E3S Web of Conferences 438, 01006 (2023) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf/202343801006
APEE 2023

Review of energy saving technologies research in HVAC

systems
Yonghao Pan *
Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.

Abstract. Energy consumption in the building industry occupies a significant portion of the world’s total
energy consumption, and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are one of the largest
energy consumers in buildings. Therefore, research on energy-saving technologies and measures for HVAC
systems is essential. This paper first analyzes the workflow of HVAC systems and the causes of energy
consumption, followed by combing and summarizing the existing research on energy-saving technologies for
HVAC systems, namely passive energy-saving technologies, active energy-saving technologies and
intelligent energy-saving technologies. In order to better understand and apply aforementioned energy-saving
technologies, this paper takes a science and technology building built 30 years ago in southwest China as an
example and applies the relevant energy-saving technologies to upgrade the HVAC system in a targeted
manner.

Keywords: HVAC; energy saving technology; building energy consumption; energy saving and emission
reduction.

1. Introduction residential, commercial and industrial environments[4].

Since 2000, energy use for cooling buildings has doubled
In 2021 the International Energy Agency released Net due to rising temperatures and increased human activity,
Zero by 2050: a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, making it the fastest growing segment of building energy
which aims to provide guidance for the global energy use. In particular, space cooling demand increases by
sector to achieve the Net Zero goal by 2050 [1]. However, more than 6.5% in 2021 compared to 2020 [5]. However,
since the release of the report, the world energy crisis has there are still many problems with the HVAC design of
worsened, and according to Statistical Review of World construction projects, the design concept of energy saving
Energy, the global energy system in 2022 faces the and emission reduction is not fully integrated into the
greatest challenges and uncertainties in nearly 50 years[2]. construction project, and the energy saving technology of
Therefore about energy saving and green low carbon is a HVAC system needs to be more intelligent and systematic
major challenge that needs to be addressed urgently. in order to greatly reduce the energy consumption
Energy consumption in the building sector accounts for a problem of HVAC system.
significant portion of the world's energy consumption, HVAC system energy saving technology is an important
with surveys showing that building operations account for part of promoting the building industry to reduce energy
30% of global energy consumption and 27% of total consumption. With the popularization of HVAC systems
energy sector emissions in 2021, with both energy in engineering, there have been many more mature and
consumption and emissions rebounding to above 2019 energy-saving systems that have come into play, among
levels in 2020 following a decline due to the new crown which the more widely used systems are high-efficiency
pneumonia restrictions [3].Therefore, the building server room full conversion systems, heat recovery
industry, which is a major energy user, needs to promote systems, natural cooling systems, heat pump systems, ice
changes related to energy efficiency and emission storage and cooling air conditioning systems [5].
reduction in order to achieve the goal of having all new However, the energy-saving effect of these systems is still
buildings and 20% of existing buildings achieve zero not very satisfactory, so a large number of researchers are
carbon emissions by 2030 and net zero emissions by 2050. engaged in research on HVAC energy-saving related
Among the huge building energy consumption, heating, technologies, the use of renewable energy, variable
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are frequency technology, air heat recovery technology and
among the largest energy consumers in buildings. The natural ventilation technology, and have proposed many
energy use of HVAC systems has grown significantly advanced and effective HVAC system skills and measures
with the increased reliance on HVAC systems in [6–12]. In addition, with the development of computer
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 438, 01006 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343801006
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technology, intelligent technology has injected new unit and the rated power have a certain impact on its
impetus into the research of HVAC energy-saving energy consumption.
technology. Refined design of HVAC energy-saving The energy consumption of the conveying system is
technology, scientific use of frequency conversion relatively large. 60% to 70% of the building's large
equipment, intelligent control and detection systems, heating power consumption is consumed by fans and
building automatic control systems, and AI energy-saving pumps that distribute and transport heat and cold[16].
control technology are continuously developing [13–15]. The energy consumption of an air conditioning end unit is
This paper summarizes the research progress of HVAC closely related to its end form. The load in the room is
system energy saving technology, classifies and sorts out variable and can be changed simultaneously by adjusting
the current energy saving technology about HVAC the end units. If the room temperature is always
system, and combines some of the technologies in the maintained at a lower value, it will increase energy
paper with the actual project based on an engineering case consumption.
to verify the effect of relevant HVAC system energy The construction quality of the water system circulation
saving technology in energy saving and emission in HVAC also significantly affects the energy
reduction, the main content of the article is shown in Fig. consumption of the HVAC system, because the
1. smoothness of the water circulation has a great impact on
the consumption of the HVAC system, and ensuring that
this part of the construction process has sufficient safety
and stability can guarantee the overall quality of the
system.

3. HVAC system energy saving

technologies
This section introduces the energy-saving technology of
HVAC system into three parts: passive energy-saving
technology, active energy-saving technology and
intelligent energy-saving technology. Passive energy
saving technology refers to the technology that does not
use mechanical and electrical equipment to achieve
energy saving in buildings. Active energy saving
Fig. 1 Main content of the article technology refers to the technology that provides
comfortable and energy saving environmental control for
buildings by using mechanical equipment, optimizing
2. HVAC system energy consumption equipment systems and equipment selection. Intelligent
analysis energy-saving technology refers to the technology that
realizes energy saving with the support of computer
The central air conditioning system is generally composed network, big data, Internet of Things, artificial
of cold and heat sources, transmission and distribution intelligence and other technologies.
systems, air handling equipment and end devices, cold
and heat sources are used to provide the energy required
for cooling or heating, that is, we often say the host 3.1 Passive energy saving technologies
(outdoor unit), the transmission and distribution system is
the cold and hot water/wind generated by the cold and 3.1.1 Building envelope design
heat sources to the required place, that is, we often say the
air duct system/water pipe system, Air handling The enclosure, as the boundary between the building and
equipment is used to produce the required air, such as air the outdoor environment, has a relatively large impact on
conditioning boxes, fresh air units, air handling units and the temperature regulation and energy efficiency of the
other equipment, the end equipment is the last link to send building. Many researchers have studied the improvement
cold and heat into the room, including radiators, various of building envelope, the impact of building envelope on
types of air supply outlets, fan coils, floor radiation building energy consumption[17]. In addition, the use of
heating/cooling. Ideally, the selection and deployment of vegetation has become an important strategy in today's
energy-efficient technologies in buildings needs to be urban planning, and building envelope greening is an
coordinated with several other components or elements of obvious choice to meet greening requirements in densely
the infrastructure, so that achieving zero carbon emissions built urban centers. Building greenery has many
requires coordination between building strategies and ecological advantages, including increased insulation of
infrastructure development. the building envelope and reduced urban heat island effect,
The energy consumption of air conditioning refrigeration buffering of rainwater, improved air quality and increased
units cannot be ignored. The length of the operating time carbon dioxide absorption, among other advantages [18–
of the refrigeration unit, the load rate of the refrigeration 20]. Building envelope greening can improve the
building's insulation capacity and heat transfer parameters,

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which can ensure that when the outdoor temperature saving effect of HVAC can be promoted to 30%[8]. In
changes, the indoor temperature fluctuation is maintained addition, frequency conversion technology has low
in the smallest possible range, so that it better meets the maintenance costs and long service life, which can further
needs of human comfort[21,22].As can be seen above, the reduce the total initial investment.
design of the building envelope has a significant impact
on building energy consumption, and is also essential to
3.2.2 New air conditioning operation technology
ensure indoor environmental quality, comfort and safety.
The new air conditioning operation mode refers to the use
3.1.2 Passive solar heating and cooling of different combinations of environmental parameters to
technology produce different thermal comfort effects. For example,
during the winter, when the indoor temperature is raised
Passive solar buildings are environmentally friendly using traditional air conditioning methods, heat and
buildings designed to create a comfortable indoor moisture are exchanged between the human body and the
environment that uses the radiant heat of the sun to environment through the air, which requires higher air
provide heating for the building in the winter and lower humidity. In this case, however, both the heat loss from
the indoor temperature in the summer. Passive solar the fresh air being heated and the heat loss from servicing
houses are unique in using the structure of the house itself the structure are relatively large. If we can apply new
to collect solar energy, and have excellent heat storage thermal and humid environment applications, optimize
performance, which can maintain a stable temperature for the choice of air conditioning operation mode and
a certain period of time. While there is a certain initial cost increase radiant heat, we can significantly reduce air
to pay, the payoff is long-term energy savings[23,24]. In humidity[28].
addition, the intermittency and low density of solar energy
will greatly limit the application of solar heating. In
3.2.3 Natural ventilation technology
response to this problem, some studies have begun to
combine heat pump technology with solar heating Natural ventilation technology has the characteristics of
technology to develop solar-assisted heat pump heating reducing energy consumption and improving indoor
system to solve this problem[25]. Passive solar energy environment, and has become an important solution for
system is relatively full of energy utilization, high the sustainable development of the construction
efficiency, economical and simple and easy to operate, industry[10,11]. The use of indoor and outdoor air
and has a broad development prospect[26,27]. exchange, can reduce the room temperature and exhaust
moisture, to ensure the normal climate conditions of the
3.2 Active energy saving technologies room and clean air, at the same time, there is a certain air
Heat pump technology flow in the room, can strengthen the body's convection
Nowadays, more and more countries have recognized that and evaporative heat dissipation, improve the body's
heat pump technology is a key technology for thermal thermal comfort feeling, improve people's working and
decarbonization, and more policy support has been living conditions, has been widely used.[29–31]. In
provided in recent years[5]. As long as the appropriate addition, mixed-mode ventilation has been shown to be an
low-grade heat source is selected, the heat pump can effective energy-saving technique for buildings designed
efficiently convert electricity to heat, which is a very using NV principles[32]. At present, the measurement of
important path to achieve zero-carbon energy in the natural ventilation effect is mainly determined by the
future[7]. However, only about 10% of building heating number of air changes and air flow organization. With the
demand is met by heat pump technology, and policy development of computer technology, computer
support and technological innovation are needed to simulation has become a very important method to
further develop heat pump technology by reducing calculate the effect of natural ventilation. Research on the
upfront procurement and installation costs and improving potential of natural ventilation technologies from around
energy efficiency[5]. the world provides valuable guidance to architects and
policymakers worldwide for the effective use of NV
designs that meet local climatic conditions[11,33–35].
3.2.1 Inverter HVAC technology
In HVAC system, frequency conversion and fixed 3.2.4 Thermal storage system
frequency are two main design methods. Among them,
frequency conversion design is more widely used in Thermal storage system(TSS) is a kind of technology
HVAC system, and its energy saving effect is better. which can store cold when the power grid is low and
Frequency conversion HVAC mainly uses frequency release the cold storage capacity when the air conditioning
conversion speed regulation technology to reduce the load is peak, and has been widely used[12]. The filling
energy consumption of HVAC equipment. When the temperature of the chilled water storage tank is generally
HVAC load in the building has a significant change, the 4 ° C to 6 ° C. All chilled water storage systems reduce
HVAC energy consumption can be reduced by fans, water peak cooling demand by 80 to 90 percent compared to
pumps and chiller facilities, so that the HVAC can meet conventional refrigeration systems[9]. The research
the relevant energy saving standards in the operation state. shows that although the heat storage system can not
By using frequency conversion technology, the energy necessarily save energy, it can significantly reduce the

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energy cost. For example, an all-ice heat storage system getting higher and higher. Intelligent building control
can save up to 55% on monthly cooling electricity bills, system is born in accordance with this trend. The effective
even though it only reduces system energy consumption implementation of energy-saving automatic control can
by 5%[36]. minimize the consumption of electric energy and improve
the efficiency of heat storage and resource utilization[40].
Building automation technology can achieve
3.2.5 Heat recovery system
comprehensive monitoring and management of buildings
Heat recovery technology can recover and use the waste through the integration of various sensors, controllers and
heat generated during the operation of air conditioning software systems, thereby improving the energy
units, as well as the heat in the air. Heat recovery efficiency, safety and comfort of buildings. At present,
technology can use the heat energy exchange between intelligent buildings have become the trend of the
fluids to achieve building energy saving and reduce costs. development of world architecture, which can not only
These systems can be divided into two main categories, promote the function of buildings, but also provide a
one is the recovery of sensible heat systems, and the other stable and convenient living and working environment for
is the recovery of enthalpy heat systems[6]. The heat the public.
recovery system is generally installed on the roof and
consists of a core unit, pipes and blowers. Current heat 3.3.3 Composite building energy systems
recovery systems can recover about 60 to 95 percent of
the heat[37], which is already very efficient. The air The composite building energy system is a system that
conditioning heat recovery system can make full use of comprehensively considers the matching and
the waste heat of the air conditioning system effectively management of building energy system, which has more
utilize the low-grade heat energy, and realize the role of advantages than sustainable buildings. The composite
energy saving. energy building energy supply system combines various
forms of energy together to enhance the diversity of
energy use. In the system, energy is saved through mass
3.3 Intelligent energy-saving technologies
flow or energy flow information sharing, and the primary
energy utilization rate can reach 70-80%. The main
3.3.1 Building energy simulation technology contents include the optimal utilization of different types
of energy, the integration of equipment and the
Building energy simulation programs are efficient and development of complex theories[13]. Complex building
convenient for assessing energy performance over the life energy system is a system engineering involving multiple
cycle of a building during the design and operation phases disciplines, which is still in the development stage and
of a building. Building energy simulation programs have needs more research.
continued to evolve and advance over the past 50 years.
The first generation of building energy simulation
software was developed based on analytical equations 4. HVAC system engineering cases
found in design manuals. The second generation is based
on simplified dynamic model; The third generation adopts
4.1 Project case introduction
the numerical calculation method, which can realize the
The engineering case selected in this section is a science
partial integration of the thermal performance of the
and technology building of an engineering institute
building such as sound, light and heat. The fourth
located in southwest China, which is an existing building
generation fully integrated the simulation functions of
renovation project. The science and technology building
sound, light, heat and other aspects of the building[38].
was designed in September 1985, the building has been
From the first generation to the fourth generation, the
used for 30 years, the office conditions, fire-fighting
simulation results are gradually close to the actual
facilities, electricity facilities, communication and
situation of building energy consumption, but at the same
intelligent facilities in the building can no longer meet the
time, it is more complex to use, and in terms of
needs of use, the building technical indicators and floor
professional aspects, the software users also put forward
plans are shown in Table 1, Figure 2.
higher requirements. Building energy modeling can help
building design better meet the needs of society without
wasting excess resources. Therefore, in building design
and construction projects, accurate prediction of building
energy efficiency is very important[14,39].

3.3.2 Automatic control technology

The automatic control of HVAC system is an effective
way to save resources. With the rapid development of
high-tech information technology and computer network
technology, the requirements for the optimal combination
of building structure, system, service and management are

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Table 1 Overview of original appearance Before the renovation, the building shape was permeable
from north to south, and the one-line arc shape catered to
Total floor area 8143.93m2 the summer wind direction, which guided the wind into
Engineering scale the interior and enhanced natural ventilation. According
Grade 2
design level to the analysis of the simulation results, the average
Building fire Class II high-rise office number of natural ventilation changes in the main
categories building functional indoor rooms after the renovation reached
Building fire 97.82%, with a good effect of indoor natural ventilation
Grade 2
resistance class and an obvious improvement of the indoor temperature
43.45m and humidity environment.
Building height /
10 floors above ground, 11
number of floors
floors locally
Reinforced concrete-frame 4.2.2 Active energy saving technologies
Structure type
shear wall The project's original air conditioning system was split air
Basic form conditioning with a messy arrangement of outdoor units.
Prefabricated square pile
Structural design After the renovation, the centralized split air conditioning
foundation
service life system (air-cooled heat pump air conditioning system)
50 years
Roof waterproofing was adopted, and the new air was equipped with heat
Grade 2
grade recovery, CO2 concentration monitoring, photocatalytic
purification and PM2.5 removal technology, which
comprehensively improved the indoor air comfort and air
quality.

4.2.3 Intelligent energy-saving technologies

The intelligent control design of the building includes
intelligent control of lighting system, energy-saving
control of heating and cooling, intelligent control of
Fig. 2. Original building plan conference rooms, and control of access control and time
and attendance.
The main problems related to HVAC of the old project are The project also studied the relationship between the
as follows: reserved part of the building and the expansion by using
(1) The structure type of the original building is reinforced BIM technology, and made deeper design for external
concrete-frame shear wall, the envelope structure has no shading, windows, and part of the decoration, using pipe
heat insulation measures, the thermal performance is poor, collision to avoid errors at the design stage, and using
and the indoor comfort is not guaranteed. BIM to guide the construction on site, while realizing the
(2) The split type air conditioner is used, and the outdoor operation and maintenance management at a later stage
unit of the split type air conditioner is distributed through this technology.
randomly, which affects the main façade along the street
and has safety problems. 4.3 Project summary
(3) The water pump is set on the first floor, and the low- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Science and
frequency noise emitted has a large impact on the office Technology building renovation project adopts a series of
workers on the lower floors. green building technical measures such as passive
(4) In winter, the exterior doors and windows are closed building energy-saving design, roof + vertical greening,
and no fresh air is supplied indoors, resulting in poor online air quality monitoring and control, rainwater
indoor environmental quality, high CO2 concentration, recycling and utilization, building reinforcement and
sleepy personnel, and affecting work quality; some offices energy consumption and vibration reduction technology,
open windows directly, resulting in increased energy saving 1,771 tons of standard coal and reducing carbon
consumption due to increased air conditioning load. dioxide emissions by 4,605 tons per year. The application
and combination of various HVAC system energy saving
technology makes the building more energy saving and
4.2 Retrofitting measures
comfortable, which shows the feasibility and superiority
of HVAC system energy saving technology.
4.2.1 Passive energy saving technologies This retrofit project is undoubtedly a successful and
typical engineering case, but the result of the retrofit is
After the renovation, vertical greening was adopted. The still some distance away from a near (net) zero energy
east side of the building forms a green barrier, which building. From a contemporary perspective, there is still
improves the thermal performance of the building some room for improvement. For example, the use of low-
maintenance structure and provides a green landscape for grade energy can be increased, and solar heat pump
the people inside. technology can be used in combination with solar heating
technology. The material and thermal performance of the

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