TITLE OF THE PROJECT

A PROJECT REPORT

submitted by

Student Name 1 TVE23EC234

Student Name 2 TVE23EC00X
Student Name 3 TVE23EC00X
Student Name 4 TVE23EC00X

to
the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Applied Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

College of Engineering Trivandrum
695016
May 2024
 DECLARATION

We, the undersigned, declare that the project report Title of the Project
submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology of the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Kerala,
is a bonafide work done by me under supervision of Prof. Guide Name. This
submission represents my ideas in my own words and where ideas or words of
others have been included, I have adequately and accurately cited and referenced
the sources. We also declare we have adhered to the ethics of academic honesty and
integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated any data or idea or fact or source
in my submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be a cause for
disciplinary action by the institute and/or the University and can also evoke penal
action from the sources that have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been obtained. This report has not been previously formed the
basis for the award of any degree, diploma, or similar title of any other University.

Signature of student : Signature of student : ......................................

Name of student : Student Name 1 Name of student : Student Name 2
Signature of student : .......................... Signature of student : ......................................
Name of student : Student Name 3 Name of student : Student Name 4

Place : ..........................
Date : March 13, 2024

2
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
College of Engineering Trivandrum
Thiruvananthapuram
695016

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled Title of the Project submit-
ted by Student Name 1, Student Name 2, Student Name 3, Student Name
4 to the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Applied
Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering is a bonafide record of the project work
carried out by him/her under my/our guidance and supervision. This report in any
form has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for any purpose.

Internal Supervisor Project Coordinator

Name : Prof. Guide Name Name : Prof. Coordinator 2
Signature : ....................... Signature : .......................

Project Coordinator Head of Department

Name : Prof. Coordinator 1 Name : Prof. HoD Name
Signature : ....................... Signature : .......................
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

**** Given below is an example of acknowledgments. This may be edited.

For, example, if you wish, you may thank God for giving you this opportunity to
write such a report! ***
I wish to record my indebtedness and thankfulness to all who helped me
prepare this Project Report titled Title of the Project and present it satisfactorily.
I am especially thankful for my guide and supervisor Prof. Guide Name in
the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering for giving me valu-
able suggestions and critical inputs in the preparation of this report. I am also
thankful to Prof. HoD Name, Head of Department of Electronics & Communica-
tion Engineering for encouragement.
My friends in my class have always been helpful and I am grateful to them
for patiently listening to my presentations on my work related to the Project.

Student Name 1
Student Name 2
Student Name 3
Student Name 4
B. Tech. (Applied Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering)
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
College of Engineering Trivandrum

i
 ABSTRACT

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, confer-
ence proceeding, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used
to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper’s purpose. When used, an abstract al-
ways appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-
entry for any given academic paper or patent application. Abstracting and indexing
services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of liter-
ature for that particular subject.Academic literature uses the abstract to succinctly
communicate complex research. An abstract may act as a stand-alone entity instead
of a full paper. As such, an abstract is used by many organizations as the basis for
selecting research that is proposed for presentation in the form of a poster, plat-
form/oral presentation or workshop presentation at an academic conference. Most
bibliographic databases only index abstracts rather than providing the entire text of
the paper. Full texts of scientific papers must often be purchased because of copy-
right and/or publisher fees and therefore the abstract is a significant selling point for
the reprint or electronic form of the full text.The abstract can convey the main re-
sults and conclusions of a scientific article but the full text article must be consulted
for details of the methodology, the full experimental results, and a critical discus-
sion of the interpretations and conclusions. Abstracts are occasionally inconsistent
with full reports. This has the potential to mislead clinicians who rely solely on the
information present in the abstract without consulting the full report.

ii
 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF FIGURES v

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT 1

1.1 What is a Project Report? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 2. MOTIVATION 2
2.1 Reasons Why Final Year Engineering Projects Are Important 2
2.1.1 It helps to identify a real-time problem and
provide a solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.2 It helps to choose diversified research topics. . 4
2.1.3 It helps to choose appropriate project topics
and mentor carefully. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.4 Understand and analyze project documenta-
tion effectively. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.5 Effective planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.6 Provides a platform for self-expression . . . . 6

Chapter 3. LITERATURE SURVEY 7

3.1 Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Chapter 4. DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 9

4.1 What is the Engineering Design Process? . . . . . . . . . . 9

iii
 4.2 What is the difference between Research Design and Re-
search Method? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Chapter 5. IMPLEMENTATION 10

Chapter 6. HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE TOOLS USED 11

Chapter 7. RESULTS & DISCUSSION 12

7.1 What is the Purpose of a Results Section? . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.2 How Does a Results Section Differ from a Discussion Section? 13

Chapter 8. CONCLUSION 14
8.1 Scope of further work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.1.1 What is future direction in a project? . . . . . 14

REFERENCES 15

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 17

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

5.1 The sample table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

8.1 The sample table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Motivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Ideas to reality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

6.1 Python IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

6.2 Raspberry Pi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

7.1 Final Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

vi
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

This chapter introduces the report’s contents to the readers. The scope, es-
sential parameters, objectives, targets, and deadlines are mentioned in this part of
the project report.

1.1 WHAT IS A PROJECT REPORT?

A project report is a document that describes a project’s objectives, mile-

stones, challenges, and progress. It plays a critical role in the project planning and
management process.
A project report is a document that consists of crucial information about a
project. It includes information that can be used to evaluate the progress of a project,
understand its objective, trace its journey, provide direction to team members, miti-
gate risks, and communicate a project’s success or failure to stakeholders and other
business entities. [2]
 Chapter 2

MOTIVATION

In this chapter, you can write down the reasons behind the topic selection.

2.1 REASONS WHY FINAL YEAR ENGINEERING PROJECTS

ARE IMPORTANT

source: https:// chennai.vit.ac.in/ importance-of-final-year-engineering-projects/

These projects can be inspired by your seniors or copied from other sources.
Yet, your faculties give paramount importance to these projects as it is essential for
future endeavors and career opportunities. It helps to strengthen your core skills
and prepares you to face future challenges. The figure 2.1 given in the page 3 gives
a pictorial representation.
An innovative and worthwhile final year project helps to provide practical
exposure that helps to enhance your problem-solving skills, management skills,
research, and analysis. The final year project signifies a milestone in an engineering
student’s life. It helps to bridge the gap between theory-based learning and skills-
based learning.
The projects fulfill the purpose of synthesizing the knowledge acquired dur-
ing the years and demonstrating the student’s aptitude by applying the knowledge.
It challenges working in multidisciplinary group discussions and adapting to the
different technological advances. There are various innovative domains for final
year academic projects to make it more interesting for students. Most people are a
little scared of final-year engineering projects, but they are a big part of ensuring
you nail the final year exam. They can also help you become a more rounded engi-
neer by giving you practice in applying some of the theories you learned throughout
the year.
A final year engineering project is a pivotal part of your academic curricu-
lum as an engineering student. It helps you identify and understand the problems
associated with the industry and work accordingly. Perhaps, now you would have
understood why final-year engineering projects are important. Here we provide you
with some practical tips for final year project development :
Explore your area of interest and work on such projects- Usually, we tend
to take projects which don’t match our sense of interest. So we suggest you take
up projects that match your interest to help you dive deep into the concepts. As-
sume and take up responsibilities; participate in group discussions to enhance your
knowledge. Takeup projects that are research-based and industry-oriented add value
to your resume. Let us explore various points which depict why final year engineer-
ing projects are important, which are as follows:

Figure 2.1: Motivation.

2.1.1 It helps to identify a real-time problem and provide a solution

The best way to identify a project idea is to address real-time problems/scenarios

and develop relevant solutions. It is the first step in choosing a project prototype and

3
developing ideas. It helps to incorporate your innovation skills and critical thinking
skills. If individuals are pretty good with robotics or android development skills,
they should opt for a project related to that domain.
As engineering students, you can enhance and boost your creativity and work
on various projects that suit your interests. It helps students be aware of various
technological trends the feasibility of completing the final year project. It helps
students see the project from a larger vision and helps to ignite ideas for compelling
startups or projects.

Figure 2.2: Ideas to reality.

2.1.2 It helps to choose diversified research topics.

Suppose you plan to work on a blockchain project or any embedded project;

you can read the research pacers or journals to understand the recent technological
advancements. It helps you derive insightful findings and bring exciting solutions
to pitch for various projects. It will help you acquire the required information from
the resources for your quality project ideas and dive deep into concepts to derive

4
solutions.
These research papers help you know the latest tech trends related to your
project domain. You can acquire information from various journals, tutorials, train-
ing programs, etc. It helps build project portfolios built on prototypes or ideas to
enhance your learning experience.

2.1.3 It helps to choose appropriate project topics and mentor carefully.

Final year projects enable students to participate in group discussions brain-

storming sessions possess the required skills and knowledge. Working on a project
with multiple ideas helps discover distinct ideas and approaches towards a single
task. It helps enhance and develop problem-solving, management, and creative
thinking skills. Students can work under the expertise of a skilled mentor who can
guide them during the journey of entire project development. The mentors can help
students to discover their areas of interest and offer them various options, which are
as follows:

• Computer vision projects [2]

• Analytics projects

• Machine learning projects

• Android app projects

• Python projects

• Robotics projects

2.1.4 Understand and analyze project documentation effectively.

Project documentation and presentation are some aspects widely ignored by

engineering students. It helps to present the project in a prescribed format to the

5
officials, which is helpful for future credentials. It helps enhance superior industrial
skills and depict the core idea or vision behind developing the project prototype.
It helps students get well-versed with the project as the interviewer will ask
several questions regarding the final year project. It will help boost your presenta-
tion, research, and communication skills. The final year engineering projects rep-
resent your engineering fundamentals, skillset, and knowledge of the subjects. It
helps you to acquire your desired career opportunities.

2.1.5 Effective planning

It is one of the significant reasons why final-year engineering projects are

important. It helps students to plan everything priorly to having a hassle-free learn-
ing experience. Planning is a crucial part of project development and execution. It
helps a student proficient in task allocation, time management skills, project layout,
etc. Project research creates room for leadership skills; content development skills
also promote group reading.

2.1.6 Provides a platform for self-expression

Project planning helps enhance communication skills team working skills

and helps to strengthen your core skills. If you have a good command of Python,
machine learning, arithmetic core, final year projects will help you work in that
field and develop a roadmap to achieve your career goal accordingly.

6
 Chapter 3

LITERATURE SURVEY

A literature review is an overview of the previously published works on a

topic. The term can refer to a full scholarly paper or a section of a scholarly work
such as a book, or an article. Either way, a literature review is supposed to pro-
vide the researcher/author and the audiences with a general image of the existing
knowledge on the topic under question. A good literature review can ensure that a
proper research question has been asked and a proper theoretical framework and/or
research methodology have been chosen. To be precise, a literature review serves
to situate the current study within the body of the relevant literature and to provide
context for the reader. In such case, the review usually precedes the methodology
and results sections of the work.
Producing a literature review is often a part of graduate and post-graduate
student work, including in the preparation of a thesis, dissertation, or a journal
article. Literature reviews are also common in a research proposal or prospectus
(the document that is approved before a student formally begins a dissertation or
thesis).
A literature review can be a type of review article. In this sense, a literature
review is a scholarly paper that presents the current knowledge including substan-
tive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular
topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources and do not report new or original
experimental work. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such
reviews are found in academic journals and are not to be confused with book re-
views, which may also appear in the same publication. Literature reviews are a
basis for research in nearly every academic field.

3.1 TYPES

Since the concept of a systematic review was formalized (codified) in the

1970s, a basic division among types of reviews is the dichotomy of narrative reviews
versus systematic reviews. The term literature review without further specification
still refers (even now, by convention) to a narrative review.
The main types of narrative reviews are evaluative, exploratory, and instru-
mental.
A fourth type of review, the systematic review, also reviews the literature (the
scientific literature), but because the term literature review conventionally refers to
narrative reviews, the usage for referring to it is ”systematic review”. A system-
atic review is focused on a specific research question, trying to identify, appraise,
select, and synthesize all high-quality research evidence and arguments relevant
to that question. A meta-analysis is typically a systematic review using statistical
methods to effectively combine the data used on all selected studies to produce a
more reliable result.[3]

8
 Chapter 4

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

The engineering design process is a series of steps that engineers follow to

come up with a solution to a problem.[2]

4.1 WHAT IS THE ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS?

Many times the solution to a problem involves designing a product (like a

machine or computer code) that meets certain criteria and/or accomplishes a certain
task. This process is different from the Steps of the Scientific Method, which you
may be more familiar with. If your project involves making observations and doing
experiments, you should probably follow the Scientific Method. If your project
involves designing, building, and testing something, you should probably follow
the Engineering Design Process.[6].

4.2 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESEARCH DE-

SIGN AND RESEARCH METHOD?

Research design is a plan to answer your research question. A research

method is a strategy used to implement that plan. Research design and methods
are different but closely related, because good research design ensures that the data
you obtain will help you answer your research question more effectively.
 Chapter 5

IMPLEMENTATION

A project implementation plan helps with everything from development sprints

and product launches to digital marketing campaigns. The project implementation
plan is a critical component of project management that focuses on documenting
how you’ll go about a project.
Project implementation plan should include everything from project goals to
deliverables and act as a blueprint for the project team to execute their plans. Every
project is different and requires a unique planning and implementation plan. And
since 11.4 % of business investment is wasted because of poor project planning,
companies need to ensure that their project planning and management are strategic
and efficient. [4].

Heading 1 Heading 2 Heading 3 Heading 4

Dν2,1 Dν2,2 Dν2,3 Dν2,4
Dν2,1 Dν2,2 Dν2,3 Dν2,4
Dν3,1 Dν3,2 Dν3,3 Dν3,4

.. .. .. ..
. . . .

Dν56,1 Dν56,2 Dν56,3 Dν56,4

Table 5.1: The sample table.

 Chapter 6

HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE TOOLS USED

This chapter discusses the details of the hardware used in the implementation
of the Project along with the software tools.

Figure 6.1: Python IDE

Figure 6.2: Raspberry Pi.

 Chapter 7

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

The results (or findings) section is one of the most important parts of a re-
search paper, in which an author reports the findings of their study in connection
to their research question(s). The results section should not attempt to interpret or
analyze the findings, only state the facts. In this handout, you will find a descrip-
tion of a results section, the differences between the results and discussion sections,
differences between qualitative and quantitative data, sample results sections, and
an activity to explore results in your field.

7.1 WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A RESULTS SECTION?

The results section summarizes and presents the findings of the study to put
them in context with your research question(s). The study’s data should be pre-
sented in a logical sequence without bias or interpretation. Findings may be re-
ported in written text, tables, graphs, and other illustrations. It is important to in-
clude a contextual analysis of the data by tying it back to the research question(s).
Only share relevant data and findings that connect with the goal of the study; too
much data may overwhelm a reader. An effective results section will present the
findings of a study without attempting to analyze or interpret them.
7.2 HOW DOES A RESULTS SECTION DIFFER FROM A DIS-

CUSSION SECTION?

The results section of a research paper tells the reader what you found, while
the discussion section tells the reader what your findings mean. The results section
should present the facts in an academic and unbiased manner, avoiding any attempt
at analyzing or interpreting the data. Think of the results section as setting the stage
for the discussion section by making all the necessary information known to the
reader. It is not uncommon for these sections to be combined, but researchers will
often use sub-headings to distinguish between the two

Figure 7.1: Final Product

13
 Chapter 8

CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the results and conclusions of the project. It also con-
tains a discussion on the cope of further research on the topic, on the social rele-
vance of the project, and also the applicability of the findings of the project.

Heading 1 Heading 2 Heading 3 Heading 4

Dν2,1 Dν2,2 Dν2,3 Dν2,4
Dν2,1 Dν2,2 Dν2,3 Dν2,4
Dν3,1 Dν3,2 Dν3,3 Dν3,4

.. .. .. ..
. . . .

Dν56,1 Dν56,2 Dν56,3 Dν56,4

Table 8.1: The sample table.

8.1 SCOPE OF FURTHER WORK

8.1.1 What is future direction in a project?

The third element of your conclusion is a call to action or a future direction

for your research paper. This is where you tell your readers what they should do or
think based on your findings, or what you plan to do or explore next as a researcher.
file
 REFERENCES

[1] G. O. Young, Synthetic structure of industrial plastics, in Plastics, 2nd Ed.,

Vol.3, J.Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 1964, 15-64

[2] Bradshaw, P., An Introduction to Turbulence and its Measurement, Pergamon

Press, 1971.

[3] J. U. Duncombe, Inrared navigation – Part I : An Assessment of feasibility,

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, Vol. ED-11, No.1, 34-39, Jan 1959

[4] Oxygen absorption in the earths

[5] Bradshaw, P., An Introduction to Turbulence and its Measurement, Pergamon

Press, 1111.

[6] E. E. Reber, R. L. Michell and C. J. Carter, Oxygen absorption in the earths

atmosphere, Aerspace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-
46)-3, Nov 1988.

[7] Andrews, G.E and D.Bradley (1972) The Burning Velocity of Methane-Air
Mixtures, Combustion & Flame, 19, 275-288.

[8] Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd Ed., Western Electric Co.,
Winston – Salem, NC, 1985, 44-60.

[9] Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola Semiconductor Products

Inc., Phoenix, AZ, 1989.

15
[10] Lefebvre, A. H., (1965) Progress and Problems in Gas Turbine Combustion,
10th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute,
Pittsburg, 1129- 1137.

[11] Jones (1991, May 10), Networks, (2nd Ed.) [Online]. Available:
http://www.atm.com (online journals).

[12] R. J. Vidmar, (1992, Aug.). On the use of atmospheric plasmas as electro-

magnetic reflectors. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. (Online).21(3), 876-880. Avail-
able: http://www.halcyon.com/pub/journals/21ps03-vidmar

16
 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

[1] Andrews, G.E and D.Bradley (1972) The Burning Velocity of Methane-Air
Mixtures, Combustion & Flame, 19, 275-288.

[2] J. U. Duncombe, Inrared navigation – Part I : An Assessment of feasibility,

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, Vol. ED-11, No.1, 34-39, Jan 1959

[3] Lefebvre, A. H., (1965) Progress and Problems in Gas Turbine Combustion,
10th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute,
Pittsburg, 1129- 1137.

17