Philosophy Reviewer
PHILOSOPHY -comes from two Greek words philos (love) and
Sophia(wisdom)
-engaging oneself in "matters of utility".
Nature / Characteristics of philosophy
1. Framework- composed of views and beliefs of a person.
2. Examination of knowledge / Body of knowledge -provides
methodologies and insights on how societal questions.
3. Discipline- incorporates huge number of topics from each and other
every facet of our lives.
4. Science - Study of human and world by thinking and asking questions.
5. Art- analytical and critical thinking. - act of logical and illogical.
✓ MAJOR BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY DEALS A PARTICULAR
ASPECT OF LIFE OR PHENOMENA.
*Cognitive
1. Logic- deals with current reasoning and argumentation.
Types of logic:
°Deductive Reasoning- general truth to a specific truth.
°Inductive Reasoning- specific truth to a general truth.
2. Epistemology -nature of knowledge and knowing. - process which we
can know that something is true.
3. METAPHYSICS - derived from the word "meta" means "beyond" and
"physics" which means "nature".
- deals with questions regarding reality and
existence.
*Normative
1. Ethics- Greek words "ethos" which means "character". - study of
morality.
2. Political Philosophy- studies of governments and deals with
questions of justice power and the rights and obligations of citizens.
3.AESTHETICS- deals with beauty and what makes things "beautiful".
PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON - understand the human person
from a philosophical perspective.
History of Philosophy
* Thales of Milestus (624-545 B.C)
-first person to explain the world and universe outside
mythological concepts.
-explained that the world was made up of "water"
-teacher of Pythagoras
* Pythagoras
-first person to name himself a philosopher or lover of
wisdom
-known for his Pythagorean theorem in geometry
-ionian Greek philosopher
* Socrates
- first moral philosopher
- knows for his Socratic method (elenchus)
- teacher of Plato.
* Plato
- student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle
- founders of the academy of Athens
-"the soul is immortal, even the physical ceased to exist"
* Aristotle
- student of Plato and Teacher of Alexander the Great.
- on his treatise, Pero Pysche the soul is divided into three
types and each according to each living being.
-Disagrees with Plato's dualism
-Believe that there is no dichotomy in body and soul
*Rene Descartes
-father of Modern Western Philosophy
- father of Analytical Geometry
-Cogito Ergo sum" (I think therefore I am )"
- believe that the mind and body is distinct but closely joined
Philosophy and its Holistic Approach - a philosopher's way of
thinking can be described as "abstract I've".
This means that is rises from the level of everyday life to a higher
level that gives a bird's eye of the whole.
HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE -it refers to a perspective that consider
large-scale patter is system.
PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW- focuses on specific aspects of a
situation.
Embodied Spirit Body (purely being)+Spirit (mind will and
emotions)= EMBODIED SPIRIT
Personhood- which refers to the state of being a person.
Philosophers believe that a person cannot be simply reduced to
their physical body.
°SPIRIT
- intangible element which enable us to exercise thought,
possess awareness. interiority and the capacity to reach out to the
outside world and other persons
° METAPHYSICAL APPROACH - answers the "what" of a person.
UNSPIRTIRED BODY VIEW- a human person is just his/her body
and nothing more - act according to the patterns of behavior.
DISEMBODIED SPIRIT VIEW
- views man as composed of body and soul.
-body and soul separate from each other.
-substance dualism.
EMBODIED SPIRIT –
*Plato
-nature is seen as metaphysical dichotomy
-He argues that the sole existed prior to the body
body - material – destructible
Soul – immaterial – indestructible
Soul
-Greek word for psyche or the concept/principle of life.
Three parts of the Soul
1. Rational soul
-located in head.
-seat of the mind and the intellect.
2. Spiritual soul
- chest
-in charge half motivation of the human person to action.
3. Appetitive soul
- abdomen
-desire bodily pressure drives person to experience physical
wants.
Principle of life - soul causes the body to live.
Three levels of soul.
1. Vegetable soul- grow reproduce and feeds itself.
2. Sensitive soul- grow reproduce feed themselves and capable of
sensation.
3. Rational soul- grow reproduce feed themselves capable of
sensation and capable of thinking.
St. Thomas Aquinas
-Man is one substance body and soul.
- Man is substantial unity of body and soul.
-Man is embodied soul or spirit.
The soul in man is not only an embodied substance in itself because it is
immaterial or spiritual but it is also at the same time the form of the body.
The experience of embodiment
-our experience is a product of embodiment.
1. Primary Reflection-our body can be judged empirically in terms of
our observable physical attributes
2. Secondary reflection-this is not just a" body ", this is my body.
*Gabrielle Marcel's- he said that I’m not only have a body am a body.
