Basis Commands:-----

===================================================
1) pwd command

‘pwd’ command prints the absolute path to current working directory.

2) cal command

Displays the calendar of the current month.

3) echo command

This command will echo whatever you provide it.

4) date command

Displays current time and date.

5) tty command

Displays current terminal.

6) whoami command

This command reveals the user who is currently logged in.

7) clear command

This command clears the screen.

8) help option

With almost every command, ‘--help’ option shows usage summary for that command.

9) whatis command

This command gives a one line description about the command. It can be used as a quick reference for
any command.

10) Changing Directories Command

$ cd [path-to-directory]

11) Listing File And Directories Command

$ ls [files-or-directories]

12) Listing File And Directories Command

13) touch command

For creating an empty file, use the touch command.

$ touch file1 file2 file3

14) copy command

$cp source destination

15) move command

$ mv source destination

16) To remove or Delete

$ rmdir

To remove files and directories

$ rm files|directories

17) cat command

The 'cat' command is actually a concatenator but can be used to view the contents of a file.

18) head command

Displays the first few lines of a file. By default, the ‘head’ command displays the first 10 lines of a file.
But with -n option, the number of lines to be viewed can be specified.

19) tail command

Similar to ‘head’; the ‘tail’ command shows the last 10 lines by default, and -n option is available as well.

20) wc command

Word count

This command counts lines, words and letters of the input given to it.

21) grep command

$ grep nologin /etc/passwd

22) VI editor

The VI stands for Visual editor; another text editor in Linux. This is a standard editor in many Linux/Unix
environments.

$ vi hello.txt

23) alias command

The ‘alias’ is another name for a command. If no argument is given, it shows current aliases. Aliases can
be used for short names of commands. For example, you might use the clear command frequently. You
can create an alias for it:

$ alias c="clear"

24) w command

w command is used to check which users are logged in to the system, and what command they are
executing at that particular time:

25) last command

Displays information about the users who logged in and out of the system. The output of the last
command can be very large, so the following output has been filtered (through head) to display the top
10 lines only:

26) du command

The du command determines disk usage of a file. If the argument given to it is a directory, then it will list
disk usage of all the files and directories recursively under that directory:

27) df command

The df reports file system usage. For example:

$ df

28) history command

29) passwd command

30) Shutdown Command

In Linux, you can use shutdown command to gracefully halt your system. Most commonly used
command is
shutdown -h now

================================================================
1) Simple Message print

Use an editor like vim or nano to create the file hello-world.sh

#!/bin/bash

echo "Hello World"

File permission must have to like

$ chmod a+x hello-world.sh

when you want to run the file then use below command

$ bash hello-world.sh

$ ./hello-world.sh

2) Some number of line formet like :-

#!/bin/bash

echo "Printing text"

echo -n "Printing text without newline"

echo -e "\nRemoving \t special \t characters\n"

3)Adding two values

#!/bin/bash

# Adding two values

((sum=25+35))

#Print the result

echo $sum

4)Multi-line comments

#!/bin/bash

:'

This script calculates

'

((area=5*5))

echo $area

5)The While Loop

Syntax:-

while [ condition ]

do

commands 1

commands n

done

#!/bin/bash

i=0

while [ $i -le 2 ]

do

echo Number: $i

((i++))

done

6)The For Loop

#!/bin/bash

for (( counter=1; counter<=10; counter++ ))

do

echo -n "$counter "

done

printf "\n"
7) Receive Input from User

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter Something:"

read something

echo "You Entered: $something"

8. The If Statement

Syntax

if CONDITION

then

STATEMENTS

fi

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter a number: "

read num

if [[ $num -gt 10 ]]

then

echo "Number is greater than 10."

fi

9. More Control Using If Else

#!/bin/bash

read n

if [ $n -lt 10 ];

then

echo "It is a one digit number"

else
echo "It is a two digit number"

fi

10. Using the AND Operator

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter Number:"

read num

if [[ ( $num -lt 10 ) && ( $num%2 -eq 0 ) ]]; then

echo "Even Number"

else

echo "Odd Number"

fi

11. Using the OR Operator

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter any number:"

read n

if [[ ( $n -eq 15 || $n -eq 45 ) ]]

then

echo "You won"

else

echo "You lost!"

fi

12. Using Elif (Else IF)

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter a number: "

read num
if [[ $num -gt 10 ]]

then

echo "Number is greater than 10."

elif [[ $num -eq 10 ]]

then

echo "Number is equal to 10."

else

echo "Number is less than 10."

fi

13. The Switch Construct

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter a number: "

read num

case $num in

100)

echo "Hundred!!" ;

200)

echo "Double Hundred!!" ;

*)

echo "Neither 100 nor 200" ;

esac

14)Concatenating Strings

#!/bin/bash

string1="Ubuntu"
string2="Pit"

string=$string1$string2

echo "$string is a great resource for Linux beginners."

15). Slicing Strings

#!/bin/bash

Str="Learn Bash Commands from UbuntuPit"

subStr=${Str:0:20}

echo $subStr

16) Adding Two Values (Input by user)

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter first number:"

read x

echo -n "Enter second number:"

read y

(( sum=x+y ))

echo "The result of addition=$sum"

17)Adding Multiple Values

#!/bin/bash

sum=0

for (( counter=1; counter<5; counter++ ))

do

echo -n "Enter Your Number:"

read n

(( sum+=n ))
#echo -n "$counter "

done

printf "\n"

echo "Result is: $sum"

18) Functions in Bash

#!/bin/bash

function Add()

echo -n "Enter a Number: "

read x

echo -n "Enter another Number: "

read y

echo "Adiition is: $(( x+y ))"

Add

19)Creating Directories from Bash Scripts

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter directory name ->"

read newdir

cmd="mkdir $newdir"

eval $cmd

20) Create a Directory after Confirming Existence

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter directory name ->"

if [ -d "$dir" ]

then

echo "Directory exists"

else

`mkdir $dir`

echo "Directory created"

fi

21) Deleting Files

#!/bin/bash

echo -n "Enter filename ->"

read name

rm -i $name

22) Appending to Files

#!/bin/bash

echo "Before appending the file"

cat editors.txt

echo "6. NotePad++" >> editors.txt

echo "After appending the file"

cat editors.txt

23) Send Mails from Shell Scripts

#!/bin/bash

recipient=”[email protected]”

subject=”Greetings”

message=”Welcome to UbuntuPit”
`mail -s $subject $recipient <<< $message`

24) Removing Duplicate Lines from Files

#! /bin/sh

echo -n "Enter Filename-> "

read filename

if [ -f "$filename" ]; then

sort $filename | uniq | tee sorted.txt

else

echo "No $filename in $pwd...try again"

fi

exit 0

25) The Sleep Command

#!/bin/bash

echo "How long to wait?"

read time

sleep $time

echo "Waited for $time seconds!"

26) The Wait Command

#!/bin/bash

echo "Testing wait command"

sleep 5 &

pid=$!

kill $pid

wait $pid

echo $pid was terminated.

#!/bin/bash

ls -lrt | grep ^- | awk 'END{print $NF}'