yj + z, k)
= AB+ (BC+CB) + (CD+DC)+ED+FC = (x2-x1)i+ (y2-y1)j + (z2-z1)k
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 9

I Example 15. If A = (0,1), B = (1,0), C = (1,2) and A (ai <• pj <• yk)

D = (2,1), prove that vector AB and CD are equal.

Sol. Here, AB = (1 - 0)i + (0 -1) j - i - j
and CD= (2 - l)i + (1 - 2) j = i - j B___ C
(0i + Yj + ak) (Yl + aJ + pk)
Clearly, AB= CD Hence proved.
Now, | AB | = A/(P-a)2+(y-p)2+(a-y)2
I Example 16. If the position^vectors of A and B
respectively i + 3j -7k and 5i -2j+4k, then find AB. Similarly, BC = C A = - a)2 + (y - p)2 + (a - y)2
So/. Let O be the origin, then we have :. AABC is an equilateral triangle.
OA = i + 3j-7k
I Example 20. If the position vectors of the vertices of
and OB = 5i-2j + 4k a triangle be 2i+4j- k, 4i + 5j+ k and 3i +6j- 3k,
Now, AB = OB - OA = (5i - 2j + 4k) - (i + 3j - 7k) then the triangle is
= 4i-5j + llk (a) right angled (b) isosceles
(c) equilateral (d) None of these
I Example 17. Vectors drawn from the origin 0 to the So/. (a, b) Let A, B, C be the vertices of given triangle with
points A,B and C are respectively a,b and 4a-3b. Find
position vectors, 2i + 4j - k, 4i + 5j + k and 3i + 6j - 3k
AC and BC.
respectively.
So/. We have, OA = a, OB = b and OC = 4a - 3b Then, we have
Clearly, AC= OC-OA = (4a - 3b)-(a)
OA = 2i + 4j - k, OB = 4i + 5j + k
= 3a -3b
and BC = OC-OB = (4a-3b)-(b)-4a-4b and OC = 3i+6j-3k
Clearly, AB = OB-OA = 2i +j + 2k
I Example 18. Find the direction cosines of the vector
BC = -i +j-4k
joining the points A(1,2, - 3) and B(-1, -2,1), directed
from A to 8. and AC = i + 2j - 2k
Now, AB=|AB| = -j22 + I22 +22 =3
Sol. Clearly, AB = (-1 - l)i + (-2 - 2)j + (1 + 3)k = - 2i - 4j + 4k
Now, | AB| = 7(-2)Z +(-4)2 + (4)2 = ^6=6 bc = | Bq = 7(-i)2 + (i)2 +(-4)z = yJi
and AC = | AC| = t/12 + 22 + (-2)2 = 3
TT • 1 in AB -2i-4j + 4k
:. Unit vector along AB = - ---- =-----------------
5 |AB| 6 AB = AC and BC2 = AB2 + AC2
1: 2-2- .*. The triangle is isosceles and right angled.
= --i—j + -k
3 3 3
I Example 21. The two adjacent sides of a^
I Example 19. Let a,pand y be distinct real numbers. parallelogram are 2i4-4j — 5k and i+2j+3k. Find the
The points with position vectors unit vectors along the diagonals of the parallelogram.
ai+pj+yk,pi+yj+ock and yi+a j+pk So/. Let OABC be the given parallelogram and let the adjacent
sides OA and OB be represented by a = 2i + 4 j - 5k and
(a) are collinear
b = i +2j + 3k respectively.
(b) form an equilateral triangle
(c) form a scalene triangle Now, the vectors along the two diagonals are
(d) form a right angled triangle B a c

Sol. (b) Let the given points be A, B and C with position vectors / a+b/^ /
ai + pj + yk, pi + + ak and yi + aj + Pk. b
b
As, a, p and y are distinct real numbers, therefore ABC
form a triangle.
Clearly, AB = OB - OA = (Pi + yj + ok) - (ai + Pj + yk) 0 a A
dj — a + b = 3i + 6j — 2k
= (p-a)i + (y-P)j + (a-y)k
10 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

The required unit vectors are It is given that, |a| = |b| = |a+b| = 1
A _ dj _ 3i + 6j-2k => |OA| +1 AB| = |OB| = 1
“ |d,| ~ +62 +<-2)z AOAB is equilateral triangle.
3: 6 * 2 f Since, |OA| =|a| = 1 = |-b|= |AB'|
= -i + -j —k
7 7 7 Therefore, AOAB' is an isosceles triangle.
d2 —i-2j + 8k ZAB'O~ZAOB' = 30°
and fi2=^7 =
lrfzl ^-l)2 + (-2)2 + 82 => ZBOB' = ZBOA + ZAOB' = 60° + 30° = 90°
-It 2 a 8 A
(since, ABOB' is right angled)
= -7=1----- + -J= k .'. In ABOB', we have
V69 V69 V69
|BB'|2 = |OB|2 + |OB'|2
I Example 22. If a and b are any two vectors, then I *|2 I *|2
= a+b + a-b
give the geometrical interpretation of the relation
|a+b| = |a- b|. 22 = I2 + |a-b|2
Sol. Let OA = a and AB = b. Completing the parallelogram |a-b|= 5 Hence proved.
OABC.
a
C,v
xa + b/
Multiplication of a
bi Xa-b b
Vector by a Scalar
I If a is a vector and m is a scalar (i.e. a real number), then
O'- a A m a is a vector whose magnitude is m times that of a and
whose direction is the same as that of a, if m is positive
Then, OC = b and CB= a
and opposite to that of a, if m is negative.
From A OAB, we have
OA+AB=OB => a+b= OB Magnitude of ma = | ma| => m (magnitude of a) = m | a |
(i) AAA

From AOCA, we have Again, if a = a1 i + a2 j + a3k,

A A A
OC+ CA = OA then m a =(ma1) i + (ma2 )j +(ma3) k
=> b+CA= a => CA=a-b ...(ii)
Clearly, |a + b| = |a- b| => |OB| = |CA|
Diagonals of parallelogram OABC are equal. Properties of Multiplication
OABC is a rectangle. of Vectors by a Scalar
=> OAJL OC => a± b
The following are properties of multiplication of vectors
I Example 23. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit by scalars, for vectors a, b and scalars m, n
vector, prove that the magnitude of their difference is (i) m (-a) = (-m) a = - (ma)
V3. (ii) (-m)(-a) =ma
Sol. Let a and b be two unit vectors represented by sides OA and (iii) m(na) = (mn) a = n(ma)
AB of a AOAB.
(iv) (m + n) a = ma + na
B
(v) m(a + b)=ma+mb
a + bi/ \b I Example 24. If a is a non-zero vector of modulus o
and m, is a non-zero scalar, then ma is a unit vector, if
p/, ? 60K (a)m = ±1 (b)m = |a|
(c) m = (d) m = ± 2
-b lal
a-b BR' Sol. (c) Since, ma is a unit vector, |maj = 1
Then, OA= a, AB= b => |m||a| = l
OB=OA+AB=a+b 111 A. 1
m = — => m = ± —
(using triangle law of vector addition) |a| |a|
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 11

I Example 25. For a non-zero vector a, the set of real Proof

numbers, satisfying |(5 — x)a |<| 2a | consists of all x Let 0 be the origin. Then OA = a and OB = b. Let r be the
such that position vector of P which divides AB internally is the
(a) 0 < x < 3 ratio m: n. Then
(b) 3 < x < 7 AP m
(c) -7 < x < - 3 PB n
(d) -7 < x < 3 or n\P=mPB
Sol. (b) We have, |(5 - x) a|<| 2a J or n(PV of P - PV of A) = m (PV of B - PV of P)
|5-x||a|<2|a| or n(r- a) = m(b - r)
|5-x|<2 or nr - na = mb - mr
=> -2<5-x<2
or r(n+m)= mb + na
3<x<7
mb + na
or r =----------
I Example 26. Find a vector of magnitude (5/2) units m+n
which is parallel to the vector 3i + 4 j. mb + na
or OP =----------
m+n
Sol. Here, a = 3i + 4 j
Then, | a| = ^32 + 422 = 5 External Division
A unit vector parallel to If P divides AB externally in the ratio m: n. Then, the
a= a = -^-- = |(3i* +4j) (i) position vector of P is given by
|a| 5
■4--------------------- m---------------------- ►
n —►
Hence, the required vector of magnitude (5/2) units and A ---■P
parallel to a
= --a = ---(3i + 4j)
2 2 5
I * *
= ;(3i + 4j)
2

Section Formula m -n
Let A and B be two points with position vectors a and b Proof
respectively. Let P be a point on AB dividing it is the ratio Let 0 be the origin. Then OA= a, OB= b. Let r be the
m:n. position vector of point P dividing AB externally in the
ratio m: n.
Internal Division Then,
AP m
If P divides AB internally in the ratio m: n. Then the BP n
position vector of P is given by or nAP = mBP
m n or nAP=mBP
At +P+ -B
or n (PV of P-PV of A) =m (PV of P-PV of B)
or n(r-a)=m(r-b)
or nr -na =mr -mb
or r(m - n) = mb - na
0 mb -na
or r =--
m -n
„ mb + na
OP=;---------- mb - na
m -r n or OP =---------
m -n
12 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

Remarks I Example 28. Find the position vectors of the points

a +h
1. Position vector of mid-point of AB is ——. which divide the join of points A (2a - 3b) and
B (3a - 2b) internally and externally in the ratio 2:3.
2. In A ABC, having vertices Aa). 8(b) and C(c)
A (a) Sol. Let P be a point which divide AB internally in the ratio 2:3.

A
Then, by section formula, position vector of P is given by
Qr = 2(3a-2b) + 3(2a-3b)
2+3
6a-4b + 6a-9b 12 13,
=--------------------- = —a----- b
5 5 5
Similarly, the position vector of the point (P') which
B (b) C (c)
divides AB externally in the ratio 2:3 is given by
a + b+ c Qr, 2(3a-2b)-3(2a-3b)
(i) Position vector of centroid is 3 ‘
2-3
(ii) Position vector of incentre is 6a - 4b - 6a + 9b
BCa + ACb + ABc — a—5b
-1 -1
AB+BC+AC
(iii) Position vector of orthocentre is I Example 29. The position vectors of the vertices A, B
tan A a + tan 8b + tan Cc A A AAA A

and C of a triangle are i- j — 3k, 2i + J—2k and

tan A + tan 8 + tan C
(iv) Position vector of circumcentre is -5i+2j-6k, respectively. The length of the bisector
sin2Aa + sin 28b + sin2Cc AD of the Z BAC, where D is on the segment BC, is
sin2A+ sin 28 + sin2C
(a)-7i0 (b)—
4 4
I Example 27. If D, E and F are the mid-points of the / X11
(d) None of these
sides BC, CA and AB respectively of the AABC and 0 be c7
any point, then prove that Sol. (b) A(l-j-3k)
OA+OB+OC=OD+OE + OF
Sol. Since, D is the mid-point of BC, therefore by section
formula, we have
A
B C
(2i+j-2k) (-51 + 2j - 6k)
Fj ,E
(a) | AB| = |(2i + j - 2k) - (i - j - 3k)|
V = | i + 2j + k|

B D C = 712 +22 + I2 = A
OB + OC |AC| = |(—5i + 2j — 6k) — (i — j — 3k)|
OD =
2 = |-6i + 3j-3k|
=> OB+OC=2OD ...(i) = 7(-6)2 + 32 + (-3)2 = ^54 = 3>/6
Similarly, OC+ OA= 2OE -(ii) BD :DC = AB :AC = ^ = -
and OB+ 0A = 20F -(iii) 3V6 3
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get „ _ l(-5i + 2j-6k) + 3(2i + j-2k)
:. Position vector of D = —-------- ------- ------------ ------- -
2(OA + OB + OC) = 2(OD + OE+ OF) 1+3
=> OA+OB+OC= OD+OE+OF = l(i + 5j-12k)
Hence proved.
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 13

AD = Position vector of D -Position vector of A Magnitude of Resultant of Two Vectors

AD = — (i + 5j — 12k) — (i — j - 3k) = — (-3i + 9j) Let R be the resultant of two vectors P and Q. Then,
4 4
R=P+Q
= 4(-i + 3j)
4 | R| = R = t/p2 +Q2 + 2PQcos9
|AD | = 17(-1)2 + 322 = -|V10 Qsin9
where, |P| = P,|Q| = Q, tana =
P + Qcos9
I Example 30. The median AD of the A ABC is bisected Q
at E.BE meets AC in F. Then, AF: AC is equal to '-t:
(a) 3/4 (b) 1/3 / !
/V
(c) 1/2 (d) 1/4 Ya
Sol. (b) Let position vector of A w.r.t. B is a and that of C w.r.t. B p
is c. Deduction When|P|=|Q|,i.e.P = Q
A (a)
Psin9
tana =-------------
P + PcosB
sin 9 9
=------------ : = tan-
1 + cos 9 2
S(0) D C(c)
(C/2)
9
a =-
2
Position vector of D w.r.t.
Hence, the angular bisector of two unit vectors a and b is
r-0+c-£
? 2 2 along the vector sum a+ b.
Position vector of Remarks
c
ad— 1. The internal bisector of the angle between any two vectors is
? a c along the vector sum of the corresponding unit vectors.
E= ------ L = - + - (i)
2 2 4 2. The external bisector of the angle between two vectors is along
Let AF: FC = X : 1 and BE: EF = p:1 the vector difference of the corresponding unit vectors.
. . r r. Xc + a
Position vector of F =------- 6(b)
1+X H(a-b) ! p(a + b)

Now, position vector of

External Internal
rXc+ a bisector bisector.
+ 1-0
-A(a)
£=-
<1 + ^ J (ii)
O
p+1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get I Example 31. The sum of two forces is 18 N and
a c p Xp resultant whose direction is at right angles to the
- + - =------ --------- a + c
2 4 (l + X)(l + p) (1 + X)(l + p) smaller force is 12 N. The magnitude of the two forces
are
2 (1 + X)(l + p) (a) 13, 5 (b) 12, 6
1 Xp
(0 14,4 (d)11,7
and So/, (a) We have, |P| + |Q| = 18N;|R| = |P+ Q| +12 N
4 (i + X)(i+p)
a = 90°
=$> X=-
2 P + Qcos0 = O
1 => Qcos0 = -P
AF AF —
X 2 1
z — z: - Now. R2 -P2 + Q2 +2PQcos0
AC AF + FC 1+X 3 3
=> R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2P(-P) = Q2 -P2
2
14 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

d2 = J|4a|2 + |5b|2 + 2|4a| |5b| cos —

V 4
= 116 X8 + 25X9 + 40X 2^2 x 3 x 4=
V 72
= V593
Length of the longer diagonal = 7593

I Example 33. The vector c, directed along the internal

=> 12!=(P + Q)(Q-P) = 18(Q-P) bisector of the angle between the vectors
=> Q — P = 8 and Q + P = 18 a =7i —4 j—4 k and b=-2i - j+2k with |c| = 576, is
=> Q = 13, P = 5 (a)|(i-7j+2k) (b) |(5i + 5j + 2k)
Magnitude of two forces are 5 N and 13 N.
(c) |(i + 7j+2k) (d)|(-5i+5j+2k)
I Example 32. The length of longer diagonal of the
parallelogram constructed on 5a+2b and a-3b, when
it is given that | a| = 272, | b | = 3 and angle between a Sol. (a) Let a= 7i- 4j- 4k

and b is —, is and b = - 2i - j + 2k
4 [a b |
(a) 15 (b) TFil Now, required vector c = X
(c) 7593 (d) 7369
lw+ibiJ
7i-4j-4k [ -2i-j + 2k>
Sol. (c) Length of the two diagonals will be =X < 9 + 3 ,
di = |(5a + 2b) + (a—3b)|
and d2 = |(5a + 2b) - (a - 3b)| = |(i-7j + 2k)
=> di = |6a - b|,d2 = [4a + 5b|
Thus, I2
|c|2 = — x 54 = 150
di = -J|6a|2 +|-b|2 + 2 |6a| |-b|cos(n - n/4) 81
X=±15
= ,/36(2>^)2 + 9+ 12-272-3|-4= = 15
J a A A

=> c = ±-(i-7j + 2k)

V V 72
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 15

Exercise for Session 2

1. If a = 2i — j + 2kandb = -1 + j-k, thenfinda+ b. Also, find a unit vector along a + bi

2. Find a unit vector in the direction of the resultant of the vectors l + 2j + 3k,-i+2j+k and 3l + j.

3. Find the direction cosines of the resultant of the vectors (i + j + k), (-1 + j + k),(I - j + k) and (1 + j - k).

4. In a regular hexagon ABCDEF, show that AE is equal to AC+ AF-AB

5. Prove that 3OD+ DA+ DB+ DC is equal to OA+ OB- OG

6. In a regular hexagon ABCDEF, prove that AB+ AC+ AD+ AE+ AF=3AD.

7. ABODE is a pentagon, prove that AB+ BC+ CD+ DE+ EA=0.

8. The position vectors of A,B,C,D are a, b, 2a + 3b and a -2b, respectively. Show that DB = 3b - a and
AC = a + 3b.
i
9. If P(-1,2) and Q (3, -7) are two points, express the vector PQ in terms of unit vectors i and j. Also, find
distance between point P and Q. What is the unit vector in the direction of PQ ?
10. If OP = 2i + 3 j - k and OQ = 3l -4 j + 2k, find the modulus and direction cosines of PQ.

11. Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors a = 3 j -4 j -4k, b = 21 - j + k and c = 1 -3j -5k
respectively, form the vertices of a right angled triangle.
12. If a = 2i + 2j-kand|xa| = 1,then find x.

13. If p = 71 -2 j + 3k and q = 3 i + j + 5k, then find the magnitude of p-2q.

14. Find a vector in the direction of 5i — j +2k .which has magnitude 8 units.

15. If a = 1 + 2j + 2kand b = 3i + 6j + 2k, then find a vector in the direction of a and having magnitude as| b|.

16. Find the position vector of a point P which divides the line joining two points A and B whose position vectors are
AAA AAA

i + 2j-kand -i + j + k respectively, in the ratio2:1.

(i) internally (ii) externally
17. If the position vector of one end of the line segment AB be 2 i + 3 j - k and the position vector of its middle point
be 3( i + j + k), then find the position vector of the other end
Session 3
Linear Combination of Vectors, Theorem on Coplanar
& Non-coplanar Vectors, Linear Independence
and Dependence of Vectors

Linear Combination of Vectors y

Now, — is a scalar, because x and y are scalars,
A vector r is said to be a linear combination of vectors a, b x
and c... etc., if there exist scalars x,y and z etc., such that Hence, Eq. (ii) expresses a as product of b by a scalar, so
r - xa + yb + zc +... tfyat a and b are collinear. Thus, we arrive at a
contradiction because a and b are given to be
For examples Vectors Fj =2a + b + 3cand
r2 = a + 3b + V2c are linear combinations of the vectors non-collinear.
Thus our supposition that x ± 0, is wrong.
a, band c.
Hence, x = 0. Similarly, y = 0

Collinearity and Coplanarity of Remarks

Vectors a = 0,b = 0
or
1. xa + yb = 0 => x =0, y = 0
Relation between Two Collinear Vectors or
(or Parallel Vectors) . a 11 b
2. If a and b are two non-collinear (or non-parallel) vectors, then
Let a and b be two collinear vectors and let x be the unit x,a + y,b = x2a + y2b
vector in the direction of a. Then, the unit vector in the => x, = x2 and y, = y2
direction of b is x or -x according as a and b are like or Proof x,a + y1b = x2b+ y2b
unlike parallel vectors. Now, a = | a] x and b = ± | b| x. => (x, -x2)a + (y, -y2)b = 0
f xy - x2 = 0 and y, - y2 = 0
lah
a = — |b|x=>a = ± — b [va and bare non-collinear]
|b|;
1 llbU => x, = x2 and y, = y2
=> a = Ab,
Ia I
where A = ± -—
If a =3, i + a2j + 336 and b = b, i + 6J + bjk, then a || b
|b| => 3 _ a? _ %
4
Thus, if a and b are collinear vectors, then a = Ab or
b - Aa for some scalar A i.e, there exist two non-zero Test of Collinearity of Three Points
scalar quantities x and y so that xa + yb = O
(i) Three points A, B and C are collinear, if AB = ABC
An Important Theorem (ii) Three points with position vectors a, b and c are
Theorem : Vectors a and b are two non-zero, collinear iff there exist scalars x, y and z not all zero
non-collinear vectors and x,y are two scalars such that such that xa + yb + zc =0, where x + y + z = 0

xa +yb =0 Proof Let us suppose that points A, B and C are

collinear and their position vectors are a, b and c
Then, x = 0, y = 0 respectively. Let C divide the join of a and b in the
Proof It is given that xa + =0 ...(i) ratio y: x. Then,
Suppose that x #0, then dividing both sides of (i) by the xa +yb
c =---------
scalar x, we get x +y

a = ~ —b -(ii) or xa + yb - (x + y )c = 0
X
or xa + yb + zc = 0 , where z = -(x + y)
I Chap 01 Vector Algebra 17
I

Also, x+y+z = x+y-(x+y)=0 A, B and C are collinear.

Conversely, let xa + yb + zc = 0, where x + y + z = 0. Now, let C divide AB in the ratio k: 1, then
qc_K)B + 1 OA
Therefore,
X+l
xa-Fyb = -zc =(x+y)c (v x +y = -z)
* _ fc(3i + 4j + 7k)+(i+2j + 3k)
xa + yb => -3i-2j-5k K — ■ -■ -

or c =-------- k+1
x +y
=> -3i — 2j —5k = ZLt’k
This relation shows that c divides the join of a and b . fc + 1 J
in the ratio y: x. Hence, the three points A, B and C 3X + 1 4X + 2 „ ,7fc+3
=> - ----- = -3; - -2 and-----— = -5
are collinear. fc + 1 k+1 fc + 1
(iii) If a = a, i + a2j,b = i + M and c = q i+ c2J, then . -2
From, all relations, we get k = —
the points with position vector a, b and c will be 3
1‘ Hence, C divides AB externally in the ratio 2:3.
Qi a2
collinear iff bi ^2 1 = 0. I Example 36. If the position vectors of A, B,C and D
AAA AAA A A

Cl c2 1
are 2i + j, i - 3j, 3i + 2j and i + Xj, respectively and
Proof The points with position vector a, b and c will AB 11 CD, then X will be
be collinear iff there exist scalars x, y and z not all (a) -8 (b) -6
zero such that,
(08 (d) 6
x(aj i + a2 j) + y(bj i + b2 j) + z(c i i + c2 j) = 0 and
Sol. (b) AB = (i-3j)-(2i + j) = -i-4j;
x+y+z =0
CD = (i + Xj) - (3i + 2j) = -2i + (X - 2)j;
=> xa} + ybx +zci =0
AB ||CD => AB = xCD
xa2 + yb2 + zc2 = 0
-i - 4j = x{-2i + (X -2)j}
x+y+z=0
=> -l = -2x,-4 =(X -2)x
Thus, the points will be collinear iff the above system
=> x = - and X = - 6
of equation’s have non-trivial solution 2
Hence, the points will be collinear
I Example 37. The points with position vectors
“1 bi Cl ' ' «1 O2 1
60i + 3 j, 40i - 8 j and oi - 52 j are collinear, if a is
iff °2 b2 c2 = 0 or bi &2 1 = 0.
equal to
1 1 1 Cl c2 1
(a) -40 (b) 40
I Example 34. Show that the vectors 2i -3j+4k and (c) 20 (d) None of these
-4 i+6 j -8k are collinear. Sol (a) The three points are collinear if
6031
Sol. Let a = 2i-3j +4k and b = -4i+6j-8k
40 -8 1 =0
Consider, b = -4i + 6j -8k = -2(2i-3j + 4k)=-2a a -52 1
The vectors a and b are collinear. => 60 (-8 + 52) - 3(40 - a) + (-2080 + 8a) = 0
=> 2640 -120+3a - 2080 + 8a = 0
I Example 35. Show that the points A(1,2,3), 6(3,4,7)
Ila = -440
and C(—3,—2,—5) are collinear. Find the ratio in which
=> a = - 40
point C divides AB.
Sol. Clearly, AB = (3 - l)i + (4 - 2)j+(7 - 3)k I Example 38. Let a, b and c be three non-zero vectors
such that no two of these are collinear. If the vector
A A A

= 2i + 2j + 4k
and BC = (-3 - 3)i+(-2 - 4)j +(-5 - 7)k
a+2b is collinear with c and b+ 3c is collinear with a
(X being some non-zero scalar), then a+2b+6c is equal
= 6i-6j-12k
to
= -3(2i + 2j + 4k)=-3AB
(a)0 (b) Xb
BC = - 3AB (c) Xc (d) Xa
18 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

Sol. (a) As a + 2b and c are collinear a + 2b = Ac

Again, b + 3c is collinear with a.
(i) Test of Coplanarity of Three Vectors
(i) Three vectors a, b, c are coplanar iff any one of them
b+3c = |ia -(ii)
is a linear combination of the remaining two, i.e. iff
Now, a+2b + 6c = (a+2b) + 6c = Ac + 6c
a = xb + yc where x and y are scalars.
= (A + 6)c (iii)
Also, a+2b + 6c = a + 2(b + 3c) = a + 2pa (ii) If three points with position vectors
= (2p. + l)a (iv) a = Q] i + a2 j + a3k, b = i + b2 j + b3k
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get and c = Cj i + c2j + c3k are coplanar,
(A + 6)c = (2p + l)a
01 «2 «3
But a and c are non-zero, non-collinear vectors,
A +6 = 0 = 41 +1 then b. bz b3 = 0.
Hence, a + 2b + 6c = 0 Cl c2 c3
If vectors a,b and c are coplanar, then there exist

Theorem of Coplanar Vectors scalars x and y such that c = xa + yb.

A A A A

Hence, q i + c2 j + c3k = x(fli i + a2 j + a3k)

A A

Let a and b be two non-zero, non-collinear vectors. Then +y(fc1i + b2j + b3k)
any vector r coplanar with a and b can be uniquely A A A

expressed as a linear combination xa + yb; x and y being Now, i, j and k are non-coplanar and hence
scalars. independent.
Proof Let a and b be any two non-zero, non-collinear Then, Cj = xa 1 +y^i,c2 =xa2 +yb2
vectors and r be any vector coplanar with a and b. and c3 = xa3 +yb3
We take any point 0 in the plane of a and b
The above system of equations in terms of x and y is
,B
consistent. Thus,
P «i bi Cl Al «3
N
«2 b2 c2 = 0 or bt b2 b$ = 0.
a3 b3 c3 Ci c2 C3
O Ma A

Let OA = a, OB = b and OP = r Remark

Clearly, OA, OB and OP are coplanar. If vectors x,a + ^b+^c, x2a + y2b + z2c and x3a + y3b+z3c
are coplanar(where a, b and c are non-coplanar).
Through P, we draw lines PM and PN, parallel to OB and *1 Y1 Z1
OA respectively meeting OA and OB at M and N Then, x2 y2 z2 = 0
respectively. *3 Y3 z3

We have, OP = OM + MP
= OM + ON [•/ MP = ON and MP 11 ON] ...(i)
Now, OM and OA are collinear vectors
Test of Coplanarity of Four Points
(i) To prove that four points A(a), B(b), C(c) and D(d)
OM = x OA=xa, where x is scalar.
are coplanar, it is just sufficient to prove that vectors
Similarly, ON = yOB =yb, where y is a scalar. AB, AC and AD and coplanar.
Hence, from Eq. (i), OP = xa + yborr = x'a+y'b (ii) Four points with position vectors a, b, c and d are
Uniqueness: If possible, let r = xa + yb and r = x'a + y'b coplanar iff there exist scalars x, y, z and u not all
be two different ways of representing r. zero such that xa+yb + zc + ud=0, where
x+y+z+u=0.
Then, we have xa + yb = x' a + y' b
(iii) Four points with position vectors
=> (x-x')a+(y-y')b=0
a = aii + a2j + <hk»
But a and b are non-collinear vectors
b = bj i + b2j + b3k
x - x' = 0 and y - y' - 0 AAA

=> x' = xandy' = y

Thus, the uniqueness in established. and
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 19

o2 fl3 1 Here, the three lines OA, OB, OC are not coplanar. Hence,
bi b2 ^3 1 they determine three different planes BOC, COA and AOB
will be coplanar, iff =0 when taken in pairs.
Ci c2 c3 1
Through P, draw planes parallel to these planes BOC, COA
di d2 ^3 1
and AOB meeting OA, OB and OC in L, E and N
G?i -Qi d2 —a2 d3 —O3 respectively. Thus we obtain a parallelepiped with OP as
or bl -01 b2 -a2 b3 — o3 = 0 diagonal and three coterminous edges OL, OE and ON
along OA, OB and OC, respectively.
Cl -Qi c2 — a2 c3 -o3
S .
.b
E S
Theorem on Non-coplanar M P

Vectors
Theorem 1 0
uy ,
If a, b, c, are three non-zero, non-coplanar vectors and R
z
x, y, z are three scalars such that C
xa + yb + zc = 0. OL is collinear with OA.
Then x = y = z = 0. OL = xOA = xa, where x is a scalar.
Proof It is given that xa + yb + zc = 0 Similarly, OE = y b and ON = zc,
Suppose that x 5* 0 where y and z are scalars.
Then Eq. (i) can be written as Now, OP = OR + RP = (ON + NR) + RP
xa = -yb - zc = ON + OL + OE [v NR= OL and RP = OE]
y, z = OL + OE + ON = xa 4- yb + zc
a = — b---- c -(ii)
x x Thus, r = xa + yb + zc
y zz Hence, r can be expressed as a linear combination of a, b
Now, — and — are scalars because x, y and z are scalars,
x x and c.
Thus, Eq. (ii) expresses a as a linear combination of b and c. Uniqueness If possible let
Hence, a is coplanar with b and c which is contrary to our r = xa + yb + zc
hypothesis because a,b and c are given to be non-coplanar.
and r = x'a+y'b + z'c
Thus, our supposition that x 5*0 is wrong.
be two different ways of representing r, then we have
Hence, x = 0
xa +yb +zc = x'a+y'b + z'c
Similarly, we can prove that y = 0 and z = 0
=> (x - x')a+(y-y')b+(z-z')c = 0
Theorem 2 Now a, b and c are non-coplanar vectors ■
If a,b and c are non-coplanar vectors, then any vector r x-x' = 0,y-y'=0 and z-z'=0
can be uniquely expressed as a linear combination => x = x,,y = y' and z=z'
xa + yb + zc; x, y and z being scalars.
Hence, the uniqueness is established.
or
Any vector in space can be expressed as a linear Remark
combination of three non-coplanar vectors. If a, b, c are any three non-coplanar vectors in space, then
x,a + yib + ZjC = x2a + y2b+ z2c
Proof Take any point O.
=> *1 = *2. = /2- A = Z2
Let a, b, c be any three non-coplanar vectors and r be any Proof x1a + y1b+z1c = x2a + y2b+z2c
vector in space. => (xt -x2)a + (y1-y2)b+(z1-z2)c=0
Let OA = a, OB = b, => x, - x2 = 0, y, - y2 = 0 and z, - z2 = 0
OC = c, OP = r => x, = x2, yj = y2 and z, = z2
20 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

I Example 39. Check whether the given three vectors Since, a, b and c are non-coplanar vectors.
are coplanar or non-coplanar.
A *A A A A 1 A A A A
Therefore,
-2i-2j+4k,-2i+4j-2k,4i-2j-2k 3x + y = 3, -2x + y = - 7
and x + 2y = - 4
So/.Let a = -2i-2j + 4k Solving first two, we find that x = 2 and y = - 3. These
b = -2i + 4j-2k and c = 4i-2j-2k values of x and y satisfy the third equation as well.
Now, consider So, x + 2 and y = - 3 is the unique solution for the above
system of equation.
-2 -2 4
=> a = 2P - 3y
-2 4 -2 = —2(—8 — 4) + 2(4+8) + 4(4 —16)
Hence, the vectors a, P and y are coplanar, because a is
4 -2 -2 uniquely written as linear combination of other two.
= 24 + 24 - 48 = 0 Trick For the vectors a, p, y to be coplanar, we must have
The vectors are coplanar. 3 -7 -4
3 -2 1 = 0, which is true
I Example 40. If the vectors 4i + 11j + mk, 7i+2j+6k
AAA 1 1 2
and i + 5j+4k are coplanar, then m is equal to
Hence, a, p, y are coplanar.
(a) 38 (b) 0
(c) 10 (d)-10 I Example 42. The value of X for which the four
So/, (c) Since the three vectors are coplanar, one will be a linear points 2i + 3 j - k, i + 2j + 3k, 3i + 4 j - 2k and
combination of the other two. A A A

i - Xj + 6k are coplanar
4i + 11 j + rnk = x(7i + 2j + 6k) + y(i + 5j + 4k)
(a) 8 (b) 0
=> 4 = 7x + y ...(i)
(0 -2 (d) 6
ll = 2x + 5y ,..(ii)
m = 6x + 4y Sol. (c) The given four points are coplanar.
..(iii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2 1 3 1
3 , 23 3 2 4 X
x = — and y = — =0
11 11 -1 3 -2 6
From Eq. (iii), we get 1 1 1 0
3 23 2 1 3 1
m = 6x — + 4 x — = 10
11 11 , 0 0 0 “(X + 2)
=> =0
-1 3 -2 6
i + 5j + 4k are coplanar. 1 1 1 1
4 11 m
Operating(P2 -> Rz ~ R\ ~ Ra)
7 2 6 =0 2 1 3
1 5 4 => -(X + 2) -1 3 -2 = 0 => X = —2
=> 4(8 - 30) - 11(28 - 6) + m(35 - 2) = 0 1 1 1
-88-11 x 22 +33m =0
-8-22 + 3m = 0 I Example 43. Show that the points P(a+2b+c),
3m = 30 => m = 10 Q(a-b-c),R(3a + b+2c) and S(5a+3b + 5c) are
I Example 41. If a, b and c are non-coplanar vectors, coplanar given that a,b and c are non-coplanar.
prove that 3a-7b-4c, 3a-2b+c and a+b+2c are Sol. To show that P, Q, R, S are coplanar, we will show that
coplanar. PQ, PR, PS are coplanar.
So/. Let a = 3a-7b-4c, P= 3a-2b+ c PQ = -3b-2c
PR=2a-b + c
and y = a + b+2c
PS = 4a + b + 4c
Also, let a = xp + y-y
Let PQ = xPR + yPS
=> 3a-7b-4c= x(3a-2b + c) + y(a + b+2c)
=> -3b-2c = x(2a-b + c) + y(4a + b + 4c)
= (3x + y)a + (-2x + y )b + (x + 2y)c
=> -3b - 2c = (2x + 4y )a +(-x + y )b + (x + 4y)c
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 21

/ \ < 1-1 AAA AAA

As the vectors a, b, c are non-coplanar, we can equate their (vii) Three vectors a = aj i + a2 j + a3k, b = b} i + b2 j + b3k
coefficients. AAA

and c = q i + c2 j + c3k will be linearly dependent

0 = 2x + 4y
a2 a3
-3 = -x + y
vectors iff &2 b3 =o.
-2 = x + 4y
x = 2, y = - 1 is the unique solution for the above system of Ci c2 c3
equations. (viii) Any four vectors in 3-dimensional space are linearly
=> PQ = 2PR-PS dependent.
PQ ,PR, PS are coplanar because PQ is a linear combination
of PR and PS I Example 44. Show that the vectors
=> The points P, Q, R, S are also coplanar. i -3j+2k,2i —4 j—k and 3i+2j-k and linearly
Trick For the vectors PQ, PR and PS to be coplanar, we independent.
0 -3 -2
Sol. Let a = i -3j + 2k
must have 2 -1 1 = 0 which is true
P=2i-4j-k
4 14
and y = 3i + 2j-k
/. The PQ, PR, PS are coplanar.
Hence, the points P, Q, R, S are also coplanar. Also, let xa + yP + zy = 0
.’. x(i — 3j + 2k) + y(2i - 4 j - k) + z(3i + 2j - k) = 0
or(x + 2y + 3z)i+(-3x - 4y + 2z)j + (2x-y-z)k = 0
Linear Independence and Equating the coefficient of i, j and k, we get
Dependence of Vectors x + 2y + 3z = 0
-3x - 4y + 2z = 0
1. Linearly Independent Vectors 2x - y - z = 0
A set of non-zero vectors aj,a2.... a„ is said to be linearly 1 2 3
independent, if Now, -3-4 2 = 1(4 +2)-2(3-4) + 3(3 + 8)= 41 * 0
+ x2a2 + ...+ x„an =0 2 -1 -1

=> x1 = x2 = ... = xn =0. The above system of equations have only trivial solution.
Thus, x = y = z = 0
. 2. Linearly Dependence Vectors Hence, the vectors a,P and y are linearly independent.
A set of vector a1(ai....,an is said to be linearly Trick Consider the determinant of coefficients of i, j and k
dependent, if there exist scalars xlt x2,...,xn not all zero 1 -3 2
such that x^ +x2a2 +....+xna„ =0 i.e. 2-4-1 = 1(4 + 2) + 3(-2 + 3) + 2(4 +12)
3 2-1
Properties of Linearly Independent = 6 + 3 + 32=41*0
and Dependent Vectors The given vectors are non-coplanar. Hence, the vectors
(i) A super set of a linearly dependent set of vectors is are linearly independent.
linearly dependent.
I Example 45. If a= i +j+ k, b=4i + 3j+4k and
(ii) A subset of a linearly independent set of vectors is AAA

linearly independent. c= i+aj+pk are linearly dependent vectors and

(iii) Two non-zero, non-collinear vectors are linearly |c| = V3, then
independent. (a) a = X p = -1 (b) a = IP = ± 1
(iv) Any two collinear vectors are linearly dependent. (c) a = - X p = ± 1 (d)a = ±XP = 1
(v) Any three non-coplanar vectors are linearly Sol. (d) The given vectors are linearly dependent, hence there
exist scalars x, y and z not all zero, such that
independent.
xa + yb + zc = 0
(vi) Any three coplanar vectors are linearly dependent.
i.e. x(i + j + k) + y(4i + 3j + 4k) + z(i + aj + pk) = 0
22 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

i.e. (x + 4y + z)i + (x + 3y + az)j + (x + 4y + Pz)k = 0 Trick | c | =-Jl + a2 +P2 = 73

=> x + 4y + z = 0, x + 3y + az = 0, x + 4y + Pz = 0 => a2 + p2 =2
1 4 1 1 1 1
For non-trivial solution 1 3 a = 0=>P = 1 v a, b and c are linearly dependent, hence 4 3 4 =0
1 4 p 4 a P
| c |2 = 3=>l + a2 +P2=3 => p=l
=> a2 =2-P2 =2-1 = 1 a2 = 1 => a = ± 1
a = ±l

Exercise for Session 3

1. Show that the points A(1, 3, 2), B (-2, 0,1) and C(4,6,3) are collinear.

2. If the position vectors of the points A, B and C be a, b and 3a - 2b respectively, then prove that the points A B
and C are collinear.
3. The position vectors of four points P,Q,R and S are 2a + 4c, 5a + 373b + 4c, - 273b + c and 2a + c
respectively, prove that PQ is parallel to RS.
4. If three points A, B and C have position vectors (1, x, 3), (3,4,7) and (y, - 2, - 5), respectively and if they are
collinear, then find (x, y).
_ A A A A A A A

5. Find the condition that the three points whose position vectors, a = ai + bj + ck, b = i + cj and c = - i - j are
collinear.
6. Vectors a and b are non-collinear. Find for what values of x vectors c = (x -2)a + b and d = (2x + 1)a - b are
collinear?
7. Let a, b, c are three vectors of which every pair is non-collinear. If the vectors a + b and b-i- c are collinear with c
and a respectively, then find a+ b + c.
8. Show that the vectors i - j -k, 2i + 3j + k and 7i + 3j -4k are coplanar.

9. If the vectors 2i - j + k, i +2j-3k and 3i + aj + 5k are coplanar, then prove that a =4.

10. Show that the vectors a-2b+3c, -2a + 3b-4c and -b+2c are coplanar vector, where a, b,c are non-coplanar
vectors.
11. If a, band care non-coplanar vectors, then prove that the four points 2a + 3b-c, a-2b+3c, 3a + 4b-2c and
a -6b+6c are coplanar.
 JEE Type Solved Examples:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
• Ex. 1 The non-zero vectors a,b and care related by => P2 + 3PQ-2PQ-6Q2 =Q
a = 8b and c = -7b angle between a and c is P(P + 30 - 2Q(P + 30 = 0
=> (P-20(P + 30 = O
P-2Q = 0 or P + 3Q = 0
(c)n (d)0
From P-2Q = 0 => — =2
So/. (c) a and b vectors are in the same direction, b and c are in Q
the opposite direction.
=> a and c are in opposite directions. • Ex. 4 A vector a has the components 2p and 1 w.r.t. a
.". Angle between a and c is 7L rectangular cartesian system. This system is rotated through
a certain angle about the origin in the counter clockwise
71 sense. If with respect to a newsystem, a has components
• Ex. 2 A unit vector a makes an angle — with Z-axis. If
“ 4 (p + 1) and 1, then
A A

a+ i + i a unit vector, then a is equal to (a) p = 0 (b) p = 1 or p = - j

A A A A A

(,a.) i+1j+ k (b)i+i-A (c)p = -1orp = ^ (d) p = 1 or p = - 1

22 V2 2 2 72
A A A

/ X i j So/, (b) We have, a = 2pi + j

c)----- 1+-r (d) None of these
2 2 V2 On rotation, let b be the vector with components (p + 1) and
So/, (c) Let a = I i + mj + nk, where I2 + m2 + n2 = 1. a makes an 1 so that,
7t b=(p + l)i + j
angle — with Z-axis.
4 Now, |a| =|b| => a2 = b2
1 ,2 2 1 => ip2 + 1 =(p + I)2 + 1 => 4p2 = (p + I)2
n= I + m2 = - (i)
V2 2
=> 2p = ± (p + 1) => 3p = - 1 or p = l
a = 11 + mj + -j= 1
p = --orp = l

a + i + j = (/ + l)i + (m + l)j +
v2 • Ex. 5 ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at A.
Forces of magnitude 2V2,5 and 6 act along BC, CA and AB
Its magnitude is 1, hence (/ + I)2 + (m + 1)' (ii)
2 respectively. The magnitude of their resultant force is
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (a) 4 (b) 5
1 1 (c) 11+2^2 (d)30
2lm = - =$> / = m = —
2 2 Sol. (b) KcosO = 6cos0° + 2x/2cos(180° - B) + 5cos270°
'• Hence, a =—
i
2
i2 +A
x/2
PcosQ = 6 -2x/2cosB (i)
BsinO =6sin0° + 2^sin(180° - B) + 5sin270°

• Ex. 3 If the resultant of two forces of magnitudes P and Q C

acting at a point at an angle o/60° is 41Q, then P/Q is
5
(a) 1

(c)2 (d)4
A 6 B
So/. (c) B2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQcos0
PsinQ = 2-72sinB - 5 -(ii)
(V7Q)2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQcos60°
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
=> 7Q2 = P2 + Q2 + PQ
R2 = 36 + 8 cos2 B - 24^2 cosB + 8sin2 B + 25 - 20A/2sin 8
=> P2 + PQ-6Q2 =0 = 61 + 8 (cos2 B + sin2 B) - 24 cosB - 20^2 sinB
24 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

V ABC is a right angled isosceles triangle. CA =(2 -1)1 + (1 - 4)j + (-1 + 3)k
i.e. ZB = ZC = 45° = i-3j-2k
R2 =61 +8(1)-2472-^-207?--^ =25 | AB | = 71 + 9 +~4 = 714
| BC | = 74 + 36 + 16 = 756 = 2^14
R=5
| C A | = 71 + 9+4 =714
• Ex. 6 A line segment has length 63 and direction ratios So, | AB| + | AC| = | BC| and angle between AB and BC is 180*.
are 3, - 2 and 6. The components of line vector are So, points A, B and C cannot form an isosceles triangle.
(a)-27,18,54 (b) 27,-18,54 Hence, A, B and C are collinear.
(c) 27,-18,-54 (d)-27,-18,-54
Sol. (b) Let the components of line segment on axes are x, y • Ex. 9 The position vector of a point C with respect to B is
and z. i + j and that ofB with respect to A is i - j. The position
So, x2 + y2 + z2=632 vector ofC with respect to A is '
(a)2i (b)2j ’
Now, £ = X-£ = 1-
3-2 6
,(c)-2j . (d)-2i .
•/ (3fc)2 + (-2fc)2 + (6Ar)2 = 632
Sol. (a) Since, position vectors of a point C with respect to B is
k = + — = ±9 BC = i + j ...(i)
7
Similarly, AB = i - j ...(ii)
/.Components are (27, -18,54) or (-27,18, -54).
Now, by Eqs. (i) and (ii),
• Ex. 7 If the vectors 6i - 2j + 3k, 2 i +3j - 6k and AC = AB + BC=2i
A A *

3i +6j - 2k form a triangle, then it is • Ex. 10 In a AABC, if 2AC = 3CB, then 20A + 30B is
(a) right angled (b) obtuse angled equal to
(c) equilateral (d) isosceles (a)5OC (b)-OC
Sol. (b) AB = Position vectors of B Position vector of A (c) OC (d) None of these
= (2i + 3j-6k)-(6x -2j + 3k) = -4i + 5j -9k Sol. (a) 20A +30B = 2(0C + CA) + 3(0C + CB)
=> | AB | = 716+ 25+ 81 = 7122 = 50C + 2CA + 3CB = 50C (•/ 2CA = -3CB)

BC = 1 + 3 j + 4k
• Ex. 11 If a, b, c and d be the position vectors of the
=> I BC| = 71 + 9 + 16 = ^26 and AC = -3i + 8j - 5k points A, B, C and D respectively, referred to same origin 0
=> | AC | = 798 such that no three of these points are collinear and
a + c = b + d, then quadrilateral ABCD is a
Therefore, AB2 = 122, BC2 = 26 and AC2 = 98
(a) square (b) rhombus
=> AB2 + BC2 = 26 + 122 = 148
(c) rectangle (d) parallelogram
Since, AC2 < AB2 + BC2, therefore tsABC is an obtuse angled Sol. (d) Given, a+ c=b+ d
triangle.
=> • l(a + c) = l(b + d)
2 2
• Ex. 8 The position vectors of the points A, B and C are
Here, mid-points of AC and BD coincide, where AC and BD
(2i + j - k),(3i -2j + k) and(i +4j -3k) respectively. These are diagonals. In addition, we know that, diagonals of a
points. parallelogram bisect each other.
(a) form an isosceles triangle Hence, quadrilateral is parallelogram.
(b) form a right angled triangle
(c) are collinear • Ex. 12 P is a point on the side BC of the AABC and Q is
(d) form a scalene triangle a point such thatPQ is the resultant ofAP, PB and PC.
Sol. (c) AB = (3 -2)i + (-2 - l)j + (1 + l)k Then, ABQC is a
(a) square
= 1 - 3 j + 2k
(b) rectangle
BC =(1-3)i + (4 + 2)j + (-3 - l)k
(c) parallelogram
= -2i + 6j-4k (d) trapezium
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 25

Sol. (c) AP+PB+PC = PQ or AP +PB = PQ+CP A

=> AB = CQ

P------ ------------- *B

PA + PB=2PC

• Ex. 16 IfO be the circumcentre and O' be the

Hence, it is a parallelogram.
orthocentre of the tsABC, then O' A +0' B+O'C is equal to
(a)OO' (b) 20'0 (c) 200' (d)0
• Ex. 13 If ABCD is a parallelogram and the position
Sol. (b) O'A=O'O + OA
vectors of A, B and C are i +3j +5k, i + j +k andli +7j +7k,
O'B =00' +OB
then the position vector ofD will be
O'C=O'O + OC
(a)7i+5j + 3k (b)7i+9j+11k =s O'A + O'B + O'C =30'0 + OA + OB + OC
(c) 9i+11j + 13k (d)8i+8j+8k
Sol. (b) Let position vector of D is xi + yj + zk, then AB = DC.
-2j - 4k =(7 - x)i + (7 -y)j + (7 -z)k
=> x = 7, y = 9 and z = 11
Hence, position vector of D will be 7i + 9j + Ilk.

• Ex. 14 P is the point of intersection of the diagonals of

Since, OA + OB + OC = 00' = -0'0
the parallelogram ABCD. IfO is any point, then
OA +0B +0C +0D is equal to O'A + O'B + O'C =20'0
(a) OP (b)20P • Ex. 17 Five points given by A, B, C, D and E are in a
(c)30P (d) 40P plane. Three forces AC, AD and AE act at A and three forces
Sol. (d) We know that, P will be the mid-point of AC and BD. CB, DB ondEB act B. Then, their resultant is
0 (a)2AC (b)3AB
(c)3DB , (d)2BC
Di C Sol. (b) Points A, B,C, D and £ are in a plane.
Resultant = (AC + AD + AE) + CB + BD + EB)
= (AC + CB) + (AD + DB) + (AE + EB)
P
= AB + AB + AB = 3AB
A B
• Ex. 18 If the vectors represented by the sides AB and BC
OA + OC=2OP ...(i)
of the regular hexagon ABC DEF be a andb, then the vector
and OB + OD = 20 P -.(ii)
represented by AE will be
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(a) 2b - a (b) b - a
OA + OB + OC + OD = 40P
(c)2a-b (d)a + b
Sol. (a) As in figure, AB = a, BC = b,
• Ex. 15 IfC is the middle point of AB and P is any point
So, AD = 2b and ED = a
outside AB, then
E D
(a) PA + PB = PC
(b) PA+PB=2PC
(c) PA + PB + PC = O
(d) PA+ PB +2PC = 0
Sol. (b) PA + PB = (PA + AC) + (PB + BC) - (AC + BC) S
= PC + PC - (AC - CB) = 2PC - 0 Now, AE + ED = AD
(v AC=CB)
=> AE = AD-ED = 2b-a
26 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

• Ex. 19 //a+b+c = 0 and | a| = 3, | b | = 5, | c | = 7, then the Therefore, | CD | =.31 OB |

=> CD=3b
angle between a and b is
2
i \ K => OD = OC + CD = -a + 3b
3 .
2
, \71 (d)I Hence, AD = OD - OA = -a + 3b - a
2
(c)7 6
Sol. (b) A = 3b--a
3

• Ex. 22 If position vectors of a point A is a + 2b and a

divides AB in the ratio 2 : 3, then the position vector ofB is
(a) 2a - b (b) b - 2a
-------->3— (c) a - 3b (d) b
Sol. (c) If x be the position vector of B, then a divides AB in the
Let 0 be the angle between a and b. Then, ZC = K - 0. ratio 2 : 3.
32 -b 52 -72 2x + 3(a + 2b)
cos(n - 0) = a =-----------------
2(3)(5) 2+3
„ -1 => 5a - 3a - 6b - 2x
-COS0 =----
2 => x = a-3b
0=60° = —
3 • Ex. 23 If D, E and F are respectively, the mid-points of
AB, AC and BC in &ABC, then BE + AF is equal to
• Ex. 20 If a andb are the position vectors of A and B
respectively, then the position vector of a point C on AB (a) DC (bUt$F
2
produced such that AC = 3AB is
3
(a)3a-b (b)3b-a (c) 2BF (d)(BF
2
(c)3a-2b (d)3b-2a
Sol. (a) BE + AF = OE-OB+ OF-OA
Sol. (d) Since, given that AC = 3 AB. It means that point C divides

.A
AB externally.
Thus, AC : BC = 3:2
A

Hence,
3b-2a
o f\,
OC =----------- = 3b-2a
3-2
c
= OC-
2
A --------- D---------- B

OA + OC
-OB +

OA+OB
2
OB+OC
2
- OA

= OC-OD = DC

• Ex. 21 Let A and B be points with position vectors a and • Ex. 24 In a quadrilateral PQRS, PQ = a, QR = b,
b with respect to the origin O. If the point C on OA is such SP = a-b. IfM is the mid-point ofQR and X is a point of
that2AC=CO, CD is parallel to OB and | CD| -3 |OB|, then 4
SM such that, SX = — SM, then
AD is equal to
*> a
(a) 3b-— * (b)3b + — (a) PX = -PR
2 2 5
3
(c)3b-| (d)3b + | (b) PX = | PR

Sol. (c) Since, OA = a, OB = b and 2AC = CO 2

(c) PX = -PR
2 5
By section formula, OC = -a
(d) None of the above

,■ <
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 27

Sol. (b) If we take point P as the origin, the position vectors of Q So/, (c) Let G be centroid and / be incenter.
and S are a and b - a respectively. 2a + 3b + 4c a+b+c
|GI] =|OI-OG| =
In APQR, we have 9 3
S -a + c 3 1
—=—
9 9 3
M
-»
b • Ex. 27 Let position vector of points A, B and C oftrian-
A A * A A *

gle AABC respectively be i + j + 2k, i + 2 j + k and

Q * * A
2i + j +k. Let I], l2 and l3 be the lengths of perpendiculars
P a drawn from the orthocenter ‘O’ on the sides AB, BC and CA,
PR=PQ+QR => PR=a + b then If + l2 + l3) equals
:. Position vector of R = a + b 3
a + (a + b) I
(b)4
PV of M = ii.
= a + -b

Now,
2 I 2 .
4
SX =-SM
5
<4
Sol. (c) A(1,1,2)

=> XM = SM - SX = SM --SM = -SM

5 5
SX : XM = 4:1
4| a + -b I + l(b - a)
V 2 )
=> PVofX =
4+1 B C
3a + 2b 3 0.2,1) (2,!, 1)
=> PX=-(a+b)
5 Clearly, triangle formed by the given points i + j + 2k,
3
=> PX = -PR i + 2j + k and 2i + j + k is equilateral as AB = BC = AC = f2.
5
Distance of orthcentre ‘O’ from the sides is equal to inradius
• Ex. 25 Orthocentre of an equilateral triangle ABC is the of the triangle.
origin 0. If OA = a, OB = b, OC = c, then AB + 2BC + 3CA
A 1
is equal to h = h - h = inradius = r = — = -------
(a) 3c (b)3a 5 M)
2
(c)0 (d)3b
(Z1 + /2 + /3) = -^
3 76
Sol. (b) For an equilateral triangle, centroid is the same as
orthocentre 2
OA + OB + OC _q
3 • Ex. 28 ABCDEF is a regular hexagon in the XY-plane
with vertices in the anticlockwise direction. If AB = 2 i, then
OA + OB+OC=0
Now, AB + 2BC + 3CA CD is
= OB -OA + 2OC -2OB + 3OA -3OC (a)i+3j (b)i + 2j
= -OB + 2OA-OC (c)-l + 3j (d) None of these
= - (OB +OA + OC) + 3OA = 30A = 3a Sol. y
E D
• • Ex. 26 If a, b, andc are position vector of A, B and C
respectively ofAABC and if | a - b| = 4, | b - c| = 2,
| c — a| = 3, then the distance between the centroid and
F< Mr C
incentre of A ABC is

(a) 1 ^60°
-*r
A 2i 8....
28 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

AB is along the X-axis and BD is along the Y-axis. • Ex. 31 In a trapezium, the vector BC = XAD. We will then
AB = 21 =sAB = BC = CD =........... = 2 find that p = AC + BD is collinear with AD. Ifp =|1 AD, then
From the figure, BM = BCsin60° = 2sin60° = 43 (a)p=X+1 (b)X=p+1
BD = 2Aj (c)X+ji = 1 (d)p=2+X
BC = BC cos60°i + BCsin60°j = i + Aj Sol. (a) We have, p = AC + BD = AC + BC + CD
CD = BD-BC=2Aj-(i +Aj) = -i+Aj = AC + XAD + CD
= XAD + (AC + CD) = X AD + AD =(X + 1)AD
• Ex. 29 The vertices of triangle are A(1,1,2), B(4,3,1) and Therefore, p = pAD => p = X + 1
C(2,3,5). A vector representing the internal bisector of the
• Ex. 32 If the position vectors of the points A, B and C be
ZA is
i + j, i - j and a i + bj + ck respectively, then the points A, B
(a)i+j + 2k (b)2i-2j + k
and C are collinear, if
(c) 2i + 2j + k (d) None of these
(a) a = b = c = 1
Sol. (c) From the figure, we have
(b) a = L b and c are arbitrary scalars
b = AC = i + 2j + 3k (c) a = b = c = 0
and c = AB=3i + 2j + k (d) c = 0, a = 1 and b is arbitrary scalars
A(1,1,2) Sol. (d) Here, AB = —2j, BC = (a - l)i + (b + l)j + ck

A
The points are collinear, then AB = fc(BC)
-2j = k{(a — l)i + (b + l)j + ck}
On comparing, k(a -1) = 0, Jcfb + 1) = -2, kc = 0
Hence, c = 0, a = 1 and b is arbitrary scalar.

8 C • Ex. 33 Let a, b and c be distinct non-negative numbers

(4. 3.1) (2, 3. 5)
and the vectors ai + aj + ck, i + k, ci + cj + bk lie in a plane,
.'. Unit vector along the bisector of ZA is given by then the quadratic equation ax2 + 2cx + b = 0 has
_b + c_(i + 2j + 3k) + (3i+ 2j-k)
(a) real and equal roots
2 14
(b) real and unequal roots
2i + 2j + k
(c) unreal roots
V14
(d) both roots real and positive
.’. Any vector along the angle bisector of Sol. (a) ai + aj + ck, i + k and d + g + bk are coplanar
ZA = 2i + 2j + k
a a c
10 1 = 0 => c2 - ab = 0
• Ex. 30 Let a = (1,1, -1), b = (5, -3,-3) andc = (3, -1,2). If
c c b
| a 4- b|
r is collinear with c and has length -, then r equals For, equation ax2 + 2cx + b = 0
2
3 D = 4c2 - 4ab = 0
(a) +3c (b)±-c
2 So, roots are real and equal.
2
(c)±c (d)±-c
3 • Ex. 34 The number of distinct real values of X for which
Sol. (c) Let r = Xc the vectors X3 i + k, i - X3 j and i + (2X - sin X) j - Xk are

Given |r| = [X|| c| coplanar is

(a)0 (b)l
4^=wici (c)2 (d)3
|6i-2j-4k|=2|X||3i-j + 2k| Sol. (a) Put A = 0 => + X3 + 2X-sinX = 0
456 =2|X| V14 Let /(X) = X7 + X3 + 2X - sinX
x=±i => /'(X) = (7X6 + 3X2 + 2 - cosX) > 0, V e R
r=±c T(X) = 0 has only one real solution X = 0.
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 29

7 1
• Ex. 35 The points >4(2 - x, 2,2), B(2,2 - y,2), On solving these, we get x = 0, y = - -, z
5
C(2, 2,2-z) andD(l, 1,1) are coplanar, then locus of
_(~7q + r)
P(x,y,z) is -2a + 3b - c
5
z . 1 1 1 <
(a) - + - + - = 1 (b) x + y + z = 1 Trick Check alternates one-by-one
x y z
i.e. (a) p - 4q = -2a + 5b - 4c
(c) —-— d—— d—— = 1 (d) None of these (b) 7q + r = -2a + 3b - c
1—x 1-y1-z 5
Sol. (a) Here, AB = xi - yj
AC = xi - zk ; AD = (x - l)i - j - k • Ex. 37 lfa} anda2 are two values ofa for which the unit
A A 1 * AA

As, these vectors are coplanar vector a i + bj + - k is linearly dependent with i + 2j and
x -y 0
-y
_ 111, a * 1 1
=> x o = 0 => - + - + - = 1 j - 2k, then — + — is equal to
x y z a1 a2
x-1 -i -1
(a)1 (b, 1 (0^
• Ex. 36 p = 2a-3b, q = a-2b +c andr =-3a +b + 2c,
where a, b, c being non-zero non-coplanar vectors, then the Sol. (c) ai + b] + |k = l(i + 2j) + m(j - 2k)
vector - 2a + 3b - c is equal to
—7q+r a = I, b =21 + m and m = —
(a)p-4q (b) 4
5
ai + in + - k is unit vector
(c)2p-3q+r (d)4p-2r 2
Sol. (b) Let -2a + 3b-c = xp + yq + zr 11 n
a~2 + b2 = — => 5az -a----- = 0
=> -2a + 3b - c = (2x + y -3z)a + (~3x -2y + z)b 4 16
+(y + 2z)c a] and a2 are roots of above equation
1^1 + a2 _ 16
2x + y - 3z = -2, -3x - 2y + z = 3 =>
Oj a2 ^1^2 11
and y + 2z = -1

JEE Type Solved Examples:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
• Ex. 38 The vector i + xj + 3k is rotated through an angle • Ex. 39 a,b andc are three coplanar unit vectors such
0 and is doubled in magnitude. It now becomes that a + b + c = 0. If three vectors p,q and r are parallel to
A A

4i + (4x - 2)j + 2k. The values ofx are a,b andc respectively, and have integral but different magni­
tudes, then among the following options, | p + q + r| can take
(a) 1 a value equal to
(a)1 (b)0 (c)JJ (d)2
(c)2
Sol. (c,d) Let a,b and c lie in the XY-plane.
So/. (b,c) Let a = i + jg + 3k, T O , 1 • , 1 J 1 "
Let a = i, b = —i + —j and c = —i------ j
2 2 2 2
0 = 41 + (4x-2)j + 2k
Therefore,|p + q + r| =|Xa + pb + vc|
Given, 2|a| =| 0|
— Xi + 11 >/3
1 1. + —j . +v --i------- j
2-J10 + x'2 = ^20 + 4(2x -1)2
I 2 22 ' J 2 2
10 + x2 =5 + (4x2 - 4x + 1)
= X-B-l i + y(R-v)j a . *

=> 3x2 - 4x - 4 = 0 V 2 2

x = 2,-- V
3 X-H I +-(g-v)2
2 2 4
 30 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

= ^X2 + p2 + v2 - Xp - Xv -jiv |a| b= i--I i—I | a

|a||a| | b
Now,
|a| + |b| ||a| + |b| |a| + |a|V|a| |b(
= -^ ~ H)2 + (M ~ v)2 + (v - X)2
lal Dk , |a||b| fa
|b| a, ----------------- b>
Also, 2|a| + |b|ba| + lbl>
2|a| + |b| 2|a| + |b|
= + 1 + 4 = >/3
| a b
=* | p + q + r | can take a value equal to >/3 and 2. Other two vectors cannot be written in the from t ;—r + —
U a| |b|.
• Ex. 40 A, B, C and D are four points such that • Ex. 42 The vectors xi + (x +1) j + (x + 2)k,
AB = m (2i - 6j + 2k), BC = (i - 2j) and (x + 3) i + (x + 4) j + (x + 5)k and
CD = n(-6i +15j - 3k). If CD intersects AB at some point E, (x + 6) i + (x + 7)j + (x + 8)k are coplanar ifx is equal to
then
(a)1 (b)-3 (c)4 (d)0
(a)ra>l c:
(b)n>- (c) m = n (d) m < n
Sol. (a, b, c, d)
Sol. (a, b) Let EB = p AB and CE = qCD xi + (x + l)j + (x + 2)k, (x + 3)i + (x + 4)j + (x + 5)k and
Then 0 < p and q < 1 (x + 6)i + (x + 7)j + (x + 8)k are coplanar. We have
x x+1 x+2
determinant of their coefficients as x+3 x+4 x+5
x+6 x+7 x+8
Applying C2 -> C2 - Q and C3 —» C3 - Cb we have
x 1 2
x + 3 1 2 = 0. Hence, x e R.
x+6 1 2
Since, EB + BC + CE = 0
pm(2i - 6j + 2k) + (i - 2j) + qn(-6i + 15 j - 3k) = 0 • Ex. 43 Given three vectors a, b, andc are non-zero and
=>(2pm +1 - 6qn)i + (-6pm - 2 + 15qn)j + (2pm - 6qn)k = 0 non-coplanar vectors. Then which of the following are
coplanar.
=> 2pm - 6qn + 1 = 0,
(a) a + b, b + c, c + a (b) a - b, b + c, c + a
-6pm -2 + 15qn = 0
(c) a + b, b - c, c + a (d) a + b, b + c, c - a
2pm -6qn = 0
Sol. (b, c, d) c + a = (b + c) + (a - b)
Solving these, we get
a + b = (b - c) + (c + a)
1 1
p =---- and q =---- a + c = (a + b) + (c - a)
(2m) (3n)
So, vectors in options (b), (c) and (d) are coplanar.
0<—!S1 and 0< —<1
(2m) (3n)
• Ex. 44 In a four-dimensional space where unit vectors
A A A.

=> m>l and n£- along the axes are i, j,k and i, and a1( a2, a3, a4 are four
2 3
non-zero vectors such that no vector can be expressed as a
• Ex. 41 If non-zero vectors a andb are equally inclined to
linear combination of others and (X -1 )(a ] - a 2) +
coplanar vector c, then c can be g(a2 + a3) + y(a3 + a4 -2a2) + a3 + Sa4 =0, then
(a)
|a|+2|b|
a+
|a| + |b|
b (a)X = l (b)g=-±2 (c)
(b)g=-
2
Y == -±
(c)y (d)8 = ^1
3 3 3

-^-b
(b) -iy_a + Sol. (a, b, d)
|a| + |b| |a| + |b| (X - l)(aj - a2) + p(a2 + a3) + y(a3 + a4 - 2a2) + a3 + 8a4 = 0
|b| —b i.e. (X — l)aj + (1 — X + p —2y)a2 + (p + y + l)a3 + (y + 8)a4 = 0
(c) —!±La+__!rj
|a|+2|b| |a| + 2|b| Since, ah a2, a3 and a4 are linearly independent, we have
X -1 = 0, 1 - X + g - 2y = 0,
(d) lbLa+JlL_b
2|a| + |b| 2|a| + |b| g + y + 1 = 0 and y+8 =0
Sol. (b,d) Since, a and b are equally inclined to c, therefore c must i.e. X = l,g = 2y, g + Y+ 1 = 0,y + 8 = 0
fa b] Hence, X = 1, g = - -, y = - - 8 = -
be of the form t — + — 3 3 3
UM |b|J
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 31

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Statement I and II Type Questions
Directions (Ex. Nos. 45-51) This section is based on u+v
between them, then x =
Statement I and Statement II. Select the correct answer . . a
2 sin —
from the codes given below.
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II If ABC is an isosceles triangles with
Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but AB = AC =1, then vectors representing bisector of angle A is
Statement II is not the correct explanation of . , A AB 4-AC
given by AB =----- ------ .
Statement I
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect Sol. (d) We know that the unit vector along bisector of unit
(d) Statement II is correct but Statement I is incorrect u+v
vectors u and v is------ where 0 is the angle between
2cos-
• Ex. 45 Statement I lf\a | = 3, |b | = 4 and\a + b| = 5, 2
vectors u and v.
then | a -b| = 5.
Statement II The length of the diagonals of a rectangle is Also, in an isosceles AABC in which
the same. AB = AC, the median and bisector from A must be same line.
Sol. (a) We have, adjacent sides of triangle |a| =3, |b| = 4
• Ex. 49 Statement I If a = 2 i + k, b = 3 j + 4k and
The length of the diagonal is |a 4- b| = 5
Since, it satisfies the Pythagoras theorem, alb c = Xa + jib are coplanar, then c = 4a - b.
So, the parallelogram is a rectangle. Statement II A set vectorsay,a2,a.3,...,an is said to be
linearly independent, if every relation of the form
Hence, the length of the other diagonal is | a - b| = 5.
lya} + l2a2 +/3a3+.....+/„a„ =0 implies that
• Ex. 46 Statement I lf\ a + b | = | a - b [, then a andb ly = l2=l3 =... = ln =0 (scalar).
Sol. (b) a, b and c are coplanar c ~ Xa + pb => X = 4 and |1 = -1
are perpendicular to each other.
Statement II If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal
in magnitude, then the parallelogram is a rectangle. • Ex. 50 Statement I Let A(a), B(b) andC(c) be three
A A A A A

Sol. (a) a + b = a - b are the diagonals of a parallelogram whose points such that a = 2i + k,b=3i-j+3k and
sides are a and b.
c = - i + 7 j - 5k. Then, OABC is a tetrahedron.
|a 4- b| = |a — b|
Statement II Let A(a), B(b) and C(c) be three points such
Thus, diagonals of the parallelogram have the same length.
that vectors a, b andc are non-coplanar.
So, the parallelogram is a rectangle, i.e. alb.
Then OABC is a tetrahedron.
Sol. (a) Given vectors are non-coplanar.
• Ex. 47 Statement I If I is the incentre of AABC, then
Hence, the answer is (a).
| BC| IA +|CA | IB + | AB | IC = 0
Statement II The position vector of centroid of AABC is • Ex. 51 Statement I Let a, b,c and a be the position
OA+OB+OC vectors offour points A, B, C and D and
3 3a - 2b + 5c - 6d = 0. Then points A, B, C and D are
Sol. (b) We know that, coplanar.
QI | CB | OA -b | CA | OB + | AB | PC Statement II Three non-zero linearly dependent co-initial
|BC|+|CA|+|AB| vectors (PQ, PR and PS) are coplanar. Then
OA 4- OB 4- PC PQ = XPR +p.PS, where X ant/|i are scalars.
and OG --
3 Sol. (a)
3a -2b 4- 5c -6d =(2a -2b) 4- (-5a + 5c) + (6a -6d)
• Ex. 48 Statement I Ifu and v are unit vectors inclined = -2AB 4-5AC-6AD = 0
at an angle a and x is a unit vector bisecting the angle Therefore, AB, AC and AD are linearly dependent
Hence, by Statement II, Statement I is true.
32 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions
Passage I 53. (b) Hence, P divides AL in the ratio 3:1 and P divides DB in the
(Ex. Nos. 52 to 54) ratio 1: 3 Similarly Q divides DB in the ratio 1: 3.

ABCD is a parallelogram. L is a point on BC which divides Thus, DQ = -DB

4
BC in the ratio 1:2 AL intersects BD at P. M is a point on
DC which divides DC in the ratio 1 '.land AM intersects and PB= — DB
4
BD in Q.
PQ = ^DB,
54. (b).-.
• Ex. 52 Points P divides AL in the ratio
i.e. PQ:DB = 1:2
(a) 1:2 (b)1:3
(c)3:1 (d)2:1
Passage II
• Ex. 53 Point Q divides DB in the ratio
(Ex. Nos. 55 to 56)
(a) 1:2 (b)1:3
Let A, B, C, D, E represent vertices of a regular pentagon
ABCDE. Given the position vector of these vertices be
(c)3:1 (d)2:1
a, a + b, b, Xa and Xb respectively.
• Ex. 54 PQ,: DB is equal to
AD
• Ex. 55 The ratio----- is equal to
BC
, . 3it 3k ... n 2rc it
(a) 1- cos—: cos — (b) 1+ 2cos—: cos —
5 5 5 5
z * 71 7C
Sol. (Ex. Nos. 52-54) (c) 1 + 2 cos— :2cos — (d) None of these
5 5
52. (c) 2
D. C
M • Ex. 56 AD divides EC in the ratio
b 0/
2 (a) cos— :1 (b)cos— :1
5 5
P r (c) 1: 2 cos — (d) 1:2
1 5
A1 +- B Sol. (Ex. Nos. 55-56) Given ABCDE is a regular pentagon
a
A B
BL=-b
3

AL=a + -b
3
Let AP = XAL and P divides DB in the ratio g : 1 - g 2tt/5
0
E C
Then, AP = Xa 4- —b ...(i) Jt/5
3
2n/5
Also, AP = ga + (1 - g)b
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), D
X
Xa + —b =ga + (1 -g)b Let position vector point A and C be a and b, respectively.
3
AD is parallel to BC and AB is parallel to EC.
X=g
Therefore,
and AOCB is a parallelogram and position vector of B is a + b.
The position vectors of E and D are Xb and Xa respectively.
X=- Also, OA = BC ~ AB = OC = 1 (let)
4
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 33

Therefore, AOCB is rhombus. Sol. (Ex. Nos. 57-58)

C(c) 1E 2 fi(b)
AABC = AAOC = —
5

and AOAB = ABCO = it~ —

5
27C
5
A-
Further, OA = AE = 1 and PC = CD = 1
Thus, AEAO and AOCD are isosceles. 0 A(a)
In AOCD, using sine rule we get.
Let the position vector of A and C be a and c respectively.
PC OD Therefore,
. 2n . K
sin— sin — Position vector of
5 5
B = b =a + c (i)
1
OD = —-— = PE Also, position vector of
it
2cos— _ b + 2c a + 3c
5 £ =------- .(ii)
1 3 3
=> AD = OA + OD = 1 +
K
it Now, point P lies on angle bisector of AAOC. Thus,
2 cos—
5 Position vector of point

1 + 2cos—
a bA
__ , . AD . 1 P = AJ (iii)
55. (c) — = 1 +
„ n
______ 5
„ n
,W+W
BC
2C0Sy 2 cos —
5 Also, let P divides EA in ration g: 1. Therefore, Position vector
ofP
1
56. (c) — = a + 3c
K
0C 2^ ga + ------ -
, 3 (3g + l)a + 3c
5 (iv)
g+1 3(g + 1)
Passage in Comparing Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
(Ex. Nos. 57 to 58) ' _ (3g + l)a + 3c
l|a| |c|,
In a parallelogram OABC vectors a, b, c respectively, the 3(g +1)
position vectors of vertices A, B,C with reference to 0 as 3g+ 1 X 1
and — =
origin. A point E is taken on the side BC which divides it in |a| " 3(g + 1) |c| g +1
the ratio of2:1. Also, the line segment AE intersects the 3|c|-|a|_
line bisecting the angle AAOC internally at point P. IfCP 3|a|
when extended meets AB in point F, then X = 1 = _W_
=> A
|d 3|c|Ha| + 1 3|c| +2|a|
• Ex. 57 The position vector of point P is 3|a|
la I |c I
(a) 3|c| + 2|a |(ja|
a c |
|c|J 3|a||c| a ( c
57. (b) So, position vector of P is 3|c| + 2|a||ja| |cj'

3|a I |c | a c 58. (d) Let F divides AB in ratio t: 1, then position vector of F is

(b)
3|c] + 2|aj|ja| |c| tb + a
2|a||c| a c
(c) Now, points C, P, F are collinear, Then, CF = mCP
3|c| + 2|a |(|a| |c|
3|a||c|
f(a + c) „ _ m 3|a||c] a c
(d) None of the above => ------ c = nt1 -c
t+1 3|c| + 2|a|lja| H
• Ex. 58 The ratio in which F divides AB is Comparing coefficients, we get
t 3|c|
(a) 2 la I (b) —tl---
(b) ----- = m
t+ 1 3|c| + 2|a|
|a|-3|c|| |a|-3|c||
3|a I zjx 3|c | -1 |a|~3|c|
(c) (d) and ----- = m
|a|-3|c|| 3||c|-|a|| t+1 3|c| + 2|a|
f= 3|c|
3|c|-|a |
34 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Matching Type Questions
* Ex. 59 In the Cartesian plane, a man starts at origin and (C) The position vector of Q is given by
walks a distance of 3 units of the North-East direction and OP + PQ = OP + OR = + 7 j)
reaches a point P. From P, he walks a distance of 4 units in ^2
the North-West direction to reach a point Q. Construct the y
parallelogram OPQR with PO and PQ as adjacent sides. Let 0
M be the mid-point ofPQ.
3/ M
Column I Column II K4
A. The position vector of P is (P)
R
\4 vp
/3
4l5°
B. The position vector of R is (q)
3(i + 5j) 0

C. The position vector of M is

D. If the line OM meets the diagonal PR
in the point T, then OT equals
(r)
(s)
2>/2(-i + j)
42 .9
3 1+
(X)(i + j) +
2
feW
_ 2i + lOj _ i + 5j
50/. A—>/>, £>-»r, C—>y, D—
2J2 ~ ^2
2>/2
A A

(A) Let i and j be the unit vectors along OX and OY (D) Now, PT : RT = 1:2
respectively. TV, f AT 1(OR) + 2(OP)
Therefore, OT =----------------
Now, OP = 3 and ZXQP = 45° implies that 3
OP = (3cos45°)i + (3sin45°)j = -^=(i + j) |(-i + j) + 2 (i + j)

(B) Again, ZXOR =135° and OR = 4 implies that 3

0R = -^(-i + j) = 2^(4 + j)
= y (1 + 5j)
V«

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
• Ex. 60 P and Q have position vectors a andb relative to • Ex. 61 lfA(\, -1, - 3), B(2,1, - 2) and C(-5,2, - 6) are the
the origin 0 and X, Y divide PQ internally and externally position vectors of the vertices of A ABC. The length of the
respectively in the ratio 2:1. Vector XY is Xa +jib, then the
bisector of its internal angle at A is , then value ofk is
value of\ X +11| is 4
Sol. (0) Since, X and Y divide PQ internally and externally in the Sol. (3) We have, AB = i + 2j + k, AC =-61 + 3j-3k
. „ , 2b + a . ,
ratio 2:1, then X = -—-— and y = 2b -a => |AB| = V6 and | AC | = 3 46
Clearly, point D divides BC in the ratio AB : AC, i.e. 1:3
:. XX = Position vector of y-Position vector of x
2b + a 4b 4a „ . . f „ ("51 + 2j -6k) + 3(21 + j -2k)
.'.Position vector of D =--------------------------------------
3 3 3 1+3
On comparing it with Xa + Jib, we get = ^(i + 5j-12k)
4 4
X = — andtl = -
3 3 AD = -(i + 5j - 12k) -(i - j - 3k) = -(-1 + 3j)
4 4
^=0
|X + M| = y + 3
|AD| = AD = —V10
1—

X=3
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 35

• Ex. 62 Let ABC be a triangle whose centroid isC, • Ex. 64 Find the least positive integral value ofx for
orthocentre is H and circumcentre is the origin 'O’. If D is which the angle between vectors a. = xi — 3j — k and
A a A
any point in the plane of the triangle such that no three of b = 2xi + xj - k is acute.
0, A, C and D are collinear satisfying the relation
Sol. (2) Let a = xi -3j - k and b = 2xi + xj - k be the adjacent
AD + BD +CH + 3HG = XHD, then what is the value of the
sides of the parallelogram.
scalar ‘A’
Now angle between a and b is acute, i.e. |a + b| > |a - b|
Sol. LHS = d- a + d- b + h- c + 3(g-h)
=> |3xi + (x - 3)j - 2k|2 > |- xi -(x + 3)j|2
(a + b + c)
= 2d -(a + b + c) + 3- -2h
3 or 9x2 + (x -3)2 + 4 > x2 + (x + 3)3
= 2d -2h = 2(d -h) = 2HD =>X =2
\a-b
b
• Ex. 63 Let a, b andc be unit vectors such that a+b

a + b - c = 0. If the area of triangle formed by vectors a and

b is A, then what is the value of16 A2 ? a
or 8x2 - 12x + 4 > 0 or 2x2 - 3x + 1 > 0
Sol. (3) Given a + b = c
Now, vector c is along the diagonal of the parallelogram which or (2x-l)(x-1) > 0 => x<-orx>l
2
has adjacent side vectors a and b. Since, c is also a unit vector,
triangle formed by vectors a and b is an equilateral triangle. Hence, the least positive integral value is 2.
y/3 3
Then, Area of triangle = — => A2=— =>16 A2 =3 • Ex. 65 If the points a(cosa + i sin y), 6(cosP + i sin 0)
A

and c(cos y + i sin y) are collinear, then the value of\ z | is...
I
(where z =bcsin(0-y) +casin(y -a) +absin(a +0) +3i)
acosa <2 sin a 1
Sol. (3) bcos0 bsin0 1 =0
ccosy csiny 10
=> bcsin(y - 0) + asin(a - y) + absin(0 - a) = 0
a
=> | z | =3

Subjective Type Questions

4u 4v
• Ex. 66 A particle in equilibrium is subjected to four
forces
=> ---------- + w cosO = 0
13 13
...a)
12 12 ■ A A
_ h 12~ 3C ----- u------ v + wsinO = 0 ••■(ii)
F! =-10k, F2 — u —1 —j + —k 13 13
U3 13J 13
3 3
c ( 4? 12 a 3CA — u+ —v-10 = 0 (iii)
F3 =v —1 —j + — k 13 13
I 13 13J 13 ) 130
From Eq. (iii), we get u+ v=—
and F4 = w(cos0 i +sin0 j) 3
From Eq. (ii), we get
Find the values of u, v and w in terms of 0.
12
Sol. Since, the particle is in equilibrium. - —(u + v) + wsin0 = 0
Fj + F2 + F3 + F4 = 0
12 f130A
» (4t 12, 3 *
-10k + u —1----- 1+ —k
12,j 4.l —
----4,i----- 3k =>
13 ( 3 J + wsinO = 0
\13 13 13 13 13 13 J
40
=> w =-----= 40 cosec 0
+ w(cos0i + sinOj) = 0 sin0
4u 4v _ -12 12 . A On substituting the value of w in Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
=> ----------- + WCOS0 ---- u----- v + wsinQ 1
13 13 13 13 J
u-v = -13Ocot0
3 3 V 130
— u + —v - 10 k = 0 and U+V=—
.13 13 } 3
36 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

On solving, we get On adding these

65 AA' + BB' + CC = 3GG' + (AG + BG + CG)
u +-----65 cote
3 +(G' A' + G'B' + G'C)
65 = 3GG' + (AG + 2DG) + (G' A' + 2G' C)
v +— + 65cot0 and w = 40 cosec 0
3 (using AD and A' C as the medians of AABC and
AA' B' C, respectively)
• Ex. 67 Find all values of"k'such that x,y,z*(0,0,0) = 3GG' + (AG + GA) + G' A' + A' G'
and(\ + j + 3k) x +(3i -3j +k) y +(-4i +5j)z = 3GG' + 0 + 0
= X,(xi + yj + zk), where i, j andk are unit vectors along the AA' + BB* + CC = 3GG'
coordinate axes. Aliter
Sol. Here, We know by triangle law
(i + j + 3k)x + (3i - 3j + k)y + (-41 + 5j)z = X(xi + + zk) AA' = OA' - OA

On comparing the coefficients of i, j and k, we get BB' = OB' - OB

CC = OC7 - OC
x + 3y — 4z = Xx
AA' + BB' + CC = (OA' + OB' + OC)
(1 - X)x + 3y - 4z = 0 (i)
-(OA + OB + OC)
x - 3y + 5z = Xy
= 3OG'-3OG'=3GG'
x - (3 + X)y + 5z = 0 ...(ii)
3x + y = Xz
• Ex. 69 IfD, E and F are the mid-points of the sides
=> 3x + y - Xz = 0 ■(iii)
BC, CA and AB, respectively of a AABC and O is any point,
The Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) will have a non-trivial solution, if
show that
1-X 3
(i) AD+BE+CF=0
1 -(3 + X) 5 =o
3 1 -X (ii) OE+OF+DO = OA
2 1 1
(x,y,z)*(0, 0, 0)/.A = 0] (iii) AD + -BE + -CF =-AC
3 3 2
=>(1 - X){X(3 + X) -5} -3{-X -15} - 4{1 + 3(X + 3)} - 0
Sol. Consider the point O as origin, we have,
=> (1 - X){X2 +3X -5} — 3{-X — 15} - 4{3X +10} = 0
A(a) o
X3 + 2X2 + X = 0
=> X(X2 + 2X + 1) = 0
=> X(X + I)2 = 0
X = 0 or X = -1

• Ex. 68 IfG is the centroid of the AABC and ifG' is the

centroid of another AA' B' C', then prove that 8(b) D(d) C(c)
AA'+ BB'+ CC'=3GG'.
(i) AD +BE +CF = = (d-a) + (e-b) + (f-c)
Sol. Here,
= (d + e + f) - (a + b + c) = 0 [using Eq. (i)]
G is centroid of AABC and G is centroid of AA' B7 C, shown as
in figure. => AD+BE + CF = 0
(ii) Here, OE + OF + OD = e + f - d
c + a a + b b+c _.
=------ +----------------- =a = OA
2 2 2
OE + OF+OD = OA
2 1 22, ,x 1
(iii) Here, AD + - BE + - CF = (d - a) + -(e - b) + -(f - c)
3 3 "3' ' 3
B c _ b+ c 2f c + a lfa + b
-------- b + ---------- c
Clearly, AA'= AG + GG'+ G' A' (polygon law) 2 3 . 2 3 2
BB'=BG + GG' + G'B' , 1 1} , 1 2 n 1 1 1
= a -1 + - + - + b + - + c — +-----
CC = CG + CG' + G'C 3 6) 2 3 6J .2 3 3.
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 37

1 i i. = ccosA cosec C
= —a 4- -c = -(c -a)
2 2 2 c
=------ cos A =2BcosA
= -AC sinC
2 a b
2 11
— = 2B
AD 4--BE 4--CF =-AC sin A sinB sinC )
3 3 2 A0'=2(0D) ...(iii)
Now, AAGCf and AOGD are similar.
• Ex. 70 If A andB be two vectors and k be any scalar
OG _GD _OD _1
quantity greater than zero, then prove that [using Eq. (iii)]
( 1 \
OG~GA~ACf~2
|A +B|2 <(l + k)|A|2 11 + - 1|B | 2 => 2OG = CfG
I kJ (i) We have, SA + SB + SC = SA + (SB + SC)
Sol. We know, (1 + fc)| A|2 + 11 + - || B |2 = SA + 2 SD (v D is the mid-point of BC)
\ k) = (1 + 2)SG=3SG
= |A|2 + k|A|2+|B|2 +-|B|2 —(i) (ii) On replacing S by O in Eq. (i), we get
k OA + OB+ OC=3OG
i
1 2 >2|fc|A|2-l|Bf2 2 =2|A|-|B|
*1A|2 + 1|B| = 2OG+ OG = GO' + OG
Also, -(ii)
k \k = OG + GO' = 00'
(since, Arithmetic mean > Geometric mean) (iii) O'A 4- O'B 4- O'C = 30'G [from Eq. (i)]
So, (1 + k)| A|2 + [1 + B |2 > | A|2 +1 B|2 + 2| A| • | B| = 2(TG + O'G
k k) = 2O'G 4-2GO (v2OG = O'G)
= (|A| + |B|)2 [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)] = 20'0
(iv) A0+C/B + O'C =2A0' + (CfA + O'B + O'C)
And also, |A| 4- |B| > |A + B|
= 2A0' + 20' O [From Eq. (iii)]
Hence,(1 + jt)| A|2+|1 + - ||B|2 > | A + B|2 = 2(AO' 4- O'O) = 2AO = AP
\ kJ
(v AO is the circumradius of AABC)
• Ex. 71 IfO is the circumcentre and O’the orthocenter of
• Ex. 72 Ifc = 3a + 4b and 2c = a - 3b, show that,
&ABC prove that
(i) SA+SB+SC = 3SG, where 5 is any point in the plane (i) c and a have the same direction and | c | > | a |.
of AABC. (ii) c andb have opposite direction and|c | > | b|.
(ii) OA+OB+OC=00' Sol. We have,
c = 3a + 4b and 2c - a - 3b
(iii) O'A+OB+OC =20'0
—4^ 2(3 a 4- 4b) = a-3b
(iv) AO'+O'B+O'C = AP
=s 5a = -llb
where, AP is diameter of the circumcircle. 11. . . 5
So/. Let G be the centroid of AABC. first we shall show that a =----- b and b =----- a
5 ' 11
circumcentre 0, orthocenter O' and centroid G are collinear
and CfG=2OG. (i) c = 3a + 4b = 3a + 4|-—a • .b =-----
using 5a
A k 11 . 11 .
„ 20 13
M = 3a----- a = —a
11 11
O', X
which shows that c and a have the same direction.
'a\^a' * j 13
And c = —a
8 . D C 11
13
|c| = ^|a|=> |c|>|a|
=>
Let AL and BA4 be perpendiculars on the sides BC and CA,
respectively. Let AD be the median and OD be the (ii) We have, c = 3a + 4b and a - - y- b
perpendicular from 0 on side BC. If R is the circumradius of
circumcircle of AABC, then OB = OC ~ R. f 11 A 33
c = 3——b | + 4b = - —b + 4b
In AOBD, we have OD = R cos A ...(i) k 5 5
In AABM, AM = ABcos A = ccosA -(ii) 13,
c = - —b
Form AACf M, ACf = AAfsec(90° - C) 5
38 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

This shows c and b have opposite directions. where, k and / are scalars.
13 13 BD ., , BF ,
Also, |c| = ~b = y|b| => |C|>|b| -—■ = I and — = k (i)
5 BC BA
i.e. BC:BD = l:l
• Ex. 73 A transversal cuts the sides OL, OM and diagonal BC 1 , DC l-l
=>
ON of a parallelogram at A, B and C respectively. BD I BD I
„ , OL OM ON BD I . BA 1
Prove that — +----- =------. => — =----- and -— = —
DC l-l BF k
OA OB OC
BA 1 AF k-1
Sol. We have, => 1------ = 1 — => — =------ •(ii)
BF k BF k
ON = OL + LN = OL + OM —(0 Now, let E divide the line AC in the ratio of x: y
Let OL = xOA, OM = y OB ...(ii) BD BF
and ON=zOC x----- + y.—
So, that BE I k .(iii)
So, |OL| = x|OA|,|OM|=y|OB| and |ON|=z|OC| x+y x+y
OL OM , ON
.'. x = —,y=---- andz =— ,=> BE------ - —BD- —---- BF = 0
OA OB OC /(x + y) Kx + y)
/.From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
Since, D, E and F are collinear.
Sum of coefficients must be zero.

Hence, 1 - ------y—=Q
l(x + y) k(x + y)
x y
(x + y) = 0 => X + y =y + *
I k k
l'j fZ-lA fl-k
. -
x| 1 --I =y| —-1
zOC = xOA + jOB I IJ l) ' \k k
=> xOA+yOB-zOC = 0
/.Points A, B and C are collinear, the sum of the coefficients of l-l x k
their PVmust be zero.
=> x + y-z = Q 5? H BF = 1 tUSing EqS‘ and
OL ! OM ON
i.e.
OA OB ~ OC • Ex. 75 Let A(f) = ffi) i + and
B(t) =^i(O«+^2(Obe[0,1], where f}, f2, gy andg2 are
• Ex. 74 If D, E and F be three points on the sides BC, CA
continuous functions. Then show that A(f) anJB(f) are
and AB, respectively of a AABC. such that the points D, E
parallel for some t.
Jr- , BD CE AF
and F are collinear then prove that------ —-------- =1 Sol. If A(t) and B(t) are non-zero vectors for all t
CD AE BF and A(0) = 21 + 3 j, A(l) = 61 + 2j, B(0) =31 + 2j,
(Menelau’s theorem) and B(l) =2i + 6j.
Sol. Here, D, E and F be the points on the sides BC,CA and AB In order to prove that A(t) and B(t) are parallel vectors for
respectively of AABC. Such that points D, E and F are some values of t. It is sufficient to show that A(t) = XB(t) for
collinear, be Shawn as the adjoining figuece. some 1.
Let B as the origin, BA = a and BC - c «=> {/iWi + /z(Oj} = Mgi(0> + &(0j}
Then, BF = ka and BD = Ic fM = ‘kgit and f2(t) = Xg2(t)
M = gW
f2(t) g2(t)
<=> filt)g2(t) - f2lt)g}t = 0 for some t e [0,1]
Let /(0 = ^2W-/2(tWt6[0,l]
Since, f, f2, gi and g2 are continuous functions.
.’.F(t) is also a continuous function.
Also, • /(0) = /i(0)g2(0) - gi(Q)f2(Q)
=2x2-3x3=4-9= -5<0
B c D C
and /(1) = /I(l)g2(l)-<?1(1)/2(1)
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 39

= 6x6-2x2=32>0 => x = X+ g,l = Xy + g, l=X + gz

Thus, F(f) is a continuous function on [0,1] such that 3 1-g 1-X
=> x = X + g,y = ——,z=-----
F(0)F(l)<0. X g
.‘.By intermediate value theorem, there exists some t 6 (0,1) _ X-1+g
such that => l-x = l-X-g,l-y
X
f(0 = 0 g -1 + X
1 -z =
/l(0g2(0 - =0
A(t) = XB(t) for some X. i 1 1 1 X
Hence, A(t) and B(t) are parallel vectors.
•— + — + — =----------1-------------- +—n~
i-y 1-z 1-X-g X + g-1
l-x 1-y X + g-1

• Ex. 76 Prove that if cos a #= 1, cos 0 # 1 and cos y 1, then =1

A A A A A A
X + g-1
the vectorsa~ icosa + j + k,b = i + jcosp + k, 1 1 1
A A A
----- +------ + =1
c = i + j + kcos y can never be coplanar. l-x 1-y--- 1-z
Sol. Suppose that, a, b and c are coplanar. Aliter
cosa 1 1 Thus, above problem could also be solved as
1 COSp
cosp 1 =0 x 1 1 x-1 0 1-z
1 1 cosy 1 y 1 = 0 => 0 y-1 1-z = 0
1 1 z 1 1 z
On applying R2 —> R2 - Rj and R3 —> R3 -
cos a 11 (using R, —> Rj - R3 and R2 -> R2 - R3)
1 - cos a COS
1-cosa
cos Pp -1
0
=> cosa(cosP -1) (cosy -1) - (1 - cosa)(cosy -1)
cosy-1
0 =0

=>(x-l)(y -l)(z -1) 0

-1
1 0
1
-1
:|L.
- (1 - cosa)(cosp -1) = 0 1-x 1-y
On dividing throughout by (1 - cosa)(l - cosp)(l - cosy), we 1 1
using Ri -> —— Rb R2 -> —— R2, R3 -> J?3
get x-1 y-1 z — 1
y-i
cosa
------ :— + 1 +----------=1 o =>
i 1 z
(T^) (i-y) (-D- (i3^) (l) = 0
(1) +
1-cosa 1-cosP--- 1-cosy
-(l-cosa) + l + 1 + 1 _0 (expanding along R3)
-1 1 (l-z)-l«
1-cosa 1-cosp 1-cosy => + =0
(1-x) (1-y)-------- (1-z)
1 1 1 n 1 1 1
=> -1 +----------- +--------- — +----------- = 0
(1-cosa) (1-cosP). (1-cosy) ----- +------ + =1
1-x-1-y------ 1-z
1
-------------- 11.]
----------------------------------------
1-cosa 1-cosP 1-cosy • Ex. 78 lfa,b and c be any three non-coplanar vectors,
01 D Y
=> cosec2 — + cosec2- + cosec2- = 2, which is not possible. then prove that the points + mjb + n,c, f2a + m2b + n2c,
2 2 2
3 a + m3 b + n3c and /4a + m4b + n4c are coplanar, if
2a 2B /l mi 1
As, cosec — > 1, cosec - > 1
2 2
*v G m2 n2 1
=0
and cosec2 - > 1
2 G n3 1
••• They cannot be coplanar. G m4 n4 1
Sol. We know that, four points having position vectors, a,b,c and
• Ex. 77 If the vectors xi + j + k, i + yj + k and i + j + zk
d are coplanar, if there exists scalars x, y, z and t such that
are coplanar where,x * 1, y £ 1 and z £ 1, then prove that xa + yb + zc + td = 0 where, x+y+z+t=0
1 1 1
--------1---------+1--------= 1 So, the given points will be coplanar, if there exists scalars
1-x 1-y 1-z x, y, z and t such that
Sol. The vectors are coplanar, if we can find two scalars X and g x(/,a + mtb + n,c) + y(lp. + rrhb + n2c) + z(l& + n^b + n3c)
such that + t(/4a + m4b + n4c) = 0
(xi + j + k) = X(i + yj + k) + g(i + j + zk) where, x+y+z+t=0
40 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

=>(/tx + + Ip + l4t)a + (m,x + m^y + m3z + m4t)b Now, if A, B and C are collinear points, then AB and AC are in
+ fox + n?y + n^z + n4t)c = 0 the same line and BC = X (AC)
where, x+y+z+t=0 => (r3 - r2) = X(r2 - rj
/jX + Ijy + l3z + l4t = 0 r3 = - Xr] + (X + 1) r2
-(i)
m,x + my + m^z + m4t = 0 •••(ii) => r3 = - Xtj + mr2
rjjX + njy + + n4t = 0 ...(iii) where, I = -Xandm = X + 1
and x+y+z+t=0 ...(iv) I + m = — X + (X + 1) = 1
Eliminating x, y, z and t from above equations, we get
• Ex. 80 Show that points with position vectors
l\ h h h a - 2b + 3c, -2a + 3b - c and 4a - 7b + 7c are collinear. It is
m, m2 m3 m4
=0 given that vectors a, b andc and non-coplanar.
ni n2 n"33 n4
Sol. The three points are collinear, if we can find X], X2 and X3,
1
1111 1
such that
Xj (a — 2b + 3c) + X2 (—2a + 3b — c) + X3
• Ex. 79 lfr-i,r2 andr3 are the position vectors of three
(4a - 7b + 7c) = 0 with X] + X2 + X3 = 0
collinear points and scalars I and m exists such that On equating the coefficients a, b and c separately to zero, we
r3 = / r1 + mr2, then show that I + m = 1. get Xj — 2X2 + 4X3 — 0, — 2Xj + 3X2 —7X3 — 0 and
Sol. Let A, B and C be the three points whose position vectors 3X1-X2 + 7X3 = 0
referred to 0 are ij, r2 and r3, respectively. On solving we get Xj = -2,X2 = 1, X3 = 1
AB = OB - OA = r2 - Tj So that, Xj + X2 + X3 = 0
BC = OC -OB = r3 - r2 Hence, the given vectors are collinear.
 0 Vector Algebra Exercise 1:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
A • • • A A
1. Ifa =3i-2j + k,b = 2i-4j-3kandc = -i + 2j + 2k, 9. If 0 is the origin and the position vector of A is 4i + 5j,
thena+b + cis then a unit vector parallel to OA is
(a) 31 - 4j (b) 31 + 4j
(c) 41 - 4j (d) 41 + 4 j
2. What should be added in vector a = 3 i + 4 j - 2 k to get (c) + ~
I A V41 V41
its resultant a unit vector i ?
(a)-2i-4j + 2k (b)-2i + 4j-2k 10. The position vectors of the points A, B and C are
A A A A A A A A A

(c) 2i + 4j - 2k (d) None of these i + 2j-k, i + j + k and 2i + 3j + 2k, respectively. If A is

chosen as the origin, then the position vectors of B and
3. If a = 2i + j - 8k and b= i + 3j - 4k, then the magnitude
C are
of a + b is equal to (a) i + 2k, i + j + 3k (b) j + 2k, i + j + 3k
13
(a) 13 (b)y (c) -j + 2k, i - j + 3k (d)-j + 2k, i + j + 3k
_ . AAA
3 4 7 7. The position vectors of P and Q are 5i + 4 j + ok and
(b) - (d)-
13 13 AAA

- i + 2j - 2k, respectively. If the distance between them

4. If a = 2i + 5j and b — 2i — j, then the unit vector along is 7, then the value of a will be
a + b will be (a)-5,1 (b)5,1
(c) 0,5 (d)l, 0
(a>y
-vZ
(b)i + j
12. If position vector of points A, B and C are respectively i, j
(c) 72(1 + j) (d)27T and k and AB = CX, then position vector of point X is
(a)-i + j+k (b)i-j + k
5. The unit vector parallel to the resultant vector of (c)i + j-k (d)i + j + k
2i + 4j - 5k and i + 2j + 3k is A A A

13. The position vectors of A and B are 2i - 9j - 4k and

(a) 1(31+ 6]-2k) AAA

6i - 3j + 8k respectively, then the magnitude of AB is

(a) 11 (b) 12
(c) 13 (d) 14
A A A

(c) hb2k 14. If the position vectors of P and Q are (i + 3j - 7k) and
76 (5i - 2j + 4k), then | PQ| is
(d) 4=(-i-j + sk) (a) 7158 (b) 7160
(c) 7161 (d) 7162
6. If a = i + 2j + 3k, b = - i + 2j + k and c = 3i+j, then the A A A

15. If the position vectors of P and Q are i + 2j - 7 k and

unit vector along its resultant is A A A

5i - 3j + 4k respectively, the cosine of the angle between

, . - * * ,.. 3i + 51 + 4k
(a) 3i + 5j + 4k (b)-------—------ PQ and Z-axis is

(c)
3i + 5j + 4k
(d) None of these
(a) -4=
^162
(b)-^=
7162
5y/2
(c)
7. If a = (2,5) and b = (1, 4), then the vector parallel to 162 7162
A A A
(a+ b)is 16. If the position vectors of A and B are i + 3j - 7 k and
(a) (3, 5) (b)(l, 1)
5i - 2j + 4k, then the direction cosine of AB along Y-axis
(c)(l,3) (d) (8, 5)
is
8. In the AABC, AB =a, AC = c and BC=b, then 4
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a + b - c = 0 (a)
162 7162
(c)a-b+c = 0 (d)-a+b+c = 0 (c)-5 (d)ll
42 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry

17. The direction cosines of vector a = 3i + 4j + 5k in the 24. The position vector of the points which divides
direction of positive axis of X, is internally in the ratio 2 : 3 the join of the points 2a - 3b
and 3a-2b, is
(a) ±4= (b)-7= ,,12 13, ^,12 13
V50 V50 (a) —a + —b (b) — a----- b
3 4 55 5 5
(c)4= . ,3 2V
V50 V50 (c)-a - -b (d) None of these
AAA 5 5
18. The direction cosines of the vector 3i — 4 j 4- 5k are
25. If 0 is origin and C is the mid-point of A (2, -1) and
z J 4 1 _ 3 J_
( )5’ 5’5 572’5^’^ B (-4,3). Then, value of OC is
(a)i + j (b) x — j
zx_3_zl_l. (c)-i + j (d)-i-j
(C,72’^’^ ( } 5^2’5^2'72
26. If the position vectors of the points A and B are
19. The point having position vectors 2i + 3j + 4 k,
i + 3j - k and 3i - j - 3k, then what will be the position
3i + 4j + 2k and 4i + 2j + 3k are the vertices of
vector of the mid-point of AB
(a) right angled triangle
(a) i + 2j - k (b) 2i + j - 2k
(b) isosceles triangle
(c) equilateral triangle (c)2i + j-k (d)i + j-2k
(d) collinear 27. The position vectors of A and B are j - j + 2k and
20. If the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C of a 3i - j + 3k. The position vector of the middle point of
AABC are 7 j + 10k, - i + 6j + 6k and - 4i + 9 j + 6k, the line AB is
respectively. The triangle is (b) 2i-j+|k
(a) equilateral 2 2
(b) isosceles M 3« l1 , 3 •'
(c)-i--j + -k (d) None of these
(c) scalene 22 2
(d) right angled and isosceles also 28. If the vector bis collinear with the vector a = (2^2, -1,4)
21. If a, b and c are the position vectors of the vertices A, B and | b| = 10, then
and C of the AABC, then the centroid of AABC is (a)a±b=0 (b)a±2b = 0
a + b+c 1 (c) 2a ± b = 0 (d) None of these
(a)
3 ' ' 22k 2 ) 29. If a = (I,-l) and b = (-2, m) are two collinear vectors,
b+ c ... a + b+ c
(c)a + ——- (d)----- - -----
(d) then m is equal to
2 2
(a) 4 (b) 3
22. If in the given figure, OA = a, OB = b and AP: PB = m: n, (c) 2 (d) 0
then OP is equal to 30. The points with position vectors lOi + 3j, 12i - 5j and
ai +11j are collinear, if a is equal to
(a)-8 (b)4
(c)8 (d) 12
31. The vectors i + 2j + 3k, Xi + 4j + 7k, - 3i - 2j - 5k are
0 collinear, if X is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 4
, , ma + nb na + mb
(a)--------- (b)---------- (c)5 (d) 6
m+n m+n
... ma - nb 32. If the points a + b, a - b and a + fcb be collinear, then k is
(c) ma - nb (d)-----------
m-n equal to
(a)0 (b) 2
23. If a and bare position vector of two points A, B and C
(c) -2 (d) Any real number
divides AB in ratio 2:1, then position vector of C is
a + 2b 33. If the position vectors of A, B, C and D are
w— 2i + j, i - 3j, 3i + 2j and i + Xj respectively and AB 11 CD,
a+2 a+ b
(c) (d) then X will be
3 2 (b)-6
(a)-8
(c)8 (d)6
 Chap 01 Vector Algebra 43

34. If the vectors 3i + 2j - k and 6i - 4xj + yk are parallel, 43. ]fOP = 8 and OP makes angles 45° and 60° with OX-axis
then the value of x and y will be and Of-axis respectively, then OP is equal to
(a)-1,-2 (b)l,-2 (a) 8(72i + j ± k) (b) 4(721 + j ± k)
(c)-l,2 (d)l,2 (c) ^(721 + j ± k) (d) |(72i + J ± k)
4 8
35. If a and b are two non-collinear vectors and xa + yb=0
(a) x = 0, but y is not necessarily zero 44. Let a, b and c be three units vectors such that
(b) y = 0, but x is not necessarily zero 3a + 4b +5c = 0. Then which of the following statements
(c) x = 0, y = 0 is true?
(d) None of the above (a) a is parallel to b
36. Four non-zero vectors will always be (b) a is perpendicular to b
(a) linearly dependent (c) a is neither parallel nor perpendicular to b
(b) linearly independent (d) None of the above
(c) either (a) or (b) 45. A, B, C, D and E are five coplanar points, then
(d) None of the above DA+ DB+ DC +AE+ BE+CEis equal to
37. The vectors a, b and a + b are (a) DE (b)3DE
(a) collinear (b) coplanar (c)2DE (d)4ED
(c) non-coplanar (d) None of these 46. If the vectors a and b are linearly independent satisfying
38. If (x,y, z) * (0,0,0) and (i + j + 3k)x + (3i - 3j + k)y (73 tan0 + l)a +(73sec0-2)b =Q then the most
+(- 4i 4- 5j)z = X(xi 4-yj -f-zk), then the value of X general value of 0 are
. , It __ n. .1lit
will be (a) mt- — ,neZ (b)2mt±-----,n e Z
6 6
(a) — 2,0 (b)0, —2 .. It _ .1 lit _
(c)-l, 0 (d)0,-1 (c) rm ± —,n e Z (d) 2mt + —,n 6 Z
6 6
39. The number of integral values of p for which 47. The unit vector bisecting OY and OZ is
(p + l)i - 3j + pi, pi + (p + l)j - 3k and
(a)A±^ (b)lJS
- 3i + pj + (p + l)k are linearly dependent vectors is 73 72
(a)0 (b)l
(c)
M (d)zM
(c)2 (d) 3 72 72
40. The vectors AB = 3i + 4k and AC = 5i - 2j + 4k are the 48. A line passes through the points whose position vectors
A A A AAA
• _ • rtl 1 • O * i 1 *1- »t * 4 £

sides of a AABC. The length of the median through A is are i + j - 2k and i - 3j + k. The position vector of a
(a) 718 (b) 772 point on it at unit distance from the first point is
(c) 733 (d) 7288 (a) 1(51 + J-7k) (b) 1(41+ 9)-15k)
41. In the figure, a vectors x satisfies the equation x- w = v.
Then, x is equal to (c) (1-43 +3k) (d) 1(5-43 +3k)

/I
49. ]fD,E and F are the middle points of the sides BC, CA
and AB of the AABC, then AD + BE + CF is
(a) a zero vector (b) a unit vector
(c) 0 (d) None of these
B w D V 50. If P and Q are the middle points of the sides BC and CD
(a) 2a + b + c (b) a + 2b + c of the parallelogram ABCD, then AP + AQ is equal to
(c) a + b + 2c (d) a + b + c
(a) AC (b)-AC
42. Vectors a = i + 2j + 3k, b = 2i - j + k and c=3i + j + 4k 2
2 3
are so placed that the end point of one vector is the (b) ^AC (d)^AC
starting point of the next vector. Then the vectors are A A A A A

(a) not coplanar 51. The figure formed by the four points i + j - k, 2i + 3j,
(b) coplanar but cannot form a triangle 3i + 5j — 2k and k - j is
(c) coplanar and form a triangle (a) rectangle (b) parallelogram
(d) coplanar and can form a right angled triangle (c) trapezium (d) None of these
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Milk-sugar 4.5 ” ”
Salts 0.7 ” ”
Water 93.0 ” ”

Sometimes sugar is the primary cause of intestinal fermentation, due to the

concentration of the whey and the relative proportions of casein and sugar in the
mixture.
According to Finkelstein and Meyer, to prepare a food which will combat intestinal
fermentation there must be:
A diminution in the quantity of milk-sugar, a diminution of the salts through dilution
of the whey, and an increase in the casein, with varying, and, under certain
circumstances, not inconsiderable amounts of fat. After improvement has begun, an
easily assimilable and consequently little fermentable carbohydrate should be added.
They developed a food to meet these requirements to which they gave the name
of “Eiweissmilch.” This food is prepared as follows:

Heat one quart of whole milk to 100 F.; add four teaspoonfuls of essence of
pepsin, and stir. Let the mixture stand at 100 F. until the curd has formed, then
strain. Press the mass of curd through a rather fine sieve two or three times by the
means of a wooden mallet or spoon. Add one pint of water to the curd during this
process. The mixture should now look like milk and the precipitate must be very
finely divided. Add one pint of buttermilk to this mixture.
Finkelstein and Meyer used buttermilk in the preparation of this food:
(1) Because of the small amount of milk-sugar which it contains;
(2) To obtain the good effects of the lactic acid;
(3) Because buttermilk can be kept for a longer time.
The composition of this food is:

Fat 2.5%
Sugar 1.5%
Protein 3.0%
Salts 0.5%

One quart of this milk contains about 360 calories.

They call attention to the low caloric value of this food and to the necessity of
increasing it as soon as possible by the addition of dextrin-maltose mixtures.
 They claim that it is worthy of employment in all the disturbances of nutrition in
infants, which are accompanied by diarrhea, of no matter what kind. The use of this
food has been extended by others to all sorts of conditions including the feeding of
healthy infants and the newly born, and good results are claimed for it.
To use a food low in sugar and salts and high in protein in the fermentative
conditions caused by sugar, is rational. In these conditions the substitution of the
dextrin-maltose mixtures for lactose is also good.
Not all disturbances of nutrition accompanied by diarrhea, however, are due to the
same cause and should not be treated in the same way. No method of feeding can
be applicable to both the sick and the well, nor can all babies be given the same
food without regard to their individual digestive ability.
The main principles of this method of treating intestinal fermentative conditions
may be used and, at the same time, the disadvantages of a routine food may be
avoided, by applying the modification of milk by the percentage method as given by
Moise and Talbot.

To sterilize the milk it should be heated to 212 F., that

Sterilizing and temperature being maintained for ten minutes or longer.
Pasteurizing
Many physicians consider pasteurization the better process.
In this the milk is heated to from 150 to 165 F. and kept at that temperature for
from twenty to thirty minutes. Boiling produces chemical changes, such as
converting the milk-sugar into caramel, etc., while pasteurizing does not.
After pasteurization or sterilization, the milk should be quickly cooled to a
temperature of 40 F. or lower and kept, until used, in bottles corked with non-
absorbent cotton.
Sterilized or pasteurized milk does not keep as well as raw milk probably on
account of the change in the ferments which destroy bacteria; therefore the baby’s
milk should be pasteurized fresh every day.
Freeman’s pasteurizer is a very satisfactory and simple device. It consists of a
metal pail into which is fitted a rack with a separate cylinder for each bottle. This
holds just enough cold water to surround the bottle and keep it from cracking
through a sudden change of temperature. The pail, containing a certain amount of
water, is placed on the stove, the water is heated to the boiling point, the pail being
then removed. The rack of bottles containing the milk preparation, with corks of
non-absorbent cotton, is placed in it and the lid applied. The apparatus is placed
away from a direct current of air for about forty-five minutes.
As the water in the pail cools, the milk in the bottles grows warm until both are at
the same temperature. After forty-five minutes, cold water is turned into the pail to
cool the bottles rapidly. They are then kept on ice until again warmed ready for use.
This is the simplest and best way to pasteurize milk and the expense is small.
Improvised apparatus may be used, but it requires much more labor and is not as
satisfactory.
All milk should be sterilized or pasteurized before being used as a food for infants.
The following table shows an analysis of milks and infant foods helpful in the
selection of a food to supply deficiencies indicated by a chemical analysis of the
infant.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MILKS AND INFANT FOODS (COMPILED)
(Percentage of Composition of the Dry Substance)
Borden’s Mellin’s Eskay’s
Borden’s Horlick’s Nestle’s
Mother’s Cow’s Condensed Food Food
COMPONENTS Malted Malted Food (Milk
Milk Milk Milk (Eagle (Milk (Milk
Milk Milk Substitute)
Brand) Modifier) Modifier)
Protein 14.00 27.00 15.10 13.83 10.10 12.40 12.10 6.82
Fat 31.00 31.00 9.20 7.90 12.10 4.15 0.25 3.58
Cane-Sugar None None None None 59.1 22.10 None None
Other Soluble
Carbohydrates
52.00[18] 36.00[18] 69.77[19] 66.56[19] 16.0[18] 35.00[19] 84.00[19] 56.78[20]
(Lactose,
Maltose, etc.)
Starch None None None None None 25.70 None 30.42
Ash (Mineral
2.00 5.00 3.46 3.42 2.4 1.62 3.78 1.00
Content)

The following table from Holt shows at a glance the comparative average
composition of human and cow’s milk:
HUMAN AND COW’S MILK COMPARED
Human Milk Cow’s Milk
Fat 4% 4%
Sugar 7% 4.5%
Proteins 1.5% 3.5%
Salts 0.2% 0.75%
Water 87.30% 87.25%
Total 100.00% 100.00%

Barley, rice, oatmeal, corn meal and soy-bean flour are

generally used. If the grains of the cereals are used, they must Gruels
be cooked from three to four hours.
 As a rule, cereal gruels are made by cooking the flour and water for from fifteen
to twenty minutes. Two ounces to the quart is about as strong as plain gruels can be
made.
Dextrinized gruels may be made as high as eight ounces to the quart. Four level
tablespoonfuls of the cereal flour weigh one ounce.
As the soy bean contains no starch, it does not thicken when cooking.
About 1 level tablespoonful to 3 ounces of soy-bean flour are used to the quart.
One or 2 tablespoonfuls of barley, oat, or wheat gruel may be added before cooking
to increase the nutritive value. One ounce of soy-bean flour, or 2 ounces of barley
flour, to 1 quart of water makes a very good standard gruel. It contains 2 per cent.
protein, 0.6 per cent. fat, 5.1 per cent. carbohydrates, giving a food value of ten
calories per ounce, just one-half the value of milk. In certain forms of intestinal
trouble in which cow’s milk is not assimilated, this gruel is valuable used with
condensed milk.
Malted gruels are made by adding 1 teaspoonful of good malt extract or diastase
to a cereal gruel after it has been cooled. It should be stirred in very thoroughly.

In artificial feeding “spitting” is usually an annoying symptom

Vomiting that does not indicate anything more serious than an
overloaded stomach. This condition is usually relieved by
lengthening the feeding intervals to four hours.
On the other hand, vomiting usually indicates something more serious in a bottle-
fed baby, especially if it is very persistent. It is usually a sign that cow’s milk, or the
preparation of it, is not agreeing with the infant. It also indicates a digestive
disturbance that should be treated only by the physician, who will probably change
the formula.
Occasional vomiting is sometimes due to too rich food and too frequent feeding.
Lengthening the feeding hours and decreasing the amount of fat in the mixture will
usually eliminate the trouble.

This is the most common of all of baby’s troubles. It is often

Colic due to too rapid feeding either from the breast or bottle, and
when there is a tendency to colic, the feeding should be slower.
The baby should not be fed while it is suffering from colic, even though it seems
that the drinking of warm milk relieves it temporarily. Hot water should be given
every half-hour or hour until relieved. If the baby seems cold, hot water slightly
sweetened, and a hot bath, should be given at once. A hot-water bottle may be
placed near it as well.
In colic there is severe pain in the abdomen, which is swollen and hard. Sudden
and violent crying is usually a symptom of colic, which often ceases very suddenly
after the emission of gas from the mouth or bowels.
If the baby seems exhausted, the physician should be summoned at once, but
these suggestions may be helpful until the physician arrives.
When colic is very frequent in a bottle-fed baby, the food should be modified.

The character of the stools depends primarily on the

composition of the food. They are varied according to the The Stools in
digestive powers of the infant, and according to the amount Infancy
and rapidity of absorption of the products of digestion. The
amount of absorption depends to a considerable extent on the rapidity with which
the contents pass through the intestinal tract.

The nature of the food, of course, influences the character of the stools. The
examination of the stools is of the greatest aid in determining whether or not any
given food element is properly digested and assimilated, and, in many diseased
conditions, in telling what element is at fault. This, however, can only be determined
by analysis, but a little information on this subject will be of value to the mother or
nurse.
During the first few weeks or months of life, the breast-fed infant has three or
four stools daily. These are of about the consistency of thick pea soup and are
golden yellow. The number of stools gradually diminishes to two or three in the
twenty-four hours, and the consistency becomes more salve-like.
It is not uncommon for thriving breast-fed babies to have a large number of stools
of diminished consistency and of a brownish color; in such instances, the
examination of the breast milk will show that the proteins are high.
It is best not to pay too much attention to the stools if the baby is gaining in
weight and appears well. It is not unusual to find many soft fine curds and
sometimes mucus in the stools of healthy breast-fed babies.
It is not only unnecessary, but decidedly wrong to wean a baby simply because
the stools are abnormal, if it is doing well in other ways. The breast-fed infant will
often go weeks or months without a normal stool and yet thrive perfectly. On the
other hand, if a baby has such stools when it is taking cow’s milk it is a decided
evidence of malnutrition.
Infants that are thriving on cow’s milk have, as a general rule, fewer movements
in the twenty-four hours than do breast-fed babies and these movements are firmer
in consistency.

Constipation seems to be the chief difficulty in artificial

Constipation feeding, due usually to the poor absorption of fat, or the low
percentage necessary to prevent indigestion. If the constipation
is not severe, the substitution of oatmeal for barley water in the mixture will usually
relieve the trouble.
If the constipation is severe, causing occasional attacks of colic or straining at
stool, it is sometimes advisable to give a little higher percentage of fat in the
mixture, but this should be done very cautiously and usually on the advice of the
physician.
If, however, this does not relieve the trouble, the best plan is to substitute one of
the dextrin-maltose mixtures for milk-sugar or cane-sugar. The malt itself is not
especially laxative but it prevents the excessive fermentation which usually occurs
when the bowels are very costive.

Two, three, or more green and loose evacuations, even

though they may contain whitish particles of undigested fat, Diarrhea
are of no great significance in the breast-fed infant, but should
be regarded as danger signals in bottle-fed babies.
Even a mild attack of diarrhea is usually a symptom of fat-dyspepsia which, if
taken in time, may usually be promptly checked.
A dose of castor-oil at the beginning of the attack may relieve any irritation that
might have caused the trouble.
It is best to omit all food for at least twenty-four hours. Plain water should be
given very freely and occasionally barley water, if the baby is hungry. After that it is
best to start with a mixture low in fat. Skimmed milk or boiled milk free from all fat,
diluted with cereal water, may be given at regular intervals.
Should slight diarrheal attacks continue, or should the stools be of a diarrheal
character, the wisest plan is to substitute a dextrin-maltose mixture for the sugar, as
malt decidedly favors fat absorption.
 In almost every case of infantile diarrhea it is advisable to consult the physician,
especially if there is considerable restlessness and rise in temperature.
Diarrhea is more frequent in summer among bottle-fed babies, as the heat often
promotes the growth of germs in the milk. Therefore to sterilize or pasteurize milk
during the heated months is especially necessary.
A chill, due to insufficient clothing, will sometimes cause diarrhea. The abdomen,
arms, and legs should be kept warm by close-fitting garments of soft wool.

In treating anemia in infants, as in adults, the cause should

Anemia be removed by correcting any errors in diet and treating any
other physical deficiencies.
The cause of infantile anemia is an insufficient absorption of iron from the food.
The amount of iron in both human milk and cow’s milk is small and is insufficient
for the needs of the growing infant. However, Nature has deposited enough iron in
the liver of the new-born infant to last until it can digest foods which contain iron in
sufficient amounts. The iron in human milk is apparently more easily retained than
that in the milk of animals.
The iron content of human milk is dependent on the general condition of the
mother. It is higher in healthy individuals and lower in those under par.
Anemia in infants is apt to become severe and often take on a pernicious form. A
prolonged intestinal disturbance often brings on anemia, and not infrequently
anemia is due to a deficiency of protein in the food.
The treatment consists largely of additions or changes in the diet, depending on
the age of the infant. Purées of vegetables that contain much iron, such as spinach
and carrots, and also fruit juices, are valuable and in proper proportions can be
added to the diet after the age of six months. It is best that the physician decide on
the advisability of this as it will depend on the general condition of the infant.

Rickets, a chronic impairment of nutrition, affects not only

the bones, but all of the tissues of the body, particularly the Rickets
nervous system. Artificial feeding is the chief cause of rickets
on account of the poor absorption of fats, and often because of protein starvation.
Prepared foods, on account of their large percentage of starch and their lack of
protein and butter-fat are frequently the cause of rickets.
In addition to its fuel value, milk-fat contains the elements which promote growth.
 As previously stated, the infant requires a certain percentage of protein, fat, and
mineral for the blood and tissue building and the growth of the bones. In artificial
feeding, the preparations given are often deficient in these important elements.
Climate and poor hygienic surroundings sometimes cause rickets in breast-fed
babies, probably on account of the lowered vitality of the mother and the child and
consequently poor digestion and assimilation, but it is most frequently found in
babies improperly fed.
Dr. Winfield S. Hall says:
Fresh milk, appropriately modified and in proper amount, together with such other
food as is indicated for the age and weight, is the important point in the treatment of
rickets. Fresh air, day and night, sunshine and outdoor life, are only next in happiness.
Cod-liver oil, especially with the addition of phosphorus, is a very valuable addition to
the treatment.

Rickets is a chronic condition, while scurvy is an acute

Scurvy disease.
This difficulty is considered as entirely due to improper feeding and therefore
must be overcome by a change of diet. Recovery is usually very rapid when the child
is properly fed.
Pains and tenderness about the joints, particularly of the legs, are the usual
symptoms, causing the baby to cry when it is lifted or moved about. The gums
sometimes become swollen and bleed. In almost every case it is found that infants
suffering from scurvy have been on a continuous diet of prepared foods like malted
milk, condensed milk, or boiled milk which Dr. Hall terms “dead food,” presumably
on account of a lack of the life-giving proteins and butter-fat.
When boiled milk has been used, the change should be made to pasteurized milk
or raw milk if it can be secured clean and fresh. If prepared foods have been given,
the amount should be greatly decreased and replaced by a cow’s-milk preparation in
which a small percentage of the prepared food may be included, or, better still,
omitted entirely, if a cow’s-milk preparation including a good substantial gruel will
agree.
In scurvy, orange juice or other fruit juices should be given, from 1 to 4 ounces a
day, according to the age. Orange juice is particularly valuable, 2 or 3 teaspoonfuls
being given before each feeding.
A lack of fresh air often aids in producing scurvy.
 After the baby has reached the age of one year, we often feel
that it is not necessary to be so careful of its diet. However, the Feeding during the
number of deaths due to digestive disturbances caused by Second Year
improper feeding during the second year is significant.
After the child is a year old it should be given solid food very gradually to develop
its digestive functions as well as its teeth. A soft-boiled egg or a little beef juice may
be added to the diet. Until the appearance of the anterior molar teeth, however, the
child’s diet should be confined largely to milk. A thin slice of buttered bread or a little
plain rice or rice pudding, a soda cracker or bread crumbs in milk may be given. The
year-old child may also begin to drink cow’s milk. One or two glasses a day may be
given, until the child is at least 13 or 14 years old.
Good judgment should be used in feeding children, as habits and tastes are being
formed, and whether they are normal or abnormal will depend on the kind of food
given and when.
Four meals a day, at regular intervals, and nothing but water between these
intervals, is considered the best plan.
Dry toast, zwieback, and crackers may be gradually added to the diet, also well-
cooked cereals, like cream of wheat, rice, and oatmeal. The oatmeal should be
strained the first few months it is given. Very little sugar should be added to the
cereals, as children very quickly cultivate a desire for sweets, rejecting other more
nourishing foods, and too much sugar is apt to disturb the digestion. It is best
during the first few months that no sugar be added to cereals.
The amount of whole milk, or milk diluted with barley or oatmeal gruel, should be
limited to one quart when the other foods are given.
Beef juice (from one to two ounces), mutton broth, chicken broth, and cereal
broths may be given after the age of one year; not more than two ounces at first,
gradually increasing in a few months’ time to four ounces. This is best given at the
beginning of the noon feeding. These broths have little nutritive value, but usually
stimulate the appetite for other foods.
The child must build muscle, bone, and sinew, and more protein is required as
soon as he begins to walk. Milk, eggs, and cereals will furnish this. The heavier
protein diet is best given at eighteen months to two years, in eggs, cooked soft. An
egg may be given every other day, soft boiled for about two minutes, or coddled for
four minutes. At the age of two years an egg may be given every day. These soft-
cooked eggs are best when mixed with broken dry toast or broken whole wheat or
Graham crackers, because if dry food is served with them they will be better
masticated, hence more saliva be mixed with them.
The habit of thorough mastication should be cultivated at this period.
Oatmeal, thoroughly cooked, and shredded wheat, with cream and sugar, ripe
fruit, bread and butter, milk, soft-cooked eggs (poached or boiled), constitute a
rational diet at this age.
Bread is better broken in milk because the chewing movements mix the saliva
with the milk and smaller curds are formed as the milk enters the stomach.
Custard may after two years be added to the diet, also baked or mashed potato,
plain boiled macaroni, also a little butter on the potato, toast, or bread.
Also after the age of eighteen months, a small quantity of very lean meat, like
scraped or chopped beef or lamb, or finely minced chicken, may be given once a
day.
Also well-cooked and mashed vegetables like peas, spinach, carrots, and
asparagus tips. For the first few months these should be strained.
Some fruit should also be given each day, orange juice, apple sauce, or the pulp
of stewed prunes; the latter especially is valuable when the bowels are inclined to
be constipated.
Tea, coffee, and cocoa are absolutely objectionable, and before the age of two
years no kind of candy should be given.
One of the most important things to teach the child, when it is taking foods other
than milk, is thorough mastication, not only to assist the proper growth of the teeth,
but to prevent the digestive disturbances that invariably occur from the bolting of
food, and children are especially liable to do this.
Dry toast and zwieback compel mastication and strengthen the gums. These
should be given in the hand, a piece at mealtime and occasionally between meals, if
the child seems hungry. The child will then gradually get into the habit of chewing
other solid foods when they are given.
If the child is hungry between meals, he should be fed at a regular period,
midway between breakfast and luncheon and between luncheon and the evening
meal. The food should be dry (toast or a dry cracker) to induce thorough and slow
mastication.
Many object to “piecing” between meals, but if this piecing be done at hours as
regular as his meal hour, and the food be dry and well masticated, it will readily
digest and will not interfere with his meals. The growing child needs more frequent
meals than the adult. His stomach is not so large, he is active in outdoor exercise,
and eliminates waste freely. He also requires much heat and energy. The active child
at outdoor play uses almost as much energy as the laboring man.
Many mothers are in doubt as to whether the baby’s food should be salted. It is
necessary to add a very little salt to the food for the baby; broths should be
seasoned slightly and a pinch of salt added to potatoes and eggs. Cereals and
vegetables are cooked in water to which a little salt has been added.
 Experienced observers of children and their ailments and diseases have said that
more babies are killed by overfeeding than by underfeeding. Especially in summer,
when the child’s condition reflects that of the mother, too much food will cause
indigestion, irritation of the stomach, and diarrhea.
Often the child is fretful because it is too warm or is thirsty. It will often be
benefited by giving it less food and more water. This fretful mind affects the child’s
digestion just as it affects the digestion of the mother.
If a healthy child refuses good, wholesome food because it wishes some other
than what is offered it, it is not hungry and doesn’t need the food.
The growing child craves sweets, but a child should not be given candy whenever
it wants it during the day. Candy or sugar is quickly converted into heat and is best
eaten immediately following a meal. Sugar may be spread on bread for the four
o’clock lunch or a little candy may be eaten at this time. Two or three pieces of
candy an inch square are sufficient.

FOOTNOTES:

[18] All lactose (milk-sugar).

[19] Mostly maltose (a hard, crystalline sugar formed by the action of malt on
starch).
[20] Mostly lactose.
 APPENDIX

MEASURES AND WEIGHTS

A few tables of measures may be helpful here because accurate

measurements are necessary to insure success in the preparation of
any article of food.
All dry ingredients, such as flour, meal, powdered sugar, etc.,
should be sifted before measuring.
The standard measuring cup contains one-half pint and is divided
into fourths and thirds.
To measure a cupful or spoonful of dry ingredients, fill the cup or
spoon and then level off with the back of a case-knife.
In measures of weight the gram is the unit.
A “heaping cupful” is a level cup with two tablespoonfuls added.
A “scant cupful” is a level cup with two tablespoonfuls taken out.
A “saltspoon” is one-fourth of a level teaspoon.
To measure butter, lard, and other solid foods, pack solidly in
spoon or cup and level with a knife.
TABLE OF MEASURES AND WEIGHTS[21]
4 saltspoons = 1 teaspoon, tsp.
3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon, tbsp.
4 tablespoons = 1/4 cup or 1/2 gill.
16 tablespoons (dry ingredients) = 1 cup, c.
12 tablespoons (liquid) = 1 cup.
2 gills = 1 cup.
2 cups = 1 pint.
2 pints = 1 quart.
4 quarts = 1 gallon.
2 tablespoons butter = 1 ounce.
1 tablespoon melted butter = 1 ounce.
4 tablespoons flour = 1 ounce.
2 tablespoons granulated sugar = 1 ounce.
2 tablespoons liquid = 1 ounce.
2 tablespoons powdered lime = 1 ounce.
1 cup of stale bread crumbs = 2 ounces.
1 square Baker’s unsweetened chocolate = 1 ounce.
Juice of one lemon = (about) 3 tablespoons.
5 tablespoons liquid = 1 wineglassful.
4 cups of sifted flour = 1 pound.
2 cups of butter (packed solidly) = 1 pound.
2 cups of finely chopped meat (packed solidly) = 1 pound.
2 cups of granulated sugar = 1 pound.
22/5 cups of powdered sugar = 1 pound.
22/3 cups brown sugar = 1 pound.
22/3 cups oatmeal = 1 pound.
43/4 cups rolled oats = 1 pound.
9 or 10 eggs = 1 pound.
1 cup of rice = 1/2 pound.
APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHTS[22]
20 grains = 1 scruple, ℈
3 scruples = 1 drachm, ʒ
8 drachms (or 480 grains) = 1 ounce, ℥
12 ounces = 1 pound, lb.
APOTHECARIES’ MEASURES[22]
60 minims (M) = 1 fluid drachm, fʒ
8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid ounce, f℥
16 fluid ounces = 1 pint, o or pt.
2 pints = 1 quart, qt.
4 quarts = 1 gallon, gal.
APPROXIMATE MEASURES[23]
One teaspoonful equals about 1 fluid drachm.
One dessertspoonful equals about 2 fluid drachms.
One tablespoonful equals about 4 fluid drachms.
One wineglassful equals about 2 ounces.
One cup (one-half pint) equals about 8 ounces.
METRIC MEASURES OF WEIGHT[23]
In measures of weight the gram is the unit.
1 gram 1.0 gm.
1 decigram 0.1 gm.
1 centigram 0.01 gm.
1 milligram 0.001 gm.

FOOTNOTES:

[21] Practical Dietetics, Alida Frances Pattee.

[22] Practical Dietetics, Alida Frances Pattee.
[23] Practical Dietetics, Alida Frances Pattee.
 INDEX

Absorption of food, 145

Achlorhydria, 258
Acne, 295
Adulteration of foods, 118
Age, 165
Diet in, 230
Affecting digestion, 165
Albumin, 10
Albumin water, 309
Albuminoids, 12, 56
Alcohol, 184
Alkalies, 45
Almond oil, 25
Anemia, 37, 245-250
Appetite, affecting digestion, 160, 161, 163, 164
Apples, 47, 49, 51
Apricots, 47
Arrowroot, 20
Asparagus, 43, 44
Asthma, 282
Athlete, diet for, 228

Baking soda, 136

Balanced diets, 232
Bananas, 48, 49-50
Barley, 74
Barley water, 310
Beans, 43, 82, 85-86
Beef, 53, 54
Beets, 39, 41
Beverages, 103-109
Bile, 144
Biliousness, 267
Biscuits, 68
Blackberries, 48
Blood, affecting digestion, 157
Bouillons, 57
Boy or girl, diet for, 226-228
Bread, 66
Bread and crackers, 61, 62
Graham bread
Rye bread
Wheat bread
Graham crackers
Oatmeal ”
Oyster ”
Soda ”
Breakfast foods, 72-80
Breathing, 3
Blight’s disease, 272
Brussels sprouts, 43
Business man, diet for, 224
Butter, 89
Buttermilk, 89, 101

Cabbage, 44
Caffein, 106
Calcium, 4, 6, 34, 36, 59
Calories, 127-129
Candy, 15-16
Carbohydrates, 13
Carbon, 4, 122
Carbon dioxid, 20
Carbonaceous foods, 4, 9, 10, 38-53
Carbonaceous foodstuffs, 13-25
Carbo-nitrogenous foods, 9, 61-102
Carrots, 39, 41
Casein, 90
Cassava, 20
Catarrh of intestines, 264
Catarrh of stomach, 253
Celery, 43, 44
Cells, formation of, 1, 2
Cellulose, 45
Cereal coffees, 80-81
Cereals, 61-80
Cheese, 89, 100
Cherries, 47
Chicken, 57
Chlorin, 4
Chocolate, 108
Chorea, 291
Circulation affecting digestion, 181
Citrates, 45
Citric acid, 45
Citrus fruits, 216
Clams, 55
Classification of foods, 38-102
Carbonaceous, 38-53
Fruits, 45
Green vegetables, 42
Roots and tubers, 38
Carbo-nitrogenous foods, 61-102
Cereals, 61
Legumes, 82
Milk, 89
Nitrogenous foods, 53-59
Eggs, 58
Meat, 53
Cocoa, 108
Cod-liver oil, 24
Coffee, 106-107
Condiments, 109-111
Capers
Catsup
 Cinnamon
Ginger
Horseradish
Mustard
Pepper
Salt
Spices
Tabasco sauce
Worcestershire sauce
Constipation, 96, 97, 262
Convalescent, feeding the, 302
Cooking, 185-199
Corn, 71
Cornstarch, 10
Cotton-seed oil, 24
Crabs, 55
Cranberries, 48
Cream, 89
Cucumbers, 43
Currants, 48, 52
Custards, 314, 315

Dates, 48
Diabetes, 279
Diet, in abnormal conditions, 242-304
In age, 230, 231
For athlete, 228
For boy or girl, 226-228
For business man, 224
For laboring man, 229-230
 In sedentary occupation, 222-224
In traveling, 213
Mixed, versus vegetable, 210
Diets, 216-231
Digestion, 133-150
Intestinal, 143
Salivary, 135
Stomach, 140
Dilatation of the stomach, 259
Diuretic foods, 126
Dysentery, 265
Dyspepsia, 250

Economy in food, 148

Eczema, 294
Effervescing waters, 109
Eggnog, 60, 308
Egg preparations, 308
Eggs, 58
Elimination, 2, 130-133
Energy, 2, 13, 120-129
Enteritis, 264
Epithelium, 136
Exercise, 2
Exercise and breathing affecting digestion, 171-174

Fatigue, 174
Fats, 13, 21-25, 58, 59
 Almond oil
Butter
Cod-liver oil
Cotton-seed oil
Cream
Meat fat
Nut oils
Olive oils
Figs, 48
Fish, 54, 55, 58
Flaxseed tea, 276
Flour and meals, 62-65, 73, 74
Bran
Corn
Gluten
Graham
Nutri meal
Oatmeal
Wheat
Whole wheat
Food elements, 3, 8, 9
Foodstuffs, 8-10
Frequency of meals affecting digestion, 169
Fruits, 45-53
Bland, 47
Dates
Figs
Prunes
Raisins
Sweet, 47
Apples
Bananas
 Blackberries
Blueberries
Grapes
Peaches
Pears
Plums
Raspberries
Fruit juices, 305
Fruit sugar (levulose), 14, 15

Gallstones, 269
Gastritis, 253
Gelatinoids, 12, 56
Glucose, 10, 15, 16, 40
Gluten, 5, 10
Glycerin, 22
Glycogen, 16, 21, 151
Gooseberries, 47
Gout, 277
Grapefruit, 46
Grape juice, 307
Grapes, 48, 50
Greens, 43
Gruels, 314, 317
Gum-chewing, 139

Ham, 54
Heat and energy, 3, 120-129
Hives, 293
Honey, 10, 15
Hydrochloric acid, 34, 35, 46, 140
Hydrogen, 4
Hyperchlorhydria, 257
Hypochlorhydria, 257

Ice-cream, 115
Improperly balanced diet, 221
Indigestion, 250
Mental effect on, 135
Nervous, 252
Infant feeding, 320-356
Influence of mind, 177-178
Insufficient diet, effect of, vii
Intestinal disorders, 262
Intestinal indigestion, 143
Intestines, work of, 141-148
Invalids, foods for, 305
Iron, 4, 37, 59
Itching, 295

Jellies, 313, 314

Junket, 102, 314

Kidneys, derangements of, 271

Affecting digestion, 155, 160
Kumyss, 98
Laboring man, diet for, 229-230
Lactose, 15
Leanness, 298
Legumes, 63, 82-87
Beans
Lentils
Peanuts
Peas
Lemonade, 60, 108, 306
Lemons, 46, 48
Lentils, 82
Lettuce, 43
Levulose, 15
Lime, 7
Lime water, 96
Limes, 46
Liquid foods, 307
Liver, derangements of, 266
Affecting digestion, 151-152, 159
Work of, 151-152
Lobster, 55, 58
Lungs, 153, 154, 155, 160

Macaroni, 62, 69, 203

Magnesium, 4, 34, 45, 46, 59
Malates, 45
Malic acid, 45
Maltose, 15, 143
Maple sugar, 15
Meat broths, 312
Meat juices, 311
Metabolism, 1, 130-133
Milk, 308
Albuminized, 309
And milk products, 89-102
Malted, 92-93
Mind, influence of, 177
Mineral salts, 6, 34-37
Waters, 30
Mollusks, 55
Mould, 68
Mouth, 138
Mulberries, 48
Muscles, work of, 152, 160
Mussels, 58
Mustard, 110
Mutton, 54

Nasal passages, 138

Nephritis, 272
Nerves, work of, 153, 154, 160
Neuralgia, 289
Neurasthenia, 287
Nitrogen, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11
Nitrogenous foods, 9, 10, 53-60
 Foodstuffs, 10-13
Nut oil, 24
Nuts, 87-88

Oats, 61
Obesity, 299
Olive oil, 24, 25
Onions, 39, 40
Orangeade, 60, 306
Oranges, 45, 46, 48
Organs and conditions affecting digestion, 151-184
Age, 165
Appetite, 160
Blood, 157
Circulation, 181
Exercise and breathing, 171
Fatigue, 174
Frequency of meals, 169
Influence of mind, 177
Intestines, 156
Kidneys, 155
Liver, 151
Lungs, 153
Muscles, 152
Nerves, 153, 154
Regularity of eating, 168
Season and climate, 164
Skin, 155
Sleep, 177
Tobacco and alcohol, 184
Ventilation, 174
Overeating, effect of, vi
Oxidation, 124, 125
Oxygen, 4
Oysters, 55, 58

Pancreatic juices, 20, 34

Pancreatin, 99, 223
Parsnips, 38, 39, 41
Pastry, 194
Peaches, 47
Peanuts, 83
Pears, 48
Peas, 43, 82, 85, 86
Pectin, 45
Pepsin, 140
Peristalsis, 142
Phosphates, 11
Phosphorus, 4, 36, 59
Pineapples, 48, 52
Plums, 47
Poisoning from food, 113-118
Potassium, 4, 34, 36, 46, 51, 59
Potatoes, 39-40
Poultry, 54
Predigested foods, 78
Preservation of foods, 111-113
Prolapsus of stomach, 259
Protein, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 53-60
Prunes, 48
Pruritus, 295
Ptyalin, 136
Purposes of food, 1-3
Produce heat and energy
Rebuild tissue
Pylorus, 142
Pyorrhea, 138

Quinces, 52

Raisins, 48
Raspberries, 48
Recipes for invalids and semi-invalids, 305
Regularity of eating affecting digestion, 168
Rennin or rennet, 90, 140, 141
Repair of waste, 130-133
Rheumatism, 297
Rhubarb, 43, 44
Rice, 61, 69
Rye, 61

Saccharin, 15
Sago, 10, 20
Soup, 311
Saliva, 20
Affecting digestion, 158
Salivary digestion, 135
Salts, 6, 34-37
Calcium (lime), 34, 36
Iron, 34
Magnesium, 34
Potassium, 36
Sodium, 34, 35, 36
Sausage, 54
Season and climate, 164
Sedentary occupation, diet in, 223-224
Shrimps, 55
Skin, work of, 155, 156
Skin diseases, 292
Sleep, 177
Soap, 22
Sodium carbonate (baking soda), 136
Sodium chlorid (salt), 4, 34, 35, 36, 46, 136
Souffles, 318
Soups, 313
Spaghetti, 69
Spinach, 43
Starch, 20-21, 136
Steapsin, 144
Stomach, 158
Strawberries, 48
Sucrose, 14, 15
Sugar, 10, 14, 19
Cane sugar (sucrose), 14, 15
 Fruit sugar (levulose), 14, 15
Sugar of grapes or corn (glucose), 15, 16
Sugar of malt (maltose), 15
Sugar of milk (lactose), 15, 16
Sulphates, 11
Sulphur, 4, 11, 36, 59
Syrups, 10
Sweat-baths, 2
Sweetbreads, 54

Tables of use in making up balanced diets, 232

Tannin, 49, 104
Tapioca, 10, 20
Tartaric acid, 45
Tartrates, 45
Tea, 104
Terrapin, 55
Theobromin, 108
Tired, meaning of, 131
Toasts, 318
Tobacco, 184
Tomatoes, 43, 44
Traveling, diet in, 213
Trypsin, 141
Tuberculosis, 283
Turnips, 39, 41

Ulcer of the stomach, 260