Marine Fungi of Kerala

A Preliminary Floristic and Ecological Study

K. Raveendran
P. Manimohan

Malabar Natural History Society (MNHS)

Marine Fungi of Kerala
A Preliminary Floristic and Ecological Study

K. Raveendran
Department of P G Studies
& Research in Botany Sir Syed
College Kannur University
Kerala, 670 142, India.
[email protected]
and
P. Manimohan
Department of Botany
University of Calicut
Kerala, 673 635, India.
[email protected]

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First published in India in March 2007

Copyright © 2007 by the authors

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ISBN 978-93-5137-315-5

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 CONTENTS

Preface …………………………………………………………………………….……………… 1

Acknowledgements ...................………………………………………………………...……………… 2

An introduction to marine fungi ……………………………………………………….....………. 3

Historical …………………………………………………………………………..……………. 3

Definition of marine fungi .… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … … . . . 3

Diversity of marine fungi ………………………………………………………………….………….. 4

Vertical distribution of marine fungi ………………………………………………………….………. 5

Sizes of marine fungi ............................................................................................................... …… 5

Substrates available in the marine milieu for colonization by fungi ..............................…... 5

Ability of marine fungi to decompose lignocelluloses ……………………………….………… 6

Adaptations to the marine environment …………………………………………………………. 6

Manglicolous marine fungi ……………………………………………………………………… 6

Characters used in the identification of marine fungi ……………………………………………. 7

Ascomycota ………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Basidiomycota ……………………………………………………………………….. 9

Mitosporic fungi ……………………………………………………………….…………. 9

Ecology of marine fungi ………………………………………………………………………. 10

Marine mycology in India ……………………………………………………………….. 10

Materials and methods …………………………………………………………………….…….. 12

Collecting sites ……………………………………………………..…………………….....… 12

Wood samples …………………………………………………………………………… 12

Seasons …………………………………………………………………………...… 13

Brief descriptions of locations …………………………………………………………… 13

Collection and treatment of wood samples …………………………....................... 17

Isolation and observation of fungi ……………………………………………………….……. 17

 Hydrographical data ····················································································· 17
Statistical analysis of ecological data .............................................................................................. 17
Salient features of the coastal environment of Kerala. ................................................................... 19

Salient features of the mangroves of Kerala ······························································ 20

Map of Kerala showing collecting locations······························································ 21

Abbreviations used ····························································································· 22

Floristic account ······························································································· 23

Ascomycota ······················································································· 27

Basidiomycota ·························································································· 95

Mitosporic fungi … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … … … 102

Quantitative observations …………………………………...……………………………………. 198

Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………................ 239

Floristic novelties ………………………………………………………………………..……. 239

Species diversity and composition ………………………………………………………….. 239

Population diversity of marine fungi ……………………………………………………….. 240

Frequency and relative abundance of species ……………………………………………………. 241

Ecological observations on individual species ……………………………………………………. 242

Conclusion … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 255

Summary . . … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 256

References ……………………………………………………………………………..…………. 257

Index to names ……………………………………………………………………………………. 269

 1

PREFACE
Marine fungi are a fascinating group of organisms with unique physiology, ecology, and
morphology. Many of them produce very distinctive spores that are, as Jones (1988) com-
mented, aesthetically pleasing to look at. In addition, it is possible that some of them produce
antibiotics and other useful metabolites. Their harmful role in mariculture is yet to be properly
assessed.

Recent decades have seen a rapid growth in our knowledge of fungi occurring in the
marine and estuarine habitats. More than 600 marine fungi have been described to this date.
Marine fungi are no longer overlooked as participants in ecological processes. It is now a well-
recognized fact that these fungi play a crucial role in the decomposition of organic matter in the
sea.

A perusal of the literature revealed that information on the marine mycota of the Indian
coastline is rather sketchy. Almost nothing is known about the marine fungi of the Kerala coast.
Moreover, the mangrove vegetation, a major repository of marine fungi, is on the verge of extinc-
tion in this region. This situation provides the backdrop to the present study.

This treatise presents the results of a preliminary floristic and ecological study of higher
filamentous marine fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and mitosporic fungi) of the Kerala coastal
water body system, with emphasis on the manglicolous marine fungi.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first author (KR) wishes to express his sincere thanks to the following individuals
and institutions: (1) Dr. S. Raghukumar (National Institute of Oceanography, Goa), Prof. B. P. R.
Vittal (Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras) and Dr. K. R. Sridhar
(Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University) for providing access to their literature col-
lections and for encouragement; (2) Dr. M. Balasundaram, Kerala Forest Research Institute,
Peechi, for making available a cryostat; (3) The staff of the Department of Botany, University of
Calicut, in particular Mrs. Geetha Nair, Librarian, for their whole-hearted assistance; (4) The
Principal and Management of Sir Syed College, Taliparamba for their patronage and for granting
leave to do this research; and (5) The University Grants Commission, New Delhi for the financial
assistance under the Faculty Improvement Programme.

The second author (PM) is indebted to Prof. E. B. Gareth Jones, formerly of the Univer-
sity of Portsmouth, England, for training him in marine mycology and for providing most of the
literature cited in this work. He is also thankful to the British Council for the award of a Nehru
Centenary British Fellowship which enabled him to spend a year at Portsmouth with Prof. Jones.

Both the authors are forever thankful to Prof. K. M. Leelavathy, formerly of the Univer-
sity of Calicut for introducing them to the fascinating world of fungi.
 3
AN INTRODUCTION TO MARINE FUNGI
Historical
The occurrence of fungi in marine habitats has been known from very early times. The
first obligate marine fungus recorded is Sphaeria posidoniae that was found growing on the sea
grass Posidonia oceanica (Montagne, 1856; Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979). After this dis-
covery, for almost a century, there were only some sporadic reports on the occurrence of fungi in
marine habitats. The works of Crouan brothers (see Kohlmeyer, 1974) who described five
marine fungi as early as 1867, and Sutherland (1915a, b, c; 1916a, b) who published a series of
papers exclusively on marine fungi, are some notable contributions made during this time. Most
of the early reports were on fungi associated with algae.

The prologue to marine mycology was written by Barghoorn and Linder (1944) when
they described 25 species of lignicolous marine fungi. This paper stimulated mycologists all
around the world to explore the marine habitats for fungi. Between 1950 and 1962, the follow-
ing pioneering marine mycologists published their first contributions: Wilson (1951), Hohnk (1952),
Meyers (1953), Cribb and Herbert (1954), Johnson (1956), Feldmann (1957), Kohlmeyer
(1958), Doguet (1962) and Jones (1962).

The first monograph on marine fungi was published by Johnson and Sparrow (1961). In
the next ten years the following important publications appeared: Tubaki (1966, 1969) on Japa-
nese marine fungi; Hughes (1968, 1969) on Canadian species; Kohlmeyer (1969 a, b) and
Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1971) on tropical marine fungi including mangrove fungi from differ-
ent parts of the world and Cribb & Cribb (1969) on Australian marine fungi.

Kohlmeyer’s (1972) revision of the Halosphaeriaceae was the next milestone. Hughes
(1975) provided a thorough review of all the work on marine fungi done between 1961 and
1975. Jones (1976) edited a treatise on aquatic mycology covering both marine and fresh water
fungi. It was Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979) who published the most comprehensive world
monograph on marine fungi. For the first time in the history of marine mycology, the taxonomy of
marine fungi was discussed thoroughly and a key to all the known higher filamentous marine fungi
was provided. They also reviewed all other major aspects of marine fungi such as phylogeny,
ontogeny, physiology, ecology, and geographical distribution.

After the publication of Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer’s (1979) landmark treatise, several
workers all around the world contributed to our knowledge of these organisms. Two more
volumes dealing exclusively with marine fungi (Moss, 1986; Hyde & Pointing, 2000) and two
illustrated keys to the filamentous higher marine fungi (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1991a;
Hyde and Sarma, 2000) appeared in the last 15 years.

Definition of Marine Fungi

Marine fungi are not a taxonomically, but an ecologically and physiologically defined
group (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). Several workers have tried to define marine fungi. Johnson
& Sparrow (1961) and Tubaki (1969) defined marine fungi based on their ability to grow at
certain seawater concentrations. Meyers (1968) and Jones & Jennings (1964) have tried to
determine the physiological requirements, especially of sodium chloride, for the growth of marine
fungi in seawater. According to Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979), “obligate marine fungi are
Marine Fungi of Kerala 4
those that grow and sporulate exclusively in a marine or estuarine habitat; facultative marine fungi are
those from a fresh water or terrestrial milieu, able to grow and possibly also sporulate in the marine
environment”. This is the most widely accepted definition of marine fungi (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000).

As pointed out by Raghukumar (1996), the marine system is as complex as its terrestrial
counterpart and it incorporates the deep-sea, coral reefs, mangroves and intertidal beaches. In addi-
tion, estuarine habitats like river-mouths, lagoons, and backwaters containing brackish water also
frequently support the growth of these fungi. Some of these habitats display a fascinating gradient of
saline conditions where obligate marine fungi, facultative marine fungi, and purely terrestrial ones co-
exist. Aerial parts of mangroves for example, support the growth of terrestrial fungi while the inundated
parts of the same support growth of obligate marine fungi (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000).

It is still not very clear why marine fungi are restricted to the sea and why terrestrial fungi
are not isolated from marine habitats. It seems likely that the combination of high salinity and
alkaline environment may restrict the terrestrial fungi from invading the sea. Some fungi do re-
quire sodium for growth and it is this requirement, at concentration that gives the element the
status of a macronutrient, that makes them obligately marine. However, critical investigation of
requirement for sodium is lacking for most marine fungi.

Schaumann (1975) felt that attempts to define marine fungi were premature, but accord-
ing to Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979), such efforts are necessary to understand the role of
fungi in a particular environment. According to them, to obtain a better understanding of the role
of fungi in the marine environment, we need to separate the obligate and facultative marine fungi
from the contaminant terrestrial fungi. A valid criterion for the definition of a marine fungus,
according to Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979), might be its ability to germinate and to form a
mycelium under natural marine conditions.

Diversity of marine fungi

Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979) recognized 209 species and 106 genera of higher
marine fungi in their monograph. Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1991a) considered 321
species and 161 genera in their key to higher marine fungi. Since then several new genera and
species have been described (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1993 a, b, c, 1995, 1996a,b,
1998; Kohlmeyer, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Eriksson 1995 a, b, c, d, 1996, 1997a,b; Kohlmeyer,
Baral & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1998; Hyde, 1991a,b, 1992a,b, c, 1993a,b, 1994, 1996; Hyde
and Alias, 1998; Hyde and Sutton, 1992; Hyde et al., 1998, 1999). Hyde, Sarma and Jones
(2000) recognized 444 species of higher marine fungi with the following break-up: Ascomycota
– 360 species representing 117 genera (81%); Basidiomycota – 10 species in 7 genera (1.6%);
and mitosporic fungi – 74 species in 51 genera (17%).

Ascomycota is the most dominant group in the marine mycological milieu (Jones & Alias,
1997; Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). With their small sporocarps, frequently appendaged spores,
and an ability to withstand fluctuating saline conditions, they seem to have very effectively adapted
to the marine ecosystems (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). Majority of them are lignicolous spe-
cies occurring mostly on mangrove wood and are coastal in occurrence (Raghukumar, 1996).
Amongst the different marine groups of Ascomycota, the order Halosphaeriales is the largest
followed by Loculoascomycetes (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). Apart from filamentous
Ascomycota, there are about 177 species of marine – occurring yeasts (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer,
1979).
 5 Introduction to Marine Fungi
Members belonging to Basidiomycota are very rare in the marine habitats with only 10
species in 7 genera known to this date, and they occur mostly on decaying wood (Hyde, Sarma
& Jones, 2000; Raghukumar, 1996). Basidiomycota, with their large putrescent fruit bodies and
spore-discharge mechanism, are not easily adapted to the marine conditions and the marine
basidiomycetes have sporocarps that are much reduced in size.

Amongst true fungi, Zygomycota are conspicuous by their absence in the sea while chytrids
prefer brackish and estuarine conditions (Raghukumar, 1996). Pseudofungi such as the Oomycota
are also more prevalent in conditions of lower salinity (Raghukumar, 1996).

Vertical distribution of marine fungi

Endemic marine fungi are found mostly in the eutrophic zone, particularly in littoral re-
gions (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979). As Jones (1988) pointed out, most information on
marine fungi refer to collections made along the drift line, intertidal zone, and to timbers and other
substrata submerged to a depth of about 8 m. Although marine fungi are not frequently encoun-
tered in the ocean depths, a few of them are seen only at considerable depths (e.g. Oceanites
scuticella, Periconia abyssa, Abyssomyces hydrozoicus, etc; Jones, 1988). Kohlmeyer (1983)
states that the major factors controlling the distribution of marine fungi are availability of sub-
strates or hosts, temperature, hydrostatic pressure and oxygen, and this explains why marine
fungi are less in the ocean depths.

Sizes of marine fungi

Most marine fungi are microscopic. The largest ascocarp is seen in Amylocarpus
encephaloides and it does not exceed 3 mm (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979). As pointed out
by Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979), the marine environment obviously does not permit the
development of large and fleshy fruit bodies. Abrasion by waves and sand grains prevents the
formation of such structures. Even the fruit bodies of marine basidiomycetes are much smaller
than their terrestrial counterparts. The fruit bodies of Digitatispora marina and Nia vibrissa,
for example, have an average length of 4 mm and diameter of 3 mm (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer,
1979). These comparatively larger species normally develop in sheltered habitats such as cracks
in the wood or under the bark (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979). Another environment where
larger fruit bodies could develop seems to be the deep-sea because abrasive actions mentioned
earlier are restricted there.

Substrates available in the marine milieu for colonization by fungi

A wide variety of substrates are available in marine habitats for colonization by fungi.
These include sea weeds, leaves, rhizomes and roots of marine angiosperms; wood, leaves,
petioles, prop roots and fruits of mangroves; dead animals and their faecal pellets; shells of
various mollusca, sewage effluent and man-made structures such as polythene and plastics (Jones,
1988). Some marine fungi are hydrocarbonoclastic (Kirk & Gordon, 1988). Most marine fungi
have been recorded from submerged, intertidal or driftwood each forming a niche that supports
a characteristic mycota (Jones, 1988). For example, quite a few fungi, the so-called arenicolous
fungi, colonize wood buried in the sand with their ascocarps often developing on sand grains
(Jones, 1988).
Marine Fungi of Kerala 6
Ability of marine fungi to decompose lignocelluloses
Most marine fungi are known to utilize lignocelluloses to some extent. Mouzouras (1986)
observed that over 75% of the marine fungi tested by him had the ability to rot softwood. Basidi-
omycetes like Digitatispora marina, Halocyphina villosa and Nia vibrissa are able to cause
white rot attack of wood, degrading both cellulose and lignin (Mouzouras et al., 1986). The
ability to utilize cellulose is weak in some marine fungi likeArenariomyces trifurcatus and Zalerion
maritimum and not all strains have this ability (Jones, 1988). Monodictys pelagica, Savoryella
lignicola and Lulworthia spp. are some of the most active degraders of wood.

Adaptations to the marine environment

Some marine fungi show an absolute requirement for sodium chloride. Jones, Byrne &
Aldermann (1971) showed that growth of Althornia crouchii decreased with decreasing salin-
ity and was completely inhibited in 30% seawater. Some fungi maintain high osmotic balance by
storing sugar alcohols such as mannitol and arabitol (Jennings, 1983, 1985). Higher marine
fungi, especially ascomycetes, show adaptation to the marine environment in the production of
appendaged spores that serve a number of functions. According to Rees (1980), they keep the
spores in the water column and thus may aid in their transportation. It has been demonstrated
that spores whose appendages have been removed, sediment out more quickly than those with
intact appendages (Jones, 1988). In addition, appendages may aid in the entrapment of spores
to surfaces (Jones, 1988). Also, many appendages are gelatinous or mucilaginous in texture and
help spores to adhere to surfaces (Rees & Jones, 1984).

Manglicolous marine fungi

As Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979) remarked, mangrove trees are of particular fascina-
tion to mycologists. The bases of their trunks and pneumatophores are permanently or intermittently
submerged, while the salt water never reaches the upper parts. Owing to this, terrestrial fungi and
lichens are seen on the upper part of the trees and marine fungi on the lower part with an overlap
between marine fungi and terrestrial fungi in the middle (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979).

Chapman (1976) listed more than hundred species of mangrove plants but according to
Hyde & Jones (1988) only 19 of them have been examined for the presence of marine fungi.
New World mangrove stands are studied more thoroughly than their Old World counterparts
where the greatest species diversity occurs (Hyde & Jones, 1988).

Cribb & Cribb (1955, 1956) in Australia were the first mycologists to collect marine
fungi on mangroves. Since then there has been a steady stream of reports on mangrove fungi
from different parts of the tropical world: Kohlmeyer, 1966, 1968a,b, 1969a,b, 1980, 1981,
1984, 1985, 1986; Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1964-1969, 1965, 1971, 1977; Kohlmeyer &
Schatz, 1985, Kohlmeyer & Vittal, 1986; Borse, 1984, 1987b; Borse & Hyde, 1989; Hyde,
1990a,b, 1991a,b, 1992d; Hyde & Borse, 1986a,b; Hyde & Jones, 1988, 1989b, 1992; Hyde
& Nakagiri, 1989; Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989; Jones & Hyde, 1990; Leong et al., 1990,
1991; Leong, Tan & Jones, 1991; Ravikumar & Vittal, 1987, 1991; Sabada et al., 1995;
Sarma & Vittal, 2000,2001; Sarma, Hyde & Vittal, 2001; Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones, 1994).

Several species of Ascomycota, mitosporic fungi and a few Basidiomycota have been
recorded from the submerged parts of mangroves (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979; Hyde &
 7 Introduction to Marine Fungi
Jones, 1988, 1989a, b). Manglicolous marine fungi are almost exclusively saprobic (Kohlmeyer
& Kohlmeyer, 1979). The genera Rhizophila and Hypophloeda are restricted to dead prop
roots of the mangrove genus Rhizophora (Hyde, 1990c). Genera like Capillatospora,
Caryosporella, and Thalassogena are found only on dead mangrove wood (Hyde, Sarma &
Jones, 2000). According to Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979), the most frequently encountered
marine fungi on mangroves are Lulworthia spp., Leptosphaeria australiensis and Phoma
spp. Most of the manglicolous marine fungi live in the bark or wood of mangroves (Kohlmeyer
& Kohlmeyer, 1979). It seems the high amount of tannins present in the bark of mangroves,
which could protect them against biodeterioration, apparently does not prevent marine fungi
from colonizing mangrove wood.

Characters used in the identification of marine fungi

a) Ascomycota
Although habitat is of little taxonomic value in the identification of most marine asco-
mycetes, it is of some value in a few cases. Some genera and species are restricted to some
particular habitats, so that their identification is facilitated by information on their habitats (Hyde,
Sarma & Jones, 2000). Chadefaudia species are parasitic on marine algae. Trichomaris
invadens is a parasite of Tanner crab (Hibbits, Hughes & Sparks, 1981) while Abyssomyces
hydrozoicus is restricted to hydrozoa (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). Pontoporeia biturbinata
is restricted to the rhizomes of the sea grass Posidonia oceanica while Pharicidia balani is
confined to calcareous shells of some marine animals (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). The genera
Rhizophila and Hypophloeda are restricted to dead prop roots of the mangrove genus Rhizophora
(Hyde, 1990c). Several genera such as Capillatospora, Caryosporella, and Thalassogena
are seen only on dead mangrove wood (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). Genera like
Arenariomyces, Corollospora, and Nereiospora are mostly seen associated with sand grains
(Nakagiri & Tokura, 1987; Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1987a, 1989) while the genus
Oceanites is found on wood at considerable depths in the sea (Kohlmeyer, 1977). Finally, some
fungi are restricted to the tropics and subtropics (e.g., Antennospora quadricornuta, A. salina)
while some species like Ceriosporopsis tubulifera and Ondiniella torquata are only recorded
from temperate regions (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000).
The morphology of the ascoma is important in identification. The ascoma may be
cleistothecial as in Amylocarpus and Dryosphaera, perithecial as in Aniptodera and
Etheirophora or apothecial as in Dactylospora (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). Most of the
marine ascomycetes have perithecia and the perithecial morphology has some diagnostic value
(Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). Most genera have immersed perithecia (Hyde & Mouzouras,
1988; Hyde & Jones, 1989a). Species of Acrocordiopsis, Caryosporella and Corollospora
have superficial perithecia (Kohlmeyer, 1985; Borse & Hyde, 1989). Ascomata may be im-
mersed or superficial in many members of the Halosphaeriaceae (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000).
In most cases, the orientation of the perithecia to the host surface is vertical but in a few species
like Aniptodera longispora and Lautospora gigantea, it is horizontal (Hyde, Sarma & Jones,
2000). Ascomatal shape and colour frequently vary within a single species of a genus in the
Halosphaeriaceae but in other families these features may be more consistent and hence of diag-
nostic value (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). Perithecia may be with or without papillae (neck),
but this character is not of any diagnostic value because ascomata of the same species may or
may not possess necks (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). In most species, ostioles are rounded,
Marine Fungi of Kerala 8
but Lophiostoma mangrovei has slit-like ostioles (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000).
Features of the perithecial wall or peridium are of some diagnostic value. Peridium may
be membranaceous, coriaceous or carbonaceous. In majority of the Halosphaeriaceae, the per-
ithecial walls are either membranaceous or coriaceous but arenicolous genera likeArenariomyces,
Carbosphaerella and Corollospora have hard, carbonaceous peridium (Hyde, Sarma & Jones,
2000). In addition, most bitunicate genera (e.g. Aigialus, Ascocratera) also have carbonaceous
peridium (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). Perithecial walls are smooth in most genera but in
Abyssomyces, they are covered by setae and in Crinigera and Dryosphaera they are covered
by hairs (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). The number of wall layers and the texture of peridium
are also of taxonomic importance (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000).

The sterile tissues found between asci (hamathecium) are of different types and are im-
portant diagnostic features. Paraphyses are seen mostly in unitunicate genera while
pseudoparaphyses are found in the bitunicate genera (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). Paraphy-
ses may be straight or branched. The pseudoparaphyses of bitunicate genera are of two types:
melanommataceous and pleosporaceous. Melanommataceous pseudoparaphyses are trabecu-
late, usually narrower than 1 mm and they anastomose and are embedded in a clearly visible gel
matrix. Pleosporaceous pseudoparaphyses are cellular, usually wider than 1 m, only anasto-
mosing above the asci and are also associated with a gel matrix (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000).
Trabeculae are found in some genera like Aigialus and Ascocratera (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000).
Another important criterion for separating genera is the morphology of the ascus. Asci of
marine species are either untunicate or bitunicate. The apical structure seen in most unitunicate
as is of taxonomic significance. According to Hyde, Sarma & Jones (2000), a few genera within
the Halosphaeriaceae and most outside the family, can be separated by the type of the apical
structure and its reaction to iodine. On the other hand, in bitunicate genera, ascus tips may be
thick-walled only, contain an ocular chamber and only in Banhegyia and Dactylospora, the
thickened wall stains blue with iodine (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000).

In addition to the apical structure, the shape of the ascus is also often important. Most
unitunicate genera have clavate asci, but globose and cylindrical asci are seen in some genera
(Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). Clavate to cylindrical asci are seen in most bitunicate genera
except Capillatospora where saccate asci are found (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000).

Characters related to the ascospores are the most useful in the separation of genera.
Both at the generic and species level, the number of ascospores per ascus is important. In all
marine ascomycetes except the following four cases, the asci are 8-spored (Hyde, Sarma &
Jones, 2000). In Savoryella paucispora, 2-spored asci are found while in Passeriniella
savoryellopsis 4-spored asci are seen. In the genus Phycomelaina, occasionally 6-spored asci
are seen while in Cryptovalsa the asci contain several ascospores (Hyde, Sarma & Jones,
2000). Shape and septation of ascospores are also important at species level. The shape may
be filiform, cylindrical, ellipsoidal or round and the ascospores may be septate or aseptate. The
number and orientation of septa is valuable both at species and generic level (Hyde, Sarma &
Jones, 2000). The ascospores may be hyaline, yellowish brown or dark brown and this feature
is frequently of diagnostic value. In some cases, the central cells are brown while the end-cells
are hyaline or light-coloured as is the case in Savoryella, Carbosphaerella, Passeriniella, and
some Trematosphaeria species (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000).
 9 Introduction to Marine Fungi
Among the features of the ascospores, it is the morphology of the appendage that has the
highest diagnostic value (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979; Jones, 1995; Hyde, Sarma & Jones,
2000). Although appendages are absent in the ascospores of a few species and genera, they are
present in the ascospores of most marine ascomycetes.

Appendage at its simplest form is seen when some ascospores release a drop of muci-
lage from the end chambers (e.g. Aigialus grandis, Lulworthia spp.; Hyde, Sarma & Jones,
2000). In many cases the appendage may exist as a mucilaginous sheath around the ascospore
(e.g. Massarina spp., Lophiostoma spp., Trematosphaeria spp.; Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000).

Hamate or cap-like appendages that uncoil in water to form long viscous threads are
seen in the ascospores of Aniptodera, Cucullosporella, Halosarpheia, Ophiodeira, and
Trichomaris (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1991a; Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). These
appendages occur at both ends of the spore in some or only at one end in others. In some cases
(e.g., Tunicatispora), the ascospores are provided with both a mucilaginous sheath and filamen-
tous polar appendages (Hyde, 1990b). Ribbon-like appendages, either polar or equatorial or
both are present in several genera like Corollospora, Lanspora, Chaetosphaeria and
Halosphaeriopsis. A number of other types of appendages are also seen in marine ascomycetes.
The ultrastructure of appendages also yields useful taxonomic information (Johnson, 1980; Jones
& Moss, 1987; Manimohan, Jones & Moss, 1993; Manimohan, Moss & Jones, 1993).

b) Basidiomycota

As there are only very few marine basidiomycetes, and as almost all of them exhibit
distinctive basidiomata and basidiospores, their identification is not at all difficult. The shape of
the basidiomata is cyphelloid or funnel-shaped in Calathella and Halocyphina, globose or
stipitate-capitate in Physalacria, subglobose or puffball-like in Nia and elliptical or irregular in
Digitatispora (Hyde & Sarma, 2000). Size of basidiomata is above 1 mm (diameter) in
Calathella, Digitatispora, Nia, and Physalacria while it is mostly less than 1 mm in Halocyphina
and Mycaureola. Most of the marine basidiomycetes are saprobes growing on decaying wood
(i.e., Calathella, Digitatispora, Halocyphina, Nia and Physalacria) while Melanotaenium is
a parasitic smut in the stem of Ruppia and Mycaureola is parasitic on Dilsea edulis. Basid-
iospore morphology is also very valuable in identifying genera. Digitatispora, for example, has
basidiospores consisting of four radiating arms while the basidiospores of Nia have five filamen-
tous appendages. Basidiospores are subglobose in Calathella and Halocyphina while in
Physalacria they are elongate-ellipsoid to subcylindrical (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer,
1991a; Hyde & Sarma, 2000).

c) Mitosporic fungi

There are about twenty genera of coelomycetes known in the marine environment that
are easily separated on conidial characters (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). These characters
include conidiogenesis (which may be holoblastic or enteroblastic), septation (which may be
aseptate, mono-, bi- or polyseptate), and colour (which may be present or absent). Quite a lot of
Phoma-like species that are very difficult to identify are also frequently encountered in the ma-
rine environment (Hyde, Sarma & Jones, 2000). About 28 genera of hyphomycetes are seen in
marine habitats and according to Hyde, Sarma & Jones (2000), they are the most difficult of
marine groups to identify. Marine hyphomycetes are separated mostly on conidial structure,
Marine Fungi of Kerala 10
colour, septation, and shape (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1991a; Hyde, Sarma &
Jones, 2000).

Ecology of marine fungi

Most of the literature on marine fungi is essentially floristic in nature that gives very little
information on ecology of these organisms. There are, however, a few papers dealing with eco-
logical aspects of marine fungi.

Hughes (1968, 1969, 1974), Brooks (1972), and Shearer (1972) demonstrated that
species diversity and population density of marine fungi are directly related to salinity of the
water. Gold (1959) reported that no mitosporic fungi could be observed at the estuary of a river
where the salinity was higher than 28.9%.

Only very few successional studies on marine fungi have been undertaken so far. Newell
(1973, 1976) studied the succession of marine fungi on seedlings of Rhizophora mangle. Tan,
Leong & Jones (1989) reported the pattern of succession of marine fungi in submerged wood
blocks of Avicennia in Mandai mangrove of Singapore. Hyde (1990a) also made a similar
investigation regarding the pattern of colonization of marine mycota on five mangrove tree spe-
cies of Brunei and found that fungal communities of each tree species were different. Leong, Tan
& Jones (1991) studied the colonization pattern of marine fungi on submerged mangrove wood
for a period of over 60 weeks.

Kohlmeyer (1969a) gave some information about the vertical and horizontal distribution
of manglicolous marine fungi of Hawaii. Sabada et al. (1995) studied the vertical distribution of
higher marine fungi on Acanthus ilicifolius.

Koch (1975) observed that different zones of a single beach in Denmark exhibited char-
acteristic mycoflora. Rees, Johnson & Jones (1979) compared the fungi that appeared on
driftwood collected from beach sand with those appeared on test panels submerged in the sea.
Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1993) made a comparison of the marine mycota of re-
cently introduced Rhizophora species of Hawaii and Moorea with that of long-established
Rhizophora Stands of Belize.

Boyd & Kohlmeyer (1982), after a detailed study of geographical distribution and sea-
sonal occurrence of three marine fungi, observed that temperature tolerance could be the major
factor influencing the geographical distribution pattern of marine fungi. Hyde & Jones (1988)
observed that several factors such as salinity of the water, mangrove tree species, position in the
intertidal region, type of substratum such as roots or branches, nature of mangrove floor, pH of
water and oceanic region affected the distribution of marine fungi in mangroves of Seychelles.

Marine Mycology in India

Although there are a few passing references to marine fungi of India in some earlier
publications (Becker & Kohlmeyer 1958; Kohlmeyer, 1959; Jones, 1968; Kohlmeyer, Schmidt
& Nair, 1967), the first major publication on this group of fungi from India was that of Raghukumar
(1973) who reported eighteen marine fungi from the coastal waters of Tamil Nadu.

The marine fungi of the Maharashtra coast have been extensively studied in the last two
 11 Introduction to Marine Fungi
decades (Patil & Borse, 1982, 1983a, b, 1985a, b; Borse, 1984, 1985, 1987a, b, c, d, 1988;
Borse & Shrivastava, 1988; Borse, Ramesh & Shrivastava, 1988; Borse & Hyde, 1989; Hyde
& Borse, 1986a, b). Recently, Borse, Kelkar & Patil (2000) and Patil & Borse (2001) studied
the marine fungi of Gujarat coast.

Borse (1988), Prasannarai & Sridhar (1997), and Sridhar & Kaveriappa (1991) pro-
vided quantitative information on marine fungi of the west coast. Ananda, Prasannarai & Sridhar
(1998) and Ananda & Sridhar (2001a) studied the occurrence of marine fungi on marine animal
substrates of some beaches and mangrove habitats of west coast of India. Prasannarai & Sridhar
(2001) and Sridhar & Prasannarai (1993) studied the diversity of higher marine fungi on woody
substrates along the west coast concentrating mostly on the coastal areas of Karnataka.
Prasannarai, Ananda & Sridhar (2000) and Ananda & Sridhar (2001b) described new species
of marine fungi from Karnataka coast. Raghukumar, Santhakumaran & Chandramohan (1988),
and Nandan, Shinde & Borse (1993) studied the marine fungi of Goa coast.

Kohlmeyer & Vittal (1986), Ravikumar & Purushothaman, (1988a, b) Ravikumar &
Vittal (1987, 1991a, b, 1996), Sarma & Vittal (2000, 2001) and Sarma, Hyde & Vittal (2001)
studied the marine fungi of the east coast of India.

According to Sridhar & Prasannarai (2001), 89 taxa of marine fungi belonging to 53

genera (71 ascomycetes, 3 basidiomycetes, and 15 deuteromycetes) are known from the Indian
Peninsula.

Information on marine fungi of the Kerala coast is scanty. Although some earlier workers
(Becker & Kohlmeyer, 1958; Kohlmeyer, Schmidt & Nair, 1967; Prabhakaran, Gupta and
Krishnankutty, 1987; Prasannarai & Sridhar, 2001) have made some occasional collections of
marine fungi from some locations in the Kerala coast, thorough and systematic studies on marine
fungi of this region are conspicuous by their absence.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 12
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collecting sites
Nineteen locations scattered on the coastal areas of Kerala were selected for collecting
wood samples. These locations are arbitrarily classified into the following categories of water
bodies based chiefly on salinity range-variation pattern.
1. Shoreline sites – Category A
These locations are equivalent to the category designated ‘marine’ in Smith’s classifica-
tion of saline habitats (see Subramanian, 1983, p238) and here the salinity exceeds 30%. The
following locations will come under this category: Bekkal, Thikkodi, and Parappanangadi.
2. Shoreline sites – Category B
These locations are equivalent to Smith’s ‘marine dominated’ habitats where salinity
variation is moderate and salinity is equal to that of sea water part of the time. The following
locations are grouped here: Azhikkal, Dharmadam A, and Beypore.
3. Estuaries
In Smith’s classification, these locations will come under the category ‘typically estua-
rine’ where tidal and seasonal salinity are very typical. Here, salinities as high as seawater and as
low as fresh water occur periodically. The locations grouped in this category are: Valappattanam,
Tellichery A, Tellichery B, Tellichery C, Mahe A, and Kadalundi A.
4. Backwaters
These locations may be placed in Smith’s category called ‘tide less brackish waters’.
Salinity is less than that of seawater and salinity variation is seasonal and often prolonged. Two
locations are placed here: Kavvai and Chettuva.
5. Inland Brackish Waters
These sites are also ‘tide less brackish waters’ in the strict sense but while backwaters
are very large water bodies, these locations are small, isolated, away from the sea but still con-
nected to it directly or indirectly and also have saline waters throughout or at least for a consid-
erable period of a year. The following two sites are placed here: Edakkad and Vadakara.
6. Coir-retting fields
These brackish water locations are highly polluted by by-products of coir-retting such as
hydrogen sulphide and phenolic compounds and the dissolved oxygen level is very low. Salinity is
variable. Three locations are placed under this category: Dharmadam B, Mahe B, and Kadalundi B.
Except the shoreline locations (categories A & B) and coir-retting fields, all other locations
had scattered patches of mangrove vegetation.
Wood samples
Wood samples collected from these 19 locations are classified into the following 7 cat-
egories for comparison of the marine mycota of each of these categories: unidentified driftwood
(hereafter referred to as driftwood), unidentified intertidal wood (hereafter referred to as inter-
tidal wood), unidentified intertidal wood partially buried in sand (hereafter referred to as sand-
 13 Materials and Methods
buried wood), Avicennia wood, Rhizophora wood, Bruguiera wood and Acanthus ilicifolius
twigs. All these categories of wood were not present in all locations. Among the 1854 wood
samples collected during this study, there were 127 driftwood samples, 566 intertidal wood
samples, 87 sand-buried wood samples, 328 Avicennia wood samples, 291 Bruguiera wood
samples, 227 Rhizophora wood samples and 228 Acanthus ilicifolius twig samples.
Seasons
A one-year period was arbitrarily classified into the following seasons for comparing the
influence of seasonal changes on the marine mycota on different substrates, locations, and water
bodies: monsoon (June to September), post-monsoon (October to January) and pre-monsoon
(February to May). Out of the 1854 wood samples collected during this study, 630 were collected
during monsoon, 619 during post-monsoon season, and 605 during pre-monsoon season.
Brief descriptions of locations
Valappattanam
This location is situated in the Valappattanam estuary (Kannur District) near Valappattanam
Bridge. The northern bank of this estuary is a somewhat low-laying area compared to the south-
ern bank. Here mangroves grow in an area of about seven acres. Species of Rhizophora,
Avicennia, Bruguiera, and Acanthus ilicifolius are growing well in this area along with other
mangroves and mangrove associates. Three collections were made from this site. A total 104
decaying wood/twig samples of Rhizophora (19), Avicennia (18), Bruguiera (22), Acanthus
ilicifolius (21), and intertidal wood (24) were collected from this site.
Tellicherry-A
This was one of the main collection sites of the present study. This site is situated at
Anjarakandi River half a km away from the mouth of Dharmadam estuary and 150 m away from
the railway bridge across this river, in Kannur Dist. This mangal flat is encircled by the river
making it an island and has an area of about 2 acres. The muddy floor of this flat gets submerged
completely during high tide. Many mangrove plants are present in the small island and the fallen
parts of these mangroves serve as the source for the luxuriant growth for manglicolous marine
fungi. One peculiarity of this location is the total absence of Acanthus ilicifolius. Collections
were carried out from this site for a period of two years from June 1992-July 1994. A total of 24
collections, one in each month, comprising Rhizophora (66), Avicennia (85), Bruguiera (86),
and intertidal wood (90) were made from this site. one hundred and nine samples were obtained
during monsoon, 111 samples during post-monsoon period, and 107 samples during pre-mon-
soon season.
Tellicherry-B
This collection site is on the bank of the river Eranjolypuzha in the Tellicherry estuary,
near the railway bridge at Koduvally (Kannur District). On the western side of the railway
bridge, there is a small canal, emptying its water in to the river. On the banks of the canal and the
surrounding area, large numbers of mangrove plants are growing. The fallen mangrove debris on
the ground is completely immersed during high tide and emerges during low tide. Six collections
were made from this region over a period of two years. During the entire collection period, 122
wood samples comprising Rhizophora (25), Avicennia (24), Bruguiera (19), Acanthus (25),
and intertidal wood (29) were collected from this site. Forty one samples were from monsoon
season, 43 from post- monsoon period, and 38 from pre-monsoon season.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 14
Tellicherry-C
The location Tellicherry C (Kannur District) is a water body of about 13 acres. This
water body is separated from the Eranjolypuzha River by a 10-30 feet wide mud wall. This
water body has only one outlet to the estuary, near the railway bridge, towards the northern part
of the water body. The inflow and outflow of the seawater is through this one-meter wide outlet.
However, wooden shutters control the flow of water. Towards the northeastern part of the water
body lies a small island of muddy mangal flat. The muddy bottom of this mangal flat is exposed
during low tides. A large number of different mangrove trees are present in this muddy flat.
Besides this, on the banks of this water body also grow a large number of mangroves and
mangrove associates like Acanthus ilicifolius. Wood samples were collected regularly for one
year, one collection per month. Thus a total of twelve collections were made from this site. One
hundred and seventy one wood/twig samples belonging to Rhizophora (43), Avicennia (45),
Bruguiera (44), and Acanthus ilicifolius (39) were collected during the course of one year.
Fifty five samples were collected during monsoon, 58 during post-monsoon period, and 58
during pre-monsoon period.
Mahe-A
This collection site is in Mahe estuary (Kozhikode District) located 2 km away from the
mouth of the estuary, on the southern bank of the Mahe River, near the railway bridge. Extensive
mangrove vegetations are present in and around this region. During the study period, four collec-
tions were made from this site and 135 wood/twig substrates belonging toAvicennia (33),Bruguiera
(32), Acanthus ilicifolius (33), and intertidal wood (37) were collected. 66 samples were ob-
tained during monsoon, 35 during post-monsoon season, and 34 during pre-monsoon period.
Kadalundi-A
This estuary is in the boundary between Malappuram district and Kozhikode district.
The collection site is situated in between the mouth of the estuary and the railway bridge. Patches
of mangroves are growing on the muddy floor of this estuary as well as along the sides.Rhizophora
and Bruguiera, however, are not seen in this mangrove area. Four collections were made
from this site. 78 wood samples were collected out of which 25 belonged to Avicennia, 25 to
Acanthus and the rest (28) were intertidal wood samples. Twenty samples were collected
during monsoon, 24 during post-monsoon season, and 34 during pre-monsoon period.
Mahe-B
This is a coir-retting field that lies on the western bank of a small canal that empties water
to the southern side of the Mahe estuary, approximately 300 m away from the Railway Bridge
and 400 m away in the southeast direction from the Railway Bridge, at the bank of the canal. This
retting field is situated at a slightly higher elevation and the complete submergence of the field
occurs only during high tide. From this location, 37 intertidal wood substrates were collected
during four collections. Out of these 37 samples, 20 were collected during monsoon, 9 during
post-monsoon season, and the remaining 8 during pre-monsoon season.
Kadalundi-B
This is a coir-retting field situated in the southern side of the Kadalundi estuary
(Malappuram District). This field has the Kadalundi River as the boundary at its northern side
and a small canal that joins the estuary at its eastern side. The entry of the water into the coir-
retting field is through this small canal and it is submerged during high tide. Three collections were
made from this site, one in each season. 34 intertidal wood samples were collected from this site.
 15 Materials and Methods
Out of these samples, 10 were collected during monsoon, 10 during post-monsoon season, and
the remaining 14 during pre-monsoon season.
Dharmadam-B
This location is a coir-retting field situated in the southern side of the river in between in
the Dharmadam Railway Bridge and Moidu Bridge. A thin layer of water covers this coir-retting
field almost all the time except during low tide. Five collections were made from this field, two
during two monsoons, two post-monsoon and one during pre-monsoon. 48 intertidal wood
samples were collected from this location. 22 wood samples were collected during monsoon, 19
during post-monsoon season, and 7 during pre-monsoon period.
Chettuva
This collection site is situated in the southern bank of the Chettuva sound (Thrissur District)
one km away towards east from the bridge. Luxuriant mangroves are present along the banks as
well as in the small muddy flats in this sound. Three collections, one in each season, were carried out
from this location and 120 wood substrates were collected (Rhizophora 25, Avicennia 26,
Bruguiera 21, Acanthus 20, and Intertidal wood 28). 33 wood samples were collected during
monsoon, 48 during post-monsoon season, and 39 during pre-monsoon season.
Kavvai
This collection site is situated in the Kavvai backwater near Payyannur (Kannur Dis-
trict). Collections were made from a small island situated in this backwater. Patches of different
types of mangrove plants like Rhizophora, Avicennia, and Bruguiera are seen on the banks of
this island. Acanthus ilicifolius also grows luxuriantly in the locality. Three collections, one in
each season, were carried out from this site and a total of 111 wood/twig samples belonging to
Rhizophora (22), Avicennia (25), Bruguiera (19), Acanthus ilicifolius (21) and intertidal
wood (24) were collected. Out of those samples, 40 were collected during monsoon, 27 during
post-monsoon season, and 44 during pre-monsoon period.
Edakkad
This collection site is three and a half km away from the sea and is situated between the
National Highway 17, and the railway track at Nadal (Kannur District). In this region, in be-
tween the National Highway and the railway track, the mangrove vegetation on either side of a
small river covers a large area. The water in this river is brackish almost throughout the year,
except during the monsoon months, but the salinity is considerably low even during pre-monsoon
days due to the heavy fresh water in-flow from all the surrounding landmasses and paddy fields.
A total of 130 wood samples belonging to Rhizophora (26), Avicennia (26), Bruguiera, (26),
Acanthus (25), and intertidal wood were (27) collected from the site. Three collections, one in
each season, were carried out from this site. Among the 130 samples, 41 were collected during
monsoon, 51 during post-monsoon season, and 38 during pre-monsoon season.
Vadakara
This location at Vadakara (Calicut District) was just behind the railway station. There is
a large marshy area opposite the railway station in which large number of mangroves and man-
grove associates are growing. This marshy region is directly connected to the sea by means of a
narrow, 4 km long canal. Water is brackish through out the year except during the rainy season.
In this region, mangroves like Bruguiera and Avicennia grow well and luxuriant growth of
Acanthus ilicifolius is another peculiarity of this site. There was no Rhizophora vegetation in
Marine Fungi of Kerala 16
this site. Three collections were made from this site one in each season. A total 88 wood
samples belonging to Avicennia (22), Bruguiera (22), Acanthus (19), and intertidal wood (25)
were obtained from this location. Out of those samples, 33 were obtained during monsoon, 28
during post-monsoon season and 27 were from pre-monsoon period.
Bekkal
This location is near the Bekkal fort (Kannur District). It is below the southern end of the
fort. As there is no river close to this site, salinity of the seawater is higher when compared to that
of beach sites at the mouth of the estuaries. From this location three collections were made, one
in each season. 55 wood samples were collected from this site of which 14 were sand-buried
wood, 18 belong to driftwood, and another 23 were intertidal woods. Out of those samples, 22
were collected during monsoon, 21 during post-monsoon, and the remaining 12 during pre-
monsoon season.
Tikkodi
This location is at Tikkodi beach (Calicut District) that is rocky in many parts. This
location is situated 1 km away from the Tikkodi lighthouse towards north. Seawater salinity is
high as there are no rivers in the nearby places of this site. Three collections, one in each season,
were made from this site. Sixty eight wood samples were collected of which 24 were driftwood,
25 were intertidal wood wedged among the rock, and 19 were sand-buried wood. Eighteen
wood samples were obtained during monsoon, 24 samples during post-monsoon season, and
26 samples were from pre-monsoon period.
Parappanangadi
This location is a sandy beach at Parappanangadi (Malappuram District). Three collec-
tions, one in each season, were made and a total of 43 wood samples (16 intertidal wood, 16
driftwood and 11 sand-buried wood) were obtained from this site. Out of the 43 samples, 12 were
collected during monsoon, 15 during post-monsoon season, and 16 during pre-monsoon season.
Azhikkal
This beach site is located at the mouth of the Valapattanam estuary (Kannur District) at
the southern side of the Azhikkal ferry. Owing to the continuous inflow of fresh water, the salinity
is usually low. From this beach site, three collections were made, one in each season. A total of
79 wood samples were collected of which 20 were sand-buried wood, 29 were intertidal wood
wedged among rocks and the rest were driftwood. Out of the 79 wood samples collected, 22
were collected during monsoon season, 24 during post-monsoon season, and 33 during pre-
monsoon season.
Dharmadam – A
This location is at the Tellicherry beach, facing Dharmadam Island (Kannur District). The
salinity of seawater at this location is usually much less than that of the normal seawater. Man-
groves and mangrove-associates are absent here. Three collections, one in each season, were
carried out from this site and 58 wood samples were collected. Among those 58, 13 were sand-
buried wood, 21 were driftwood, and 24 were intertidal wood. Nineteen wood samples were
collected during monsoon, 20 during post-monsoon, and 19 samples during pre-monsoon season.
 17 Materials and Methods
Beypore
This shoreline location is situated at the mouth of Beypore estuary in the beach of Beypore.
At this beach site, due to continuous outflow of fresh water from the river Chaliyar, the water
salinity is less than that of the normal marine water. Although mangroves are absent at this
location, mangroves grow luxuriantly on the banks of the upper reaches of the estuary. Three
collections, one in each season, were made from this site. Forty six wood samples were col-
lected of which ten were sand-buried wood, 18 were driftwood, and another 18 were intertidal
wood. Out of the 46 samples, 13 were collected during monsoon, 17 during post-monsoon
season, and 16 during pre-monsoon season.
Collection and treatment of wood samples
Collections of wood samples were made between April 1992 and July 1994. Wood samples
belonging to various categories were collected from the intertidal zone of the collecting locations.
These included driftwood (wood that is floating or capable of floating at the time of collection),
wood partially buried in sand, wood wedged between rocks and decaying wood/twig substrates
belonging to Avicennia spp., Bruguiera spp., Rhizophora spp., Acanthus ilicifolius and other
unidentified plants. Uniformity in the size of the wood/twig samples were maintained to a certain
extent by picking only samples that came within the size range of 7.5-10 x 1-2 cm. Collected
materials were placed in sterile polythene bags and brought to the laboratory on the same day.
After preliminary screening and isolation of marine fungi within a week after collection, the
wood samples were incubated in sealed sterile polythene bags and incubated in the laboratory at
room temperature. The incubated wood samples were periodically examined for marine fungi and
the fungi observed were isolated and recorded. These periodical examinations were continued up
to six months. The number of species obtained from each wood sample was also recorded.
Isolation and observation of fungi
The wood samples were examined for sporulating structures such as conidia, perithecia,
pycnidia and basidiomata under a stereomicroscope with an overhead light source. Fruiting struc-
tures were removed with a fine pair of forceps or a needle with a fine point. The isolated fungi
were examined under a compound microscope. Free-hand sections or, in the case of small,
delicate specimens, cryostat sections were made. Spores and sections were always mounted in
the first instance in seawater so that any appendages present can dilate and their true morphology
can be studied. Permanent mounts were prepared by replacing the seawater with lactophenol-
cotton blue and sealing the cover glass with DPX. Drawings were prepared using a mirror-type
camera lucida. All the slides prepared are kept in the Mycology Laboratory of the Department
of Botany, Calicut University.
Hydrographical data
Temperature, salinity, and pH of surface water were measured and recorded for each
location at each visit and this data is given in Table 1.
Statistical analysis of ecological data
For each species, the percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance
for each location, season, wood type, and type of water body, were calculated. In addition,
overall percent frequency of occurrence and overall percent relative abundance were also calcu-
lated. The average number of fungal isolates per wood sample was calculated for each location,
wood type, and season.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 18
Percent frequency of occurrence (FO)
Number of isolates of a particular species
——————————————————————— x 100
= Number of wood samples supporting sporulating marine fungi
Percent relative abundance (RA)
Number of isolates of a particular species
= ———————————————————— x 100
Number of isolates of all the species obtained

To assess the diversity of marine fungi in the 19 locations as well as in different types of
water bodies, both Shannon index (H’) (Shannon & Weaver, 1949) and Simpson’s index (D’)
(Simpson, 1949) were calculated. Shannon index H’ is calculated using the following formula:
ST
H’ = – pi log pi
1=1
where pi is the proportion of the total number of individuals in the ith species, and ST is the total
number of species. This index actually serves as a statistical means of the probability of guessing
the identity of an individual taken form a sample at random. Simpson index D’ is calculated using
the following formula:
ST
D’ =  pi2
1=1
Ni (Ni – 1)
where pi2 = , Ni = No. of isolates of the ith species and NT = Total isolates in the sample.
NT (NT – 1)
It is the probability that any two individuals picked at random from a population will be of the
same species. In other words, Simpson index is a measure of how individuals in a sample
population are concentrated into a few species. In the case of Shannon index, the higher the
index, the higher is the species diversity. Simpson index, however, is an inverse measure of
diversity.
To assess the influence of water bodies, wood types, and seasons on the distribution of
a species, logistic regression analysis was done for each species. Logistic regression analysis is a
mathematical modeling approach that can be used to describe the relationship of several predic-
tor variables X1, X2… Xk (e.g., water bodies, wood types, seasons etc.) to a dichotomous
dependent variable Y, where Y is typically coded as 1 or 0 for its two possible categories (e.g.
presence of a fungus or its absence) (Kleinbaum et al., 1998). This analysis was done with the
help of a statistical software (STATISTICA for WINDOWS, release 5.0 by StatSoft Inc. USA).

Presentation of data on material examined

In the floristic account, the ‘Material examined:’ part under each species description contains the
following information :
Collector Wood type Cohabitants Season
KR Mah-A - INT 34 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 03-05-92 - (Prm)

Location Wood sample Date of collection

 19

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT

OF KERALA
Kerala State lies between altitude 8o18' and 12o48' North and longitude 74o52' and
o
77 2' East. It is a 580 km long strip of land at the southwest corner of India. It has a total area of
38,828 square kilometers. It is bordered on the east by the Western Ghats and on the west by
the Arabian Sea. The mean width of the state is just 67 km and is nowhere more than 129 km.
Kerala has a humid tropical climate that is monsoonal in character. Rainfall is abundant
with an annual average of 300 cm. Most of the rain occurs during the southwest monsoon (June
to September) with less rain during the northeast monsoon (October to November). Tempera-
ture ranges between 24oC and 37.5oC in the plains and between 10oC and 32oC in the hills.
The state has 41 west-flowing and 3 east-flowing rivers. The distance between the Western
Ghats on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west being very short, rivers in Kerala are short in
length and tidal in their lower reaches.
One remarkable feature of the Kerala coast is the presence of a large number of peren-
nial and temporary estuaries known as the backwaters. These backwaters exist in different sizes
and shapes and have their bed level at about 1.5 to 1.8 m below the mean sea level. They often
remain separated from the sea by narrow strips of land ranging in width from 0.4 to 12 km. Most
of the temporary estuaries remain closed for most part of the year by a sand bar formed by the
persistent action of the littoral currents and waves of the sea. As most of the rivers are shallow
streams during this time, they are unable to enter the sea. During monsoon periods, however,
these rivers swell up and the consequent heavy flow leads to the opening of bars resulting in sea-
estuary interaction. The entire estuarine system of the Kerala coast is exposed to tides from the
sea and hence the water is brackish almost throughout the year.
Wide salinity fluctuations can be seen in the estuaries of Kerala. According to the Venice
System of classification (McLusky, 1971), all waters having salinity greater than 0.5% is referred
to as brackish water. The salinity in the estuaries of Kerala may be less than 0.5% or greater than
20% in one annual cycle. Both river discharge and seawater intrusion play a role in determining
the salinity at a particular point both in time and space. Based on variation of salinity, one annual
cycle can be divided into three periods: (1) a period of high salinity with very little fluctuations
during February to May; (2) a long period of low salinity with greater fluctuation from June to
September, the period of the southwest monsoon; and (3) a period of recovery from October to
January. The salinity of water diminishes progressively from the mouth of the estuary to the river
tract and attains the lowest value at the interior most riverine zone.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 20

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE MANGROVES OF KERALA

The backwaters of Kerala had been fringed with rich mangrove vegetation until a few
decades back. There were about 70,000 hectares of mangroves in Kerala (Ramachandran and
Mohanan, 1987) that have now become reduced to a few isolated patches composed of a few
species covering only a few hundred hectares of area. These mangrove patches are now mostly
confined to the upper reaches of some estuaries and creeks while some isolated species can also
be seen in detached water bodies and reclaimed land along the coastal tracks. This highly
restricted occurrence of mangroves in Kerala is solely due to the ever-increasing human en-
croachment to the mangrove domain.
Data on mangroves of Kerala can be found in the works of Bourdillon (1908), Troup
(1921), Gamble (1915-1936), Thomas (1962), Rao and Sastri (1974), Blasco (1975), and
Ramachandran and Mohanan (1987). There are about 39 species of mangroves and mangrove
associates in Kerala coast (Ramachandran & Mohanan, 1987). A few major mangroves and
mangrove associates of this region are: Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthaceae), Acrostichum
aureum L. (Pteridaceae), Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco (Myrsinaceae), Avicennia
marina (Forsk.) Vierh (Avicenniaceae), Avicennia officinalis L. (Avicenniaceae), Bruguiera
cylindrica (L.) Bl. (Rhizophoraceae), Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Guttiferae), Cerbera
odollam Gaertner (Apocynaceae), Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae), Kandelia candel
(L.) Druce. (Rhizophoraceae), Rhizophora apiculata Bl. (Rhizophoraceae), Rhizophora
mucronata Lamk. (Rhizophoaraceae) and Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. (Sonneratiaceae).
A few like Syzygium travancoricum Gamb. (Myrtaceae) and Ardisia littoralis Andr.
(Myrcinaceae) are endemic species (Nayar, 1996).
 21
MAP OF KERALA SHOWING COLLECTING
LOCATIONS
Marine Fungi of Kerala 22

ABBREVIATIONS USED

ACN - Acanthus ilicifolicus Kad-B - Kadalundi-B

AVI - Avicennia Kav - Kavvai
Azi - Azhikkal km - Kilometer
Bek - Bekkal m - Meter
Bey - Beypore Mah-A - Mahe-A
BRU - Bruguiera Mah-B - Mahe-B
Che - Chettuva Ppd - Parappanangadi
cm - Centimeter PPT - Parts per thousand
Dha- A - Dharmadam-A RA - Percent relative abundance
Dha- B - Dharmadam-B RHI - Rhizophora
diam - Diameter SBI - Sand buried intertidal wood
DRW - Driftwood Tik - Thikkodi
Edk - Edakkad TLY-A - Tellicherry - A
FO - Percent frequency of occurrence TLY-B - Tellicherry - B
INT - Intertidal wood TLY-C - Tellicherry - C
K.R. - K Raveendran Vad - Vadakara
Kad-A - Kadalundi-A Val - Valapattanam
µm - Micrometer
 23

FLORISTIC ACCOUNT
Ascomycota
Key to the species

1. Asci with a single wall layer and not functionally fissitunicate......................................... 2

1. Asci with several wall layers and often releasing ascospores by fissitunicate dehiscence
………………………………………………………………………............................ 49
2. Asci lacking an apical ring, pore or thickening, often dissolving early ……........................ 3
2. Asci with an apical ring, pore or thickening ………………………………......…............ 27
3. Ascospores without appendages ………………………………………….....….............. 4
3. Ascospores with appendages ……………………………………………......…............. 16
4. Ascospores ellipsoid, subglobose or ovoid ………………………………......…................ 5
4. Ascospores filamentous …………………………………………………......……..........11
5. Ascospores subglobose, aseptate ………………………………………….....…............. 6
5. Ascospores septate, not subglobose ………………………………………......…............. 8
6. Asci clavate ………………………………………................... Unidentified ascomycete I
6. Asci not clavate ……………………………………….….....….......…………………… 7
7. Asci cylindrical …………………………………………................ Payosphaeria minuta
7. Asci pyriform ……………………………………….............. Unidentified ascomycete III
8. Ascomata attached to calcareous materials; ascospores thick-walled, multiseptate
…………………………………………………….............................. Koralionastes sp.
8. Ascomata on wood; ascospores not combining the above features …......................…… 9
9. Ascospores less than 15 m long and 5 m wide, 2-3 septate …………….
……………………………………………………................ Unidentified ascomycete IV
9. Ascospores more than 15 m long and 5 m wide, 0-1 septate......................………… 10
10. Ascospores 20-54 x 6-11 m, 1 septate …………...................… Halosphaeria cucullata
10. Ascospores 17-26 x 6-9 m 0-o4 1-septate ……...................... Unidentified ascomycete V
11. Spores multiseptate ……………………………….........………......… Lindra hawaiiensis
11. Spores 0-1 septate …………………………………………………...............………….12
12. Spores less than 100 m long, with rounded poles and without conical end chambers
……………………………….......………………......................… Bathyascus tropicalis
12. Spores more than 100 m long, with conical end chambers …....................…………… 13
13. Ascospores more than 500 m long …………………................ Lulworthia grandispora
13. Ascospores less than 500 m long ……………………….….................………………. 14
14. Ascospores less than 300 m long ………………………..…............... Lulworthia sp. III
14. Ascospores mostly more than 300 m long ………………….…….............….....…….. 15
15. Ascomata greyish, with a neck up to 400 m long, ascospores 230-500 m long
………………………………………...........………………………..... Lulworthia sp. II
Marine Fungi of Kerala 24
15. Ascomata dark brown to black, neck up to 75 m long, ascospores 310-370 m long
………………………………………………....................................…. Lulworthia sp. I
16. Appendages polar only ……………………………………………...............…………. 17
16. Appendages both polar and central ………………………………….….................…… 25
17. Ascospores with 3-4 thin, more or less rigid appendages ……………......…...............… 18
17. Ascospores with different types of appendages ………………….....…………............. 22
18. Ascospores with 2 subterminal appendages at both poles …………........……..
…………………………………………………….........… Antennospora quadricornuta
18. Ascospores with 3-4 terminal or subterminal appendages ..............………………… 19
19. Appendages subterminal, spathulate …………………..................... Antennospora salina
19. Appendages terminal, not spathulate …………………….………..................…………. 20
20. Ascospore diameter less than 6 m ………………................... Arenariomyces parvulus
20. Ascospore diameter more than 7 m………………….....……............………………. 21
21. Ascomata on sand grains ……..............………..…......………Arenariomyces trifurcatus
21. Ascomata partly immersed in wood ……………................... Arenariomyces majusculus
22. Ascospores with a cap-like appendage at both poles ……......................………………..24
22. Ascospores with ribbon-like appendages ……………………………...................…….. 23
23. Spores 19-35 x 8-10 m, slightly constricted at septum ……………………
……………………………………………………..……................Ceriosporopsis halima
23. Spores 22-30 x 7-8 m, not constricted at septum ………………………….
……………………………………………….…………........... Halosarpheia retorquens
24. Ascospores 18-23 x 7-10 m, thick-walled, mostly not constricted at the septum
………………………………………………….…....................... Halosphaeria hamata
24. Ascospores 15-21 x 7.5-10 m, thin-walled, always slightly constricted at the septum
……………………………………………................................... Halosarpheia viscosa
25. Ascomata attached to sand grains; ascospores with ribbon-like appendages (with uniform
width) all around the middle and at each pole …………............................................… 26
25. Ascomata fully or partly immersed in wood; ascospore appendages not of uniform width
……………………..............................………………..........Ocostaspora apilongissima
26. Ascospores 70-80 x 7.5-10 m with 8 transverse septa ……………………
……………………….…………………...............…….. Corollospora pseudopulchella
26. Ascospores 80-115 x 7.5-12.5 m, with 10-13 transverse septa ………….
………………………………..………………........…......………Corollospora filiformis
27. Ascospores with appendages ……..........……………………........……………………..28
27. Ascospores without appendages …………………………...........….......……………… 37
28. Ascus apex with a pore …………………………………........…….......……………….29
28. Ascus apex without a pore ……………………………….................…………………..34
29. Ascospores not constricted at the septum …………………....................……………… 30
29. Ascospores constricted at the septum ………..............……......………………………..33
 25 Floristic Account
30. Ascospores with membranous, wing-like appendages on either side of the septum
…………………………………………….............................. Unidentified ascomycete II
30. Appendages polar ………………………………….………..............…………………..31
31. Ascospores more than 37 m long ………………….................... Aniptodera mangrovei
31. Ascospores 37 m or less long …………………………..……................…………….. 32
32. Ascospores 12-20 x 5-8 m, broadly ellipsoid ……...................... Aniptodera salsuginosa
32. Ascospores 18-37 x 8-11 m, narrowly ellipsoid …………………………….
……………………………………………......………......... Aniptodera chesapeakensis
33. Ascospores 10-16 x 5-6 m, thin-walled ………….……................. Halosarpheia minuta
33. Ascospores 18-25 x 9-13 m, thick-walled …………..................... Halosarpheia marina
34. Ascospores more than 30 m long and 10 m broad …………….....................……….. 35
34. Ascospores less than 30 m long and 10 m broad …………..............…….......……….36
35. Ascospores 32-45 x 15-20 m, constricted at the apex …………………….
……………………………………….………………….....…...... Halosarpheia abonnis
35. Ascospores 55-62.5 x 22.5-27.5 m, slightly constricted at the base ……..
…………………………………………….....…….....…… Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis
36. Ascospores 13-18 x 7-9 m, slightly constricted at the septum ……………..
……………………………………………………......……........……….Aniptodera sp. I
36. Ascospores 17-23 x 7-9 m not constricted at the septum…..............……………
………………………………………………………………................. Aniptodera sp. II
37. Ascospores 1- or 2-celled, entirely hyaline or entirely brown ….....……….............…… 41
37. Ascospores 4-celled, brown with hyaline end-cells ……………......…………................ 38
38. Asci with 8 ascospores ..…………………….........………......….… Savoryella lignicola
38. Asci with less than 8 ascospores ……………...........…………….....…………………. 39
39. Asci with 4 ascospores ……………………………….........…..….....…. Savoryella sp. I
39. Asci with less than 4 ascospores……………………………………..............…………. 40
40. Ascospores 37.5-58 x 14-20 m, apical cells verrucose ………………….
……………………………………………………………............Savoryella paucispora
40. Ascospores 38-44 x 13-16 m, apical cells not verrucose ....................... Savoryella sp. II
41. Ascospores brown, aseptate, with a germ slit ……...................... Halorosellinia oceanica
41. Ascospores hyaline, 1- or more septate, without germ slit ……......…….............……….42
42. Ascospores multiseptate …………………………................. Marinosphaera mangrovei
42. Ascospore uniseptate ……………………………………......………........……………. 43
43. Ascospores thick-walled …………………………………….....……………........….… 44
43. Ascospores thin-walled ……………………………………...............…………………. 45
44. Ascospores 15-20 x 7.5-10 m, broadly ellipsoid ......................…… Aniptodera haispora
44. Ascospores 37.5-50 x 11-16 m, narrowly ellipsoid ...................... Aniptodera longispora
45. Ascospores 1-celled, subglobose to ovoid ……....................... Unidentified ascomycete VI
45. Ascospores with more than 1 cell, not subglobose or ovoid ………….....……................ 46
Marine Fungi of Kerala 26

46. Ascospores cylindrical, multiseptate, 26-31 x 5-6.5 m ………………….

…………………………………………….……..…............ Unidentified ascomycete VII
46. Ascospores ellipsoid, 1-septate ………………………....………...........……………… 47
47. Ascospores 27-32 x 11-13 m …………………………..............…… Lignincola tropica
47. Ascospores less than 27 m long ………………………………......……...........……… 48
48. Ascospores 17-24 x 5-8 m ……………………………….......…..........Lignincola laevis
48. Ascospores 13-18 x 5-8 m ………………………….................. Lignincola longirostris
49. Ascomata apothecial, ascospores striate ……….......................Dactylospora haliotrepha
49. Ascomata not apothecial, ascospores not striate ………………….....................………. 50
50. Ascomata cleistothecial; ascospores with bipolar appendages …………….
……………………………..…………………………..….......... Dryosphaera tropicalis
50. Ascomata perithecial; ascospores without appendages …................……......………….51
51. Ascospores muriform ………………………………….........……….......………………52
51. Ascospores not muriform …………………………….........…………......…………..… 55
52. Spores brown with lighter end-cells …………………............…......……………………53
52. Spores entirely brown …………………………………..................…Pleospora pelagica
53. Ascospores 50 m or less long ……………………………................ Aigialus mangrovei
53. Ascospores more than 50 m long ……………………………...........……......………..54
54. Ascospores 55-78 x 17-23 m, with 7-12 transepta ……….................... Aigialus parvus
54. Ascospores 97-107.5 x 21.5-30 m, with 12-19 transepta …....................………
….………………………………………….…………….......………..... Aigialus grandis
55. Ascospores 1-septate …………………………………………………...............……... 56
55. Ascospores 2- or more septate ……………………………………………................… 57
56. Ascospores fusiform with strongly eccentric septation ……........................Manglicola sp.
56. Ascospores ellipsoid; septation not eccentric ………….…................... Verruculina enalia
57. Ascospores spindle-shaped ………………………………………................………….. 58
57. Ascospores not spindle-shaped …………………………….....……...........…………… 59
58. Spores 4-celled with eccentric septa …………………….............. Salsuginea ramicola
58. Spores with more than 4 cells, septa at ends ………….......................Biatriospora marina
59. Ascospores thick-walled, 52.5-64 x 15-18 m……...................... Ascocratera manglicola
59. Ascospores thin-walled …………………….........……………………………......……. 60
60. Ascospores 18-25 x 6-9 m, constricted at septa ……..........……………………….
……………………………........……….....……………….. Leptosphaeria australiensis
60. Ascospores 30-45 x 7-11 m, not constricted at septum ……….........…………..
………………………………..…………............……........ Unidentified ascomycete VIII
 27 Floristic Account

Aigialus grandis Kohlm. & S. Schatz in Tran. Br. Mycol. Soc. 85: 699 (1985).
Taxonomic Position: Pyrenulales, Massariaceae
Fig. 1
Ascomata perithecial, 800-1760 x 400-796 m, completely or partially (90%) immersed,
subglobose or fusiform, ostiolate, black, with a longitudinal furrow at the top. Peridium 80-100
m thick, multilayered, with small, dark brown cells. Ostiole 50-100 m in diam.; ostiolar canal
lined with numerous periphyses with swollen apices. Pseudoparaphyses 1.5-2-m wide, trabe-
culate, branched at the tip. Asci 265-440 x 20-30 (40) m, eight-spored, cylindrical, peduncu-
late, thick-walled, bitunicate, with a conspicuous apical ring. Ascospores 97-107.5 x 21.5-23
(30) m, golden (yellow) brown with hyaline apical cells, muriform, with 12-19 transepta, 1-3
longisepta in all except the apical cells.
Materials examined:
KR TLY B RHI 7 (1) + Halocyphina villosa+ Halosarpheia marina+ Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Edk RHI 27 (1)+ Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C RHI 63 (1) + Halosarpheia marina 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey DRW 50 (1) + Savoryella lignicola 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Che INT 254 (1) + Halocyphina villosa+Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che INT 260 (1) 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che RHI 78 (1) + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C RHI 94 (1) + Lignincola longirostris + Savoryella paucispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C RHI 101 (1) + Halosarpheia marina 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C RHI 107 (1) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk RHI 110 (1) 11-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C BRU 177 (1) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C RHI 122 (1) + Cirrenalia pygmea 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A AVI 210 (1) + Halosarpheia marina 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey DRW 83 (1) 15-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C RHI 140 (1) + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che RHI 146 (1) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis+Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A RHI 154 (1) + Lulworthia grandispora 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav INT 422 (1) + Halocyphina villosa+ Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis+ Halorosellinia oceanica 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav RHI 156 (1) + Halocyphina villosa+ Cirrenalia pygmea+ Aniptodera haispora 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A RHI 161 (1) + Halocyphina villosa+ Leptosphaeria australiensis 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Che RHI 171 (1) + Halosarpheia marina +Cirrenalia basiminuta 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che RHI 178 (1) + Halocyphina villosa +Dactylospora haliotrepha 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A RHI 183 (1) + Halocyphina villosa 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A RHI 184 (1) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Edk RHI 197 (1) + Lulworthia grandispora 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav RHI 216 (1) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis +Cirrenalia pygmea 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A RHI 225 (1)- 15-05-94 - (Prm)

Aigialus grandis was first described by Kohlmeyer and Schatz (1985) from Atlantic Ocean. It
is also known from Belize (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1987), India (Borse, 1988),
Brunei (Hyde, 1988a), Seychelles (Hyde & Jones, 1988), Malaysia (Jones & Kuthubutheen,
1989), and Indonesia (Hyde & Jones, 1990). In most cases, it has been recorded on mangrove
wood. The Kerala collections did not show any variations in microscopical features.

Aigialus mangrovei Borse in Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 88: 424 (1987) (as mangrovis).
Taxonomic Position: Pyrenulales, Massariaceae
Fig. 2
Ascomata perithecial, 640-868 x 484-505 m, completely or partially (90%) immersed,
subglobose or fusiform, ostiolate, black, solitary or in groups, with a longitudinal furrow at the
top. Peridium 60-90 (100) m, multilayered, with thick-walled, dark brown cells at the outer
layers and thin-walled, subhyaline cells in the inner layers. Ostiole 35-50 m diam.; ostiolar canal
lined with periphyses having swollen apices. Pseudoparaphyses 215-247 x 1.5-2 m, trabecu-
late, branched, with swollen tips. Asci 307-430 x 22-28 m, eight-spored, cylindrical, short-
Marine Fungi of Kerala 28
pedunculate, thick-walled, bitunicate, with a conspicuous apical ring. Ascospores (32) 35-50 x
(12) 13-17 m, muriform, with 5-7 transepta, 1-2 longisepta in all except the apical cells; apical
cells hyaline, with a mucilaginous cap.
Materials examined:
KR TLY A - RHI 21 (2) + Halocyphina villosa 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 33 (2) + Halocyphina villosa 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 84 (2) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea + Aigialus parvus 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 72 (2) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Leptosphaeria australiensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - BRU 75 (2) + Halocyphina villosa 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 37 (2) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 122 (2) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 451 (2) + Halosarpheia marina 5-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - INT 332 (2) + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 159 (2) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - RHI 71 (2) + Lulworthia grandispora 11-4-93 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 109 (2) + Halosarpheia marina 11-7-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 539 (2) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)

Aigialus mangrovei was first described from the Maharashtra coast of India by Borse (1987).
Subsequently it has been reported from Belize (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1987),
Brunei (Hyde, 1988), Seychelles, and Singapore (Jones & Hyde, 1990). The Kerala collections
closely resemble the description of the type material by Borse (1987d).

Aigialus parvus Kohlm. & S. Schatz. in Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc 85: 699-707 (1985).
Taxonomic Position: Pyrenulales, Massariaceae
Fig. 3
Ascomata perithecial, 728-896 x 308-500 m, completely or partially (90%) immersed,
subglobose or fusiform, ostiolate, black, gregarious, with a longitudinal furrow at the top. Pe-
ridium 30-65 (70) m thick, multilayered; outer layers with thick-walled, black coloured cells
and inner layers with thin-walled, hyaline or light brown cells. Ostiole 60-110 m in diam.;
ostiolar canal lined with numerous periphyses with swollen heads. Psuedoparaphyses 2-2.5 m
wide, long, slender, trabeculate, branched at the top. Asci 372-500 (520) x 20-32 m, eight-
spored, cylindrical, pedunculate, thick-walled, bitunicate, with a conspicuous ring at the apex.
Ascospores 55-74 (78) x 17-23 m, muriform, with 7-12 transepta, and 1-3 longisepta in all
except the apical cells, golden (yellow) brown; apical cells hyaline.
Materials examined:
KR TLY A - RHI 4 (3) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 11 (3) + Halocyphina villosa 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 12 (3) + Cirrenalia pygmea 09-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 24 (3) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 25-10-92 - (Pm))
KR TLY C - RHI 26 (3) 25-10-92 - (Pm))
KR Edk - INT 154 (3) + Halocyphina villosa 15-11-92 - (Pm))
KR Edk - RHI 31 (3) + Cirrenalia macrocephala 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 84 (3) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea+ Aigialus mangrovis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 40 (3) + Lulworthia grandispora + Leptosphaeria australiensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 41 (3) + Halosarpheia marina + Verruculina enalia 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 46 (3) 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 111 (3) + Lulworthia grandispora + Salsuginea ramicola 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 54 (3) + Lulworthia grandispora 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 58 (3) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 65 (3) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosphaeria hamata+ Savoryella lignicola 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 249 (3) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Marinosphaera mangrovei 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 69 (3) +Lindra hawaiiensis 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 70 (3) +Lindra hawaiiensis 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 135 (3) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 255 (3) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 87 (3) + Verruculina enalia + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 88 (3) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TIK - DRW 66 (3) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25-04-93 - (Prm)
 29 Floristic Account
KR Val - INT 452 (3) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 198 (3) Lindra hawaiiensis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 136 (3) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 141 (3) + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - RHI 145 (3) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 05-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 239 (3) + Didymospha0eria enalia 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 215 (3) + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 19-09-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 160 (3) + Halocyphina villosa + Verruculina enalia + Aniptodera haispora 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 252 (3) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 163 (3) + Cirrenalia pygmea 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 268 (3) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 269 (3) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Ascomycetes sp. II 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 465 (3) + Lulworthia grandispora + Lignincola laevis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 170 (3) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halorosellinia oceanica 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 290 (3) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 313 (3) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Cirrenalia basiminuta 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 538 (3) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera salsuginosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 220 (3) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 223 (3) + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 226 (3) + Lulworthia grandispora 15-05-94 - (Prm)

Aigialus parvus was first described by Kohlmeyer and Schatz (1985). According to Jones &
Hyde (1990), this species is known from Brunei, India, Malaysia, Singapore, and Sumatra. The
Kerala collections agree with previous descriptions of this species in all major features.

Aniptodera chesapeakensis Shearer & M.A. Mill. in Mycologia 69: 894 (1977).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae.
Fig. 4
Ascomata perithecial, 180-450 x 150-270 m, globose or subglobose, partially or fully im-
mersed or superficial, ostiolate, papillate, hyaline, light brown or brown, solitary.Peridium 15-20
m thick, multilayered, made up of elongate, thin-walled cells. Papillae 220-550 x 30-70 m,
cylindrical; ostiolar canal lined with numerous periphyses. Interascal tissue absent. Asci 70-125
x 20-26 m, 8-spored, clavate, pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled but with a thickened area
at the subapical region with a single pore. Ascospores 18-37 x 8-13 m, ellipsoidal, uniseptate,
not constricted at the septum, hyaline, thick-walled, usually with two polar appendages folded
side ways parallel to the spore wall and are unrolled in the sea water into very long, thin, thread-
like structures.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A - ACN 2 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 1 (4) + Pleospora pelagica 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - DRW 1 (4) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - DRW 4 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 3 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia sp. I 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad B - INT 16 (4) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 7 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 12 (4) 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 27 (4) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 34 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 16 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 12 (4) 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 45 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 47 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 1 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus parvus 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - ACN 14 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - ACN 15 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 19 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 23 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosphaeria hamata + Bathyascus tropicalis + Bathyascus tropicalis 26-
07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 25 (4) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 26 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 13 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 30
KR TLY A - BRU 15 (4) + Cirrenalia macrocephala + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 48 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 49 (4) + Cirrenalia macrocephala + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 4 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus parvus 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Vad - ACN 19 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaera mangrovei 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - ACN 25 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 31 (4) + Salsuginea ramicola 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 34 (4) + Savoryella paucispora 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - INT 58 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 29 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 32 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 35 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - ACN 27 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - ACN 32 (4) + Periconia prolifica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 39 (4) 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 65 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halorosellinia oceanica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 70 (4) + Periconia prolifica + Lulworthia sp. I 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 72 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 10 (4) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halorosellinia oceanica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 14 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 15 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 43 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - DRW 7 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 74 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 75 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 36 (4) 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 38 (4) + Periconia prolifica 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 46 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 42 (4) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 44 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Cirrenalia pygmea 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 101 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 110 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 118 (4) 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - ACN 39 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Trichocladium alopallonellum 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - ACN 42 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - AVI 52 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - AVI 53 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 121 (4) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 125 (4) + Zalerion varium + Halosarpheia marina 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 61 (4) + Zalerion varium + Ceriosporopsis halima 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 45 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 129 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 27-09-92 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 15 (4) 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Bey - INT 135 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Kad B - INT 143 (4) 18-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Kad B - INT 146 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I 18-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 64 (4) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 69 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I + Cirrenalia pygmea 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 71 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 72 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Lulworthia grandispora 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 51 (4) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 52 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Verruculina enalia 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 54 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Lignincola laevis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 55 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 58 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 49 (4) + Periconia prolifica + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 52 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Periconia prolifica 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 53 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Periconia prolifica 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 57 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 59 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 60 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 59 (4) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 67 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 153 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 161 (4) + Periconia prolifica + Savoryella lignicola 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 61 (4) + Periconia prolifica 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 64 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 85 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Biatriospora marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 87 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 90 (4) + Halosphaeria hamata + Lulworthia grandispora 29-11-92 - (Pm)
 31 Floristic Account
KR TLY A - BRU 69 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 72 (4) + Aigialus mangrovis + Leptosphaeria australiensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - BRU 73 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - BRU 74 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 76 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 78 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I + Marinosphaera mangrovei 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 163 (4) + Periconia prolifica + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Zalerion varium 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 164 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina + Periconia prolifica 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 39 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 25 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Antennospora quadricornuta 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 169 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 172 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 177 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - SBI 15 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 67 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 68 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 93 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 98 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 99 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 100 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 79 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 83 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 185 (4) +Lindra hawaiiensis 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 187 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 70 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 77 (4) +Lindra hawaiiensis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 78 (4) + Periconia prolifica 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 101 (4) + Savoryella paucispora 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 102 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 108 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 83 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 84 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 99 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 101 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea + Periconia prolifica 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 55 (4) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halocyphina villosa 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 56 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Manglicola sp. 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - DRW 27 (4) + Unidentified ascomycete VIII 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - DRW 31 (4) 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - INT 211 (4) 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - INT 212 (4) + Zalerion varium 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 38 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 39 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Lignincola laevis + Halosarpheia marina 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 41 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 43 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Savoryella lignicola 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 26 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 29 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 85 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 86 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 91 (4) + Halosarpheia viscosa 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 103 (4) 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 104 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 105 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 62 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey - DRW 49 (4) 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey - INT 231 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 235 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 236 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Zalerion varium 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 123 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 126 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - ACN 93 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - ACN 94 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - ACN 95 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - ACN 96 (4) 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 120 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 122 (4) + Cirrenalia macrocephala + Halocyphina villosa 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 238 (4) + Periconia prolifica + Halosarpheia retorquens 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 240 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia macrocephala + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Savoryella
lignicola 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 241 (4) + Savoryella paucispora + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia retorquens 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 124 (4) 11-04-93 - (Prm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 32
KR Val - BRU 125 (4) 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 131 (4) 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 132 (4) 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 104 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 105 (4) + Periconia prolifica 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 107 (4) +Lindra hawaiiensis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 108 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 148 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Verruculina enalia 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 149 (4) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 133 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 134 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 138 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 256 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 84 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 111 (4) Halosarpheia retorquens 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 112 (4) + Lignincola laevis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 113 (4) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Lulworthia sp. III 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 115 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 152 (4) + Payosphaeria minuta 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 153 (4) + Biatriospora marina + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 154 (4) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Verruculina enalia 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 155 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 139 (4) + Unidentified ascomycete III 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 141 (4) + Unidentified ascomycete III 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 142 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 143 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 261 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Zalerion varium 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 262 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 265 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 275 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-B - INT 283 (4) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 88 (4) + Aigialus parvus 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 89 (4) + Halosarpheia abonnis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 66 (4) + Aigialus parvus 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 287 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 289 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 152 (4) + Verruculina enalia + Periconia prolifica 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 153 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 154 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 293 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 296 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 122 (4) 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 127 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 301 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 174 (4) + Halosarpheia retorquens 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 178 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 179 (4) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Halocyphina villosa + Bathyascus tropicalis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 156 (4) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia retorquens 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 158 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 161 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa +Lindra hawaiiensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 162 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 302 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Cirrenalia pygmea 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 304 (4) + Zalerion varium 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 103 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 104 (4) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 106 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 107 (4) + Aigialus grandis + Halosarpheia marina 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk - ACN 133 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - ACN 135 (4) 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 181 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 182 (4) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 185 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 189 (4) 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - BRU 163 (4) 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - BRU 170 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - INT 311 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 112 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 113 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 114 (4) + Cirrenalia fusca + Marinosphaera mangrovei 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - DRW 74 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 17-07-93 - (M)
 33 Floristic Account
KR Azi - DRW 76 (4) + Halorosellinia oceanica + Savoryella lignicola 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - INT 315 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - INT 320 (4) 17-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 171 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola laevis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 174 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 123 (4) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 140 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 141 (4) + Periconia prolifica +Lindra hawaiiensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 142 (4) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 145 (4) Lindra hawaiiensis + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 197 (4) + Periconia prolifica 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 198 (4) Lindra hawaiiensis + Aigialus parvus 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 199 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 180 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 184 (4) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 327 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 334 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 125 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 128 (4) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Cirrenalia basiminuta 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 147 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 148 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 149 (4) + Lignincola laevis 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 151 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 152 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 338 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 345 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey - INT 348 (4) 15-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - ACN 156 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - ACN 157 (4) + Halosarpheia viscosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 159 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Zalerion varium 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 216 (4) + Halocyphina villosa +Lindra hawaiiensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 194 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 196 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 357 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 358 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola + Cirrenalia pygmea 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 361 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 132 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 135 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 136 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Aigialus parvus 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 138 (4) + Verruculina enalia + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 139 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - ACN 162 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - ACN 164 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Savoryella lignicola 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - ACN 167 (4) + Periconia prolifica 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 228 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 229 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 231 (4) + Lignincola laevis + Halosarpheia marina 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 206 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 207 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia sp. I 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 367 (4) +Lindra hawaiiensis 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 372 (4) + Savoryella paucispora + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - RHI 144 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halorosellinia oceanica 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - RHI 146 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus parvus 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 378 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I 12-09-93 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 380 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lulworthia grandispora 12-09-93 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 383 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I 12-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - INT 388 (4) + Lignincola laevis 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - INT 389 (4) 18-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 168 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 170 (4) + Periconia prolifica 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 216 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 217 (4) + Periconia prolifica 19-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd - DRW 92 (4) 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Kad B - INT 402 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Kad B - INT 404 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 26-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 244 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - ACN 172 (4) + Lulworthia sp. III 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - ACN 173 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - ACN 174 (4) + Periconia prolifica 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - ACN 175 (4) + Lignincola laevis + 30-10-93 - (Pm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 34
KR Kav - ACN 177 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - ACN 178 (4) + Lignincola laevis +Lindra hawaiiensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 251 (4) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia minuta + Halosarpheia
ratnagiriensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - INT 424 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 431 (4) 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 433 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 227 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia viscosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 446 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 447 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 185 (4) + Lulworthia sp. III 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 257 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Unidentified ascomycete III 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 450 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 452 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus parvus 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 459 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - ACN 188 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - ACN 189 (4) + Periconia prolifica 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - ACN 192 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 263 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 264 (4) + Verruculina enalia + Periconia prolifica 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 239 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 240 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 242 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 243 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 461 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Lignincola laevis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 468 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 172 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Leptosphaeria australiensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 179 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 272 (4) + Halocyphina villosa 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - ACN 194 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - ACN 195 (4) + Lignincola laevis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - ACN 196 (4) + Halosarpheia minuta 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - ACN 197 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - AVI 275 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia sp. I 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - BRU 247 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - BRU 254 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 474 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola + Cirrenalia macrocephala 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 476 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 479 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia retorquens 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 84 (4) 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 200 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 205 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 280 (4) + Cirrenalia fusca 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 281 (4) + Cladosporium sp. 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 492 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 207 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 208 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia retorquens 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 209 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 210 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 500 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 503 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Phoma sp. 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 504 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 507 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 508 (4) + Ascochyta sp. 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 191 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 192 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Leptosphaeria australiensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 294 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I + Lignincola tropica 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 296 (4) + Savoryella paucispora 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 513 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 516 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 213 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 215 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 216 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia sp. I 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 217 (4) + Periconia prolifica 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 218 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 298 (4) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 300 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 517 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia sp. I 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 519 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 523 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea 06-03-94 - (Prm)
 35 Floristic Account
KR Edk - INT 525 (4) + Periconia prolifica + Lignincola laevis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 526 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 304 (4) + Halosarpheia abonnis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 274 (4) + Lulworthia sp. III + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 275 (4) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 277 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 527 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 529 (4) + Periconia prolifica 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 530 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 222 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 223 (4) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lignincola laevis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 224 (4) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Periconia prolifica 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 228 (4) + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 312 (4) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 315 (4) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 321 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - BRU 278 (4) + Halosarpheia minuta 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - BRU 283 (4) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 539 (4) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus mangrovei 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 542 (4) + Verruculina enalia +Lindra hawaiiensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 214 (4) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 216 (4) + Aigialus grandis + Cirrenalia pygmea 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 322 (4) + Lulworthia sp. I 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 324 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Savoryella lignicola 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 285 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 288 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia basiminuta 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 548 (4) + Savoryella lignicola + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 552 (4) + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Bek - DRW 125 (4) + Antennospora quadricornuta 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - DRW 126 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 562 (4) 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 564 (4) + Savoryella lignicola 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 566 (4) + Lulworthia grandispora 24-07-94 - (M)

Aniptodera chesapeakensis was first described by Shearer & Miller (1977) from the Chesa-
peake Bay of Maryland, U.S.A. Since then, it has been reported from several tropical and
subtropical parts of the world (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979; Shearer & Crane, 1980;
Kohlmeyer, 1984; Hyde, 1988a; Hyde, 1990a; Borse, 1988; Tan, Leong & Jones, 1989; Leong
et al., 1990; Hyde & Jones 1988; Prasannarai & Sridhar, 1997). Prasannarai & Sridhar (2001)
first recorded it from Kerala.

Aniptodera haispora Vrijmoed, K.D. Hyde & E.B.G. Jones in Mycol. Res. 98: 701 (1994).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 5
Ascomata perithecial, 200-400 x 190-250 m, fully or partially immersed in the substratum with
a horizontally aligned venter and a recurved or vertical and straight neck, light brown, ostiolate,
papillate, solitary; neck 120-190 x 40-50 m (base), 50-60 m (apex), hyaline, cylindrical,
slightly inflated at the apex, internally lined with numerous periphyses. Peridium 12-20 m thick,
multilayered, composed of light brown, elongated cells with thick walls, Asci 75-90 x 20-25 m,
eight-spored, clavate-pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled, persistent, with a thickening beset
with a simple pore at the apex. Ascospores 15-20 x 7.5-10 mm, ellipsoidal, thick-walled,
bicelled, not constricted at the septum, hyaline, with two hook-like apical appendages.
Materials examined:
KR Vad - INT 239 (9) + Cirrenalia macrocephala + Halosarpheia marina 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 248 (9) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia sp. III 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - RHI 156 (9) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus grandis + Cirrenalia pygmea 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 253 (9) + Halosarpheia marina + Leptosphaeria australiensis 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 475 (9) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 316 (9) + Aniptodera sp. II + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 15-
04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 160 (9) + Halocyphina villosa + Verruculina enalia + Aigialus parvus 30-10-93 - (Pm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 36
Aniptodera haispora was first described from Macau by Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones (1994). The
present collections agreed with the Macau collections in all essential features, but while Vrijmoed
et al. (l.c.) did not observe appendages, distinct polar appendages, typical of Aniptodera spe-
cies, were observed in the Kerala collections.

Aniptodera longispora K.D. Hyde in Bot. Mar. 33: 335 (1990).

Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 6
Ascomata perithecial, 200-350 x 245-400 m, globose, subglobose or ellipsoidal, immersed or
superficial, ostiolate, papillate, hyaline, light brown or brown, solitary. Peridium 25-40 m, com-
posed of elongate, thin-walled cells. Neck 250-520 x 40-60 m, cylindrical; ostiolar canal lined
by hyaline periphyses. Interascal tissue absent. Asci 160-175 x 44-50 m, 8-spored, clavate-
pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled, with a thick refractive area and a simple pore at the apex.
Ascospores (37.5) 42.5-50 x (11) 12-16 m, ellipsoidal, uniseptate, not constricted at the
septum, hyaline, thick-walled. Polar appendages not observed.
Materials examined:
KR TLY A - BRU 80 (6) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 52 (6) + Lulworthia grandispora + Verruculina enalia 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 194 (6) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Pleospora pelagica 18-07-93 - (M)

This manglicolous marine fungus was first reported by Hyde (1990) from Brunei. It is distinct
from A. chesapeakensis in having longer ascospores devoid of polar appendages. The Kerala
collections resembled the type collections described by Hyde (1990a) very closely but the as-
cospores of the former are distinctly wider. This species is also known from Australia (Kohlmeyer
& Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1991b), Belize (Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1993), Carib-
bean and Western Atlantic Ocean (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1993b) and Macau
and Hong Kong (Vrijmoed et al., 1994). It has already been recorded from Kerala by Prasannarai
& Sridhar (2001).

Aniptodera mangrovei K.D. Hyde in Can. J. Bot. 64: 2989 (1986) (as Mangrovii).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 7
Ascomata perithecial, 250-320 x 105-380 m, globose, subglobose or ellipsoidal, immersed or
superficial, ostiolate, papillate, brown or dark brown, solitary. Neck 105-280 x 37.5-45 m, long
and cylindrical, hyaline. Interascal tissue absent. Asci 112.5-130 x 20-47.5 m, eight-spored,
clavate, short-pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled except for a thick-walled, flattened, and refrac-
tive area at the tip that is beset with a simple pore. Ascospores 37.5-46 x 11-13 m, ellipsoidal,
uniseptate, not constricted at the septum, hyaline, thick-walled, with appendages at both poles.
Materials examined:
KR TLY B - BRU 18 (7) Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 165 (7) + Ascocratera manglicola 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 282 (7) + Halocyphina villosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)

Aniptodera mangrovei is known from Brunei (Hyde, 1988a), Seychelles (Hyde & Jones, 1988),
Malaysia (Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989), and Philippines (Jones, Uyenco & Follosco, 1988).
The Kerala collections of this species agreed in all aspects with descriptions from other parts of
the world. In the present study, however, the nature of the peridium could not be observed due
to scarcity of specimens.
 37 Floristic Account

Aniptodera salsuginosa Nakagiri & Ito in Mycol. Res. 98: 931 (1994).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 8
Ascomata perithecial, 140-240 x 110-180 m, globose or ellipsoidal, hyaline, solitary, immersed,
only neck projecting out of the substratum, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium 10-12 m thick, multi-
layered, hyaline, with elongate cells. Neck 140-360 m long, 40-60 m wide at the base, 40-70
m wide at the apex, cylindrical; ostiolar canal lined with periphyses. Asci 40-70 x 12.5-20 m,
cylindrical or clavate, eight-spored, short-pedunculate, persistent, unitunicate, thin-walled but
apex slightly thickened and with a pore having 5-7 m diam. Ascospores 12-20 x 5-8 m,
ellipsoidal, hyaline, two-celled, septation at the middle, not constricted at the septum, thick-
walled, smooth, with polar appendages.
Materials examined:
KR Kav - BRU 182 (8) + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 19-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 218 (8) + Lindra hawaiiensis + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 538 (8) + Aigialus parvus + Halocyphina villosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)

This species was first described from Japan by Nakagiri & Ito (1994). Before the present study,
it has not been reported from any other parts of the world. According to Nakagiri & Ito (l.c.)
Aniptodera salsuginosa has black ascoma and they isolated it from mangrove wood. However,
during the present study the ascoma obtained was hyaline. In all other aspects the Kerala collec-
tions were very much similar to those described by the Japanese workers. This species is very
close to A. chesapeakensis in the morphology of ascus and ascospore but differs in its smaller-
sized ascomata, asci and ascospores.

Aniptodera sp. I
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 9
Ascomata 170-240 x 170-200 m, globose or subglobose, solitary or in groups, immersed,
ostiolate, papillate, hyaline or cream-coloured, with papillae projecting out of the substratum.
Peridium 12.5-20 m, multilayered with thick-walled elongate cells with large lumina. Neck
230-360 x 50-60 m, cylindrical, central or eccentric, hyaline; ostiolar canal filled with periphyses.
Asci 60-87.5 (105) x 17.5-20 m, eight-spored, clavate or ellipsoidal, pedunculate, unitunicate,
with an apical thickening but without a pore and a ring, developing at the base of the venter.
Paraphyses absent. Ascospores 13-17 (18) x 7-9 m, ellipsoidal, uniseptate, not or slightly
constricted at the septum, hyaline, thick-walled, with or without cap-like or hook-like or ap-
pendages at the apices.
Materials examined:
KR Mah-A - ACN 76 (57) + Halosarpheia marina 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 192 (57) + Dactylospora haliotrepha I 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 150 (57) 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 158 (57) + Halocyphina villosa Halosarpheia abonnis 30-10-93 - (Pm)

This species is not agreeing with any known species of Aniptodera. It will come between P.
intermedia Hyde & Alias and A. haispora Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones in the size of ascospores
but the ascospores of the latter species do not show appendages. In lacking an apical pore and
ring, the asci of the present collections are similar to those of A. margarition Shearer.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 38
Antiptodera sp. II
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 10
Ascomata perithecial, 200 - 220 x 205 - 210 m, partly immersed, globose or subglobose,
solitary, ostiolate, papillate, hyaline or light brown. Peridium 10-15 m, multilayered, with thick-
walled elongate cells, hyaline or light brown. Neck 100 – 110 m long, 26 - 40 m wide at the
base, 40-50 m wide at the apex, hyaline, cylindrical, slightly inflated at the apex, internally lined
with numerous periphyses. Asci 60-75 x 10-22 m, eight-spored, clavate, pedunculate,
unitunicate, thin-walled, persistent, with a thickening at the apex. Ascorpores 17-23 x 7-9 m,
ellipsoidal, thick-walled, bicelled, not constricted at the septum, hyaline, with a hook-like ap-
pendage at each pole.
Materials examined:
KR TLY A - AVI 68 (58) + Halocyphina villosa + Pleospora pelagica 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 245 (58) +Marinosphaera mangrovei + Leptosphaeria australiensis 04-04-93 - (Prm)

Nature of the ascomata, ascus, ascospores and the morphology of the appendages were similar
to those of other species of Aniptodera, but the dimensions of the asci and ascospores differ
from all other reported species of Aniptodera. It seems to be a new species.

Antennospora quadricornuta (Cribb & J. W.Cribb) Johnson in Elisha Mitchell Sci.

Soc. 74: 46 (1958).
Halosphaeria quadricornuta Cribb & J. W. Cribb in Univ. Queensl. Pap. Dept. Bot. 3: 99
(1956).
Antennospora caribbea Meyers. Mycologia 49: 503 (1957).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 11
Ascomata perithecial, 110-300 x 80-210 m, subglobose or ellipsoidal, fully or partly immersed
or superficial, ostiolate, papillate, dark brown to black, with brown coloured hyphae around the
base of ascomata, solitary or gregarious. Peridium 10-12.5 m thick, multilayered (4-6 lay-
ered), composed of small, thick-walled, brown-coloured cells. Papillae 55-140 x 20-70 m,
subconical or almost cylindrical. Asci 45-60 x 15 x15-30 m, eight-spored, clavate, short-
pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled, early deliquescing. Ascospores 25-30 x 7-12 m, ellip-
soidal, uniseptate, not constricted at the septum, hyaline, with two pairs of appendages, at each
pole; appendages 20-35 x 1-1.5 (2) m, subterminal, arranged at right angle to one another,
with broad base and tapering apex.
Materials examined:
KR Ppd - INT 21 (44) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - INT 25 (44) + Halosarpheia marina 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 77 (44) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - INT 78 (44) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Bey - INT 133 (44) + Lulworthia grandispora 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 21 (44) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella paucispora 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 22 (44) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 24 (44) + Savoryella lignicola 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 25 (44) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 173 (44) + Savoryella lignicola + Cirrenalia pygmea + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 176 (44) + Lulworthia grandispora + Periconia prolifica 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 178 (44) + Halosarpheia marina + Verruculina enalia + Halorosellinia oceanica 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - SBI 14 (44) + Halosphaeria salina 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - SBI 16 (44) + Corollospora filiformis 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - SBI 18 (44) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosphaeria cucullata 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - INT 209 (44) 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - INT 213 (44) + Lulworthia grandispora 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 33 (44) + Cirrenalia pygmea 13-02-93 - (Prm)
 39 Floristic Account
KR Azi - DRW 42 (44) + Halocyphina villosa 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - INT 214 (44) + Ceriosporopsis halima 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - INT 216 (44) 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - INT 218 (44) + Ceriosporopsis halima 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - INT 219 (44) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - INT 220 (44) 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - INT 221 (44) 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 25 (44) + Corollospora filiformis 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - DRW 48 (44) + Halosphaeria salina 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - INT 224 (44) 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - INT 225 (44) + Koralionastes sp. 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey - INT 230 (44) 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 274 (44) + Savoryella lignicola 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 276 (44) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 42 (44) + Arenariomyces majusculus 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 63 (44) + Savoryella lignicola 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 70 (44) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 284 (44) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 288 (44) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 292 (44) + Periconia prolifica 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 72 (44) + Halosarpheia marina 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - INT 314 (44) 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - INT 316 (44) + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - INT 319 (44) 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Bey - INT 347 (44) + Lulworthia grandispora 15-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey - INT 349 (44) 15-08-93 - (M)
KR Tik - DRW 86 (44) 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd - INT 396 (44) + Zalerion varium 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd - INT 399 (44) 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd - SBI 68 (44) + Savoryella lignicola 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Bek - DRW 99 (44) 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - DRW 101 (44) 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - DRW 102 (44) 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 410 (44) 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 411 (44) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 413 (44) + Savoryella lignicola 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 414 (44) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 415 (44) + Periconia prolifica 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 416 (44) 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 417 (44) + Periconia prolifica 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - SBI 73 (44) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - SBI 74 (44) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - DRW 108 (44) 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - DRW 109 (44) + Halosphaeria salina 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - DRW 111 (44) + Zalerion varium 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 427 (44) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 430 (44) + Ceriosporopsis halima 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 432 (44) + Zalerion varium 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - SBI 79 (44) 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - SBI 80 (44) 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - INT 484 (44) + Lulworthia sp. I 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - INT 487 (44) 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 83 (44) 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - DRW 121 (44) 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - DRW 123 (44) + Zalerion maritimum 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - DRW 124 (44) + Savoryella lignicola 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - DRW 125 (44) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 556 (44) 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 558 (44) + Halosphaeria cucullata 24-07-94 - (M)

As discussed by Johnson (1958), this species has a confusing taxonomic history. It was Meyers
(1954) who first reported this fungus but he did not give it a name then. Later he (Mayers, 1957)
gave the name Antennospora caribbea to this species. In the meanwhile, Cribb & Cribb (1956)
independently discovered the same fungus and described it as a new species, quadricornuta
under the genus Halosphaeria. Johnson (1958) argued that it was better to place the new
species in the new genus Antennospora, and as the specific name proposed by Cribb & Cribb
(1956) antedates the name selected by Meyers (1957), Johnson (1958) made the new combi-
Marine Fungi of Kerala 40
nation Antennospora quadricornuta. Many modern authors accept this name for this fungus,
but Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1987) discussed the reasons for keeping it in
Halosphaeria. It has already been recorded from Kerala by Prasannarai & Sridhar (2001).

Antennospora salina Yusoff, E.B.G. Jones & S.T. Moss in Mycol. Res. 98: 1003 (1994).
Halosphaeria salina (Meyers) Kohlm. in Can. J. Bot. 50: 1957 (1972).
Arenariomyces salina, Meyers in Mycologia 49: 505 (1957).
Remispora salina (Meyers) Kohlm. Mycologia 60: 262 (1968).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 12
Ascomata perithecial, 100-340 x 80-300 m, globose or subcylindrical, partly or fully immersed,
brown to black, ostiolate, papillate, solitary, surrounded by brown hyphae. Peridium (12.5) 20-
27.5 m thick, multilayered; outer layers composed of thick-walled, dark brown cells; inner
layers composed of thin-walled, light brown cells. Neck 55-100 x 30-50 m, cylindrical. Asci
62.5-74 x 34-38 m, eight-spored, clavate, pedunculate, thin-walled, unitunicate, early deli-
quescing. Ascospores 21-26 x 8-12 m (excluding appendages), ellipsoidal, uniseptate, with 3
(rarely 4) polar appendages; appendages 12-16 x 2-3 m, subterminal, spathulate, with taper-
ing apices.
Materials examined:
KR Azi - SBI 14 (45) + Antennospora quadricornuta 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Bek - DRW 48 (45) + Antennospora quadricornuta 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 69 (45) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 90 (45) + Zalerion varium 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - SBI 62 (45) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - DRW 109 (45) + Antennospora quadricornuta 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 428 (45) 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 434 (45) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - SBI 78 (45) + Corollospora filiformis 31-10-93 - (Pm)

The collections made in Kerala agree well with the description of this species (as Halosphaeria
salina) by Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979). Meyers (1957) first described this species as
Arenariomyces salina, but Kohlmeyer (1968) transferred it at first to Remispora and later
(Kohlmeyer, 1972) to Halosphaeria. Yusoff et al. (1994) transferred this species to
Antennospora based on the position and ultrastructure of the appendages. Borse (1987a) first
recorded this species from India. It has already been recorded from Kerala (Prasannarai &
Sridhar, 2001).

Arenariomyces majusculus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm in Mycol. Res. 92: 411 (1989).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 13
Ascomata perithecial, 200-280 x 210-290 m, globose or subglobose, partly immersed or
superficial, ostiolate, papillate, dark brown, with spinous hyphal projection all over the ascoma;
hyphal projections 10-12 x 2-3.5 m, with tapering apex. Peridium 15-18 m thick, multilay-
ered, with dark brown cells. Neck 40-170 x 36-40 m, conical or cylindrical; ostiolar canal
without periphyses. Asci not observed, possibly early deliquescing, venter filled with mature
ascospores. Ascospores (25) 30-36 x (8) 10-13 m, ellipsoidal, uniseptate, slightly constricted
at the septum, hyaline, with 3 appendages at each pole; appendages attached to the subapical
region of the spore, with a broad base and a tapering apex, 16-22 x 2-2.5 m, 1-1.5 m broad
at the apex.
 41 Floristic Account
Materials examined:
KR Azi - DRW 45 (10) 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 42 (10) + Antennospora quadricornuta 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 78 (10) 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Bek - SBI 71 (10) 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - DRW 120 (10) + Savoryella lignicola 24-07-94 - (M)

Arenariomyces majusculus was first described by Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1989)

from Hawaii. It differs from other species of the genus due to its larger ascomata partially sub-
merged in wood and covered with spinous hyphal projections. All other species of Arenariomyces
show ascomata attached with subicles to sand grains. The Kerala collections are remarkably
close to the Hawaiian material except for the slightly smaller ascomata and the consistently 3-
appendaged ascospores of the former.

Arenariomyces parvulus J. Koch in Nordic J. Bot. 6: 497 (1986).

Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 14
Ascomata cleistothecial, 120-190 x 110-190 m, globose or subglobose, solitary, superficial,
non-ostiolate, epapillate, hyaline or yellow, beset with numerous hairs, 20 - 170 x 4-5 m, with
blunt, forked or disc-like apices. Peridium 8-13 m thick, multilayered, composed of thin-walled,
elongated cells. Interascal tissue absent. Asci 30-50 x 7-12 (15) m, eight-spored, pyriform,
unitunicate, biseriate, thin-walled, early deliquescing. Ascospores 12-14.5 x (3) 4-5 m, hya-
line, ellipsoidal, narrow, uniseptate, with a cluster of polar or subterminal appendages at both
apices of the ascospores; appendages 10-12 x 3-5 m, slender, attenuate.
Materials examined:
KR Tik - SBI 51 (11) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - SBI 69 (11) + Corollospora filiformis 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - SBI 72 (11) + Corollospora filiformis 03-10-93 - (Pm)

This fungus was originally described by Koch (1986) from Thailand. According to Kohlmeyer &
Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1989), it is known also from Belize, Bermuda, Fiji, Hawaii, Mexico, Puerto
Rico, Tobago, and U.S.A. The spore dimensions of the Kerala collections are smaller than those
described by both Koch (l.c.) and Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (l.c.).In addition, the ascomata
obtained during the present studywere devoid of papillae. Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (l.c.)
also have reported similar ascoma, a section of which showed a simple pore without a papilla.

Arenariomyces trifurcatus Hohnk in Veroeff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerhaven 3: 30

(1954).
Halosphaeria trifurcata (Hohnk) Cribb & Cribb in Univ. Queensl. Pap., Dep. Bot. 3, 99,
(1956).
Peritrichospora trifurcata (Hohnk) Kohlm in Nova. Hedwigia. 3, 89, (1961).
Corollospora trifurcata (Hohnk) Kohlm. in Ber. Dtsch., Bot. Ges. 75: 126 (1962).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 15
Ascomata perithecial, 100-240 x (60) 80-180 m, subglobose, superficial, attached to sand
grains, ostiolate, papillate, dark brown or black, solitary or in small groups (2-3). Neck 30-60
(100) x 20-60 m, conical or cylindrical. Peridium 10-15 m thick, multilayered, composed of
small, thick-walled cells. Interascal tissue absent. Asci 50-62.5 x 20-22.5 m, four-spored,
fusiform or subclavate, short-pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled, early deliquescing.Ascospores
Marine Fungi of Kerala 42
25-(27.5) 32.5 x 10-12.5 m, fusiform or ellipsoidal, uniseptate, with or without a slight con-
striction at the septum, with 3 hyaline subterminal appendages on both poles; appendages 22.5-
27.5 x 1.5-2 m, slender, curved, with tapering apex.
Materials examined:
KR Ppd - SBI 1 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 5 (12) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - SBI 7 (12) + Zalerion maritimum 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - SBI 8 (12) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Bey - SBI 9 (12) 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 26 (12) + Lulworthia grandispora 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 173 (12) + Savoryella lignicola + Cirrenalia pygmea + Antennospora quadricornuta 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - SBI 13 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 35 (12) + Cirrenalia pygmea 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - INT 215 (12) 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - INT 217 (12) + Lulworthia grandispora 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - INT 219 (12) + Antennospora quadricornuta 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 23 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 27 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 28 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - DRW 47 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey - SBI 38 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 45 (12) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - SBI 47 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - SBI 49 (12) + Ceriosporopsis halima 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - SBI 53 (12) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 71 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - DRW 75 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - DRW 77 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - SBI 57 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Bey - SBI 59 (12) 15-08-93 - (M)
KR Tik - DRW 88 (12) 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - SBI 61 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - SBI 62 (12) + Halosphaeria salina 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd - SBI 66 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd - SBI 67 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Bek - SBI 70 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - SBI 73 (12) + Antennospora quadricornuta 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - SBI 74 (23) + Antennospora quadricornuta 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - DRW 104 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - DRW 106 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - SBI 75 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 81 (12) + Corollospora filiformis 27-12-93 - (Pm)

This species, one of the common arenicolous fungi, was first described by Hohnk (1954). It is
known from Australia (Cribb & Cribb, 1956; Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1977), Canada (Hughes,
1969), British Colombia, Japan (Tubaki, 1969; Nakagiri & Tubaki, 1985); Hawaii (Kohlmeyer,
1969a); Denmark (Koch, 1975); Kuwait (Zainal & Jones, 1984); Belize (Kohlmeyer & Vokmann-
Kohlmeyer, 1987), Chile (Shearer & Burgos, 1987); Brunei (Hyde, 1988a); Seychelles (Hyde &
Jones, 1989) and India (Raghukumar, 1973; Patil & Borse, 1983b; Borse, 1988). The Kerala
collections did not show any remarkable deviations from earlier collections made from other parts
of the world. This species has already been recorded from Kerala by Prasannarai & Sridhar (2001).

Ascocratera manglicola Kohlm. in Can. J. Bot. 64: 3037 (1986).

Taxonomic Position: Dothideales, Monoblastiaceae
Fig. 16
Ascomata 360-680 x 960-1100 m, partly immersed, with a dome-shaped, exposed upper
part and an immersed lower part with a flat base, ostiolate, epapillate, carbonaceous; ostiolar
canal lined with periphyses. Peridium 160-240 m, multilayered, composed of small, thick-
walled, brown cells. Pseudoparaphyses 200-250 x 1-1.5 m, numerous, with swollen upper
tips, 2.5-3 m wide. Asci 290-400 x 20-25 m, eight-spored, pedunculate, cylindrical, thick-
 43 Floristic Account
walled, bitunicate. Ascospores 52.5-64 x 15-18 m, ellipsoidal, 3-septate, slightly constricted
at the central septum, hyaline; no appendages noticed, but have a thin hyaline covering around
the spore.
Materials examined:
KR TLY C - BRU 147 (13) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-04-93 )- (Prm))
KR TLY C - RHI 95 (13) + Verruculina enalia 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 155 (13) + Periconia prolifica 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 165 (13) + Aniptodera mangrovei 05-12-93 - (Pm)

This species was first described by Kohlmeyer (1986) based on collections from Belize and
Australia. It is also known from India (Ravikumar & Vittal, 1987; Borse, 1988) and Brunei
(Hyde, 1988b; Jones & Hyde, 1990). We could not find any difference between the Kerala
collections and the descriptions of this species from other parts of the world except for the
slightly larger ascomata and asci of Kohlmeyer’s (l.c.) collections.

Bathyascus tropicalis Kohlm. in Bot. Mar. 23: 532 (1980).

Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 17
Ascomata perithecial, 155-230 x 70-195 m, ellipsoidal, immersed, ostiolate, papillate, light
brown, thin-walled, solitary. Peridium translucent, 5-10 m thick, multilayered (3-4 layers), com-
posed of thin-walled, light brown cells. Neck 220-350 m long, 25-30 (35) m wide at the
base, 20-25 m wide at the apex, laterally attached. Periphyses and paraphyses not observed.
Asci (only a few immature asci observed) 62.5-75 x 12.5-15 m, eight-spored, ellipsoidal, thin-
walled, unitunicate, early deliquescing. Ascospores 62.5-90 (100) x 5-7.5 (10) m, fusiform,
rounded at the top and tapering towards the base, straight or slightly curved, uniseptate, septa-
tion off-centre with a smaller basal cell, slightly or not constricted at the septum.
Materials examined:
KR TLY B - AVI 23 (17) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa + Halosphaeria hamata 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 121 (17) + Halosarpheia marina 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 179 (17) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 193 (17) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 293 (17) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 505 (17) + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)

Bathyascus tropicalis was first reported from the Virgin Island of tropical Atlantic Ocean by
Kohlmeyer (1980). The present collections are in remarkable agreement with the descriptions
given by Kohlmeyer (l.c.) and later by Borse (1987a) who collected the fungus from the
Maharashtra Coast of India. The only remarkable difference observed is that while Kohlmeyer
(l.c.) could not see asci in his collection, Borse (l.c.) reported distinctly wider asci in his collec-
tion. Kohlmeyer (l.c.) isolated B. tropicalis from the branch of an unidentified tree that also
harboured ascocarps of Ceriosporopsis halima and Antennospora quadricornuta. Borse (l.c.)
isolated this species from an intertidal wood collected at Alibag, Maharashtra, India.

Biatriospora marina K.D. Hyde & Borse in Mycotaxon 26: 263 (1986).
Taxonomic Position: Dothideales (inc. sed.)
Fig. 18
Ascomata perithecial, 800-820 x 365-420 m, subglobose, immersed, solitary, black, carbon-
aceous, ostiolate and papillate. Neck 300-360 x 70-85 m; ostiolar canal periphysate.
Pseudoparaphyses 300-350 x 0.5-1.5 m, numerous, simple or branched, hyaline, Asci 260-
330 x 20-30 m, eight-spored, cylindrical, pedunculate, thick-walled, bitunicate, with an apical
Marine Fungi of Kerala 44
apparatus. Ascospores 55-65 x (15) 20-30 m, uniseriate, fusiform, 2-3-septate with septations
towards the poles, non-septate at the centre, non-constricted at the septa, hyaline, turning to
dark brown at maturity, with hyaline refractive appendages at both poles.
Materials examined:
KR TLY B - RHI 8 (18) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 85 (18) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 84 (18) + Periconia prolifica + Trichocladium alopallonellum 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 108 (18) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 153 (18) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 91 (18) 18-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 506 (18) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 23-01-94 - (Pm)

Biatriospora marina is a rare tropical manglicolous marine fungus first recorded from Seychelles
and India (Hyde & Borse, 1986a). In most features the Kerala collections are very much similar
to those described by Hyde & Borse (l.c.). This species has dark-coloured, multi-septate spores
with hyaline polar cells. According to Hyde & Borse (l.c.), the nature and behaviour of the polar
chamber of the ascospores of this species are similar to those of Lulworthia, where it helps to
adhere to the substratum and therefore are analogous to appendages. Similar polar chambers
are known in the ascospores of all the reported species of Savoryella and Aigialus.

Ceriosporopsis halima Linder in Farlowia 1: 409 (1944).

Ceriosporopsis barbata Hohnk in Veroeff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerhaven. 3, 210: (1955).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 19
Ascomata perithecial, 120-360 x 110-340 m, light brown to dark brown, globose or subglobose,
immersed, ostiolate, papillate, coriaceous, solitary. Peridium 8-10 m thick, multilayered, com-
posed of thin-walled cells. Neck 370 x 20-35 m, cylindrical, ventrally attached; ostiolar canal
lined with numerous periphyses. Asci not observed, seems to be early deliquescing. Ascospores
(19) 21-33 (35) x 8-10 m excluding appendages, ellipsoidal, uniseptate, slightly constricted at the
septum, hyaline, with ribbon-shaped polar appendages of variable length (9-14 m long) with
broader apex.
Materials examined:
KR Ppd - SBI 3 (23) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 6 (23) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 61 (23) + Zalerion varium + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27-09-92 - (M)
KR Bey - SBI 11 (23) 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 214 (23) + Antennospora quadricornuta 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - INT 218 (23) + Antennospora quadricornuta 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 24 (23) + Corollospora filiformis 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey - SBI 41 (23) 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 268 (23) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 44 (23) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 46 (23) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - SBI 49 (23) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 73 (23) + Corollospora filiformis 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Tik - DRW 105 (23) 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 430 (23) + Antennospora quadricornuta 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - SBI 76 (23) + Corollospora filiformis 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 549 (23) + Zalerion varium + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Bek - SBI 86 (23) 24-07-94 - (M)

Ceriosporopsis halima is a widely distributed marine species characterized by 2-celled as-

cospores with an exosporial sheath and ribbon-shaped, gelatinous appendages at the poles. The
microscopic and macroscopic features of the Kerala collections are almost identical with those
of C. halima described from other parts of the world (Tubaki, 1966; Raghukumar, 1973; Koch,
1975; Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979 and Borse, 1988).
 45 Floristic Account

Corollospora filiformis Nakagiri & Tokura in Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 28: 422 (1987).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 20
Ascomata perithecial, 170-320 x 170-300 m, globose to subglobose, superficial, black, car-
bonaceous, solitary, firmly attached to sand grains. Peridium 25-30 m, multilayered, dark, with
thick-walled cells. Neck 20-50 x 30-50 m, cylindrical. No paraphyses or periphyses ob-
served. Asci (100) 120-175 x (22.5) 25-45 (65) m, eight-spored, fusiform or subfusiform with
short peduncle, hyaline, unitunicate and early deliquescent. Ascospores 80-115 x 75-10 (12.5)
m, filiform, 10-13 septate, hyaline, with two types of appendages: polar and central; polar
appendages shorter and wider, ribbon-like, 15-27.5 m long; centrally radiating appendages
(20) 28-37.5 m long, numerous, long and cylindrical.
Materials examined:
KR Ppd - SBI 1 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - SBI 4 (25) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 13 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - SBI 16 (25) + Antennospora quadricornuta 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - SBI 19 (25) + Savoryella lignicola 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - SBI 21 (25) + Savoryella lignicola 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Azi - SBI 23 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 24 (25) + Ceriosporopsis halima 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 25 (25) + Antennospora quadricornuta 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 27 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 28 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 32 (25) 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - DRW 47 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - SBI 33 (25) 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - SBI 34 (25) 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - SBI 35 (25) 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey - SBI 38 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - SBI 69 (25) + Arenariomyces parvulus 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - SBI 70 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - SBI 72 (25) + Arenariomyces parvulus 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - SBI 47 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - SBI 48 (25) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - SBI 52 (25) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 71 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - DRW 73 (25) + Ceriosporopsis halima 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - DRW 75 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - DRW 77 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - DRW 79 (25) + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - SBI 55 (25) + Lulworthia sp. 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - SBI 56 (25) 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - SBI 57 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Tik - DRW 89 (25) 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - SBI 61 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - SBI 65 (25) 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd - SBI 66 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd - SBI 67 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - DRW 104 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - DRW 106 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - SBI 75 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - SBI 76 (25) + Ceriosporopsis halima 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - SBI 78 (25) + Halosphaeria salina 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 81 (25) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 82 (25) 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - SBI 85 (25) 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - SBI 87 (25) 24-07-94 - (M)

Corollospora filiformis was first described from Japan by Nakagiri & Tokura (1987) and these
authors opined that it could be a subtropical species. The Kerala collections were nearly similar
in almost all characters to the Japanese collections. This species has already been recorded from
Kerala by Prasannarai & Sridhar (2001).
Marine Fungi of Kerala 46
Corollospora pseudopulchella Nakagiri & Tokura in Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan. 28:
428 (1987).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae.
Fig. 21
Ascoma 159 x 113 m, oval, superficial, dark brown, solitary, firmly attached to sand grains.
Neck (2-3) 25 x 30 m, cylindrical. Peridial structure not studied. No periphyses or paraphy-
ses. Asci 95-115 x 25-30 m, eight-spored, fusiform or ellipsoidal, short-pedunculate, hyaline,
unitunicate, early deliquescent. Ascospores 70-90 x 7.5-10 m; filiform, with 8 transverse septa,
hyaline, with two types of appendages: polar appendages 15-20 m long, 4-6 in number; central
appendages 25-30 m, 8-10 in number.
Material examined:
KR Ppd - SBI 20 (24) 31-01-93 - (Pm)

Corollospora pseudopulchella was first described by Nakagiri & Tokura (1987) from Japan.
Although the ascoma of the Kerala collection is slightly smaller, it is agreeing with the Japanese
species in all other features. During the present study, this fungus was isolated from only a single
wood sample buried in sand. As only a single ascoma was obtained, some details like the peridial
structure could not be studied.

Dactylospora haliotrepha (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) Hafellner in Beih. Nova Hedwig. 62: 111
(1979).
Kymadiscus haliotrephus (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. in Mycologia 63: 837 (1971).
Buellia haliotrepha Kohlm. & E. Kohlm. in Nova Hedwig.9: 90 (1965).
Taxonomic Position: Dactylosporaceae (inc. sed.)
Fig. 22
Ascomata 210-320 x 420-960 m, small, initially globose or button-shaped, developing in to
semiglobose or discoid, apothecium-like, dark reddish brown to black fruit body with a deeply
rooted obconical foot in the wood, solitary or in groups. Excipula with polygonal cells overarching
the hymenium. Hypothecia made up of thin-walled cells. Epithecia reddish brown in colour,
crumbling and exposing the hymenium at maturity. Pseudoparaphyses 62.5-125 x 1-15 m,
cylindrical, with a swollen apex 2-5.5 m in diam., septate, hyaline, longer than asci. Asci 60-85
x 15-20 m, eight-spored, clavate, short-pedunculate, bitunicate, thick-walled, without any api-
cal pore or apparatus. Ascospores 18-25 x 5-10 m, uni- or biseriate, ellipsoidal, brown, unisep-
tate, unequally bicelled, constricted at the septum, with fine longitudinal striations.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A AVI 2 (31) + Halosarpheia marina 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A INT 1 (31) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd INT 22 (31) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 10 (31) + Savoryella lignicola 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 13 (31) + Savoryella lignicola 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 15 (31) + Savoryella lignicola 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 29 (31) + Halosarpheia marina 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A INT 35 (31) 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR TLY B BRU 17 (31) + Halocyphina villosa +Lindra hawaiiensis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B INT 51 (31) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia retorquens 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B INT 52 (31) + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B RHI 9 (31) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 28 (31) + Halocyphina villosa 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - BRU 22 (31) + Halocyphina villosa 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Val ACN 30 (31) 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val RHI 10 (31) + Halorosellinia oceanica + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A BRU 42 (31) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A AVI 55 (31) + Halocyphina villosa 13-09-92 - (M)
 47 Floristic Account
KR Kad A INT 121 (31) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Bey - INT 134 (31) 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A AVI 64 (31) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A AVI 67 (31) + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A BRU 51 (31) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A INT 149 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A INT 151 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia retorquens 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A RHI 22 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk BRU 59 (31) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk BRU 61 (31) + Cirrenalia pygmea 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B BRU 73 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B BRU 74 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B INT 165 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B INT 167 (31) + Trichocladium alopallonellum + Phoma sp. 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B RHI 43 (31) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Savoryella paucispora 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi INT 179 (31) + Lulworthia grandispora 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A INT 192 (31) + Aniptodera sp. I + Aniptodera sp. II 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A INT 196 (31) + Verruculina enalia + Marinosphaera mangrovei 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Azi DRW 36 (31) + Cirrenalia fusca 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi INT 223 (31) 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A AVI 127 (31) + Lulworthia grandispora + Savoryella lignicola 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C BRU 112 (31) + Halosarpheia marina 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A BRU 114 (31) + Lulworthia grandispora + Lignincola laevis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C RHI 65 (31) + Halosphaeria hamata + Aigialus parvus + Savoryella lignicola 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A RHI 67 (31) + Lulworthia grandispora 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad AVI 130 (31) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad INT 240 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia macrocephala + Savoryella
lignicola 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val ACN 103 (31) 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val INT 249 (31) + Aigialus parvus + Marinosphaera mangrovei 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che AVI 145 (31) + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che AVI 149 (31) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che INT 253 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Verruculina enalia 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che INT 259 (31) + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che RHI 81 (31) +Lindra hawaiiensis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A AVI 154 (31) + Verruculina enalia + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A BRU 140 (31) + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B BRU 144 (31) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia viscosa 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B INT 266 (31) + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A RHI 86 (31) + Verruculina enalia + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B RHI 90 (31) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik INT 290 (31) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C RHI 106 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk BRU 165 (31) + Halosarpheia marina 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi INT 321 (31) 17-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C RHI 123 (31) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav RHI 125 (31) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A AVI 207 (31) 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A BRU 188 (31) + Halorosellinia oceanica 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A INT 341 (31) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia minuta 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey INT 351 (31) 15-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C RHI 142 (31) + Verruculina enalia + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che INT 371 (31) + Halosarpheia marina 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che RHI 145 (31) + Aigialus parvus + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik INT 384 (31) 18-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C AVI 240 (31) + Zalerion varium + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A RHI 148 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 19-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd INT 397 (31) 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Bek DRW 100 (31) 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A INT 419 (31) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav AVI 251 (31) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia minuta + Halosarpheia
ratnagiriensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav BRU 225 (31) + Savoryella lignicola + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Lignincola laevis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav INT 423 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia minuta 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav RHI 157 (31) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav RHI 159 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus mangrovis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A INT 449 (31) + Trichocladium alopallonellum + Halosarpheia marina 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A RHI 162 (31) + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Val BRU 231 (31) + Halocyphina villosa 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val BRU 234 (31) + Cirrenalia pygmea 05-12-93 - (Pm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 48
KR Val INT 454 (31) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che AVI 265 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che BRU 241 (31) + Verruculina enalia + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che INT 462 (31) + Verruculina enalia + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che INT 468 (31) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che RHI 174 (31) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che RHI 178 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus grandis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A INT 473 (31) + Halocyphina villosa 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad BRU 248 (31) + Halosarpheia marina 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad BRU 254 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A INT 482 (31) + Periconia prolifica 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A INT 490 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A INT 495 (31) + Verruculina enalia + Halocyphina villosa 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B AVI 290 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus parvus 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A BRU 256 (31) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B INT 507 (31) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B INT 510 (31) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A RHI 184 (31) + Aigialus grandis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B RHI 189 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina +Lulworthia sp. III 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B RHI 190 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Leptosphaeria australiensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A RHI 195 (31) + Halosphaeria hamata + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A RHI 196 (31) + Halosphaeria hamata + Lulworthia grandispora 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk AVI 298 (31) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 200 (76) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk RHI 204 (31) 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A INT 528 (31) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia basiminuta 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A INT 530 (31) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B INT 535 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav AVI 313 (31) + Aigialus parvus + Cirrenalia basiminuta 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav AVI 314 (31) + Lulworthia grandispora + Savoryella lignicola 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav INT 541 (31) + Halorosellinia oceanica 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav RHI 212 (31) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola laevis + Verruculina enalia 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY C RHI 57 (31) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 10-01-93-1993 - (Pm)

Kohlmeyer (1980, 1983) and Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1987, 1991b) collected
and reported the occurrence of this fungus from the tropical parts. Raghukumar (1973), Patil &
Borse (1983a, 1985a), Borse (1988), Borse, Ramesh & Shrivastava (1988) and Prasannarai &
Sridhar (2001) have reported the occurrence of this fungus in the coastal waters of India. Hyde
(1988a, 1990a, 1992d) isolated this fungus from the coastal waters of Brunei and Mexico. The
occurrence of this fungus in the coastal waters of Malaysia (Hyde & Jones 1988), Singapore
(Long, Tan & Jones, 1991) and Hong Kong (Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones, 1994) were also re-
ported. Prasannarai & Sridhar (2001) recorded it for the first time from Kerala.

Dryosphaera tropicalis Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. in Can. J. Bot. 71, 9, 992.

Taxonomic Position: Ascomycota (inc. sed.)
Fig. 23
Ascomata cleistothecial, 180-220 (370) x 180-220 (370) m, globose or semiglobose, superficial,
hyaline or pale yellow, solitary or in groups, covered with numerous short appendages of almost
uniform length with broad, branched apices, 20-25 x 4-6m.Peridium 10-20 m, composed of thin-
walled cells in 4-6 layers. Asci 20-40 (65) x 7.5-10 m, eight-spored, fusiform, short-pedunculate,
bitunicate, thin-walled. Ascospores 12-15 x 4-5m, ellipsoidal, uniseptate, hyaline, with a cluster of
6-8 appendages near both poles; appendages 10-12 x m long, thin and bristles-like.
Material examined:
KR TLY A - INT 324 (21) + Phoma sp. 18-07-93 - (M)

As this species was isolated only once during the entire period of this study, it seems to be a very
rare species. The Kerala collection was obtained from an unidentified intertidal mangrove wood
collected from Tellicherry A site.
 49 Floristic Account

Halosarpheia abonnis Kohlm. in Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N.1) 5: 339 (1984).

Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 24
Ascomata perithecial, 485-640 x 320-450 m, ellipsoid, immersed, ostiolate, papillate, hyaline to
light brown, sometimes with a horizontal long axis and a recurved neck.Peridium 25-35 m thick.
Neck 230-290 x 110-130 m, cylindrical, ostiolate; ostiolar canal lined with numerous periphyses.
Asci 145-220 x 30-45 m, eight-spored, clavate, pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled, but slightly
thick-walled at the apical and subapical regions. Ascospores (32)-34-45 x 15-20 m (excluding
appendages), ellipsoidal, uniseptate, hyaline, with apical, cap-like or spathulate appendages that
run parallely along the sides of the ascospores; appendages 16-20 m long and 2-5 m wide.
Materials examined:
KR Mah-A - INT 30 (36) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 24 (36) + Cirrenalia pygmea 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 103 (36) + Halosarpheia marina + Halorosellinia oceanica 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Bey - INT 137 (36) 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 80 (36) + Trichocladium sp. 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 38 (36) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 42 (36) + Verruculina enalia + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 106 (36) + Cirrenalia pygmea 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 59 (36) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 137 (36) + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 160 (36) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis + Halocyphina villosa 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 89 (36) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 165 (36) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 96 (36) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 100 (36) + Lulworthia grandispora 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 137 (36) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 152 (36) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-09-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 421 (36) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - RHI 158 (36) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera sp. I 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 261 (36) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 266 (36) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 193 (36) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 304 (36) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 208 (36) + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 545 (36) + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Lulworthia grandispora 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 218 (36) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 222 (36) + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 224 (36) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 17-04-94 - (Prm)

Kohlmeyer (1984) first described this species from Bermuda. Since then, it has been recorded
from Belize (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1987), Seychelles (Hyde & Jones, 1988a),
India (Borse, Remash, Shrivastava, 1988), Brunei (Hyde, 1988a), Malaysia (Jones &
Kuthubutheen, 1989), Australia (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1991) and Macau &
Hong Kong (Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones, 1994). Except for the shorter asci, the Kerala collections
agreed with Kohlmeyer’s (1984) description of Halosarpheia abonnis.

Halosphaeria hamata (Hohnk) Kohlm. in Can. J. Bot. 50: 1956 (1972).

Ceriosporopsis hamata Hohnk in Veroeff. Inst. Meeresforsch Bremerhaven 3: 211 (1955).
Remispora hamata (Hohnk) Kohlm. in Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 74: 305 (1961).
Halosphaeriales – Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 25
Ascomata perithecial, 250-380 x 210-340 m, globose or subglobose, partly or fully immersed
with the neck projecting above the substratum, ostiolate, papillate, light yellow to light brown,
solitary. Peridium 8.5-23 m thick, multilayered, composed of elongated, thin-walled cells.Neck
130-610 x 70-100 m, laterally or centrally attached; ostiolar canal lined with periphyses. Asci
Marine Fungi of Kerala 50
67.5-100 x17.5-27.5, eight-spored, clavate, subfusiform, pedunculate, unitunicate, early deliquescing,
thin-walled, without apical pore or apparatus. Ascospores 18-23 x 7-10 (excluding appendages),
ellipsoidal, thick-walled, uniseptate, slightly or not constricted at the septum, hyaline, with a cap-
like appendage at both poles of the spore; appendages 2-3 m high and 2-4 m wide.
Materials examined:
KR TLY B - AVI 23 (35) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa + Bathyascus tropicalis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 90 (35) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 71 (35) + Halosarpheia marina + Zalerion varium 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 88 (35) 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 120 (35) + Halosarpheia marina + Trichocladium alopallonellum 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 107 (35) + Lulworthia sp. I 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 65 (35) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Aigialus parvus + Savoryella lignicola 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 146 (35) + Lulworthia sp. I 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 292 (35) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola laevis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 514 (35) + Lulworthia grandispora 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 195 (35) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 196 (35) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lulworthia grandispora 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 272 (35) + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 531 (35) + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 322 (35) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia sp1 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 325 (35) + Lulworthia sp. I 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 286 (35) + Savoryella lignicola + Cirrenalia basiminuta 17-04-94 - (Prm)

According to Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1991a), this species most probably belongs
to Halosarpheia. They considered the basionym Ceriosporopsis hamata Hohnk as nomen
dubium because the type material of C. hamata does not occur. As the present collections
agree closely with the description of Halosphaeria hamata given by Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer
(1979), they are assigned here tentatively to that species. The first record of this species from
India was by Ravikumar and Vittal (1987).

Halosarpheia marina (Cribb & J. W. Cribb) Kohlm. in Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N.I.) 5:345
(1984).
Gnomonia marina Cribb & J. W. Cribb in Univ. Queensl. Pap., Dep. Bot. 3:100 (1956).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 26
Ascomata perithecial, 290-350 x 195-280 m, obpyriform, immersed with neck projecting out
of the substratum, ostiolate, with numerous brown hyphae, 3-4m diam., surrounding the ascoma,
light brown to brown, solitary. Neck 120-350 x 50-80 (100) m, hyaline to light brown, cylin-
drical; ostiolar canal lined with numerous periphyses. Paraphyses not observed. Asci (87.5) 90-
125 x 20-32.5 m, eight-spored, clavate, short-pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled at the lower
part but with a plate-like thickened area at the apical part with a simple pore. Ascospores 18-25
x 9-12 (13) m excluding appendages, ellipsoidal, uniseptate, not constricted at the septum,
hyaline, with round apices, with a cap-like, gelatinous, 2-3 m long appendage at each pole.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A - ACN 2 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 3 (37) + Lulworthia sp1 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 2 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 3 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - DRW 4 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 1 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 2 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Lulworthia grandispora 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 5 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Periconia prolifica 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - INT 25 (37) + Antennospora quadricornuta 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 8 (37) + Lignincola laevis 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 13 (37) 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 7 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 8 (37) + Halorosellinia oceanica 03-05-92 - (Prm)
 51 Floristic Account
KR Mah-A - AVI 11 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 28 (37) + Verruculina enalia + Cirrenalia pygmea 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 29 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 31 (37) + Lulworthia sp. I 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 32 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Leptosphaeria australiensis 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 33 (37) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 34 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 17 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 18 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 10 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 45 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 46 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 2 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 3 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - ACN 14 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - ACN 15 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - ACN 16 (37) 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 20 (37) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Halosarpheia retorquens 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 21 (37) + Lulworthia sp. III + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 24 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 25 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis +Lindra hawaiiensis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 26 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 13 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 16 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 19 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 20 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 48 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 50 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 51 (37) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Dactylospora haliotrepha 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 53 (37) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 55 (37) + Zalerion varium 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 5 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 6 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 7 (37) + Aigialus grandis + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 8 (37) + Biatriospora marina + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 9 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Vad - ACN 20 (37) + Periconia prolifica 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - ACN 22 (37) + Lulworthia sp. I 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - ACN 25 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 30 (37) + Lulworthia sp. I 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 35 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 36 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - BRU 21 (37) + Lulworthia sp. I 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - BRU 27 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - INT 57 (37) 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - INT 61 (37) 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - ACN 27 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - ACN 28 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - ACN 29 (37) + Halorosellinia oceanica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 40 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 41 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Periconia prolifica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 42 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Periconia prolifica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 29 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 30 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 32 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 33 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 35 (37) Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 69 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 71 (37) + Verruculina enalia 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 14 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 15 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - DRW 9 (37) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - DRW 10 (37) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 73 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 74 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 91 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 99 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 47 (37) 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 49 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 100 (37) + Verruculina enalia + Periconia prolifica 06-09-92 - (M)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 52
KR Mah-A - INT 102 (37) + + Halocyphina villosa 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 103 (37) + Halorosellinia oceanica+ Halosarpheia abonnis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 106 (37) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Periconia prolifica 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 109 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Periconia prolifica 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - ACN 42 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - ACN 43 (37) + Cirrenalia fusca 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 122 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 123 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 125 (37) + Zalerion varium + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 127 (71) +Savoryella lignicola 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 58 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 59 (37) + Savoryella paucispora + Lignincola laevis 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 62 (37) + Halosarpheia minuta + Halocyphina villosa 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 47 (37) + Lignincola laevis 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 48 (37) + Dendryphiella salina + Halocyphina villosa 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 129 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 130 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Savoryella paucispora 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 131 (37) + Lignincola laevis + Halocyphina villosa 27-09-92 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 19 (37) + Halorosellinia oceanica 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 63 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halocyphina villosa 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 49 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Verruculina enalia 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 50 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia retorquens 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 152 (37) + Verruculina enalia + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 20 (37) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 22 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 49 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Periconia prolifica 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 50 (37) + Lulworthia sp. I 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 51 (37) + Lignincola laevis 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 58 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 59 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 60 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 59 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 68 (37) + Lignincola laevis 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 153 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 157 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 29 (37) 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 32 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 36 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 62 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Periconia prolifica 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 63 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaera mangrovei 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 64 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 83 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Leptosphaeria australiensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 84 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Aigialus mangrovis + Aigialus parvus 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 85 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Biatriospora marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 87 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 88 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 69 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 70 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Leptosphaeria australiensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 71 (37) + Halosphaeria hamata + Zalerion varium 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - BRU 73 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - BRU 74 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 162 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia pygmea 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 164 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Periconia prolifica 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 165 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 166 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Payosphaeria minuta + Cirrenalia basiminuta 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 168 (37) + Halosarpheia retorquens 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 37 (37) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Aigialus mangrovis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 38 (37) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Lulworthia grandispora 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 39 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 41 (37) + Verruculina enalia + Aigialus parvus 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 42 (37) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Verruculina enalia + Marinosphaera mangrovei 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 43 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Savoryella paucispora + Dactylospora haliotrepha 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 44 (37) + Lignincola laevis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 45 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 47 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 169 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 171 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 174 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola + Lignincola laevis 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 178 (37) + Verruculina enalia + Antennospora quadricornuta + Halorosellinia oceanica20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - SBI 15 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 20-12-92 - (Pm)
 53 Floristic Account
KR Azi - SBI 17 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 67 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 69 (37) + Phoma sp. + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 93 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 94 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 96 (37) + Zalerion varium + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 97 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 98 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 99 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 79 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 80 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Aniptodera longispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 81 (37) + Lignincola laevis + Lulworthia sp. I + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 82 (37) + Zalerion varium + Phialophorophoma litoralis 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 83 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 85 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Periconia prolifica 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 86 (37) + Periconia prolifica + Trichocladium alopallonellum 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 87 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 180 (37) + Lignincola laevis 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 181 (37) + Verruculina enalia 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 184 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 188 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 48 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 49 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 50 (37) + Zalerion maritimum + Cirrenalia basiminuta 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 52 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Phoma sp. 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 53 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Zalerion maritimum 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 70 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 72 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 76 (37) + Aniptodera sp. I 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 79 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 104 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 194 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Savoryella lignicola 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 195 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Savoryella paucispora 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 81 (37) + Periconia prolifica 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 82 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 83 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 113 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 115 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Lulworthia sp. I 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 97 (37) + Lulworthia sp. I + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Savoryella lignicola 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 98 (37) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Zalerion varium 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 206 (37) + Zalerion varium + Cirrenalia macrocephala 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 207 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Cirrenalia macrocephala 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 208 (37) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Cirrenalia macrocephala 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - DRW 28 (37) 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - DRW 32 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 37 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 39 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lignincola laevis 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 41 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 44 (37) + Lignincola laevis + Halocyphina villosa 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 26 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 29 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 30 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 85 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 120 (37) + Trichocladium alopallonellum + Halosphaeria hamata 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 121 (37) + Bathyascus tropicalis 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 108 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Biatriospora marina 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 109 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 63 (37) + Aigialus grandis 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey - DRW 55 (37) + Periconia prolifica 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 90 (37) + Trichocladium sp. 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 112 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 115 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 116 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Verruculina enalia 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 117 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Lulworthia grandispora + Lignincola laevis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 235 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 236 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Zalerion varium 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 237 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Zalerion varium 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - ACN 95 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 130 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 133 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 04-04-93 - (Prm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 54
KR Vad - AVI 134 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 135 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia macrocephala 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 136 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaera mangrovei 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 118 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 119 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 120 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 239 (37) + Aniptodera sp. II + Cirrenalia macrocephala 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 241 (37) + Savoryella paucispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia retorquens 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 244 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - ACN 98 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - ACN 101 (37) +Lindra hawaiiensis 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - ACN 102 (37) + Halosarpheia minuta 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 137 (37) + Trichocladium alopallonellum + Halorosellinia oceanica11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 139 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 141 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 142 (37) + Zalerion varium + Halorosellinia oceanica11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 123 (37) + Periconia prolifica 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 129 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 130 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 248 (37) + Trichocladium alopallonellum + Lulworthia grandispora 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 251 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 252 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 73 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 74 (37) + Unidentified ascomycetes III 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 75 (37) +Lindra hawaiiensis 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 76 (37) +Lindra hawaiiensis 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 104 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 106 (37) + Lignincola laevis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 108 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 110 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia viscosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 143 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 144 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halorosellinia oceanica17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 145 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 146 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 149 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 151 (37) + Halorosellinia oceanica+ Savoryella lignicola 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 134 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 138 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 254 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus grandis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 255 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Aigialus parvus 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 257 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 78 (37) + Aigialus grandis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 82 (37) + Verruculina enalia + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 84 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 114 (37) + Halosarpheia viscosa 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 115 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 159 (37) + Pleospora pelagica + Cirrenalia basiminuta 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 160 (37) + Lignincola laevis + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia abonnis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 142 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 143 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lignincola laevis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 60 (37) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 262 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 265 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 266 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 267 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 268 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Ceriosporopsis halima 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 271 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 273 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 275 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 90 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 91 (37) + Manglicola sp. + Ocostaspora apilongissima 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 62 (37) + Lulworthia sp. V 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 285 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 287 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 289 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 164 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 166 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Zalerion varium 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 167 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 293 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 296 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
 55 Floristic Account
KR TLY C - RHI 99 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 101 (37) + Aigialus grandis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 102 (37) + Halosarpheia viscosa 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 123 (37) + Cirrenalia fusca 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 125 (37) + Lignincola laevis 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 169 (37) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 172 (37) + Zalerion varium 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 298 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 299 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 301 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 128 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea 20-06-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 130 (37) + Zalerion varium + Savoryella lignicola 20-06-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 177 (37) + Verruculina enalia + Lignincola laevis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 178 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 159 (37) + Periconia prolifica + Leptosphaeria australiensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 160 (37) + Unidentified ascomycetes VI + Halocyphina villosa 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 161 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa +Lindra hawaiiensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 105 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Verruculina enalia 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 107 (37) + Aigialus grandis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk - ACN 133 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - ACN 134 (37) + Lignincola laevis 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 184 (37) + Cirrenalia macrocephala 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 185 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - BRU 164 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - BRU 165 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - BRU 166 (37) + Verruculina enalia 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - INT 306 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - INT 311 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 109 (37) + Aigialus mangrovis 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 111 (37) + Verruculina enalia 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 115 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - DRW 72 (37) + Antennospora quadricornuta 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - DRW 74 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - DRW 80 (37) 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - INT 317 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 17-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 138 (37) + Lulworthia sp. I 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 192 (37) + Lignincola laevis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 172 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 173 (37) + Dendryphiella salina 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 174 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 322 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 323 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 119 (37) 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 120 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 140 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 142 (37) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 145 (37) Lindra hawaiiensis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 199 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 202 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 205 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola laevis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 206 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 178 (37) + Halosarpheia minuta 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 179 (37) + 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 183 (37) + Periconia prolifica + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 328 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Cirrenalia basiminuta 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 330 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Lulworthia grandispora 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 333 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 334 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 125 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 127 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola laevis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 130 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 147 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 151 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 153 (37) 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 208 (37) + Lignincola laevis 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 209 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 210 (37) + Aigialus grandis 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 185 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 186 (37) + Savoryella paucispora 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 192 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 12-08-93 - (M)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 56
KR Mah-A - BRU 193 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia sp. III 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 337 (37) + Lulworthia sp. I + Trichocladium sp. 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 340 (37) + Trichocladium sp. 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 344 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lulworthia grandispora 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 85 (37) + Lignincola laevis 15-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - ACN 156 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - ACN 158 (37) + Periconia prolifica 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 159 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Zalerion varium 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 161 (37) + Halosarpheia viscosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 217 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia retorquens 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 219 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 220 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia viscosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 221 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 224 (37) + Lulworthia sp. I 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 225 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 194 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 197 (37) +Lindra hawaiiensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 198 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 199 (37) + Periconia prolifica + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 201 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Periconia prolifica 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 203 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Verruculina enalia 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 204 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 353 (37) + Cirrenalia basiminuta 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 355 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 356 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 357 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 359 (37) 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 361 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 364 (37) 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 133 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 135 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 136 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Aigialus parvus 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 137 (37) + Halosarpheia abonnis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 138 (37) + Verruculina enalia + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 139 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 231 (37) + Lignincola laevis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 232 (37) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Savoryella lignicola 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 234 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 206 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 208 (37) + Savoryella paucispora 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 210 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 368 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 371 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - INT 390 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 18-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 236 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 237 (37) + Lignincola laevis 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 212 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 213 (37) 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 393 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia retorquens 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 394 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 148 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 149 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 151 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 152 (37) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-09-93 - (M)
KR Kad B - INT 400 (37) 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Kad B - INT 402 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Kad B - INT 403 (37) 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Bek - DRW 97 (37) + Periconia prolifica 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - DRW 103 (37) + Halorosellinia oceanica 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 244 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - DRW 110 (37) + Verruculina enalia 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 253 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Aniptodera sp. II 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 254 (37) + Lignincola laevis + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 228 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 437 (37) 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 441 (37) 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 446 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 448 (37) + Verruculina enalia + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 449 (37) + Trichocladium alopallonellum + Dactylospora haliotrepha 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 164 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
 57 Floristic Account
KR Val - ACN 179 (37) + Lulworthia sp. III 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 180 (37) + Lulworthia sp. III 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 181 (37) + Periconia prolifica + Marinosphaera mangrovei 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 182 (37) + Periconia prolifica + Marinosphaera mangrovei 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 450 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 451 (37) + Aigialus mangrovis 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 456 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 459 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - ACN 190 (37) 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - ACN 191 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - ACN 192 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 262 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola laevis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 263 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 266 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia abonnis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 269 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aigialus parvus + Ascomycetes sp. II 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 237 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Verruculina enalia 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 238 (37) + Lignincola laevis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 240 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 242 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 243 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 462 (37)+ Verruculina enalia + Dactylospora haliotrepha 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 464 (37)+ Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 466 (37) + Cirrenalia basiminuta 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 467 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 468 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 470 (37) + Verruculina enalia + Unidentified Ascomycete II 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 170 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halorosellinia oceanica + Aigialus parvus 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 171 (37) + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Aigialus grandis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 172 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 173 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 174 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Dactylospora haliotrepha 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 179 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 180 (37) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Verruculina enalia 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 270 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 273 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 244 (37) + Periconia prolifica 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 246 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 472 (37) + Lindra hawaiiensis 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - ACN 194 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - ACN 198 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - AVI 276 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - AVI 278 (37) + Verruculina enalia 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - BRU 248 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - BRU 253 (37) + 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 474 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia macrocephala 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 475 (37) + Aniptodera sp. I + Cirrenalia pygmea 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 476 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - INT 481 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - INT 483 (37) + 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 201 (37) + Cirrenalia macrocephala + Lulworthia sp. I 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 203 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 204 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 205 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 491 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Savoryella sp. + Savoryella paucispora 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 496 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Zalerion varium 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 498 (37) + Unidentified ascomycetes III 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 207 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 208 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia retorquens 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 209 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 288 (37) + Savoryella lignicola +Lindra hawaiiensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 289 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 293 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Bathyascus tropicalis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 257 (37) + Lignincola laevis + Lulworthia grandispora 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 258 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 502 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 503 (37) + Phoma sp. + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 504 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 505 (37) + Bathyascus tropicalis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 507 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 510 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 58
KR TLY B - INT 511 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia viscosa 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 512 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola laevis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 187 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 188 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola laevis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 189 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia sp. III + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 190 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Leptosphaeria australiensis Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 191 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 513 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 516 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 213 (37) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 214 (37) + Lulworthia sp. I 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 215 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lignincola laevis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 216 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia sp. I 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 301 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Zalerion varium 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 302 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Verruculina enalia + Ascochyta sp. 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 303 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Lulworthia grandispora 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - BRU 262 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - BRU 264 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - BRU 265 (37) + Savoryella paucispora + Lulworthia sp. I 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - BRU 267 (37) + Lulworthia sp. I 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 517 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia sp. I 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 521 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia pygmea 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 522 (37) + Savoryella paucispora 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 524 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 198 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 199 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 200 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 203 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 219 (37) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Zalerion varium 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 220 (37) + Periconia prolifica 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 307 (37) + Cirrenalia pygmea 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 308 (37) + Periconia prolifica + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia viscosa 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 310 (37) + Periconia prolifica 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 270 (37) 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 272 (37) + Halosphaeria hamata 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 273 (37) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Trichocladium alopallonellum 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 274 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis +Lulworthia sp. III 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 275 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia viscosa 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 276 (37) + Periconia prolifica + Zalerion maritimum 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 527 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 528 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Cirrenalia basiminuta 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 530 (37) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 531 (37) + Halosphaeria hamata 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 532 (37) + Lulworthia sp. III + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lignincola laevis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 535 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 536 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 208 (37) + Halosarpheia abonnis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 209 (37) + Lignincola laevis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 210 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia retorquens 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 225 (37) + Savoryella lignicola 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 226 (37) + Lindra hawaiiensis + Halosarpheia viscosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 228 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 312 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 315 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 316 (37) + Aniptodera sp. II + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera haispora
15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 318 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia retorquens 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 320 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora + Leptosphaeria australiensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - BRU 283 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 539 (37) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus mangrovis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 540 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 547 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 213 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 214 (37) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 217 (37) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Lulworthia grandispora 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 218 (37) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 219 (37) + Halocyphina villosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 220 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aigialus parvus 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 550 (37) + Zalerion maritimum + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 551 (37) + Dendryphiella salina + Phoma sp. 17-04-94 - (Prm)
 59 Floristic Account
KR TLY A - RHI 222 (37) + Halosarpheia abonnis 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 223 (37) + Aigialus parvus 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 328 (37) + Lulworthia grandispora 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 290 (37) + Lignincola laevis + Savoryella lignicola 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 555 (37) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Zalerion maritimum 15-05-94 - (Prm)

This species was originally described as Gnomonia marina by Cribb & Cribb (1956). Earlier it
was known only from Atlantic and Pacific oceans (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979) but recently
there have been several reports of this species from Indian Ocean (Borse, 1987b; Ravikumar &
Vittal, 1987; Hyde, 1988a; Jones & Hyde, 1990). According to Kohlmeyer& Kohlmeyer, (1979),
this species appears to be restricted to tropical or subtropical regions. It has already been re-
corded from Kerala by Prasannarai & Sridhar (2001).

Halosarpheia minuta W.F. Leong in Can. J. Bot. 69: 883 (1991).

Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 27
Ascomata perithecial, 240-320 x 192-240 m, globose or ellipsoidal, solitary, partly or fully
immersed, ostiolate, papillate, long axis of ascomata lying parallel to the substratum with a re-
curved neck. Peridium 16-35 m thick, multilayered, composed of brown to dark brown, thin-
walled cells. Neck hyaline, short or elongate, cylindrical, laterally inserted, with numerous
periphyses lining in the ostiolar canal. Asci (42) 59 – 58 x 10-13 m, cylindrical or clavate-
pedunculate, eight-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, with an apical pore 4-5 m wide. Ascospores
10-12 (16) x 5-6 m, fusoid, hyaline, 2-celled, slightly constricted at the septum, thin-walled,
with a cap-like appendage, 5-6 x 1 m, at both poles.
Materials examined:
KR TLY A - AVI 62 (42) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 27-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 90 (42) + Halocyphina villosa 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 94 (42) + Verruculina enalia 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 100 (42) 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - ACN 102 (42) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Kav - BRU 178 (42) + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 341 (42) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Dactylospora haliotrepha 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 82 (42) Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 226 (42) + Zalerion maritimum + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 227 (42) + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 249 (42) + Savoryella lignicola + Lignincola laevis + Lulworthia sp. III 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 251 (42) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia
ratnagiriensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 226 (42) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella paucispora + Leptosphaeria australiensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - INT 423 (42) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 183 (42) + Lignincola laevis 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 184 (42) + Lignincola laevis 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 186 (42) + Periconia prolifica 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - BRU 230 (42) + Lulworthia sp. III + Halocyphina villosa 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - BRU 233 (42) + Lignincola laevis 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 453 (42) + Cirrenalia basiminuta 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - RHI 167 (42) + Dendryphiella salina 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - ACN 196 (42) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 278 (42) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)

Halosarpheia minuta was first described by Leong et al. (1991) based on collections from
Singapore and Brunei. Earlier to this, it was recorded as an unnamed species of Halosarpheia
by Tan, Leong & Jones (1989) and Hyde (1990a). A comparison of the description of
Halosarpheia minuta by Leong et al. (1991) and that of the Kerala collections shows close
similarity in almost all features except one. According to Leong et al. (1991), the apical pore of
the ascus of H. minuta is indistinct. In the present collections, a very prominent, 4-5 m wide
apical pore could be seen.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 60
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis S.D. Patil & Borse in Ind. Bot. Rep.1:102 (1982).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 28
Ascomata perithecial, 270-867 x 365-586 m, ellipsoidal, immersed, ostiolate, papillate, coria-
ceous, hyaline. Peridium 21-26 m thick, multilayered. Neck 290-840 x 95-148 m, cylindri-
cal, protruding above the wood, centrally or laterally inserted; ostiolar canal lined with numerous
periphyses. Asci 240-285 x 58.5-70 m, eight-spored, clavate, short-pedunculate, unitunicate,
thin-walled, but wall slightly thick at the apical region. Ascospores 55-62.5 x 22.5-27.5 m,
ellipsoidal, uniseptate, slightly constricted at the septum, hyaline, with one large and several small
guttules present in each cell, with apical cap-like appendages that run parallely along the sides of
the ascospores, 24-36 x 9-6 m.
Materials examined:
KR Mah-A - INT 33 (38) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 13 (38) + Halocyphina villosa 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 104 (38) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola laevis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 20 (38) + Halosarpheia marina 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 28 (38) + Cirrenalia pygmea 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 35 (38) + Cirrenalia fusca 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 37 (38) + Halosarpheia marina + Aigialus mangrovis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 107 (38) + Halocyphina villosa 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - RHI 72 (38) 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 136 (38) + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 77 (38) + Lignincola laevis + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 85 (38) + Verruculina enalia + Savoryella lignicola 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 165 (38) + Halosarpheia abonnis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 97 (38) + Verruculina enalia + Leptosphaeria australiensis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 169 (38) + Halosarpheia marina 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 145 (38) + Aigialus parvus + Dactylospora haliotrepha 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 251 (38) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia
minuta 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - INT 422 (38) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus grandis + Halorosellinia oceanica 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - RHI 157 (38) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Cirrenalia pygmea 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 455 (38) + Lignincola laevis + Unidentified ascomycete I 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 467 (38) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 469 (38) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Savoryella paucispora +Lindra hawaiiensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 180 (38) + Verruculina enalia + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 193 (38) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 263 (38) + Cirrenalia fusca 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 211 (38) + Lulworthia grandispora + Lignincola laevis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 543 (38) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia viscosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 215 (38) + Halocyphina villosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 217 (38) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 224 (38) + Halosarpheia abonnis 17-04-94 - (Prm)
Patil & Borse (1982) first described this species from the Maharashtra coast. Since then, it has
been collected by Kohlmeyer (1984), Hyde (1988, 1990), Hyde & Jones (1988), Jones &
Hyde (1988), Jones & Kuthubutheen (1989), and Leong et al. (1991) from different tropical
locations. The Kerala collections agree fully with the description of H. ratnagiriensis given by
Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1984).

Halosarpheia retorquens Shearer & J. L. Crane in Bot. Mar. 23: 608 (1980).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 29
Ascomata perithecial, 165-180 x 155-179 m, subglobose, fully or partially immersed, solitary,
ostiolate, papillate, brownish. Peridium 10-15 m thick, multilayered, composed of elongate
cells with thin walls. Neck 115-135 x 25-45 m, cylindrical, laterally attached; ostiolar canal
lined with numerous periphyses. Asci not observed. Ascospores 22-30 x 7-8 m (excluding
appendages), narrowly ellipsoidal, uniseptate, not constricted at the septum, hyaline, with apical
 61 Floristic Account
appendages; appendages 15-20 m long, cap-like at first, becoming ribbon-like when unrolled.
Materials examined:
KR TLY A - AVI 20 (39) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 14 (39) + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 51 (39) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 44 (39) + Savoryella paucispora + Halocyphina villosa 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 38 (39) + Halocyphina villosa 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 65 (39) + Lignincola laevis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 50 (39) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 151 (39) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 156 (39) + Savoryella lignicola 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 91 (39) + Savoryella lignicola + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Periconia prolifica 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 168 (39) + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 110 (39) + Lulworthia grandispora + Zalerion varium 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 98 (39) + Halosarpheia marina + Zalerion varium 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 208 (39) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia macrocephala 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 113 (39) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 238 (39) + Periconia prolifica + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 241 (39) + Savoryella paucispora + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 273 (39) + Halosarpheia marina + Trichocladium alopallonellum 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 111 (39) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 158 (39) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 129 (39) 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 174 (39) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 156 (39) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Leptosphaeria australiensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk - INT 308 (39) + Lulworthia grandispora 11-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 139 (39) + Trichocladium alopallonellum Periconia prolifica 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 160 (39) + Cirrenalia pygmea 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 217 (39) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 195 (39) + Lulworthia grandispora 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 200 (39) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 169 (39) + Savoryella lignicola 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 393 (39) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 150 (39) + Lulworthia grandispora + Periconia prolifica 19-09-93 - (M)
KR Vad - INT 479 (39) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 208 (39) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 291 (39) + Periconia prolifica + Leptosphaeria australiensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 194 (39) + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 518 (39) + Lulworthia grandispora 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 210 (39) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 318 (39) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 546 (39) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Cirrenalia macrocephala 15-04-94 - (Prm)

This species was first described by Shearer & Crane (1980) from Maryland and Illinois in USA.
Since then, it is also known from Sri Lanka (Koch, 1982), India (Borse, 1987b), Chile (Shearer
& Burgos, 1987); Brunei (Hyde, 1988a); Singapore (Tan, Leong & Jones, 1989), Hawaii
(Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1993) and Hong Kong (Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones, 1994).
No asci were observed in the present Kerala collections which otherwise agreed well with the
descriptions of the species given by Shearer & Crane (1980) and Koch (1982).

Halosarpheia viscosa (I. Schmidt) Shearer & J. L. Crane ex Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. in
Bot. Mar. 34: 22 (1991).
Basionym: Halosarpheia viscosa I. Schmidt. in Mycotaxon 24: 420 (1985).
non Halosarpheia viscosa I. Schmidt. in Nat. Naturschutz. Mecklenburg 12: 70 (1974) (No
type designated).
nec non Halosarpheia viscosa (I. Schmidt) Shearer & J. L. Crane. in Bot. Mar. 23: 608 (1980)
(Invalid new combination).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 30
Ascomata perithecial, 215-540 x 175-270 m, globose or subglobose, immersed or partly im-
Marine Fungi of Kerala 62
mersed, ostiolate, papillate, light brown, solitary or gregarious. Peridium 15-(20)-40 m thick,
multilayered, composed of elongate, thick-walled cells. Neck 50-200 x 45-70 m, straight or
curved, cylindrical; ostiolar canal lined with periphyses. Asci 62.5-85 (100) x 12.5-20 m, eight-
spored, clavate, short-pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled, without any apical pore or apparatus.
Ascospores 15-21 x 7.5-10 m (excluding appendages), ellipsoidal, uniseptate, slightly constricted
at the septum, hyaline, with a cap-like terminal or subterminal appendage at both ends.
Materials examined:
KR TLY C - AVI 114 (34) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 91 (34) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 110 (34) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 114 (34) + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 144 (34) + Lulworthia grandispora + Dactylospora haliotrepha 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 121 (34) + 09-05-93 Prm
KR TLY C - RHI 102 (34) + Halosarpheia marina 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 179 (34) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Bathyascus tropicalis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 142 (34) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 144 (34) + Lindra hawaiiensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 203 (34) + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 102 (34) + Halosarpheia marina 05-09-93 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 131 (34) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 19-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - ACN 157 (34) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 161 (34) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 220 (34) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 369 (34) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Periconia prolifica 05-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 171 (34) 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 241 (34) + Verruculina enalia + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 242 (34) + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 214 (34) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 391 (34) + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 218 (34) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 153 (34) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Marinosphaera mangrovei 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 227 (34) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 460 (34) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 181 (34) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Savoryella lignicola 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 212 (34) + Savoryella lignicola 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 511 (34) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 219 (34) + Halosarpheia marina + Zalerion varium 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 308 (34) + Halosarpheia marina + Periconia prolifica + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 275 (34) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 226 (34) + Halosarpheia marina +Lindra hawaiiensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 227 (34) + Halosarpheia viscosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 543 (34) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)

This species has a slightly complicated nomenclatural history. It was first described as
Halosarpheia viscosa by Schmidt (1974), but as he failed to designate a type for this species,
the name became invalid. Later it was described as Halosphaeria viscosa by the same author
(Schmidt, 1985). Shearer & Crane (1980) tried to validate Halosarpheia viscosa but the result
was the invalid new combination Halosarpheia viscosa (I. Schmidt) Shearer & Crane. Finally,
it was Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1991a) who validated the currently accepted name
of this species. It has been known from United States (Shearer & Crane, 1980), India (Patil &
Borse, 1982), Australia (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1991b), Hawaii and Fiji
(Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1993), Chile (Shearer & Burgos, 1987), Seychelles (Hyde
& Jones, 1988), Brunei (Hyde, 1988a) and Philippines (Jones & Hyde, 1990). The present
collections are exactly similar to the collections described by Shearer & Crane (1980).

Halosphaeria cucullata (Kohlm.) Kohlm. in Can. J. Bot. 50: 1956 (1972).

Remispora cucullata Kohlm. in Mycologia 56: 770 (1964).
Conidial state: Periconia prolifica. Anastasiou in Nova Hewig. 6: 260 (1961).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
 63 Floristic Account
Fig. 31
Ascomata perithecial, 230-260 x 160-220 m, subglobose or globose, immersed, ostiolate,
papillate, brown to dark brown, solitary. Neck 370-540 x 20-42 m, long and cylindrical.
Peridium 12.5-15 m, multilayered. Asci 32.5-87.5 x 15-20 m, 8-spored, clavate-peduncu-
late, unitunicate, thin-walled, without an apical apparatus, early deliquescing and releasing as-
cospores in the venter. Ascospores 20-54 x 6-8 (11) m, cylindrical, uniseptate, hyaline, slightly
constricted at the septum. Appendages not observed.
Materials examined:
KR Bey - SBI 10 (43) 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - SBI 18 (43) + Antennospora quadricornuta + Lulworthia grandispora 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 56 (43) + Lignincola laevis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - INT 558 (43) + Antennospora quadricornuta 24-07-94 - (M)

The Kerala collections differ from the collections described by Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979)
in having much longer papillae of the perithecia and in the absence of polar appendages of
ascospores. Polar appendages in this species are deciduous structures and ascospores of this
fungus have often been recorded without appendages (e.g., Borse, 1987a). Halosphaeria
cucullata is known from tropical and subtropical waters of all the three oceanic regions of the
world. The first record of this species from India was by Raghukumar (1973).

Halorosellinia oceanica (Schatz) Whalley, A.J.S., E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde & T.
Laessoe. – Mycol. Res. 104(3) 368-374 (2000).
Hypoxylon oceanicum Schatz, Mycotaxon. 33: 413 (1988).
Fig. 32
Pseudostromata 1.5-2.5 mm diam., subglobose, partially immersed, black; solitary or in groups.
Ascomata 380-450 m diam., subglobose ostiolate, papillate. Peridium 30-40 m thick, with
dark brown or black coloured thick-walled cells. Paraphyses 2-2.5 m diam., persistent, rarely
septate. Asci 142-198 x 15-23 m, eight-spored, cylindrical, unitunicate, with an apical ring.
Ascospores 17.5-25 x 8-13.5 m brown, one-celled, subglobose or more or less ellipsoid with
rounded ends, with a conspicuous germ slit on the ventral side. No appendages noticed.
Materials examined:
KR Mah-A - AVI 8 (48) + Halosarpheia marina 03-05-92 (Prm)
KR Val - ACN 29 (48) + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 (M)
KR Val - AVI 37 (48) + Halocyphina villosa 09-08-92 (M)
KR Val - INT 65 (48) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 (M)
KR Val - RHI 10 (48) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 43 (48) + Halocyphina villosa 06-09-92 (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 103 (48) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia abonnis 06-09-92 (M)
KR Bey - DRW 19 (48) + Halosarpheia marina 02-10-92 (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 20 (48) + Lulworthia grandispora 20-12-92 (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 178 (48) + Halosarpheia marina + Didymosphaeria enalia + Halosphaeria quadricornuta 20-12-92 (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 103 (48) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 03-01-93 (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 89 (48) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa 03-01-93 (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 40 (48) + Halocyphina villosa 13-02-93 (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 31 (48) + Cirrenalia pygmea 13-02-93 (Prm)
KR Bey - DRW 52 (48) 28-02-93 (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 137 (48) + Halosarpheia marina + Trichocladium alopallonellum 11-04-93 (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 142 (48) + Zalerion varium + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 144 (48) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-04-93 (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 151 (48) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 17-04-93 (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 76 (48) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-07-93 (M)
KR Kav - AVI 200 (48) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 19-07-93 (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 188 (48) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 12-08-93 (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 343 (48) + Halocyphina villosa 12-08-93 (M)
KR Che - RHI 144 (48) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 (M)
KR Bek - DRW 103 (48) + Halosarpheia marina 03-10-93 (Pm)
KR Kav - INT 422 (48) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus grandis + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 30-10-93 (Pm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 64
KR Che - RHI 170 (48) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea + Aigialus parvus 18-12-93 (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 286 (48) + Savoryella lignicola + Lulworthia grandispora 16-01-94 (Pm)
KR Kav - INT 541 (48) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 15-04-94 (Prm)

The first report about this fungus was by Aleem (1980) as Rosellinia sp. It was Schatz (1988)
who assigned it to Hypoxylon. Ju & Rogers (1996) reviewed the taxonomic position of this
fungus and reported its uncertain taxonomy position. Later, a critical comparative study with
lignicolous Anthostomella species and other closely related genera lead to the erection of a new
genus Halorosellinia, to accommodate Hypoxylon oceanicum by Whalley et al. (2000). It is
one of the most widely distributed marine fungi known from several parts of the world (Schatz,
1988; Hyde & Jones, 1988; Jones & Hyde, 1990: Prasannarai and Sridhar, 2000).

Koralionastes sp.
Taxonomic Position: Koralionastetaceae (inc. sed.)
Fig. 33
Ascomata perithecial, 470-600 x 360-400 m, ellipsoidal, dark brown, partially immersed or
superficial, ostiolate, papillate. Neck 180-200 x 190-250 m, straight or slightly curved, light
brown or brown; ostiolar canal lined with periphyses. Peridium 28-35 m, multilayered with
dark brown outer layers and light brown inner layers, composed of polygonal cells. Paraphyses
130-165 (180) x 2-4 m, simple, septate, hyaline. Asci 200-230 x 7-10 m, eight-spored,
clavate, short-pedunculate, thin-walled, unitunicate. Ascospores 27-34 x 6-9 m, uniseriate,
ellipsoidal, initially aseptate, becoming septate with up to eight transverse septa, thick-walled,
smooth, not constricted at the septa, hyaline.
Material examined:
KR Bek - INT 225 (10A) + Antennospora quadricornuta 14-02-93 - (Prm)

Three species of a new genus, Koralionastes were reported by Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-
Kohlmeyer, 1987b) from coral reefs off the coast of Belize, Central America, occurring on coral
slabs. This new genus was assigned to a new family Koralionastetaceae, of uncertain taxonomic
position and was assigned to Ascomycota. A similar fungus was obtained during the present
study from a wood substrate with calcareous covering collected from shoreline waters of Bekkel.
The ascomata obtained were, partly immersed or superficial on wood substratum and were dark
brown. The morphology of the ascomata, asci ascospores, and paraphyses are almost similar to
those described by Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (l.c.), but the size of the ascospores are much
smaller than those of the previously reported species. Even then, the number of the transverse
septa and mode of septation are similar. Therefore, this newly obtained fungus can be referred to
the genus Koralionastes, but not to any previously reported species due to its smaller sized
sporocarps. The three previously reported species were obtained from coral slabs, while the
Kerala collection was isolated from an intertidal wood wedged on rocks covered with some
calcareous material. This is the first record of this genus from India.

Leptosphaeria australiensis (Cribb & J. W. Cribb) G. C. Hughes in Syesis 2: 132

(1969).
Metasphaeria australiensis Cribb & J. W. Cribb in Univ. Queensl. Pap. Dep. Bot. 3: 79
(1955).
Taxonomic Position: Dothideales, Leptosphaeriaceae
Fig. 34
Ascomata perithecial, (140) 180-230 x 160-200 m, obpyriform, immersed, ostiolate, light
 65 Floristic Account
brown, solitary. Peridium 15-20 m, multilayered, composed of thin-walled, light yellow coloured,
elongate cells. Neck 180-230 x 50-60 m at the base and 30-40 m at the apex, cylindrical,
light brown or hyaline; ostiolar canal filled with numerous periphyses. Pseudoparaphyses present,
1-1.5 m diam., septate, persistent. Asci 80-107.5 x 10-20 m, eight-spored, clavate-pedun-
culate, bitunicate, thick-walled, with pad-like apical apparatus, developing from the base of the
ascoma venter. Ascospores (18) 20-25 x (6) 7-9 m, biseriate, ellipsoidal or fusiform, triseptate,
constricted at septa, hyaline.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A - AVI 4 (52) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 7 (52) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 8 (52) + Zalerion maritimum 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 27 (52) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 32 (52) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 19 (52) + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 29 (52) + Halocyphina villosa 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 67 (52) + Lignincola laevis + Lulworthia grandispora 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 51 (52) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 40 (52) + Halocyphina villosa 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 105 (52) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lulworthia sp. I 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - AVI 56 (52) + Periconia prolifica 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 128 (52) + Lulworthia sp. V + Periconia prolifica 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 14 (52) + Savoryella lignicola 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Bey - INT 138 (52) + Halocyphina villosa 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 63 (52) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 53 (52) + Lulworthia sp. III 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 23 (52) 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 24 (52) + Aigialus parvus 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 25 (52) 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 74 (52) + Cirrenalia macrocephala 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 155 (52) + Periconia prolifica 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 30 (52) + Periconia prolifica 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 83 (52) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 70 (52) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 72 (52) + Aigialus mangrovis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 163 (52) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Periconia prolifica + Zalerion varium 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 40 (52) + Aigialus parvus + Lulworthia grandispora 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 94 (52) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 80 (52) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera longispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 49 (52) + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 104 (52) + Halosarpheia marina 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 105 (52) + Savoryella lignicola 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 193 (52) + Cirrenalia pygmea +Lindra hawaiiensis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 55 (52) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Bey - INT 233 (52) 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 113 (52) + Halosarpheia retorquens 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 66 (52) + Lignincola tropica 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 245 (52) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera sp. II 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 247 (52) + Verruculina enalia 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 83 (52) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 57 (52) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 273 (52) + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 291 (52) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 163 (52) + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 150 (52) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lignincola laevis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 97 (52) + Verruculina enalia + Halosarpheia retorquens 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 298 (52) + Halosarpheia marina 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 176 (52) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 156 (52) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia retorquens 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 157 (52) + Lulworthia sp. I 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 159 (52) + Halosarpheia marina + Periconia prolifica 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 303 (52) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 104 (52) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 182 (52) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 11-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 177 (52) + Aigialus parvus 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 200 (52) + Halorosellinia oceanica 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 128 (52) + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 - (M)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 66
KR Bey - DRW 84 (52) 15-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 204 (52) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 373 (52) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 214 (52) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia viscosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 151 (52) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 246 (52) + Periconia prolifica 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 219 (52) + Halocyphina villosa 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 419 (52) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 155 (52) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 250 (52) + Verruculina enalia + Halocyphina villosa 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 225 (52) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Savoryella lignicola + Lignincola laevis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 226 (52) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella paucispora + Halosarpheia minuta 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 253 (52) + Aniptodera sp. II + Halosarpheia marina 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 161 (52) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus grandis 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 256 (52) + Halocyphina villosa +Lindra hawaiiensis 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 260 (52) + Halocyphina villosa +Lindra hawaiiensis 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 467 (52) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 172 (52) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - AVI 276 (52) + Halosarpheia marina 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - BRU 250 (52) + Halocyphina villosa 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 284 (52) + Halocyphina villosa 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 497 (52) + Halocyphina villosa 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 287 (52) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 291 (52) + Periconia prolifica + Halosarpheia retorquens 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 185 (52) 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 190 (52) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 192 (52) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 295 (52) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 260 (52) + Lulworthia grandispora 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 261 (52) + Lignincola laevis 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 301 (52) + Zalerion varium + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 524 (52) + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 534 (52) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 207 (52) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 320 (52) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 540 (52) + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 214 (52) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)

Leptosphaeria australiensis is a widely distributed warm-water marine fungus first recorded

from Australia (Cribb & Cribb, 1955). According to Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979), it is
known from different subtropical and tropical parts of both Atlantic and Pacific oceans. After
that, there had been several reports on the occurrence of this species from different parts of
Indian Ocean (Patil & Borse, 1985a; Hyde, 1988a; Hyde & Jones, 1988; Jones, Uyenko &
Follosco, 1988 and Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989). The description of the Kerala collections
agrees closely with the description of L. australiensis given by Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979).

Lignincola laevis Hohnk in Veroeff Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerhaven 3: 216 (1955).

Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 35
Ascomata perithecial, 250-350 x 150-300 m, subglobose or ellipsoidal, ostiolate, papillate, light
brown or blackish brown, solitary. Peridium 10-20 m, multilayered, composed of thick-walled,
brown-coloured, elongate cells. Neck 120-260 x 25-80 m, cylindrical, straight and projecting above
the substratum. Asci 40-70 (75) x 10-15 (17.5) m, eight-spored, clavate, short-pedunculate, per-
sistent, unitunicate, thin-walled, slightly thickened at the subapicular region; mature asci along with
ascospores detaching from a cushion-shaped mass of cells at the base of the venter and released
through the ostiole. Ascospores 17-24 x 5-7 (8)m, ellipsoidal, uniseptate with unequal cells, with a
single globule in each cell, smooth, slightly constricted at the septum, without appendages.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A - ACN 1 (54) + Lulworthia sp. I 19-04-92 - (Prm)
 67 Floristic Account
KR Kad A - ACN 4 (54) + Lulworthia sp. I 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 4 (54) + Verruculina enalia + Savoryella lignicola 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - INT 26 (54) + Savoryella lignicola 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 8 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 10 (54) 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 67 (54) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Lulworthia grandispora 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - DRW 8 (54) + Zalerion varium 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 34 (54) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 104 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 124 (54) + Lulworthia sp. I + Halocyphina villosa 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 59 (54) + Savoryella paucispora + Halosarpheia marina 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 47 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 131 (54) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 27-09-92 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 16 (54) 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 65 (54) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Cirrenalia macrocephala 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 54 (54) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 56 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 51 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 68 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 89 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia sp. III 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 44 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 23 (54) + Halocyphina villosa 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 174 (54) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 95 (54) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Marinosphaera mangrovei 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 81 (54) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia sp. I + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 180 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 71 (54) +Lindra hawaiiensis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 95 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 39 (54) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 44 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 87 (54) + Periconia prolifica 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 129 (54) + Verruculina enalia + Lulworthia grandispora 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 114 (54) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lulworthia grandispora 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 117 (54) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - ACN 92 (54) 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 126 (54) + Savoryella lignicola 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 127 (54) + Savoryella lignicola 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 128 (54) + Savoryella lignicola 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 250 (54) + Verruculina enalia 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 106 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 77 (54) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 112 (54) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 157 (54) + Periconia prolifica 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 160 (54) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia abonnis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 143 (54) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 56 (54) + Halosphaeria cucullata 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 67 (54) + Verruculina enalia 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 119 (54) 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 120 (54) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 161 (54) + Verruculina enalia + Unidentified ascomycete VIII 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 150 (54) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Leptosphaeria australiensis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 294 (54) + Cirrenalia basiminuta 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 125 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 126 (54) + Cirrenalia fusca 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 177 (54) + Halosarpheia marina + Verruculina enalia 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk - ACN 134 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 116 (54) + Verruculina enalia 11-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 190 (54) + Halocyphina villosa 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 192 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 196 (54) + Halocyphina villosa 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 171 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 205 (54) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 127 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 149 (54) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 208 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 211 (54) + Cirrenalia pygmea 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 342 (54) + Halocyphina villosa 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 85 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 15-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - ACN 163 (54) + Periconia prolifica + Savoryella lignicola 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - ACN 165 (54) 05-09-93 - (M)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 68
KR Che - AVI 231 (54) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 365 (54) + Cirrenalia macrocephala 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - INT 388 (54) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 237 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 395 (54) + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd - DRW 94 (54) + Cirrenalia pygmea 26-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 245 (54) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - ACN 175 (54) + + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - ACN 176 (54) + Savoryella paucispora + Lindra hawaiiensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - ACN 178 (54) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis +Lindra hawaiiensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 249 (54) + Savoryella lignicola + Lulworthia sp. III + Halosarpheia minuta 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 224 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola + Cladosporium sp. 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 225 (54) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Savoryella lignicola + Leptosphaeria australiensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - INT 425 (54) + + Cirrenalia pygmea 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 254 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 183 (54) + Halosarpheia minuta 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 184 (54) + Halosarpheia minuta 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - BRU 233 (54) + Halosarpheia minuta 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 455 (54) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Unidentified ascomycete III 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - ACN 187 (54) 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 262 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 238 (54) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 465 (54) + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aigialus parvus 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 177 (54) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Savoryella paucispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - ACN 195 (54) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - ACN 199 (54) 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - INT 485 (54) Savoryella sp. II 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 202 (54) + Periconia prolifica 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 206 (54) + Periconia prolifica 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 283 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Verruculina enalia 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 493 (54) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 292 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosphaeria hamata 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 257 (54) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 512 (54) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 188 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 259 (54) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 261 (54) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 215 (54) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 520 (54) + Halocyphina villosa 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 532 (54) + Halosarpheia marina +Lulworthia sp. III + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 209 (54) + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 211 (54) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Lulworthia grandispora 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 223 (54) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lignincola laevis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 319 (54) + Savoryella lignicola +Lindra hawaiiensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 212 (54) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Verruculina enalia 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 221 (54) + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Lulworthia grandispora 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 323 (54) + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 287 (54) + Zalerion maritimum 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 326 (54) + Verruculina enalia + Savoryella lignicola 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 290 (54) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 15-05-94 - (Prm)

Lignincola laevis is a cosmopolitan species known from both temperate and tropical waters of
all the three major oceanic regions (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979). From India, this fungus
was first reported by Raghukumar (1973). Later Patil and Borse (1983a) recorded it from
Maharashtra coast. Other places from where it has been reported include Japan (Tubaki, 1968,
1969; Tubaki & Ito, 1973), Hong Kong and Macau (Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones (1994), Fiji
(Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1993), Mexico (Hyde, 1992d), Malaysia (Jones &
Kuthubutheen, 1989) Singapore (Leong, Tan & Jones, 1991), Chile (Shearer & Burgos, 1987),
Seychelles (Hyde & Jones, 1988) and Brunei (Hyde, 1988a). Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979)
observed a swelling of the central part of the ascus when released in water and this could be
clearly seen in the Kerala collections as well.
 69 Floristic Account

Lignincola longirostris (Cribb & J. W. Cribb) Kohlm. in Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N.I) 5:353
(1984).
Gnomonia longirostris Cribb et J. W. Cribb in Univ. Queensl. Pap. Dep. Bot. 3: 101(1950).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 36
Ascomata perithecial, 240-440 x 175-400 m, subglobose or ellipsoidal, partly immersed or
superficial, ostiolate, papillate, solitary. Peridium (15) 20-25 m, multilayered, composed of
large, thick-walled cells. Neck 120-260 x 25-80 m. Asci 30-50 x 10-12.5 m, eight-spored,
clavate or fusiform, short-pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled, slightly thickened at the apex,
with an apical pore. Ascospores 13-16 (18) x 5-6 (8) m, irregularly biseriate, septate, bicelled,
ellipsoidal, hyaline, without appendages.
Materials examined:
KR Vad - ACN 23 (55) + Cirrenalia macrocephala 02-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 60 (55) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 46 (55) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 94 (55) + Aigialus grandis + Savoryella paucispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 136 (55) + Savoryella lignicola 11-07-93 - (M)

This species was first described by Cribb & Cribb (1956) as Gnomonia longirostris. Later
Kohlmeyer (1984) showed that it was not showing asci with apical rings, a characteristic feature
of Gnomonia and instead was showing a refractive ascal apex with a distinct pore, a diagnostic
character of Lignincola and hence transferred it to the latter genus. It is a widely distributed
marine fungus with records from Japan (Tubaki, 1969), India (Patil & Borse, 1985a), Singapore
(Tan, Leong & Jones, 1989), Malaysia (Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989), Brunei (Hyde, 1990a),
Australia (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1991b), Hawaii (Volkmann-Kohlmeyer &
Kohlmeyer, 1993) and Macau & Hong Kong (Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones, 1994).

Lignincola tropica Kohlm. in Mar. Ecol. (P.S.Z.N.I) 5(4): 355 (1984).

Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 37
Ascomata perithecial, 150-300 x 250-350 m, globose to ellipsoidal, fully or partly immersed,
ostiolate, papillate, coriaceous, brown, solitary. Peridium 25-45 m thick, multilayered, with
thick-walled, dark brown outer cells and thin-walled, light brown to hyaline inner cells. Neck,
100-500 x 80-120 m, cylindrical, straight or curved; ostiolar canal lined with numerous
periphyses. Asci 90-127.5 x 23-30 m, eight-spored, clavate, pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-
walled, slightly thickened at the apex with a pore. Ascospores, 27-32 x 11-13 m, fusiform,
uniseptate, rarely aseptate, slightly or not constricted at the septum, thin-walled, without ap-
pendages.
Materials examined:
KR Bey - DRW 17 (56) + Savoryella paucispora 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Bey - INT 234 (56) 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 66 (56) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 117 (56) + Cirrenalia pygmea 11-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 294 (56) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia sp. I 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - BRU 266 (56) + Lulworthia sp. I 06-03-94 - (Prm)

Kohlmeyer (1984) first described this species from coastal waters of Mexico. Since then, it has
been recorded from Belize (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1987), Brunei (Hyde, 1988a),
India (Borse, 1988), Malaysia (Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989) and Hong Kong and Macau
(Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones, 1994). The features of the Kerala collections are similar to those of
Marine Fungi of Kerala 70
L. tropica described by Kohlmeyer (1984). It is distinguished from other species of Lignincola
mainly based on its larger ascospore diameter.

Lindra hawaiiensis Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. in Can. J. Bot. 65: 574 (1987)
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 38
Ascomata perithecial, 120-150 x 150-260 m, globose, cylindrical or subcylindrical, dark brown,
immersed, ostiolate, papillate. Neck 140-470 x 40-20 m, tapering towards apex. Peridium
25-37.5 m thick. Paraphyses absent, Asci: 112.5-165 x 7.5-10 m, eight-spored, elongate,
cylindrical, unitunicate, thin-walled, early deliquescing. Ascospores 107.5-185 x 2.5-3 m, fila-
mentous, curved, hyaline, uniform in thickness, without apical chambers; spore apices rounded.
Materials examined:
KR TLY A - AVI 20 (61) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia retorquens 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 25 (61) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 17 (61) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 35 (61) 06-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 89 (62) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola laevis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 106 (61) + Periconia prolifica + Halosarpheia marina 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 71 (61) + Lignincola laevis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 77 (61) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 193 (61) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Leptosphaeria australiensis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 125 (61) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Marinosphaera mangrovei 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - ACN 99 (61) 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - ACN 101 (61) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 69 (61) + Aigialus parvus 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 70 (61) + Aigialus parvus 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 75 (61) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 76 (61) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 107 (61) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 81 (61) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 145 (61) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 146 (61) + Halosphaeria hamata 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 58 (61) + Savoryella lignicola 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 93 (61) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 161 (61) + Verruculina enalia + Lignincola laevis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 175 (61) + Halocyphina villosa 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 161 (61) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 141 (61) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Periconia prolifica 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 144 (61) + Halosarpheia viscosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav – ACN 145 (61) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav – AVI 198 (61) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Aigialus parvus 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 181 (61) + Cirrenalia pygmea 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 329 (61) + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 216 (61) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 218 (61) + Aniptodera salsuginosa + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 197 (61) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 232 (61) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 367 (61) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 176 (61) + Lignincola laevis + Savoryella paucispora + Cirrenalia pygmea 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - ACN 178 (61) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lignincola laevis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 256 (61) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halocyphina villosa 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 260 (61) + Halocyphina villosa + Leptosphaeria australiensis 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 469 (61) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Cirrenalia pygmea + Savoryella paucispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 177 (61) + Savoryella paucispora + Lignincola laevis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 472 (61) + Halosarpheia marina 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 288 (61) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kav - ACN 224 (61) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Periconia prolifica 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 226 (61) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia viscosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 319 (61) + Savoryella lignicola + Lignincola laevis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 542 (61) + Verruculina enalia + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)

Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer’s (1991a) key leads straight to Lindra hawaiiensis. This
species was first described by Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1987c) from the Hawaiian
 71 Floristic Account
Islands. When mounted in seawater, the ascospores of the Kerala collections looked aseptate
but when stained, some faint, obliquely placed or irregular septations could be seen. This is the
first record of this fungus from India.

Lulworthia grandispora Meyers in Mycologia 49: 513 (1957).

Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 39
Ascomata perithecial, 220-300 x 115-270 m, globose or subglobose, immersed or superficial,
ostiolate, long-necked, brown or blackish brown, solitary or gregarious. Neck 137.5-400 x 25-
45 m, cylindrical, straight or curved, sometimes with two necks on one ascoma. Peridium 20-
50 m thick. Paraphyses absent. Asci 470-690 (700) x (8) 10-13 m, eight-spored, elongate,
fusiform or cylindrical, unitunicate, thin-walled, early deliquescing. Ascospores 540-680 (700) x
3-4 m (including apical chambers), filamentous, curved, hyaline, tapering at each end into an
elongate conical apical chamber (3-10 x 3-4 m) filled with a gelatinous material that is released
through an apical or lateral pore.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A - ACN 5 (59) + Lulworthia sp. I 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 6 (59) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 3 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 2 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - INT 20 (59) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 7 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 9 (59) + Cirrenalia pygmea 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 11 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 12 (59) + Cirrenalia pygmea 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 5 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 6 (59) 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 30 (59) + Halosarpheia abonnis 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 44 (59) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 19 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 13 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 50 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 52 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 54 (59) + Periconia prolifica 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 5 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 6 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 7 (59) + Aigialus grandis + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 9 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 40 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 67 (59) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Lignincola laevis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - DRW 7 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 76 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - INT 79 (59) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - INT 80 (59) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 109 (59) + Periconia prolifica + Halosarpheia marina 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 110 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 123 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 130 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella paucispora 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 18 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 27-09-92 - (M)
KR Bey - INT 132 (59) 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Bey - INT 133 (59) + Antennospora quadricornuta 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 67 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Marinosphaera mangrovei 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 70 (59) + Cirrenalia pygmea 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 72 (59) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 52 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Verruculina enalia 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 149 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Dactylospora haliotrepha 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 150 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Verruculina enalia 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 152 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Verruculina enalia 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 19 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 78 (59) + Periconia prolifica 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 79 (59) 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 60 (59) + Periconia prolifica + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-11-92 - (Pm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 72
KR Edk - BRU 63 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 66 (59) + Savoryella lignicola 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 157 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 32 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 36 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 83 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Leptosphaeria australiensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 88 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 90 (59) + Halosphaeria hamata + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 69 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 162 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 164 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Periconia prolifica 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 38 (59) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 39 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 40 (59) + Aigialus parvus + Leptosphaeria australiensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 20 (59) + Halorosellinia oceanica 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 26 (59) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 170 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella paucispora 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 172 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 176 (59) + Periconia prolifica + Antennospora quadricornuta 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 179 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - SBI 15 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi SBI 18 (59) + Antennospora quadricornuta + Halosphaeria cucullata 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - ACN 68 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 98 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 100 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 85 (59) + Periconia prolifica + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 87 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 183 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 188 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 51 (59) + Phoma sp. + Zalerion maritimum 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 52 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Phoma sp. 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 53 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Zalerion maritimum 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 88 (59) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 91 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 92 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 93 (59) 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 190 (59) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 195 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella paucispora 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 111 (59) + Aigialus parvus + Salsuginea ramicola 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 112 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 113 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 116 (76) + Halocyphina villosa 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 96 (59) + Verruculina enalia + Savoryella lignicola 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 100 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 102 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea + Periconia prolifica 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 54 (59) + Aigialus parvus 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 56 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Manglicola sp. 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 57 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - INT 210 (59) 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - INT 213 (59) + Antennospora quadricornuta 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 34 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 37 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 43 (59) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - INT 217 (59) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - INT 227 (59) 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 117 (59) 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 118 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Zalerion sp. 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 105 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 106 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 108 (59) + Biatriospora marina + Halosarpheia marina 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 60 (59) 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 61 (59) + Cirrenalia macrocephala 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey - DRW 51 (59) 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey SBI 39 (59) 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 127 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Savoryella lignicola 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 128 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 129 (59) + Verruculina enalia + Lignincola laevis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 111 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Periconia prolifica 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 114 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lignincola laevis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 115 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 28-03-93 - (Prm)
 73 Floristic Account
KR TLY A - BRU 117 (59) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 64 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 67 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 248 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Trichocladium alopallonellum 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 252 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 71 (59) + Aigialus mangrovis 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - RHI 73 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 143 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 146 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 147 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Savoryella lignicola 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 149 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 256 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 259 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 80 (59) + Verruculina enalia 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 153 (59) + Biatriospora marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 155 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 140 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 144 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia viscosa 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 261 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Zalerion varium 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 263 (59) + Zalerion maritimum + Trichocladium alopallonellum 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 264 (59) + Zalerion maritimum + Phialophorophoma litoralis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 267 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 269 (59) + Cirrenalia fusca 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 86 (59) + Verruculina enalia + Dactylospora haliotrepha 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 87 (59) + Verruculina enalia + Aigialus parvus 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 90 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 285 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik SBI 50 (59) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik SBI 54 (59) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 164 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 166 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Zalerion varium 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 99 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 100 (59) + Halosarpheia abonnis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 170 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 171 (59) + Savoryella lignicola 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 297 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 180 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 108 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 181 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 183 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 188 (59) 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - INT 306 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - INT 308 (59) + Halosarpheia retorquens 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 112 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - INT 318 (59) + Savoryella lignicola 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - SBI 55 (59) + Corollospora filiformis 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - SBI 58 (59) 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 330 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 131 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia viscosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 191 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 192 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 336 (59) + Periconia prolifica 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 344 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey - INT 347 (59) + Antennospora quadricornuta 15-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 217 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia retorquens 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 223 (59) + Cirrenalia basiminuta 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 195 (59) + Halosarpheia retorquens 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 201 (59) + Periconia prolifica + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 202 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 354 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 134 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 233 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 234 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 366 (59) + Cirrenalia pygmea 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 380 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 12-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - DRW 87 (59) + Savoryella lignicola 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - SBI 63 (59) 18-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 392 (59) + Lulworthia sp. I 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 150 (59) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Periconia prolifica 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 151 (59) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-09-93 - (M)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 74
KR Ppd - INT 398 (59) 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Bek - DRW 98 (59) + Savoryella lignicola 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 411 (59) + Antennospora quadricornuta 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 412 (59) + Periconia prolifica 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 414 (59) + Antennospora quadricornuta 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 244 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 220 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 221 (59) + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 420 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 154 (59) + Aigialus grandis 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - DRW 107 (59) 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 429 (59) 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik SBI 77 (59) 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 447 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 162 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Dactylospora haliotrepha 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 258 (59) + Unidentified ascomycete VII + Savoryella paucispora 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 450 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - RHI 166 (59) + Savoryella lignicola + Verruculina enalia 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 263 (59) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 267 (59) +Cirrenalia pygmea 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 236 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 240 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 241 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Verruculina enalia 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 243 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 460 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia viscosa 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 465 (59) + Lignincola laevis + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aigialus parvus 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 468 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 173 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 471 (59) + Halocyphina villosa 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 116 (59) + Zalerion varium 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 117 (59) + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 282 (59) + Savoryella lignicola 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 286 (59) + Halorosellinia oceanica + Savoryella lignicola 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 492 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 496 (59) + Zalerion varium + Halosarpheia marina 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 499 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 211 (59) + Periconia prolifica 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 257 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 506 (59) + Biatriospora marina + Halocyphina villosa 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 507 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 260 (59) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 514 (59) + Halosphaeria hamata 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 194 (59) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 196 (59) + Halosphaeria hamata + Dactylospora haliotrepha 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk AVI 303 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 518 (59) + Halosarpheia retorquens 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 519 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 521 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 197 (59) + Aigialus grandis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 198 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 199 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 309 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 311 (59) + Zalerion maritimum 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 277 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 536 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 537 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 205 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 206 (59) 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 210 (59) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia retorquens 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - RHI 211 (59) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Lignincola laevis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 314 (59) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Savoryella lignicola 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 317 (59) + Verruculina enalia 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 320 (59) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 545 (59) + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Halosarpheia abonnis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 213 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 217 (59) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 221 (59) + Lignincola laevis + Cirrenalia basiminuta 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 323 (59) + Lignincola laevis + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 324 (59) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 285 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-94 - (Prm)
 75 Floristic Account
KR TLY A - BRU 288 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia basiminuta 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 548 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 549 (59) + Ceriosporopsis halima + Zalerion varium 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 552 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia basiminuta 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 327 (59) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 328 (59) + Halosarpheia marina 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 289 (59) + Verruculina enalia + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 291 (59) + Trichocladium alopallonellum + Periconia prolifica 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 553 (59) + Verruculina enalia 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 226 (59) + Aigialus grandis 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 227 (59) + Verruculina enalia 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR Bek - DRW 122 (59) 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - DRW 126 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 557 (59) 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 559 (59) 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 561 (59) 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 566 (59) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 24-07-94 - (M)

Of all species of Lulworthia described so far, L. grandispora has the longest spores. It is a
widely distributed species known from all the three important oceanic regions of the world. This
species was one of the most frequently collected fungi during the present study.

Lulworthia sp. I
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 40
Ascomata perithecial, 300-480 x 110-200 m, cylindrical or subcylindrical, immersed, ostiolate,
papillate, carbonaceous, dark brown or black. Neck up to 75 m long, 25-40 m wide at the
base, 20-30 m wide at the tip, black-coloured, hyaline at the tip. Paraphyses absent. Asci 310-
380 x 16-20 m, eight-spored, elongate, fusiform or cylindrical, unitunicate, thin-walled, early
deliquescing. Ascospores 310-370 x 3-4 m, filamentous, curved, hyaline, tapering at each end
into an elongate, conical process or apical chamber; apical chamber 6-8 x 3-4 m, acute or
rounded, filled with a gelatinous substance that is released through an apical or lateral pore.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A - ACN 1 (60) + Lignincola laevis 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 3 (60) +Halosarpheia marina 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 4 (60) + Lignincola laevis 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 5 (60) + Lulworthia grandispora 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 3 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 9 (60) 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 31 (60) + Halosarpheia marina 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-B - INT 42 (60) 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Vad - ACN 22 (60) + Halosarpheia marina 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 30 (60) + Halosarpheia marina 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - BRU 21 (60) + Halosarpheia marina 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 70 (60) + Periconia prolifica + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 36 (60) + Halocyphina villosa 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 89 (60) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 96 (60) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 50 (60) + Phialophorophoma litoralis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 105 (60) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Leptosphaeria australiensis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 113 (60) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 115 (60) 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - ACN 40 (60) + Cirrenalia fusca 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - ACN 41 (60) + Cirrenalia pygmea 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad B - INT 141 (60) 18-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Kad B - INT 146 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 69 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 71 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 57 (60) + Halocyphina villosa 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 50 (60) + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 76 (60) + Verruculina enalia 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 81 (60) 15-11-92 - (Pm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 76
KR Edk - BRU 65 (60) + Savoryella paucispora 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 158 (60) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 77 (60) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 78 (60) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 81 (60) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 185 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 186 (60) + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 187 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 191 (60) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-B - INT 199 (60) 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-B - INT 201 (60) 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 115 (60) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 97 (60) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Savoryella lignicola 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 107 (60) + Halosphaeria hamata 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey - DRW 54 (60) 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 123 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - ACN 97 (60) 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 131 (60) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 156 (60) + Savoryella paucispora + Unidentified ascomycetes VII 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 146 (60) + Halosphaeria hamata 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-B - INT 277 (60) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-B - INT 280 (60) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 118 (60) 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 124 (60) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 127 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 157 (60) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk - ACN 137 (60) + Periconia prolifica 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 186 (60) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - INT 307 (60) + Cirrenalia pygmea 11-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 138 (60) + Halosarpheia marina 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 148 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 213 (60) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 187 (60) Savoryella paucispora 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 337 (60) + Halosarpheia marina + Trichocladium sp. 12-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 224 (60) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 207 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 376 (60) 12-09-93 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 378 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 12-09-93 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 383 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 12-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 392 (60) + Lulworthia grandispora 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 147 (60) + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR Kad B - INT 409 (60) + Cirrenalia pygmea 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 223 (60) +Cirrenalia pygmea 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 229 (60) + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 438 (60) 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - AVI 275 (60) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - BRU 247 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - INT 484 (60) + Antennospora quadricornuta 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 201 (60) + Cirrenalia macrocephala + Halosarpheia marina 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 294 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lignincola tropica 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 515 (60) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 214 (60) + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 216 (60) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 299 (60) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - BRU 265 (60) + Halosarpheia marina Savoryella paucispora 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - BRU 266 (60) + Lignincola tropica 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - BRU 267 (60) + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 517 (60) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - BRU 281 (60) + Cirrenalia pygmea 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 322 (60) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 325 (60) + Halosphaeria hamata 17-04-94 - (Prm)

These collections do not agree with any of the nine species of Lulworthia accepted by Kohlmeyer
& Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1991a). In the same paper Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (l.c)
mention several collections, belonging to this genus but which cannot be distinguished with tradi-
tional morphological methods, as ‘Lulworthia spp.’ all of which have ascospore lengths be-
tween 150 and 500 m.
 77 Floristic Account

Lulworthia sp. II
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 41
Ascomata perithecial, 300-700 x 170-350 m, ovoid or obpyriform, greyish, immersed or su-
perficial, ostiolate, papillate. Neck 120-400 x 20-40 m, cylindrical, straight or curved, some-
times furcate at the apical part. Peridium 20-30 m, multilayered. Asci 300-370 x 8-12.5 m,
eight-spored, elongate, fusiform or cylindrical, unitunicate, thin-walled, early deliquescing. As-
cospores (230) 300-500 x 3-5 m including apical chambers, filamentous, curved, hyaline, with
tapering or round tips; apical chambers 3.4 - 7.5 x 3-5 m, containing a gelatinous substance.
Materials examined:
KR TLY A - AVI 21 (62) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 31 (62) + Periconia prolifica + Halocyphina villosa 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 34 (62) + Periconia prolifica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Kad - AVI 57 (62) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 53 (62) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 113 (62) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia viscosa 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 129 (62) + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 193 (62) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 172 (62) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 248 (62) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera haispora 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 249 (62) + Savoryella lignicola + Lignincola laevis + Halosarpheia minuta 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 179 (62) + Halosarpheia marina 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 180 (62) + Halosarpheia marina 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 185 (62) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - BRU 230 (62) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia minuta 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 189 (62) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - BRU 274 (62) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 532 (62) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lignincola laevis 20-03-94 - (Prm)

These collections differ from other Lulworthia spp. described in this treatise in having greyish
ascomata with longer necks and longer spores.

Lulworthia sp. III

Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 42
Ascomata perithecial, 220-520 x 150-220 m, globose, subglobose or cylindrical, immersed,
ostiolate, with long necks, blackish brown, solitary. Neck 70-380 x 30-50 m, cylindrical, dark
coloured with a hyaline apex, projecting above the surface of the substratum, Asci (180) – 200-
280 x 10-13 m, eight-spored, elongate, fusiform, unitunicate, thin-walled, early deliquescing.
Ascospores 200- 275 x 3-4 m (including apical chamber), filamentous, curved, hyaline, taper-
ing at each end into an elongate, conical process or apical chamber, 6-10 m long and filled with
a gelatinous material.
Materials examined:
KR Ppd - INT 23 (64) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - INT 24 (64) + Savoryella lignicola 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 128 (64) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Periconia prolifica 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Tik - DRW 64 (64) + Zalerion varium 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 286 (64) + Periconia prolifica 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 62 (64) + Halosarpheia marina 18-09-93 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - DRW 93 (64) 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 494 (64) + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 16-01-94 - (Pm)

These collections are very much similar to Lulworthia kniepii Kohlmeyer in all microscopic
features but differ from the latter in two aspects: 1) the apex of the neck is hyaline in the Kerala
collections and 2) L. kniepii is, so far, known to grow only on coralline algae. All the present
Marine Fungi of Kerala 78
collections were from either intertidal wood or driftwood. The present collections differ from
Lulworthia spp. described earlier, in having much smaller spores.

Manglicola sp.
Taxonomic Position: Melanommatales, Hypsostromataceae
Fig. 43
Ascomata perithecial, 1000-1100 x 500-700m, fusiform superficial, papillate. Neck 200-230
x 300-345 m, cylindrical. Paraphyses 300-350 x 5-7.5m aseptate with forked tip. Asci 630-
695 x 27.5-32.5 m, cylindrical, bitunicate, with a prominent umbrella-like apical apparatus,
eight-spored with uniseriately arranged ascospores. Ascospores 90-100 x 15-18 m, hyaline,
without sheath of appendages, fusiform; immature spores aseptate.
Materials examined:
KR TLY C - RHI 56 (66) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora + Manglicola sp. 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 91 (66) + Halosarpheia marina + Manglicola sp. + Ocostaspora apilongissima 18-04-93 - (Prm)

The Kerala collections belong to the genus Manglicola but they do not agree fully with any
known species. The present collections come somewhat intermediate between M. guatemalensis
and M. samuelsii. The size of ascospores of M. guatemalensis is 80-180 x 18-34 m and that
of M. samuelsii, is 50-65 (75) x 6.5-8 m. The spores of the Kerala collections measured 90-
100 x 50-18 m. This is the first record of this genus from India.

Marinosphaera mangrovei K. D. Hyde in Can. J. Bot. 67: 3080 (1989).

Taxonomic Position: Phyllachorales, Phyllachoraceae
Fig. 44
Ascomata perithecial, 150-310 x 150-280 m, globose to ellipsoidal, fully or partially immersed,
light brown or hyaline, papillate, ostiolate. Papilla short or long, projecting out of the substratum,
crowned by small, variously curved, outwardly projecting hyphae; ostiolar canal filled with
periphyses. Peridium 15-30 m thick, multilayered, with thick-walled cells in the outer layers
and thin-walled cells in the inner layers. Paraphyses 87.5-100 x 1.5-3 m, septate, with swollen
apices. Asci 65-125 x 10-20 m, eight-spored, elongate, cylindrical, pedunculate, with a sub-
apical, plate-like thickening. Ascospores 22.5-30 x 7.5-11 m, hyaline, ellipsoidal; immature
spores aseptate or biseptate; mature spores always tri-septate.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A - AVI 4 (67) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 6 (67) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - DRW 3 (67) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - DRW 5 (67) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 5 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Periconia prolifica 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad B - INT 7 (67) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 4 (67) + Cirrenalia pygmea 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 5 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 7 (67) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 9 (67) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 33 (67) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Halosarpheia marina 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 34 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 17 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 10 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 11 (67) 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 45 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 47 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 1 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 3 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 22 (67) + Zalerion spI 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 27 (67) + Verruculina enalia + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 16 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
 79 Floristic Account
KR TLY B - BRU 18 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera mangrovei 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 20 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 48 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Vad - ACN 19 (67) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - ACN 24 (67) + Cirrenalia pygmea 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - ACN 25 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - BRU 23 (67) + Halocyphina villosa 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - BRU 28 (67) + Halocyphina villosa 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - ACN 26 (67) + Cirrenalia pygmea 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - ACN 28 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 40 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 41 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 42 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 30 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 33 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 66 (67) + Verruculina enalia + Savoryella lignicola 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 69 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 72 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 45 (67) + Savoryella paucispora + Halocyphina villosa + 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - DRW 12 (67) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 76 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 84 (67) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 91 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 94 (67) + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 96 (67) + Lulworthia sp. I 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 33 (67) + Periconia prolifica 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 34 (67) + Lignincola laevis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 37 (67) 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 51 (67) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 39 (67) + Cirrenalia pygmea 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 41 (67) + Savoryella lignicola 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 105 (67) + Lulworthia sp. I + Leptosphaeria australiensis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 107 (67) + Trichocladium sp. 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 113 (67) + Lulworthia sp. I 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 117 (67) + Cirrenalia pygmea 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - AVI 54 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia fusca 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - AVI 57 (67) + Lulworthia sp. III 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 123 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 58 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 18 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 27-09-92 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 18 (67) 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Kad B - INT 142 (67) 18-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 45 (67) + Periconia prolifica 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 46 (67) + Savoryella lignicola 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 48 (67) + Savoryella lignicola + Periconia prolifica 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 67 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Dactylospora haliotrepha 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 149 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora + Dactylospora haliotrepha 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 152 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora + Verruculina enalia 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 53 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Periconia prolifica 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 57 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 59 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 75 (67) + Zalerion varium 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 60 (67) + Periconia prolifica + Lulworthia grandispora 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 63 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 67 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 34 (67) + Periconia prolifica 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 63 (67) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 65 (67) + Periconia prolifica + Phoma sp. 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 66 (67) + Zalerion varium 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 76 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 77 (67) + Lulworthia sp. I 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 78 (67) + Lulworthia sp. I + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 42 (67) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Verruculina enalia + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 43 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella paucispora + Dactylospora haliotrepha 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 22 (67) + Antennospora quadricornuta 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 175 (67) + Savoryella paucispora 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 177 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 95 (67) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Lignincola laevis 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 80 (67) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera longispora 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 182 (67) 27-12-92 - (Pm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 80
KR Dha-B - INT 183 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 189 (67) 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 48 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 103 (67) + Halorosellinia oceanica + Halocyphina villosa 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 109 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Trichocladium sp. 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 191 (67) + Lulworthia sp. I 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 194 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 196 (67) + Verruculina enalia + Dactylospora haliotrepha 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-B - INT 204 (67) 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 112 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 97 (67) + Lulworthia sp. I + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 207 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia macrocephala 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 57 (67) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 58 (67) + Aigialus parvus + Halocyphina villosa 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - DRW 29 (67) 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 34 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 118 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Zalerion sp. 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 119 (67) + Periconia prolifica 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 122 (67) + Aigialus mangrovis 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 104 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 106 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 59 (67) + Halosarpheia abonnis 21-02-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 125 (67) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 126 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 128 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 111 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Periconia prolifica 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 115 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 68 (67) + Verruculina enalia 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 131 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia sp. I 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 133 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 134 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 136 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea + Savoryella lignicola 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 121 (67) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 243 (67) + Verruculina enalia + Cirrenalia pygmea 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 245 (67) + Aniptodera sp. II + Leptosphaeria australiensis 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 138 (67) 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 139 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 140 (67) 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 141 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 249 (67) + Aigialus parvus + Dactylospora haliotrepha 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 251 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 252 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 143 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 147 (67) + Savoryella lignicola + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 150 (67) + Verruculina enalia + Savoryella lignicola 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 135 (67) + Aigialus parvus 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 257 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 145 (67) +Lindra hawaiiensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 147 (67) + Ascocratera Manglicola 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-B - INT 279 (67) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-B - INT 281 (67) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 92 (67) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 93 (67) +Lindra hawaiiensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 162 (67) + Verruculina enalia + Savoryella lignicola 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 163 (67) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Savoryella lignicola 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 164 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 167 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 150 (67) + Lignincola laevis + Leptosphaeria australiensis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 151 (67) + Unidentified ascomycete VIII 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 96 (67) + Halosarpheia abonnis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 98 (67) + Ocostaspora apilongissima 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 170 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 299 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 176 (67) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 158 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 302 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 303 (67) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 305 (67) + Periconia prolifica 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 103 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 186 (67) + Lulworthia sp. I 11-07-93 - (M)
 81 Floristic Account
KR Edk - AVI 187 (67) + Periconia prolifica 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - BRU 164 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - BRU 169 (67) 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 114 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia fusca 11-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 193 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Bathyascus tropicalis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 194 (67) + Aniptodera longispora + Pleospora pelagica 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 175 (67) + Halocyphina villosa 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 176 (67) + Unidentified ascomycetes VI + Halocyphina villosa 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 121 (67) + Halocyphina villosa 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 123 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 201 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia basiminuta 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 204 (67) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 328 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia basiminuta 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 334 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 152 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 154 (67) 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 213 (67) + Lulworthia sp. I 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 214 (67) + Halocyphina villosa 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 189 (67) + Halocyphina villosa 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 190 (67) + Halocyphina villosa 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 341 (67) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia minuta 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 344 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 81 (67) + Halocyphina villosa 15-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 82 (67) + Halosarpheia minuta 15-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 221 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 222 (67) + Zalerion varium 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 198 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 200 (67) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 360 (67) 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 369 (67) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Periconia prolifica 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 370 (67) + Savoryella lignicola + Verruculina enalia 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 374 (67) 12-09-93 - (M)
KR Mah-B - INT 380 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 12-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - INT 386 (67) + Halocyphina villosa 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - INT 387 (67) + Cirrenalia pygmea 18-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 393 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia retorquens 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 394 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 151 (67) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 152 (67) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Halosarpheia marina 19-09-93 - (M)
KR Kad B - INT 401 (67) 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Kad B - INT 405 (67) + Cirrenalia pygmea 26-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 243 (67) + Periconia prolifica 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 245 (67) + Lignincola laevis 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 218 (67) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 418 (67) + Verruculina enalia 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 420 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 153 (67) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 155 (67) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 252 (67) + Aigialus parvus + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 440 (67) 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B - INT 443 (67) 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 162 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Dactylospora haliotrepha 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 181 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Periconia prolifica 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 182 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Periconia prolifica 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 257 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Unidentified ascomycetes III 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 456 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 458 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella paucispora 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 265 (67) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 266 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia abonnis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 268 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus parvus 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 269 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Aigialus parvus + Ascomycetes sp. II 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 238 (67) + Lignincola laevis + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 239 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 243 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 460 (67) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 464 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 465 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Lignincola laevis + Aigialus parvus 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 174 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 179 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 181 (67) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Savoryella lignicola 18-12-93 - (Pm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 82
KR TLY A - AVI 273 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 245 (67) + Halocyphina villosa 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 246 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - BRU 249 (67) + Savoryella lignicola 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - BRU 255 (67) + Cirrenalia pygmea 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - INT 486 (67) 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - INT 489 (67) 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 203 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 493 (67) + Lignincola laevis 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 499 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 210 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 287 (67) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 289 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 256 (67) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 258 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 500 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 295 (67) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 259 (67) + Lignincola laevis 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 515 (67) + Lulworthia sp. I 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 516 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 297 (67) + Lulworthia sp. I 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 299 (67) + Lulworthia sp. I 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 300 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 302 (67) + Verruculina enalia + Ascochyta sp. + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 198 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 199 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 200 (67) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 203 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 308 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Periconia prolifica + Halosarpheia viscosa 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 309 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 271 (67) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 532 (67) + Halosarpheia marina +Lulworthia sp. III + Lignincola laevis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 534 (67) + Halocyphina villosa + Leptosphaeria australiensis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 537 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 205 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 207 (67) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 312 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 316 (67) + Aniptodera haispora + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera haispora 15-
04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 321 (67) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 546 (67) + Cirrenalia macrocephala + Halosarpheia retorquens 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 547 (67) + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 218 (67) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 220 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Aigialus parvus 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 327 (67) + Lulworthia grandispora 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 289 (67) + Verruculina enalia + Lulworthia grandispora 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 555 (67) + Halosarpheia marina + Zalerion maritimum 15-05-94 - (Prm)

Marinosphaera mangrovei was first described by Hyde (1989) from Sumatra. Subsequently it
has been recorded from Malaysia (Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989), Brunei (Hyde, 1990a),
Singapore (Tan, Leong & Jones, 1989), Hawaii (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1993),
Hong Kong & Macau (Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones, 1994), and India (Sarma & Vittal, 2000,
2001; Sarma, Hyde & Vittal 2001). Read et al. (1995) reported the presence of chain-like,
septate paraphyses in the ascomata of this species. During the present study, in majority of the
cases, paraphyses could not be seen in mature ascomata and those observed were not chain-
like, but filamentous with only slightly swollen cells. In all other features, the Kerala collections
agreed with M. mangrovei.

Ocostaspora apilongissima E. B. G. Jones, R. G. Johnson & S. T. Moss in Bot. Mar.

26: 354 (1983).
Taxonomic Position: Halosphaeriales, Halosphaeriaceae
Fig. 45
Ascomata perithecial, 200-250 x 120-200 m, coffee-brown to black, globose to subglobose,
 83 Floristic Account
solitary, fully or partially immersed, membranous. Neck 200-280 (300) x 30-40 m; ostiole
lined with periphyses. Peridium 30-35 m thick, multilayered (4-5), with thin-walled cells. Asci
35-65 x 10-15 m, eight-spored, unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate or subcylindrical, short-pe-
dunculate, early deliquescing. Paraphyses not observed. Ascospores 12-16 x 6-7 m, ellipsoi-
dal, uniseptate, slightly constricted at the septum, hyaline, with polar and equatorial appendages;
equatorial appendages 3-7 m long; polar appendages 12 m or more; both type with broad
base and tapering apex.
Materials examined:
KR TLY B - RHI 91 (68) + Halosarpheia marina + Manglicola sp. 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 98 (68) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-05-93 - (Prm)

The Kerala collections of this species are indistinguishable from the type described by Jones,
Johnson & Moss (1983) except for the slightly shorter spores of the former. The morphology of
the ascospores of this fungus is very similar to that of Halosphaeria appendiculata Linder. The
latter species has larger ascospores with equally sized polar and equatorial appendages. The
appendage ontogeny is also different in these two species. This species has been recorded from
Hawaii (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1989), Australia (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-
Kohlmeyer, 1991b) and Mexico (Hyde, 1992d). This is the first record of this fungus from India.

Payosphaeria minuta W.F. Leong in Bot. Mar. 33: 511 (1990).

Taxonomic Position: Hypocreales (inc.sed.)
Fig. 46
Ascomata perithecial, 140-190 x 70-90 m, oval, superficial, ostiolate, papillate, hyaline. Pe-
ridium 7.5-13 m thick, multilayered, composed of thin-walled cells. Neck 40-80 m long, 20-
30 m wide at the base, 15-25 m wide at the apex, cylindrical, hyaline. Asci 40-70 x 4-8 m,
eight-spored, cylindrical, pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled, developing at the base of the
ascoma. Ascospores 7.5-9 x 5-6 m, subglobose to globose, hyaline, thin-walled, containing a
few oil globules, often budding off secondary spores.
Materials examined:
KR TLY B - INT 166 (69) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia basiminuta 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 152 (69) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)

Except for the absence of paraphyses, the present collection is indistinguishable from
Payosphaeria minuta reported from Mandai mangrove, Singapore by Leong et al. (1990). As
this fungus was seen only twice during the present study, we are not sure whether the absence of
paraphyses is a consistent feature. As pointed out by Leong et al. (l.c), the taxonomic position of
this genus is not clear as it shows some similarities to both Trichosphaeriales and Nectriales. This
is the first record of this fungus from India.
Pleospora pelagica T. W. Johnson in Mycologia 48: 504 (1956).
Taxonomic Position: Dothideales, Pleosporaceae
Fig. 47
Ascomata perithecial, 280-460 x 180-450 m, brown to dark brown, subglobose or ellipsoi-
dal, immersed, ostiolate, short-papillate. Peridium 30-40 m thick, multilayered. Neck 80-150
x 60-100 m, projecting above the substratum as a dome-shaped structure; ostiolar canal filled
with periphyses. Pseudoparaphyses persistent, simple or branched, septate, cylindrical. Asci
85-170 x 20-22.5 m, eight-spored, clavate or subcylindrical, short-pedunculate, bitunicate,
without any apical pore or apparatus, developing at the base of the ascoma. Ascospores 42.5-
50 x 7.5-11 m, yellowish brown, partly biseriate, fusiform, muriform with 8-9 (10) transverse
Marine Fungi of Kerala 84
septa and one or two longitudinal septa in central segments, slightly constricted at the septa
below the middle of the spore.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A - AVI 1 (70) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 68 (70) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera sp. 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 86 (70) + Periconia prolifica + Zalerion varium 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 159 (70) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia basiminuta 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 194 (70) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera longispora 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 279 (70) + Cirrenalia pygmea 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 285 (70) + + Halocyphina villosa 16-01-94 - (Pm)

Pleospora pelagica is a rather rare species known previously from Florida, North Carolina
(Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979) and Mexico (Hyde, 1992d). When compared to the descrip-
tion of the species given by Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979), the Kerala collections had slightly
larger ascomata, shorter asci and narrower ascospores.

Salsuginea ramicola K.D. Hyde in Bot. Mar. 34: 316 (1991).

Taxonomic Position: Dothideales (inc. sed.)
Fig. 48
Ascomata perithecial, 700-2000 x 260-920 m, projecting above the surface of the substratum,
with a central ostiole; ostiolar canal internally lined with periphyses. Peridium 50-80 (110) m
thick, multilayered, with thick-walled cells. Hamathecium composed of numerous anastomosing
delicate hyphae, 1-1.5 m wide. Asci 325-550 x 27.5-32.5 m, 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindri-
cal, pedunculate, having an apical apparatus with a prominent ring and an ocular chamber at the
apex; ocular chamber 3-5-m diam., Ascospores 55-70-28 m, uniseptate, unequally two-
celled, obovoid, highly constricted at the septa, light brown to brownish yellow, smooth-walled,
hyaline; apical chambers 4-6 x 4-6 m.
Materials examined:
KR Vad - AVI 31 (75) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 02-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 111 (75) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aigialus parvus 10-01-93 - (Pm)

The genus Salsuginea was first described by Hyde (1991a). It is very close to the genus
Helicascus but differs in having larger ascospores with more pronounced apical hyaline cham-
bers and asci with a ring around the apical ocular chamber. The Kerala collections agree with S.
ramicola in almost all characters. This is the first report of this fungus from India.

Savoryella lignicola E. B. G. Jones & R. A. Eaton. in Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 52: 162
(1969).
Taxonomic Position: Sordariales ?
Fig. 49
Ascomata perithecial, 180-300 x 110-200 m, subglobose or ellipsoidal, completely or partly
immersed or superficial, ostiolate, papillate, pale brown to dark brown. Neck 60-120 x 40-60
m, light brown to brown; ostiolar canal lined with periphyses. Peridium 12-15 (20) m thick,
multilayered (3-4), with thick-walled, elongate cells. Paraphyses 120-140 x 1.5-2 m, seen
only in young ascomata, few in number, evanescent, Asci 90-140 x 12.5-25 m, eight-spored,
cylindrical or clavate-pedunculate, unitunicate, persistent, with an apical pore. Ascospores 22-
30 (32) x 10-13 m, biseriate, ellipsoidal, triseptate, slightly constricted at the septa, central cells
larger and dark brown, polar cells smaller and hyaline.
Materials examined:
KR Ppd - DRW 4 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-04-92 - (Prm)
 85 Floristic Account
KR Kad A - INT 4 (71) + Verruculina enalia + Lignincola laevis 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - INT 24 (71) + Lulworthia sp. V 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - INT 26 (71) + Lignincola laevis 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 7 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 11 (71) 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 10 (71) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 13 (71) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 15 (71) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 1 (71) + Cirrenalia pygmea 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 32 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Leptosphaeria australiensis 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Vad - ACN 19 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - ACN 21 (71) + Periconia prolifica 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 35 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 66 (71) + Verruculina enalia + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 43 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 37 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella paucispora 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - DRW 13 (71) + Periconia prolifica 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 74 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 16 (71) + Halocyphina villosa 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 46 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 48 (71) + Halocyphina villosa 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 41 (71) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 44 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 127 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 58 (71) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 46 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola longirostris 27-09-92 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 14 (71) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Bey - INT 135 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 46 (71) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 47 (71) + Periconia prolifica 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 48 (71) + Periconia prolifica + Marinosphaera mangrovei 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 52 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Periconia prolifica 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 54 (71) + Dendryphiella salina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 57 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 58 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 60 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 66 (71) + Lulworthia grandispora 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 156 (71) + Halosarpheia retorquens 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 161 (71) + Periconia prolifica + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 62 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Periconia prolifica 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 63 (71) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 92 (71) + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Periconia prolifica 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 24 (71) + Antennospora quadricornuta 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - SBI 17 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C – AVI 97 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 72 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 73 (71) + Periconia prolifica 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 79 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 80 (71) + Cirrenalia pygmea 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 105 (71) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 88 (71) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 89 (71) + Halorosellinia oceanica + Halocyphina villosa 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 95 (71) + Lignincola laevis + Halocyphina villosa 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 194 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 82 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 114 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia viscosa 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 115 (71) + Lulworthia sp. I + Halosarpheia marina 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 96 (71) + Verruculina enalia + Lulworthia grandispora 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 97 (71) + Lulworthia sp. I + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 99 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - DRW 30 (71) + Unidentified ascomycete VIII 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - DRW 32 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - SBI 19 (71) + Corollospora filiformis 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - SBI 21 (71) + Corollospora filiformis 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 38 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 39 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lignincola laevis + Halosarpheia marina 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 43 (71) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - SBI 30 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - DRW 46 (71) 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 86 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 21-02-93 - (Prm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 86
KR TLY C - BRU 109 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey - DRW 50 (71) + Aigialus grandis 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 89 (71) + Cirrenalia basiminuta 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 124 (71) + Periconia prolifica 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 127 (71) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lulworthia grandispora 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 116 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Verruculina enalia 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 117 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora + Lignincola laevis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 132 (71) + Verruculina enalia + Halocyphina villosa 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 118 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 119 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 121 (71) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 240 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia macrocephala + Dactylospora
haliotrepha 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - ACN 98 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 126 (71) + Lignincola laevis 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 127 (71) + Lignincola laevis 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 128 (71) + Lignincola laevis 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 129 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 130 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 104 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 110 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia viscosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 146 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 147 (71) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 150 (71) + Verruculina enalia + Marinosphaera mangrovei 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 151 (71) + Halorosellinia oceanica + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 255 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Aigialus parvus 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 258 (71) + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 84 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 85 (71) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Verruculina enalia 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 116 (71) + Cirrenalia pygmea 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 158 (71) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Halocyphina villosa 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 148 (71) + Zalerion varium 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 58 (71) +Lindra hawaiiensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 61 (71) + Cirrenalia pygmea 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 270 (71) + Halocyphina villosa 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 274 (71) + Antennospora quadricornuta 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 63 (71) + Antennospora quadricornuta 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 162 (71) + Verruculina enalia + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 163 (71) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 149 (71) + Verruculina enalia 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 153 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 154 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 171 (71) + Lulworthia grandispora 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 173 (71) + Savoryella sp. 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 130 (71) + Zalerion varium + Halosarpheia marina 20-06-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 178 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk - ACN 136 (71) + Lignincola longirostris 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - BRU 170 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 113 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 115 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - DRW 76 (71) + Halorosellinia oceanica + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - INT 318 (71) + Lulworthia grandispora 17-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 191 (71) + Halocyphina villosa 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 172 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 326 (71) 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 140 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 143 (71) + Periconia prolifica + 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 146 (71) 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 202 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 204 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 330 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 331 (71) + Periconia prolifica + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 335 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 209 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey - INT 350 (71) 15-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 202 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 358 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - ACN 163 (71) + Periconia prolifica + Lignincola laevis 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - ACN 164 (71) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 229 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
 87 Floristic Account
KR Che - AVI 232 (71) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Halosarpheia marina 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 235 (71) + Periconia prolifica + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 206 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 208 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 370 (71) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Verruculina enalia 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 373 (71) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - DRW 87 (71) + Lulworthia grandispora 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - INT 390 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 18-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 169 (71) + Halosarpheia retorquens 19-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd - SBI 68 (71) + Antennospora quadricornuta 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Bek - DRW 98 (71) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 413 (71) + Antennospora quadricornuta 03-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 247 (71) + Halocyphina villosa 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 248 (71) + Aniptodera haispora + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia sp. III 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 249 (71) + Lulworthia sp. III + Lignincola laevis + Halosarpheia minuta 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 224 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola laevis + Cladosporium sp. 30-10-93 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 225 (71) + Lignincola laevis + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Leptosphaeria australiensis 30-10-93 - (M)
KR TLY B – INT 358 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 421 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia abonnis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - DRW 112 (71) + Halocyphina villosa 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 457 (71) + Periconia prolifica + Verruculina enalia 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - RHI 166 (71) + Lulworthia grandispora + Verruculina enalia 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - ACN 188 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - ACN 191 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 261 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia abonnis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 263 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis+ Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 236 (71) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 461 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 463 (71) + Periconia prolifica + Halocyphina villosa 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 175 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Verruculina enalia 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 181 (71) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - ACN 197 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - ACN 198 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - BRU 249 (71) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 474 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia macrocephala 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 114 (71) 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 118 (71) 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 204 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 282 (71) + Lulworthia grandispora 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 286 (71) + Halorosellinia oceanica + Lulworthia grandispora 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 491 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella paucispora + Savoryella sp. I 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 212 (71) + Halosarpheia viscosa 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 288 (71) + Halosarpheia marina +Lindra hawaiiensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 213 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 218 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 526 (71) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 222 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 225 (71) + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 314 (71) + Lulworthia grandispora + Dactylospora haliotrepha 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 319 (71) + Lignincola laevis +Lindra hawaiiensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 321 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 324 (71) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 286 (71) + Halosphaeria hamata + Cirrenalia basiminuta 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 548 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 326 (71) + Verruculina enalia + Lignincola laevis 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 290 (71) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR Bek - DRW 120 (71) + Arenariomyces majusculus 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - DRW 124 (71) + Antennospora quadricornuta 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - DRW 127 (71) + Zalerion maritimum 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 560 (71) + Zalerion maritimum 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 563 (71) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 564 (71) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 565 (71) + Zalerion maritimum 24-07-94 - (M)

Savoryella lignicola, the type species of the genus, was first described by Jones & Eaton
(1969) from the Great Britain. Subsequently, it has been recorded from India (Raghukumar,
1973; Borse, 1988), Japan (Tubaki & Ito, 1973), Sri Lanka (Koch, 1982), Brunei (Hyde,
1988a), Singapore (Tan, Leong & Jones, 1989) and Hawaii (Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer,
Marine Fungi of Kerala 88
1993). Interestingly, the original discovery of this species was from a fresh water habitat (Jones
& Eaton, 1969). Now this species is considered as a facultative marine fungus (Kohlmeyer &
Kohlmeyer, 1979).

Savoryella paucispora (Cribb & J. W. Cribb) J. Koch in Nordic. J. Bot. 2: 169 (1982).
Leptosphaeria paucispora Cribb & J. W. Cribb in Univ. Queensl. Pap., Dep. Bot. 4:41(1960)
Taxonomic Position: Sordariales ?
Fig. 50
Ascomata, perithecial, 150-300 x 130-140 m, ellipsoidal, immersed or superficial, ostiolate,
papillate, dark brown, solitary. Neck 60-150 x 40-50 m, stout, light brown. Peridium 20-30
m thick, multilayered (3-6), with thick-walled elongate cells. Paraphyses 110-162.5 x 1-1.5
m, few in number, evanescent. Asci 120-155 x 19-26 m, 2-spored, cylindrical or clavate,
short-pedunculate, unitunicate, with an apical thickening and a pore. Ascospores 37.5-52.5
(58) x 14-18 (20) m, ellipsoidal, triseptate, slightly constricted at the septa; central cells brown,
polar cells hyaline and verrucose.
Materials examined:
KR Vad - AVI 34 (72) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 02-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 44 (72) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia retorquens 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 45 (72) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 37 (72) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 126 (72) + Verruculina enalia 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 59 (72) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 130 (72) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 27-09-92 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 17 (72) + Lignincola longirostris 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 65 (72) + Lulworthia sp1 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 43 (72) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Dactylospora haliotrepha 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 21 (72) + Halocyphina villosa + Antennospora quadricornuta 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 170 (72) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 175 (72) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 101 (72) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 195 (72) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 65 (72) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosphaeria hamata + Aigialus parvus 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 241 (72) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia retorquens 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 79 (72) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 156 (72) + Lulworthia sp. I + Unidentified ascomycete VII 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 94 (72) + Aigialus grandis + Lignincola longirostris 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 195 (72) + Halocyphina villosa + Verruculina enalia 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 186 (72) + Halosarpheia marina 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 187 (72) + Lulworthia sp. I 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 372 (72) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Kav - ACN 176 (72) + Lignincola laevis + Lindra hawaiiensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 226 (72) + Halocyphina villosa + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia minuta 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 258 (72) + Lulworthia grandispora + Unidentified ascomycete VII 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 458 (72) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 469 (72) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Cirrenalia pygmea +Lindra hawaiiensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 177 (72) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Lignincola laevis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 491 (72) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola + Savoryella sp. 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 296 (72) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - BRU 265 (72) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia sp. I 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 522 (72) + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)

Savoryella paucispora was first described by Cribb & Cribb (1960) from Australia. Later it
was found to be widely distributed in the tropical waters with reports from Sri Lanka (Koch,
1982), Brunei (Hyde, 1988a), Singapore (Leong, Tan & Jones, 1991) and Philippines (Jones,
Uyenco & Foleosco, 1988). Cribb & Cribb (1960) described it as Leptosphaeria and it was
Koch (1982) who transferred it to Savoryella because of the presence of unitunicate asci and
absence of pseudoparaphyses. Jones & Hyde (1992) reported the presence of a non-amyloid
apical thickening containing a pore at the apex of the ascus. This could be clearly seen in the
 89 Floristic Account
present collections as well. Similarly, the verrucose nature of the apical cells of the ascospores,
first reported by Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1991a) was also seen in the present
collections.

Savoryella sp. I
Taxonomic Position: Sordariales ?
Fig. 51
Ascomata perithecial, 140-340 x 100-180 m, fully or partly immersed, globose or pyriform,
solitary, ostiolate, papillate, dark brown to black. Neck 55-180 x 50-65 m, projecting above
the substratum, ostiolate, cylindrical, centrally or laterally attached. Asci 130-140 x 16-20 m,
4-spored, cylindrical, short-pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled, with an apical pore 4-5 m
diam. at the apex. Paraphyses 120-150 x 1-1.5 m, simple, aseptate, with a slightly swollen
apex, persistent. Ascospores 37.5-50 x 15-22.5 m, uniseriate, fusoid, triseptate; central cells
brown, not equal, slightly constricted at the septum; apical cells hyaline, smaller than the central
cells.
Materials examined:
KR Che - RHI 176 (7b) + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 173 (7b) + Savoryella lignicola 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 491 (7b) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola + Savoryella paucispora 16-01-
94 - (Pm)

The present collections differ from other known species of Savoryella in having persistent, non-
septate paraphyses and 4-spored asci. It seems to be an as yet undescribed species of Savoryella.

Savoryella sp. II
Taxonomic Position: Sordariales ?
Fig. 52
Ascoma perithecial, 420 x 400 m, globose, immersed, ostiolate, papillate. Neck 280 x 30-60
m. Peridium 5-7.5 m thick, multilayered, subhyaline. Paraphyses numerous, elongate, sep-
tate, 175-205 x 2-2.5 m. Ascus 275 x 10 m (immature), long, cylindrical, pedunculate,
unitunicate, with a prominent pore at the apex. Ascospores 38-44 x 13-16 m, ellipsoidal,
triseptate, slightly constricted at the septum; central cells larger and thick-walled; polar cells
smaller and thin-walled.
Material examined:
KR Dha-A - INT 485 (82) Lignincola laevis 27-12-93 - (Pm)

The material of this fungus obtained during the present study was very scanty and only very few
asci and ascospores were seen. With the available information, it is very difficult to assign the
present collection to any known species of Savoryella. Hence it is designated here as Savoryella
sp. II. It differs from Savoryella sp. I described earlier in the size of the asci and the nature of
paraphyses.

Unidentified ascomycete - I
Fig. 53
Ascomata perithecial, 200-250 x 220-270 m, globose or subglobose, partially immersed,
ostiolate, papillate, dark brown, single. Neck 80-150 x 30-40 m. Peridium 18-22 m, multi-
layered; outer layer composed of thick-walled, brown-coloured cell and inner layer thin-walled
light brown coloured cells. Asci 37.5-62.5 x 12.5-20 m, eight-spored, clavate, pedunculate,
Marine Fungi of Kerala 90
thin-walled, unitunicate, early deliquescing. Ascospores 8-10 m diam., round, one-celled, hya-
line, without any appendages or oil globules.
Material examined:
KR TLY B INT 533 (121) 20-3-94 – (Prm)

According to Jones (1991), there are three genera with round to oval ascospores in the family
Halosphaeriaceae. These are Thalassogena Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm, Moana Kohlm. &
Volkm.-Kohlm. and Iwilsoniella Jones. The present collection comes nearer to Iwilsoniella in
most character than to the other two genera. But the ascospores are much smaller in the present
collection. Moreover, Iwilsoniella is so far known only from the type locality where it was found
growing on exposed wood on a water-cooling tower. Also, Jones (1991) observed a membra-
nous material that appeared to peel off the spore wall when examined under a scanning electron
microscope. This structure could not be resolved at the light-microscope level. Taking all these
into consideration, we find it difficult to place the Kerala collection in the genus Iwilsoniella.
Further studies with additional collections are necessary to confirm the identity of this fungus.

Unidentified ascomycete - II
Fig. 54
Ascomata 90-105 x 75-100 m, globose, subglobose or ellipsoidal, hyaline, partly immersed or
superficial, ostiolate, papillate, fully covered with fine hairs. Papillae 40-60 x 40-30 m; ostiolar
canal lined with numerous periphyses. Peridium 10-15 m thick, composed of 8-10 layers of
thin-walled elongate cells. Asci 70-80 x 20-37.5 m, eight-spored, clavate, short-pedunculate,
unitunicate, thin-walled, without apical pore or thickening. Ascospores 25-27.5 x 7.5-8 m,
ovoid to ellipsoidal, uniseptate, not constricted at the septum, thick-walled, hyaline, smooth, with
medially attached, membranous, wing-like appendages on either sides of the septum.
Material examined:
KR Che INT-470 (122) + Didymosphaeria enalia + H. marina – 18-12-93 (PM).

This fungus was seen only once during the present study and the material was scanty. The mor-
phology of the appendage of ascospores is very unique and has not been reported for any marine
ascomycates to this date. Additional collections are necessary to confirm the observations made
on the scanty material.

Unidentified ascomycete - III

Fig. 55
Ascomata perithecial, 250-420 x 205-370 m, globose or subglobose, solitary, immersed, light
yellow, ostiolate, papillate. Peridium 10-15 m, multilayered, (7-10 layers) composed of cells
with thin wall. Neck 90-135 x 30-50 m; ostiolar canal without periphyses. Ascus 60 x 15 m,
eight-spored, pyriform, thin-walled, unitunicate, without any pore or thickening at the apex, early
deliquescing. Ascospores 12-14 x 7-5-8 m, globose or oval, aseptate when young uniseptate
at maturity, not constricted at the septum, without appendages.
Materials examined:
KR Vad - INT 63 (123) + Anguillospora 2-8-92 - (M)
KR Bey - INT 136 (123) 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 5 (123) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Ppd - DRW 2 (123) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 29 (123) + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 139 (123) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 141 (123) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - SBI 43 (123) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
 91 Floristic Account
KR Tik - DRW 68 (123) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 257 (123) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 5-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val INT - 455 (123) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Lignincola laevis 5-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val RHI - 74 (123) Halosarpheia marina 11-4-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A INT- 498 (123) Halosarpheia marina 16-01-94 - (Pm)

The ascospores dimensions of this fungus are similar to those of Aniptodera species like
Aniptodera sp. I, Aniptodera sp. II and to A. haispora. But all those species have thick-
walled ascospores. Moreover, the asci of those species have an apical thickening with or with-
out a pore. The present species on the other hand has thin-walled ascospores and early deli-
quescing asci. The spores show a close resemblance to those of Payosphaeria minuta too, but
in that species the spores are unseptate and are still smaller than the spores of the presently
obtained one.

Unidentified ascomycete - IV
Fig. 56
Ascomata cleistothecial, doughnut-shaped 70-100 m diam., superficial, round, flat and ap-
pressed to the substratum, brown. Asci (17) 22-5.27.5 x (7.5) 10-12 m, eight-spored, turbi-
nate, short-pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled, without apical pore or thickening. Ascospores
10-12 x 2.4 m, ellipsoid, bi-or triseptate, not constricted at the septum, thin-walled, hyaline,
without any appendages.
Materials examined:
KR Edk - AVI 82 (124) 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 132 (124) 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - INT 309 (124) + Phoma sp. 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - INT 310 (124) + Dendryphiella salina 11-07-93 – (M)

In some aspects this fungus is very similar to the genus Microthyrium that so far has not been
recorded from marine habitats. Further collections are needed to verify both its marine origin and
identity.

Unidentified ascomycete - V
Fig. 57
Ascoma perithecial, 190 x 160 m, ovate, immersed, ostiolate, papillate, solitary. Peridium 7-10
m, multilayered; cells thin-walled, elongated. Neck 155 x 30 m, centrally attached, long and
projecting above the substratum, cylindrical, hyaline. Asci not observed. Ascospores 17-26 x 6-
9 m, ellipsoidal, uniseptate or non-septate, freely lying in the cavity of venter of the ascocarp,
thin-walled, hyaline, smooth, without appendages.
Material examined:
KR TLY – AVI 305 (125) 20-3-94 - (Prm)

The material of this species was very scanty and asci, paraphyses and periphyses were not
observed. Hence it is very difficult to place it even at the genus-level. More collections are
needed to identify it.

Unidentified ascomycete - VI
Fig. 58
Ascomata 110-280 x 70-110 m, hyaline or pale yellow, globose or oval, superficial, ostiolate,
papillate. Peridium 15-25 m, multilayered, with elongated, thin-walled cells, pale yellow or
hyaline. Neck 70-160 x 30-50 m, cylindrical, pale yellow or hyaline. Paraphyses 70-102 m
long 3.5-4 m, thick at the base, 2-1 m thick at the apex, branched, septate, rarely unbranched
Marine Fungi of Kerala 92
and with uniform thickness.Asci 70-105 x 7.5-10 m, eight-spored, cylindrical, short-pedenculate,
unitunicate, thick-walled, operculate, with a well-marked apical pore, 8-10 m wide. Ascospores
9-12 x 6-8 m, sub-globose or ovoid, hyaline, non-septate, thin-walled, smooth, without ap-
pendages, with 2-4 conspicuous refractive globules. In some asci, the formation of secondary
spores by the cleavage of the ascospores and their escape through the apical pore were noticed.
Materials examined:
KR TLY C BRU 160 (126) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 176 (126) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 18-07-93 - (M)
Che AVI 269 (126) + Aigialus parvus + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)

Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer’s (1991a) key leads straight to Payosphaeria minuta.

The similarity in the morphology and size of ascomata, asci and ascospores of these two species
is striking but the present collections differ from P. minuta in the presence of a conspicuous
apical pore at the ascal apex and in the development of secondary spores from the ascospores
even when they are inside the ascus. Another closely related fungus, Thalassogena sphaerica,
has asci with apical pores and subglobose spores. Thalassogena sphaerica, however, has a
single layered peridium while the present collection had multilayered peridium.

Unidentified ascomycete - VII

Fig. 59
Ascomata perithecial, 250 x 250 m, globose, hyaline or light brown, solitary, immersed, papil-
late, ostiolate. Neck 100 x 100 m, centrally attached, with a thick base and tapering apex, light
brown; ostiolar canal lined by hyaline periphyses. Peridium 20-40 m thick, multilayered, outer
layers with rounded cells and inner layer with thin-walled, elongate cells. Paraphyses 120-160 x
1-1.5 m, numerous, septate, longer than asci. Asci 110-150 (175) x 5-7.5 m, eight-spored,
clavate, short-pedunculate, unitunicate, thin-walled, with an apical pore or pad. Ascospores 26-
31 x 5-6.5 m, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, 6-7 septate, not constricted at the
septa, thin-walled, without appendages.
Materials examined:
KR TLY B - AVI 156 (127) Savoryella paucispora + Lulworthia sp. I 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 258 (127) Lulworthia grandispora + Savoryella paucispora 05-12-93 - (Pm)

This species seems to be somewhat similar to Marinosphaera but lacks the characteristically
elongate hairy neck of that genus. Moreover the spores are broader and triseptate in
Marinosphaera. As the material was very scanty, additional collections are required to prop-
erly identify this species.

Unidentified ascomycete - VIII

Fig. 60
Ascomata perithecial, 200-511 x 135-275 m, partly (95%) immersed, subglobose or fusiform,
ostiolate dark brown. Peridium 22.5-30 m thick, multilayered, with small, polygonal or elon-
gate, thick-walled, brown coloured cells. Neck 120–260 m long, 50-60 m thick at the base,
30-32.5 m thick at the apex; ostiolar canal filled with periphyses. Paraphyses not observed.
Asci 82.5- 110 x 12.5-20 m, eight-spored, cylindrical, pedunculate, thick-walled, bitunicate.
Ascospores 30-45 x 7-10 (11) m, ellipsoidal, hyaline while young and light brown at maturity;
immature spores aseptate, uniseptate, or biseptate; mature spores triseptate.
Materials examined:
Ppd - DRW 27 + (128) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 31-01-93 - (Pm)
Ppd - DRW 30 + (128) + Savoryella lignicola 31-01-93 - (Pm)
 93 Floristic Account
T A - BRU 151 + (128) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-05-93 - (Prm)

This ascomycetous species shows a close resemblance toMarinosphaera mangrovei. The ascomata
of both these fungi are partly immersed in wood. However, most of the ascocarp (95%) of the
present fungus is immersed in the wood. Moreover, the peridium of this fungus has dark brown,
thick-walled cells while the peridial cells of M. mangrovei are thin-walled and hyaline to yellow.
This unidentified fungus has bitunicate asci with much longer ascospores (30-45m long). Young
ascospores are uniseptate and hyaline in both but mature spores are always triseptate. The present
fungus has no paraphyses that are present in M. mangrovei. Moreover, the long, hyaline neck of
M. mangrovei has conspicuous outwardly projecting hyphae at the apex of the neck. Due to these
reasons this fungus cannot be assigned to Marinosphaera. More detailed study is required for
placing this fungus in a proper taxonomic position.

Verruculina enalia (Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. in Mycol. Res. 94: 689 (1990).
Didymosphaeria enalia Kohlm. in Ber. Dtsch., Bot. Ges. 79: 28 (1966).
Taxonomic Position: Dothideales, Verruculinaceae
Fig. 61
Ascomata perithecial, 300-1000 x 225-320 m (including papilla), obpyriform, ampulliform or
ellipsoidal, fully immersed, ostiolate, papillate, clypeate, carbonaceous, black, solitary or in groups.
Peridium 40-100 m thick, multilayered, with rounded, thick-walled cells. Neck 100-290 x 50-
200 m, cylindrical or conical, black or brown; ostiolar canal lined with periphyses.
Pseudoparaphyses 1.5-2 m broad, 150-175 m long, septate. Asci 120-165 x 12.5-15 m,
eight-spored, cylindrical, short-pedunculate, bitunicate, thick-walled, without any apical appa-
ratus. Ascospores 17-23 x 7-11 m, uniseriate, ellipsoidal, uniseptate, constricted at the sep-
tum, dark brown and verrucose.
Materials examined:
KR Mah-A - AVI 14 (74) 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 4 (74) + Savoryella lignicola + Lignincola laevis 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 28 (74) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 27 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Vad - BRU 25 (74) + Periconia prolifica 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 66 (74) + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 71 (74) + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 100 (74) + Periconia prolifica + Halosarpheia marina 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 126 (74) + Savoryella paucispora 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 17 (74) + Halocyphina villosa 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 49 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia basiminuta 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 52 (74) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 150 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 152 (74) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 73 (74) 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 76 (74) + Lulworthia sp. I 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 41 (74) + Halosarpheia marina + Aigialus parvus 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 42 (74) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 178 (74) + Halosarpheia marina + Antennospora quadricornuta + Halorosellinia oceanica 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 181 (74) + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 94 (74) + Halosarpheia minuta 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 196 (74) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Dactylospora haliotrepha 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 96 (74) + Lulworthia grandispora + Savoryella lignicola 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 110 (74) 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey - DRW 53 (74) 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 129 (74) + Lulworthia grandispora + Lignincola laevis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 116 (74) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 68 (74) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 132 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 243 (74) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Cirrenalia pygmea 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - INT 247 (74) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 11-04-93 - (Prm) KR Val - INT 250 (74) + Lignincola laevis 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - AVI 148 (74) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-04-93 - (Prm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 94
KR Che - AVI 150 (74) + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaera mangrovei 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 253 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 80 (74) + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 82 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 85 (74) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Savoryella lignicola 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 154 (74) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 59 (74) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 86 (74) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 87 (74) + Aigialus parvus + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 95 (74) + Ascocratera Manglicola 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 67 (74) + Lignincola laevis 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 161 (74) + Lignincola laevis + Unidentified ascomycete VIII 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 162 (74) + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 149 (74) + Savoryella lignicola 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 152 (74) + Periconia prolifica + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 97 (74) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Leptosphaeria australiensis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 300 (74) + Halocyphina villosa 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 177 (74) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 105 (74) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk - BRU 166 (74) + Halosarpheia marina 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 111 (74) + Halosarpheia marina 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - RHI 116 (74) + Lignincola laevis 11-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 195 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella paucispora 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 124 (74) + Zalerion varium 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 203 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 138 (74) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 142 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 230 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia basiminuta 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 209 (74) + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 370 (74) + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaera mangrovei 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - INT 385 (74) 18-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 239 (74) + Aigialus parvus 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 241 (74) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 418 (74) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 250 (74) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halocyphina villosa 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - RHI 160 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus parvus + Aniptodera haispora 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - DRW 110 (74) + Halosarpheia marina 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 426 (74) 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 448 (74) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - BRU 232 (74) + Halocyphina villosa 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 457 (74) + Periconia prolifica + Savoryella lignicola 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - RHI 166 (74) + Lulworthia grandispora + Savoryella lignicola 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 264 (74) + Periconia prolifica + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 237 (74) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 241 (74) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 462 (74) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 470 (74) + Halosarpheia marina + Unidentified ascomycetes II 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 175 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 180 (74) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - AVI 278 (74) + Halosarpheia marina 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 113 (74) 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - INT 488 (74) 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 283 (74) + Lignincola laevis + Halocyphina villosa 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 495 (74) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 186 (74) 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 297 (74) + Periconia prolifica 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 302 (74) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Ascochyta sp. + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 306 (74) 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 317 (74) + Lulworthia grandispora 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 542 (74) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 212 (74) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lignincola laevis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - RHI 227 (74) + Lulworthia grandispora 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 326 (74) + Savoryella lignicola + Lignincola laevis 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 289 (74) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lulworthia grandispora 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 553 (74) + Lulworthia grandispora 15-05-94 - (Prm)

Verruculina enalia was first described by Kohlmeyer (1966). It is a widely distributed and
common marine fungus that has been reported from Australia (Kohlmeyer, 1984), Belize
 95 Floristic Account
(Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1987), Brunei (Hyde, 1988a), India (Patil & Borse,
1985a), Hong Kong and Macao (Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones, 1994), Malaysia (Jones &
Kuthubutheen, 1989), Seychelles (Hyde & Jones, 1988a), Singapore (Leong, Tang & Jones,
1991) and several other tropical and subtropical parts of the world (Kohlmeyer, 1980). The
Kerala collections of this species showed distinctly larger ascomata with remarkably thicker
peridium but the size and shape of asci and ascospores were similar when compared to Kohlmeyer
& Kohlmeyer’s (1979) description of the species.

Basidiomycota
Halocyphina villosa Kohlm. in Nova Hedwigia 9: 100 (1965).
Taxonomic Position: Stereales, Cyphellaceae
Fig. 62
Basidiomata cyphelloid, 280-880 m high, 220-380 (520) m wide at the apex, with a 50-100
m wide stalk, initially turbinate or clavate, later becoming funnel-shaped, superficial, white or
yellow, soft, entirely tomenstose, solitary or in groups. Peridium 30 (40)-45 m thick, composed
of closely packed, hyaline, unbranched or rarely branched hyphae 3-3.5 m wide; external hair-
like hyphae up to 110 m long, 3.5-5 m wide at the base 1.5-2 m at the apex, simple or
branched at the tip, hyaline. Hymenium lining the inner wall of the funnel-shaped basidiomata.
Basidia 1-(25)- 30 x 5-8.5 m, four-spored, clavate or cylindrical with a narrow base, non-
septate, hyaline, with four evanescent sterigmata, 3-4 m long. Basidiospores 5-11 x 5-10 (11)
m, subglobose or globose, single-celled, smooth, hyaline, accumulating at maturity at the open-
ing of the basidiomata.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A - INT 1 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 3 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia sp. I 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - AVI 16 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 18 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 10 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 44 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia pygmea 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 45 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 46 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 1 (76) + Aigialus parvus + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 2 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 3 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 19 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 21 (76) + Lulworthia sp. III + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 23 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosphaeria hamata + Bathyascus tropicalis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 24 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 26 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 27 (76) + Verruculina enalia + Marinosphaera mangrovei 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 14 (76) + Halosarpheia retorquens 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 15 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia macrocephala 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 16 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 17 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha +Lindra hawaiiensis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 18 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera mangrovei 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 49 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia macrocephala 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 50 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 4 (76) + Aigialus parvus + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 5 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 6 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 7 (76) + Aigialus grandis + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 8 (76) + Biatriospora marina + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - RHI 9 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 28 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 29 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 36 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - BRU 22 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 02-08-92 - (M)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 96
KR Vad - BRU 23 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - BRU 27 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - BRU 28 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - INT 58 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - INT 60 (76) 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 37 (76) + Halorosellinia oceanica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 38 (76) + Periconia prolifica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 41 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Periconia prolifica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 42 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Periconia prolifica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 31 (76) + Lulworthia sp. III + Periconia prolifica 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 32 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - BRU 33 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 65 (76) + Halorosellinia oceanica + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 68 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - INT 72 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 11 (76) + Aigialus parvus 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 13 (76) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 14 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 15 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 43 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 44 (76) + Savoryella paucispora + Halosarpheia retorquens 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 45 (76) + Savoryella paucispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 36 (76) + Lulworthia sp. I 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 37 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Savoryella paucispora 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 38 (76) + Halosarpheia retorquens 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - DRW 6 (76) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 73 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 75 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 76 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-B - INT 86 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 16 (76) + Savoryella lignicola 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 48 (76) + Savoryella lignicola 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 49 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 40 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 43 (76) + Halorosellinia oceanica 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 101 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 102 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 104 (76) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Lignincola laevis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 108 (76) + Phialophorophoma litoralis 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - AVI 53 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - AVI 54 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Cirrenalia fusca 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - AVI 55 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 121 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 122 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 123 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 124 (76) + Lulworthia sp. I + Lignincola laevis 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 58 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 60 (76) + Lignincola longirostris + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 62 (76) + Halosarpheia minuta + Halosarpheia marina 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 45 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 46 (76) + Lignincola longirostris + Savoryella lignicola 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 48 (76) + Dendryphiella salina + Halosarpheia marina 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 129 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 131 (76) + Lignincola laevis + Halosarpheia marina 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 17 (76) + Verruculina enalia 27-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 18 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lulworthia grandispora 27-09-92 - (M)
KR Bey - INT 138 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 63 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia marina 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 66 (76) 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 68 (76) + Aniptodera sp. II + Pleospora pelagica 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 49 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Verruculina enalia 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 56 (76) + Lignincola laevis + Periconia prolifica 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 57 (76) + Lulworthia sp. I 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 58 (76) + Periconia prolifica + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 149 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 150 (76) + Verruculina enalia + Lulworthia grandispora 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 151 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia retorquens 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 19 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 21 (76) + Aigialus mangrovis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 22 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 25-10-92 - (Pm)
 97 Floristic Account
KR Edk - BRU 62 (76) + Dendryphiella salina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 154 (76) + Aigialus parvus 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 158 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Lulworthia sp. I 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk – RHI 27 (76) + Aigialus grandis 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 33 (76) + Aniptodera mangrovei 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 36 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 87 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 88 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 89 (76) + Lignincola laevis + Lulworthia sp. III 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - BRU 73 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - BRU 74 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - BRU 75 (76) + Aigialus mangrovis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 165 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 166 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Payosphaeria minuta + Cirrenalia basiminuta 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 45 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 47 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 21 (76) + Savoryella paucispora + Antennospora quadricornuta 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 23 (76) + Lignincola laevis 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 25 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Antennospora quadricornuta 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 169 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 170 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Savoryella paucispora 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 171 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Periconia prolifica 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 172 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 174 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola + Lignincola laevis 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 177 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 93 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 94 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 96 (76) + Zalerion varium + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 97 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 98 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 99 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 100 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 79 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 83 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 102 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 103 (76) + Halorosellinia oceanica+ Marinosphaera mangrovei 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 107 (76) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 109 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Trichocladium sp. 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 88 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Lulworthia grandispora 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 89 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Halorosellinia oceanica 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 90 (76) + Halosarpheia minuta 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 91 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 92 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 95 (76) + Lignincola laevis + Savoryella lignicola 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 113 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 114 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia viscosa 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 116 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 99 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 100 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia pygmea 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 101 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea + Periconia prolifica 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 102 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia pygmea + Periconia prolifica 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 55 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Leptosphaeria australiensis 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 57 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lulworthia grandispora 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 58 (76) + Aigialus parvus + Marinosphaera mangrovei 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 37 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 40 (76) + Halorosellinia oceanica 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 41 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 42 (76) + Antennospora quadricornuta 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi - DRW 44 (76) + Lignincola laevis + Halosarpheia marina 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 62 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 64 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 130 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 131 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lulworthia sp. I 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 132 (76) + Verruculina enalia + Savoryella lignicola 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 135 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia macrocephala 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 120 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 121 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Savoryella lignicola 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 122 (76) + Cirrenalia macrocephala + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 240 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Cirrenalia macrocephala + Savoryella
lignicola 04-04-93 - (Prm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 98
KR Vad - INT 242 (76) 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 244 (76) +Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 133 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 134 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 136 (76) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - BRU 138 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 253 (76) + Verruculina enalia + Dactylospora haliotrepha 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 254 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aigialus grandis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - INT 258 (76) + Savoryella lignicola 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 77 (76) + Lignincola laevis + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 79 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Savoryella paucispora 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 82 (76) + Verruculina enalia + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che - RHI 83 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 158 (76) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Savoryella lignicola 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 160 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis + Halosarpheia abonnis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 270 (76) + Savoryella lignicola 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 271 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 272 (76) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 164 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 297 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 300 (76) + Verruculina enalia 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - INT 301 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A – AVI 175 (76) + Lindra hawaiiensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 178 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 179 (76) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Bathyascus tropicalis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 180 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 160 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Unidentified ascomycete III 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 161 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis +Lindra hawaiiensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 162 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 105 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Verruculina enalia 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 106 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 108 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 183 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - INT 315 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi - INT 317 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 17-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 190 (76) + Lignincola laevis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 191 (76) + Savoryella lignicola 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 193 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Bathyascus tropicalis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 195 (76) + Savoryella paucispora + Verruculina enalia 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 196 (76) + Lignincola laevis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 171 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lignincola laevis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 172 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 174 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 175 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 176 (76) + Unidentified ascomycetes VI + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 322 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 323 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 118 (76) 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 120 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 121 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 199 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 201 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Cirrenalia basiminuta 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 202 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 203 (76) + Halosarpheia viscosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 204 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 205 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - AVI 206 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 180 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 182 (76) + Aniptodera salsuginosainosa + Periconia prolifica 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 183 (76) + Periconia prolifica + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 184 (76) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 327 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 329 (76) +Lindra hawaiiensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 331 (76) + Periconia prolifica + Savoryella lignicola 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 332 (76) + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Aigialus mangrovis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 333 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 335 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Periconia prolifica 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 126 (76) + Cirrenalia basiminuta 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 127 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 129 (76) + Lulworthia sp. III 19-07-93 - (M)
 99 Floristic Account
KR Kav - RHI 130 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 131 (76) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Lulworthia grandispora 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 212 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 214 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 185 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 189 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 190 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 191 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - BRU 193 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia sp. III 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 338 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 342 (76) + Lignincola laevis 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 343 (76) + Halorosellinia oceanica 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 345 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Periconia prolifica 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey - DRW 81 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-08-93 - (M)
KR Bey - INT 346 (76) 15-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 216 (76) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 218 (76) + Aniptodera salsuginosa +Lindra hawaiiensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 219 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 220 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia viscosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 221 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 225 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 226 (76) + Zalerion maritimum + Halosarpheia minuta 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 227 (76) + Halosarpheia minuta 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 194 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 196 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 198 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 199 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Periconia prolifica 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 200 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia retorquens 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 202 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Savoryella lignicola 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 203 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Verruculina enalia 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 352 (76) + Phoma sp. 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 354 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 355 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 356 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 357 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - INT 358 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 132 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 133 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 134 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 135 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 140 (76) + Aigialus grandis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 141 (76) + Aigialus parvus 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 142 (76) + Verruculina enalia + Dactylospora haliotrepha 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 228 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 229 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 230 (76) + Verruculina enalia + Cirrenalia pygmea 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 233 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - AVI 235 (76) + Periconia prolifica + Savoryella lignicola 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 205 (76) + Cirrenalia basiminuta 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 207 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia sp. I 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 209 (76) + Verruculina enalia 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 210 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 368 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 372 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella paucispora 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 373 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Leptosphaeria australiensis 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - RHI 143 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - RHI 144 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halorosellinia oceanica05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che - RHI 146 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Aigialus parvus 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - INT 386 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 236 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 238 (76) 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 240 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Zalerion varium 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 241 (76) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Verruculina enalia 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 242 (76) + Halosarpheia viscosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 211 (76) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 212 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 214 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia viscosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 215 (76) + Aigialus parvus + Periconia prolifica 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 216 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 391 (76) + Halosarpheia viscosa 19-09-93 - (M)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 100
KR TLY A - INT 394 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 395 (76) + Lignincola laevis 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 147 (76) + Lulworthia sp. I 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 148 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - RHI 149 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 19-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 219 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 220 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 247 (76) + Savoryella lignicola 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 248 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Lulworthia sp. III + Aniptodera haispora 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 250 (76) + Verruculina enalia + Leptosphaeria australiensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - AVI 251 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia minuta + Halosarpheia
ratnagiriensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 222 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 224 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Cladosporium sp. + Lignincola laevis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 226 (76) + Savoryella paucispora + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia minuta 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - INT 421 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia abonnis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - INT 422 (76) + Aigialus grandis + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Halorosellinia oceanica30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - INT 423 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia minuta 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - RHI 156 (76) + Aigialus grandis + Cirrenalia pygmea + Aniptodera haispora 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - RHI 158 (76) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Aniptodera sp. I 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - RHI 159 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Aigialus mangrovis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav - RHI 160 (76) + Aigialus parvus + Verruculina enalia + Aniptodera haispora 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - DRW 112 (76) + Savoryella lignicola 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 433 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 252 (76) + Aigialus parvus + Marinosphaera mangrovei 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 254 (76) + Lignincola laevis + Halosarpheia marina 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 227 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia viscosa 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 228 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 229 (76) + Lulworthia sp. I 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 446 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 447 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 448 (76) + Verruculina enalia + Halosarpheia marina 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 161 (76) + Aigialus grandis + Leptosphaeria australiensis 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 164 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 255 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 256 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis +Lindra hawaiiensis 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 259 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 260 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis +Lindra hawaiiensis 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - BRU 230 (76) + Lulworthia sp. III + Halosarpheia minuta 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - BRU 231 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - BRU 232 (76) + Verruculina enalia 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 452 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Aigialus parvus 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 454 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Dactylospora haliotrepha 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 456 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 458 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Savoryella paucispora 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 459 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - RHI 168 (76) 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - RHI 169 (76) 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 261 (76) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Savoryella lignicola 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 262 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 265 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Periconia prolifica + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 268 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aigialus parvus 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 235 (76) + Cirrenalia basiminuta 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 236 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Savoryella lignicola 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 237 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Verruculina enalia 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 239 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 240 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 242 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 463 (76) + Periconia prolifica + Savoryella lignicola 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 464 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 172 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 173 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 175 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Verruculina enalia 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 176 (76) + Savoryella sp. + Periconia prolifica 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 178 (76) + Aigialus grandis + Dactylospora haliotrepha 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 179 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 270 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 272 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 245 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 246 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 19-12-93 - (Pm)
 101 Floristic Account
KR TLY A - INT 471 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 473 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 182 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - RHI 183 (76) + Aigialus grandis 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - AVI 274 (76) 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - AVI 275 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia sp. I 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - BRU 250 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - BRU 254 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 476 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 479 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia retorquens 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - INT 481 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 283 (76) + Lignincola laevis + Verruculina enalia 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 284 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 285 (76) + Pleospora pelagica 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 490 (76) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Dactylospora haliotrepha 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 492 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 494 (76) + Lulworthia sp. V + Periconia prolifica 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 495 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Verruculina enalia 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 497 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 499 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lulworthia grandispora 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 290 (76) + Aigialus parvus + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 292 (76) + Lignincola laevis + Halosphaeria hamata 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 293 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Bathyascus tropicalis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 500 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 502 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 504 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 506 (76) + Biatriospora marina + Lulworthia grandispora 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 509 (76) + Cirrenalia basiminuta 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 510 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 511 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia viscosa 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 512 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 187 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 188 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 189 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia sp. III + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 190 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 191 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - RHI 192 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 262 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - BRU 264 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - BRU 268 (76) 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 520 (76) + Lignincola laevis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 526 (76) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 200 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 203 (76) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 534 (76) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 535 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 536 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 537 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 315 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 316 (76) + Aniptodera sp. II + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera haispora 15-
04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 318 (76) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia retorquens 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 321 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - BRU 282 (76) + Aniptodera mangrovei 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - BRU 283 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 538 (76) + Aigialus parvus + Aniptodera salsuginosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 539 (76) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina + Aigialus mangrovis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 543 (76) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Halosarpheia viscosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 544 (76) + Periconia prolifica + Cirrenalia pygmea 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 212 (76) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Lignincola laevis + Verruculina enalia 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 213 (76) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 215 (76) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 217 (76) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 219 (76) + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)

Halocyphina villosa is one of the very few obligate marine basidiomycetes with a very extensive
geographical distribution. It has been recorded from United States (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer,
1979). Belize (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1987), India (Patil & Borse, 1983a),
Seychelles (Hyde & Jones, 1988a), Malaysia (Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989), Singapore (Leong,
Marine Fungi of Kerala 102
Tan & Jones, 1991), Hong Kong & Macau (Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones, 1994), and Brunei
(Hyde, 1990a). The Kerala collections exhibited a slightly larger range of spore dimension.

Mitosporic Fungi
Key to the species

1. Conidia borne on hyphae and not on or in fruit bodies (hyphomycetes) ….................... 2

1. Conidia borne on or in fruit bodies (coelomycetes) …………………….…................14

2. Conidia hyaline and filiform …………………………….........……. Anguillospora sp.

2. Conidia coloured and not filiform ……………………………........………………… 3

3. Conidia 1-2-celled ………………………………………………....………………. 4

3. Conidia usually with 3 or more cells …………………………………...........………..5

4. Conidia 1-celled, formed in chains ………………………............…Periconia prolifica

4. Conidia 2-celled, apical cell larger and darker ……………………………..

…………………………………………………….... Trichocladium alopallonellum

5. Conidia helicoid …………………………………….....……………………………. 6

5. Conidia not helicoid ……………………………………....………………………. 12

6. Apical cell or penultimate cell considerably larger than the basal cells.................... ……7

6. Apical cell or penultimate cell not considerably larger than the basal cells
…………………………………………………………………………………..... 10

7. Penultimate cell usually the largest; apical cell 14-17 m diam. ……………
……………………………………………………......……Cirrenalia macrocephala
7. Apical cell always the largest ………………………….......……………………….. 8

8. Conidia fist-shaped ……………………………………......……………………….. 9

8. Conidia not fist-shaped …………………………..........……….Cirrenalia basiminuta

9. Conidia greyish, distinctly constricted at septa ………................……...Cirrenalia fusca

9. Conidia dark reddish brown, not constricted at septa ...................…..Cirrenalia pygmea

10. Cells of the conidial spiral eventually fusing together to form an irregular compact, discoid
mass ….………………………………………....................................…. Zalerion sp.

10. Cells of the conidial spiral not fusing together …..………............………………….. 11

11. Conidial spiral finally becoming irregular ……………..…............…… Zalerion varium

11. Conidial spiral regular …………………………........………….. Zalerion maritimum

 103 Floristic Account
12. Apical cell broader than basal cells ……………………...............… Trichocladium sp.

12. Apical cell not broader than basal cells …………………..........…….…………….. 13

13. Conidia thin-walled …………………………………..........………..Cladosporium sp.

13. Conidia slightly thick-walled ……………………..........……….. Dendryphiella salina

14. Conidia with appendages …………………….............……….. Unidentified anamorph

14. Conidia without appendages ……………………..........………….………………. 15

15. Conidiomata eustromatic, unilocular ………………...............………… Phomopsis sp.

15. Conidiomata pycnidial ………………………………………..........…..……………16

16. Conidia brownish, 1-2 septate ……………………….…..........…… Aschochyta sp.

16. Conidia hyaline, 0-1 septate …………………...........…………………..…………. 17

17. Conidia 5-7 x 2-2.5 m ……………………………......………………… Phoma sp.

17. Conidia 3-5 x 1.5-2 m …………………..........……… Phialophorophoma litoralis

Anguillospora sp.
Fig. 63
Conidiophores 100 - 125 m long, 7-12 m wide at the base, tapering towards the apex,
septate. Conidia terminal, 375 - 800 x 3.5 - 9 m, very long and filiform, many septate, irregu-
larly coiled, hyaline, thin-walled.
Materials examined:
KR Vad - BRU 251 (93) + Phoma sp. 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 63 (93) + Unidentified ascomycete III 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - INT 477 (93) + Unidentified anamorph +Phomopsis sp. 26-12-93 - (Pm)

Anguillospora is an aquatic anamorphic genus. In the beginning, only freshwater forms were
known, but Nakagiri & Tubaki (1982) described a marine species named A. marina. The present
collection differs from A. marina in having much longer conidia. This is the first marine record of
this genus from India.

Ascochyta sp.
Fig. 64
Conidiomata pycnidial, 400-800 x 450 m, ovoid, immersed, ostiolate, papillate, brown. Pe-
ridium 28-40 m, multilayered with thick-walled, brown-coloured cells; inner layers lighter in
colour. Neck 80-120 x 60-110 m; ostiolar canal lined by periphyses. Conidiogenous cells 8-
12 x 2.3-8 m, 1-1.5 m long, cylindrical with narrowing tip holding the conidia. Conidia 6-10
x 2-3 m, one-celled or two-celled, slightly constricted at the septum, ellipsoidal, light yellow,
smooth-walled.
Materials examined:
KR Vad - INT 64 (80) 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Edk - ACN 56 (80) 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 478 (80) + Phialophorophoma litoralis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 508 (80) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 104
KR Edk - AVI 302 (80) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Verruculina enalia + Halosarpheia marina 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 202 (80) 06-03-94 - (Prm)

This fungus is intermediate between Ascochyta salicorniae and A. obiones. Ascochyta

salicorniae have spores with one, two, or rarely three septa and the spore-size range is 10-19
x 4-7 m, which is much larger than that of the presently obtained fungus from Kerala coastal
waters. The conidia of A. obiones have a size range of 9-11.5 x 3.5-5 m, which is nearer to that
of the present collections. However, the nature of septation, with smaller lower cell and a larger
upper cell, is similar to that of Ascochyta salicorniae.

Cirrenalia basiminuta Raghuk. & Zainal in Mycotaxon 31: 163 (1988).

Fig. 65
Hyphae 2-3 µm wide, septate, pale brown to brown. Conidia 25 x 12.5-20 µm, developing
acrogenously, rarely laterally on conidiophore, solitary, somewhat helicoid, 3-4 septate, con-
stricted at the septa, pigmentation and diameter of the cells increasing gradually from base to the
apex; apical cell 10-14 x 7–20 µm subglobose, reddish brown in colour.
Materials examined:
KR TLY A - BRU 49 (85) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Verruculina enalia 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 91 (85) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia retorquens + Periconia prolifica 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 92 (85) + Savoryella lignicola + Periconia prolifica 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 166 (85) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina + Payosphaeria minuta 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 50 (85) + Zalerion maritimum + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 52 (85) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora + Phoma sp. 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 89 (85) + Savoryella lignicola 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 159 (85) + Halosarpheia marina + Pleospora pelagica 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 294 (85) + Lignincola laevis 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 201 (85) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 328 (85) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - INT 332 (85) + Aigialus mangrovis + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 126 (85) + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav - RHI 128 (85) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 223 (85) + Lulworthia grandispora 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 353 (85) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che - BRU 205 (85) + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Val - AVI 255 (85) + Halocyphina villosa 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - AVI 259 (85) + Halocyphina villosa 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val - INT 453 (85) + Halosarpheia minuta 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - BRU 235 (85) + Halocyphina villosa 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - INT 466 (85) + Halosarpheia marina 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 171 (85) + Halosarpheia marina + Aigialus grandis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 509 (85) + Halocyphina villosa 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 528 (85) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - AVI 313 (85) + Aigialus parvus + Dactylospora haliotrepha 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 545 (85) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Lulworthia grandispora 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav - RHI 221 (85)+ Lignincola laevis + Lulworthia grandispora 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 286 (85) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosphaeria hamata 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 288 (85) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 552 (85) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-94 - (Prm)

This species of Cirrenalia was first isolated from mangrove wood from Goa, and from test blocks
submerged in the sea at Kuwait (Raghukumar, Zainal and Jones 1988). The size of the conidia of
the Kerala collections is slightly smaller than those of the type materials. This species is also known
from Singapore (Leong, Tan & Jones, 1991) and Hong Kong (Sadaba et al., 1995).

Cirrenalia fusca I. Schmidt in Feddes Repert 80: 110 (1969).

Fig. 66
Hyphae (2) 3-3.5 m diam., septate, branched, immersed, light brown. Conidiphore up to 30 m
long, 4-5 m wide, simple, light brown. Conidia 23-30 x 20-37 m, solitary, regularly helicoid, 3-
 105 Floristic Account
4-septate, constricted at septa; cells increasing in diameter from base to apex; terminal cells 20-24
x 12.5-22 m subglobose, brownish; basal cells 6-12 x 4-7 m, hyaline, cylindrical.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A - ACN 40 (90) + Lulworthia sp I 13-09-92 (M)
KR Kad A - ACN 43 (90) + Halosarpheia marina 13-09-92 (M)
KR Kad A - AVI 54 (90) + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 13-09-92 (M)
KR Edk - RHI 35 (90) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 15-11-92 (Pm)
KR Azi - DRW 36 (90) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 13-02-93 (Prm)
KR Dha-A - INT 269 (90) + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 123 (90) + Halosarpheia marina 23-05-93 (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 126 (90) + Lignincola laevis 23-05-93 (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 168 (90) 23-05-93 (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 114 (90) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 11-07-93 (M)
KR Kad A - ACN 200 (90) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 16-01-94 (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 280 (90) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 16-01-94 (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 263 (90) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 06-03-94 (Prm)

Cirrenalia fusca is considered as a temperate fungus. However, the Kerala collections agree
with the descriptions of this species by Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979) and Raghukumar,
Zainal, & Jones (1988).

Cirrenalia macrocephala (Kohlm.) Meyers & R. T. Moore in Am. J. Bot. 47: 347
(1960).
Helicoma macrocephala Kohlm. in Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 71: 99 (1958).
Fig. 67
Hyphae 2-2.5 m wide, septate, branched, hyaline to brown. Conidia 28-31 x 25-30 m,
solitary, helicoid, 2-4 septate, constricted at the septa, upper cells reddish brown while lower
cells light brown to hyaline, cells dissimilar in size and increasing in diameter from base to apex;
terminal cell 10-13 x 14-17 m; basal cell 4-6 x 2.5 – 4 m; middle cells 9-16 x 8-17 cm.
Materials examined:
KR TLY A - BRU 15 (87) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 49 (87) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Vad - ACN 23 (87) + Lignincola longirostris 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - INT 56 (87) 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - ACN 44 (87) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 65 (87) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Lignincola laevis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 74 (87) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 31 (87) + Aigialus parvus 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 206 (87) + Zalerion varium + Halosarpheia marina 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 207 (87) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 208 (87) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Halosarpheia marina 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 61 (87) + Lulworthia grandispora 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - AVI 135 (87) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - BRU 122 (87) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 239 (87) + Aniptodera sp. II + Halosarpheia marina 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 240 (87) + Halocyphina villosa+ Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Savoryella
lignicola 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 65 (87) 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 184 (87) + Halosarpheia marina 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Che - INT 365 (87) + Lignincola laevis 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Vad - INT 474 (87) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 201 (87) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia sp. I 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kav - INT 546 (87) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia retorquens 15-04-94 - (Prm)

Tubaki (1969) reported Cirrenalia macrocephala as one of the widely distributed marine fungi
in coastal Japan. Shearer (1972) isolated this fungus from a water body in which the salinity of
water was 13.5% and the range of temperature was 18.3-29oC. Hughes (1974) reported that
Cirrenalia macrocephala was much less common in the tropical parts compared to the temper-
ate regions. Kohlmeyer (1980) reported the occurrence of this fungus in USA.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 106
Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm. in Ber. Dtsh. Bot. Ges. 79: 35 (1966).
Fig. 68
Hyphae 2.5-3.5 m in diam., septate, branched, brown. Conidiophores very small. Conidia 20-
30 x 22-40 m, solitary, helicoid or twisted, 2- to 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa; the
upper 2-3 cells reddish brown to black while the lower cells are light brown to hyaline; cells
dissimilar and gradually increase in diameter from base to apex; terminal cells 15-22 x 17.5-24
m, subglobose or pear-shaped; basal cells 4-8 x 3-6 m.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A - INT 2 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Kad B - INT 12 (89) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 9 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 12 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - INT 28 (89) + Verruculina enalia + Halosarpheia marina 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A BRU 1 (89) + Savoryella lignicola 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A BRU 2 (89) + Zalerion varium 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A BRU 3 (89) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A BRU 4 (89) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 44 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 21-06-92 - (M)
KR TLY B - ACN 17 (89) + Periconia prolifica 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY B AVI 24 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Vad ACN 24 (89) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad BRU 24 (89) + Halosarpheia abonnis 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Val ACN 26 (89) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val ACN 31 (89) 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val INT 68 (89) + Halocyphina villosa 09-08-92 - (M)
KR Val RHI 12 (89) + Aigialus parvus 09-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A INT 73 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-B INT 86 (89) + Halocyphina villosa 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-B INT 94 (89) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-B INT 99 (89) + Halosarpheia marina 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A BRU 39 (89) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A BRU 44 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-B INT 117 (89) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A ACN 39 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Trichocladium alopallonellum 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A ACN 41 (89) + Lulworthia sp. I 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A AVI 52 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 13-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad A INT 122 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A AVI 60 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola longirostris 27-09-92 - (M)
KR Kad B INT 144 (89) 18-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C AVI 69 (89) + Lulworthia sp. I + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C AVI 70 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C AVI 72 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A BRU 50 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia retorquens 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C BRU 55 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk BRU 61 (89) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk INT 158 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia sp. I 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk RHI 28 (89) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A AVI 84 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Aigialus mangrovis + Aigialus parvus 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A BRU 70 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Leptosphaeria australiensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A INT 162 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C RHI 45 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C RHI 47 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Azi INT 173 (89) + Savoryella lignicola + Arenariomyces trifurcatus + Antennospora quadricornuta 20-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C ACN 67 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C ACN 69 (89) + Phoma sp. + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A AVI 95 (89) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lignincola laevis 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C AVI 97 (89) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A BRU 81 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Lignincola laevis + Lulworthia sp. I 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B INT 184 (89) + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B INT 186 (89) + Lulworthia sp. I 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A ACN 75 (89) + Periconia prolifica 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A ACN 80 (89) + Savoryella lignicola 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A AVI 106 (89) + Halosarpheia abonnis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A INT 193 (89) + Leptosphaeria australiensis +Lindra hawaiiensis 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-B INT 200 (89) 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C ACN 84 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 10-01-93 - (Pm)
 107 Floristic Account
KR TLY C BRU 100 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C BRU 101 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY C BRU 102 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa + Periconia prolifica 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Azi DRW 33 (89) + Antennospora quadricornuta 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi DRW 35 (89) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi DRW 41 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Azi SBI 31 (89) + Halorosellinia oceanica 13-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey INT 231 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A INT 235 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A INT 237 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Zalerion varium 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C AVI 125 (89) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad ACN 93 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad ACN 94 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad AVI 136 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaera mangrovei 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad INT 243 (89) + Verruculina enalia + Marinosphaera mangrovei 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Vad INT 244 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che ACN 109 (89) + Periconia prolifica 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che AVI 144 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Halorosellinia oceanica 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che AVI 148 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Verruculina enalia 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che BRU 133 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che BRU 137 (89) + Halosarpheia abonnis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che INT 256 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che RHI 79 (89) + Savoryella paucispora + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Che RHI 83 (89) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halocyphina villosa 17-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C ACN 116 (89) + Savoryella lignicola 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A DRW 61 (89) + Savoryella lignicola 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A INT 262 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY B INT 268 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Ceriosporopsis halima 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A INT 293 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A INT 295 (89) + Zalerion varium 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A INT 297 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C ACN 128 (89) + Halosarpheia marina 20-06-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A INT 302 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Marinosphaera mangrovei 20-06-93 - (M)
KR Edk BRU 168 (89) 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk INT 307 (89) + Lulworthia sp. I 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk RHI 117 (89) + Lignincola tropica 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi DRW 79 (89) + Corollospora filiformis 17-07-93 - (M)
KR Azi INT 316 (89) + Antennospora quadricornuta 17-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY C RHI 122 (89) + Aigialus grandis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR KAV – BRU 181 (89) + Lindra hawaiiensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav INT 327 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Kav INT 333 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A ACN 155 (89) 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A AVI 211 (89) + Lignincola laevis 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A AVI 212 (89) + Halocyphina villosa 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A INT 338 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 12-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C ACN 160 (89) + Halosarpheia retorquens 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C AVI 225 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B INT 356 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B INT 358 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Dha-B INT 363 (89) 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Che ACN 162 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che ACN 164 (89) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che AVI 230 (89) + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che INT 366 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Che RHI 143 (89) + Halocyphina villosa 05-09-93 - (M)
KR Mah-B INT 382 (89) 12-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik INT 387 (89) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 18-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C ACN 168 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd DRW 94 (89) + Lignincola laevis 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Kad B INT 404 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Kad B INT 405 (89) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Kad B INT 409 (89) + Lulworthia sp. I 26-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY A BRU 218 (89) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halosarpheia viscosa 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A BRU 221 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A RHI 153 (89) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Marinosphaera mangrovei 17-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav ACN 173 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav ACN 176 (89) + Lignincola laevis + Savoryella paucispora + Lindra hawaiiensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav ACN 177 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav BRU 222 (89) + Halocyphina villosa 30-10-93 - (Pm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 108
KR Kav BRU 223 (89) + Lulworthia sp. I 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav INT 424 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav INT 425 (89) + Lignincola laevis + 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav RHI 156 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Aigialus grandis + Aniptodera haispora 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Kav RHI 157 (89) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Dactylospora haliotrepha 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-B INT 439 (89) 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A RHI 163 (89) + Arenariomyces parvulus + Aigialus parvus 21-11-93 - (Pm)
KR Val BRU 234 (89) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Val INT 454 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che ACN 193 (89) 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che AVI 267 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che INT 461 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lignincola laevis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che INT 469 (89) + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + Savoryella paucispora +Lindra hawaiiensis 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che RHI 170 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Halorosellinia oceanica + Aigialus parvus 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Che RHI 173 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia grandispora 18-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A RHI 182 (89) + Halocyphina villosa 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad AVI 279 (89) + Pleospora pelagica 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad BRU 255 (89) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad INT 475 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera sp. I 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A DRW 115 (89) 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A DRW 117 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A INT 490 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Dactylospora haliotrepha 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A BRU 256 (89) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Dactylospora haliotrepha 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A BRU 258 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A INT 502 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B RHI 187 (89) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B RHI 193 (89) + Halosarpheia abonnis + Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A RHI 194 (89) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Lulworthia grandispora 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A RHI 195 (89) + Halosphaeria hamata + Dactylospora haliotrepha 27-02-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk AVI 303 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk INT 521 (89) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk INT 523 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B AVI 307 (89) + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B INT 536 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav AVI 315 (89) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav BRU 281 (89) + Lulworthia sp. I 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav BRU 284 (89) + Periconia prolifica 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav INT 544 (89) + Periconia prolifica + Halocyphina villosa 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR Kav RHI 216 (89) + Aigialus grandis + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A AVI 323 (89) + Lulworthia grandispora + Lignincola laevis 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A INT 550 (89) + Zalerion maritimum + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-94 - (Prm)

Cirrenalia pygmea is a widely distributed anamorphic species first described by Kohlmeyer (1966).
Patil & Borse (1983a) first recorded this species in India from the Maharashtra coast. It is also
known from Liberia, Trinidad, Mexico (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979), Brunei (Hyde, 1988a),
Malaysia (Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989) and Singapore (Leong, Tan & Jones, 1991). The Kerala
collections match well with the descriptions of this fungus from other parts of the world.

Cladosporium sp.
Fig. 69
Hyphae not observed. Conidiophores 130-180 x 7-14 m, cylindrical, septate, simple, straight
or curved, pale brown. Conidia 25.5-36 (39) x 7.5-10 m, cylindrical or ellipsoidal, 3- to 4-
septate, not constricted at the septa, with a prominent scar at the basal part of the conidium,
smooth, thick-walled, olive brown.
Materials examined:
KR Vad - BRU 26 (83) 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Kav - BRU 224 (83) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola + Lignincola laevis 30-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - BRU 252 (83) 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - AVI 281 (83) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR Kav - BRU 280 (83) 15-04-94 - (Prm)

Although Cladosporium species have been recorded from the marine habitats, (Cribb & Cribb,
1969; Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979), according to Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer (1979), the
 109 Floristic Account
marine origin of these species is to be confirmed. The Kerala collections agreed with the genus
Cladosporium in all essential characters.

Dendryphiella salina (Sutherland) Pugh & Nicot in Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 47: 266 (1964).
Cercospora salina Sutherland in New Phytol. 15: 43 (1916).
Fig. 70
Hyphae 2-3.5 m broad, septate, hyaline or light brown. Conidiophores 10-55 x 2.5-3.5 m,
macronematous, cylindrical, septate, simple, straight or curved, hyaline or light brown. Conidia
20-27.5 x 5-8 m, cylindrical or subellipsoidal, 1-4 septate, slightly or not constricted at the
septum, straight or slightly curved, smooth, pale brown, solitary, developing laterally or termi-
nally, with a basal scar.
Materials examined:
KR Vad - INT 59 (91) 02-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 48 (91) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 27-09-92 - (M)
KR Edk - ACN 54 (91) + Savoryella lignicola 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 62 (91) + Halocyphina villosa 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 64 (91) 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 160 (91) 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 246 (91) +Phoma sp. 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Edk - ACN 131 (91) 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - BRU 167 (91) 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - INT 310 (91) + Unidentified ascomycete IV 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - INT 312 (91) + Phoma sp. 11-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 173 (91) + Halosarpheia marina 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 325 (91) 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Val - RHI 167 (91) + Halosarpheia minuta 05-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 480 (91) 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Edk – BRU 269 (91) 03-06-94 - (Prm)
KR Edk - RHI 201 (91) + Phialophorophoma litoralis 06-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 551 (91) + Halosarpheia marina + Phoma sp. 17-04-94 - (Prm)

This fungus was originally described as a species of Cercospora (Sutherland, 1916). Ellis (1976)
transferred it to Scolecobasidium because, according to him the conidia are formed on denticles
on the conidiophores. Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979) preferred to maintain it in Dendryphiella,
as they could not see denticles in their collections. All the morphological characters of the Kerala
collections are in close agreement with those of D. salina described by Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer
(1979). This is the first record of this fungus from India.

Periconia prolifica Anastasiou in Nova Hedwig. 6: 260 (1963).

Fig. 71
Hyphae 2.5-3 m diam., septate, hyaline. Conidiophore 10-25 (30) x 3-3.5 (4) m, cylindrical,
septate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells cylindrical, ellipsoidal, globose, subglobose or ovoid. Conidia
8-16 (20) x 6-15 (16) m, single-celled, globose, subglobose or ovoid, smooth, thick-walled,
light brown to dark reddish brown, developing in basipetal succession, top-most cells separating
one by one.
Materials examined:
KR Kad A - INT 5 (97) Marinosphaeria mangrovei + Halosarpheia marina 19-04-92 (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 17 (97) Cirrenalia pygmea 26-07-92 (M)
KR TLY B - INT 54 (97) + Lulworthia grandispora 26-07-92 (M)
KR Vad - ACN 20 (97) Halosarpheia marina 02-08-92 (M)
KR Vad - ACN 21 (97) Savoryella lignicola 02-08-92 (M)
KR Vad - BRU 25 (97) Didymosphaeria enalia 02-08-92 (M)
KR Val - ACN 32 (97) Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 (M)
KR Val - AVI 38 (97) + Halocyphina villosa 09-08-92 (M)
KR Val - AVI 41 (97) Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 09-08-92 (M)
KR Val - AVI 42 (97) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 09-08-92 (M)
KR Val - BRU 31 (97) + Lulworthia sp III + Halocyphina villosa 09-08-92 (M)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 110
KR Vld - BRU 34 (97) Lulworthia spIII 09-08-92 (M)
KR Val - INT 70 (97) + Lulworthia sp I + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-08-92 (M)
KR Dha-A - DRW 13 (97) + Savoryella lignicola 23-08-92 (M)
KR Dha-A - INT 82 (97) 23-08-92 (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 33 (97) + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 06-09-92 (M)
KR Mah-A - ACN 38 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-09-92 (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 100 (97) + Didymosphaeria enalia + Halosarpheia marina 06-09-92 (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 106 (97) +Lindra hawaiiensis + Halosarpheia marina 06-09-92 (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 109 (97) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 06-09-92 (M)
KR Kad A - AVI 56 (97) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 13-09-92 (M)
KR Kad A - INT 128 (97) + Lulworthia sp V + Leptosphaeria australiensis 13-09-92 (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 45 (97) + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 25-10-92 (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 47 (97) + Savoryella lignicola 25-10-92 (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 48 (97) + Savoryella lignicola + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 25-10-92 (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 56 (97) + Halocyphina villosa + Lignincola laevis 25-10-92 (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 58 (97) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25-10-92 (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 49 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 15-11-92 (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 52 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Savoryella lignicola 15-11-92 (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 53 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 15-11-92 (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 55 (97) + Phialophorophoma litoralis 15-11-92 (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 78 (97) + Lulworthia grandispora 15-11-92 (Pm)
KR Edk - BRU 60 (97) + Marinosphaeria mangrovei + Lulworthia grandispora 15-11-92 (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 155 (97) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 15-11-92 (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 161 (97) + Savoryella lignicola + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 15-11-92 (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 30 (97) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 15-11-92 (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 34 (97) + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 15-11-92 (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 61 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 62 (97) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 65 (97) + Marinosphaeria mangrovei + Phoma sp I 29-11-92 (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 86 (97) + Zalerion varium + Pleospora pelagica 29-11-92 (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 91 (97) + Savoryella lignicola + Cirrenalia basiminuta + Halosarpheia retorquens 29-11-92 (Pm)
KR TLY C - AVI 92 (97) + Savoryella lignicola + Cirrenalia basiminuta 29-11-92 (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 163 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Zalerion varium 29-11-92 (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 164 (97) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29-11-92 (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 171 (97) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 20-12-92 (Pm)
KR Azi - INT 176 (97) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosphaeria quadricornuta 20-12-92 (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 84 (97) + Biatriospora marina + Trichocladium alopallonellum 27-12-92 (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 85 (97) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 86 (97) + Halosarpheia marina + Trichocladium alopallonellum 27-12-92 (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 73 (97) + Savoryella lignicola 03-01-93 (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 75 (97) + Cirrenalia pygmea 03-01-93 (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 78 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 03-01-93 (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 81 (97) + Halosarpheia marina 10-01-93 (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 101 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 10-01-93 (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 102 (97) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halocyphina villosa + Cirrenalia pygmea 10-01-93 (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 87 (97) + Lignincola laevis 21-02-93 (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 119 (97) + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 21-02-93 (Prm)
KR Bey - DRW 55 (97) + Halosarpheia marina 28-02-93 (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 124 (97) + Savoryella lignicola 28-03-93 (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 111 (97) + Lulworthia grandispora + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 28-03-93 (Prm)
KR Vad - INT 238 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia retorquens 04-04-93 (Prm)
KR Val - BRU 123 (97) + Halosarpheia marina 11-04-93 (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 105 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 17-04-93 (Prm)
KR Che - ACN 109 (97) + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-04-93 (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 157 (97) + Lignincola laevis 18-04-93 (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 286 (97) + Lulworthia sp V 25-04-93 (Prm)
KR Tik - INT 292 (97) + Halosphaeria quadricornuta 25-04-93 (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 152 (97) + Didymosphaeria enalia + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 09-05-93 (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 155 (97) + Ascocratera manglicola 09-05-93 (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 159 (97) + Halosarpheia marina + Leptosphaeria australiensis 20-06-93 (M)
KR TLY A - INT 305 (97) + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 20-06-93 (M)
KR Edk - ACN 137 (97) + Lulworthia sp I 11-07-93 (M)
KR Edk - AVI 187 (97) + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 11-07-93 (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 139 (97) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Trichocladium alopallonellum 18-07-93 (M)
KR Kav - ACN 141 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis +Lindra hawaiiensis 19-07-93 (M)
KR Kav - ACN 143 (97) + Savoryella lignicola + 19-07-93 (M)
KR Kav - AVI 197 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-07-93 (M)
KR Kav - BRU 182 (97) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera salsuginosa 19-07-93 (M)
KR Kav - BRU 183 (97) + Halocyphina villosa + Halosarpheia marina 19-07-93 (M)
KR Kav - INT 331 (97) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa 19-07-93 (M)
 111 Floristic Account
KR Kav - INT 335 (97) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 19-07-93 (M)
KR Mah-A - AVI 215 (97) 12-08-93 (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 336 (97) + Lulworthia grandispora 12-08-93 (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 345 (97) + Halocyphina villosa + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 12-08-93 (M)
KR TLY B - ACN 158 (97) + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 199 (97) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 (M)
KR TLY B - BRU 201 (97) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 (M)
KR Che - ACN 163 (97) + Savoryella lignicola + Lignincola laevis 05-09-93 (M)
KR Che - ACN 166 (97) 05-09-93 (M)
KR Che - ACN 167 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 05-09-93 (M)
KR Che - AVI 235 (97) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella lignicola 05-09-93 (M)
KR Che - INT 369 (97) + Halosarpheia viscosa + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 05-09-93 (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 170 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-09-93 (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 215 (97) + Aigialus parvus + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 (M)
KR TLY C - BRU 217 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19-09-93 (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 150 (97) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Lulworthia grandispora 19-09-93 (M)
KR Ppd - DRW 95 (97) 26-09-93 (M)
KR Bek - DRW 97 (97) + Halosarpheia marina 03-10-93 (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 412 (97) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-10-93 (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 415 (97) + Halosphaeria quadricornuta 03-10-93 (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 417 (97) + Halosphaeria quadricornuta 03-10-93 (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 243 (97) + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 17-10-93 (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 246 (97) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 17-10-93 (Pm)
KR Kav - ACN 174 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 30-10-93 (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 181 (97) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 05-12-93 (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 182 (97) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 05-12-93 (Pm)
KR Val - ACN 186 (97) + Halosarpheia minuta 05-12-93 (Pm)
KR Val - INT 457 (97) + Savoryella lignicola + Didymosphaeria enalia 05-12-93 (Pm)
KR Che - ACN 189 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 264 (97) + Didymosphaeria enalia + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 18-12-93 (Pm)
KR Che - AVI 265 (97) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 18-12-93 (Pm)
KR Che - INT 463 (97) + Savoryella lignicola + Halocyphina villosa 18-12-93 (Pm)
KR Che - RHI 176 (97) + Halocyphina villosa + Savoryella sp 18-12-93 (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 244 (97) + Halosarpheia marina 19-12-93 (Pm)
KR Dha-A - INT 482 (97) + Dactylospora haliotrepha 27-12-93 (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 202 (97) + Lignincola laevis 16-01-94 (Pm)
KR Kad A - ACN 206 (97) + Lignincola laevis 16-01-94 (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 494 (97) + Halocyphina villosa + Lulworthia sp V 16-01-94 (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 211 (97) + Lulworthia grandispora 23-01-94 (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 291 (97) + Leptosphaeria australiensis + Halosarpheia retorquens 23-01-94 (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 501 (97) + Trichocladium alopallonellum + Zalerion varium 23-01-94 (Pm)
KR Edk - ACN 217 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 06-03-94 (Prm)
KR Edk - AVI 297 (97) + Didymosphaeria enalia 06-03-94 (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 525 (97) + Halocyphina villosa 06-03-94 (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 220 (97) + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 221 (97) + Zalerion varium 20-03-94 (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 308 (97) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaeria mangrovei + Halosarpheia viscosa 20-03-94 (Prm)
KR TLY B - AVI 310 (97) + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 276 (97) + Zalerion maritimum + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 529 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-03-94 (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 224 (97) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lindra hawaiiensis 15-04-94 (Prm)
KR Kav - ACN 227 (97) + Halosarpheia viscosa 15-04-94 (Prm)
KR Kav - BRU 279 (97) + 15-04-94 (Prm)
KR Kav - BRU 284 (97) + Cirrenalia pygmea 15-04-94 (Prm)
KR Kav - INT 544 (97) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halocyphina villosa 15-04-94 (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 291 (97) + Trichocladium alopallonellum + Lulworthia grandispora 15-05-94 (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 554 (97) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 15-05-94 (Prm)

Periconia prolifica is the anamorph of Halosphaeria cucullata and it has been observed on a
very wide range of substrata and occurs in all the three major oceanic regions. Kohlmeyer and
Kohlmeyer (1979) recorded a very wide range of length (5-200 m) for the conidiophore while
in the present study it was observed that the conidiophores of the fungus had a very short range
of length (5-30 m). It was Raghukumar (1973) who first reported the occurrence of this
species in India from Madras coast. Later Patil & Borse (1985a) recorded it from the Maharashtra
coast. There is a record of this species from Kerala (Prasannarai & Sridhar, 2001).
Marine Fungi of Kerala 112
Phialophorophoma litoralis Linder in Farlowia 1: 403 (1944).
Fig. 72
Pycnidia 180-210 x 100-1190 m, subglobose, immersed, ostiolate, epapillate, brown to dark
brown, solitary. Peridium multilayered, with thin-walled, elongated, dark brown cells towards
the outer side and hyaline cells towards the inner side. Conidiophores 10-20 x 2-2.5 m, cylin-
drical, septate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells 7-10.5 x 2.5-3.5 m, tapering towards the tip.
Conidia 3-5 x 1.5-2 m, ellipsoidal or obovoid, unicellular, smooth, thin-walled and hyaline.
Materials examined:
KR Mah-A - AVI 50 (96) + Lulworthia sp. I 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 108 (96) + Halocyphina villosa 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Edk - ACN 55 (96) + Periconia prolifica 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - INT 159 (96) 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 82 (96) + Zalerion varium + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 264 (96) + Zalerion maritimum + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 313 (96) 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 339 (96) + 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Vad - INT 478 (96) + Ascochyta 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Edk - RHI 201 (96) + Dendryphiella salina 06-03-94 - (Prm)

The Kerala collections agree with Phialophorophoma litoralis in all characters.

Phialophoraphoma is a monotypic genus that according to Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979),
is known from England, USA and Australia. This is the first record of this fungus from India.

Phoma sp.
Fig. 73
Pycnidia 100-260 x 85-170 m, globose or subglobose, partly immersed, ostiolate, epapillate,
dark orange-coloured, hairy. Hairs 100-125 x 3-4.5 m, septate and simple. Peridium 10-20
m, multilayered with thick-walled, orange-coloured outer layers and light coloured inner layers.
Conidiogenous cells 15-20 x 2-2.5 (3) m, straight or curved, hyaline. Conidia 5-7 x 2-2.5 m,
ellipsoidal, hyaline, one-celled, rarely two-celled, septate at the centre, not constricted at the
septum, smooth, without any appendages.
Materials examined:
KR Vad - AVI 33 (99) 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 77 (99) 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 65 (99) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Periconia prolifica 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - INT 167 (99) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Trichocladium alopallonellum 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - ACN 69 (99) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 51 (99) + Lulworthia grandispora + Zalerion maritimum 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 52 (99) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora + Cirrenalia basiminuta 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 246 (99) + Dendryphiella salina 04-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Edk - INT 309 (99) + Unidentified Ascomycete IV 11-07-93 - (M)
KR Edk - INT 312 (99) + Dendryphiella salina 11-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 324 (99) + Dryosphaeria tropicalis 18-07-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - INT 352 (99) + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Vad - BRU 251 (99) + Anguillospora sp. 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 503 (99) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 551 (99) + Dendryphiella salina + Halosarpheia marina 17-04-94 - (Prm)

According to Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer (1991a) coelomycetes resembling Phoma

and Macrophoma are frequently encountered in the marine and estuarine environment on a
variety of substrates, and they have not made any effort to separate the different species except
Phoma laminariae and Phoma suaedae. The present collections differ from both P. laminariae
and P. suaedae in a number of characters including the colour and size of the pycnidia and the
size of the conidia.
 113 Floristic Account

Phomopsis sp.
Fig. 74
Pycnidium 480 x 350 m, subglobose, partly immersed, epapillate, hyaline, with an apical ostiolar
pore about 80 m wide. Conidiogenous cells 12.5 x 1-1.5 m, cylindrical, aseptate, hyaline.
Alpha conidia 5-110 x 2-2.5 m, ellipsoidal, single-celled or bicelled, irregularly septate, slightly
constricted at the septum, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, without appendages. Beta conidia 14-
21.5 x 1-1.5 m, hyaline, filiform, straight or slightly curved, eguttulate, aseptate.
Material examined:
KR Vad - INT 477 (105) + Anguillospora + Unidentified anamorph 26-12-93 - (Pm)

The genus Phomopsis (Sacc.) Sacc. with more than 400 species, is not common in marine or
estuarine habitats. While it was easy to assign the present collection to Phomopsis, we could not
find a suitable species name for this species.

Trichocladium alopallonellum (Meyers & R.T. Moore) Kohlm. & Viokm.-Kohlm.

in Mycotaxon 53: 352 (1995).
Humicola alopallonella Meyers & R.T. Moore in Am. J. Bot. 47: 346 (1960).
Fig. 75
Hyphae 2-2.5 m wide, light brown, septate. Conidiophores not observed. Conidia 20-25 x
15-20 m, obpyriform, ovoid or subglobose, 1-2 celled; terminal cell larger and darker, 15-20
x 15-20 m globose, subglobose or ovoid; lower cell or the basel cells 4-11 x 6-9 m, smaller
lightly coloured,obconial or cylindrical, conidiogenous cell 4-6 x 3-6 m, lighter in colour than
the basel cell.
Materials examined:
KR Mah-A - BRU 3 (94) + Cirrenalia pygmea 03-05-92 (Prm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 9 (94) + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 03-05-92 (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 18 (94) 26-07-92 (M)
KR TLY B - INT 53 (94) + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 (M)
KR Dha-A - INT 83 (94) 23-08-92 (M)
KR Kad A - ACN 39 (94) + Cirrenalia pygmea + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 13-09-92 (M)
KR Kad A - ACN 44 (94) + Cirrenalia macrocephalla 13-09-92 (M)
KR TLY B - INT 167 (94) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Phoma sp 29-11-92 (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 84 (94) + Biatriospora marina + Periconia prolifica 27-12-92 (Pm)
KR TLY C - BRU 86 (94) + Halosarpheia marina + Periconia prolifica 27-12-92 (Pm)
KR Mah-A - ACN 74 (94) 03-01-93 (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 190 (94) + Lulworthia grandispora 03-01-93 (Pm)
KR Bek - INT 226 (94) 14-02-93 (Prm)
KR Bek - SBI 37 (94) + Zalerion varium 14-02-93 (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 120 (94) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosphaeira hamata 21-02-93 (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 228 (94) + Zalerion varium 21-02-93 (Prm)
KR Bey - INT 232 (94) 28-02-93 (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 137 (94) + Halosarpheia marina + Halorosellinia oceanica 11-04-93 (Prm)
KR Val - INT 248 (94) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 11-04-93 (Prm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 60 (94) + Halosarpheia marina 18-04-93 (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 263 (94) + Zalerion maritium + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 (Prm)
KR TLY C - RHI 92 (94) + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 18-04-93 (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 69 (94) + Halosphaeria salina 25-04-93 (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 120 (94) + Lignincola laevis 09-05-93 (Prm)
KR Kad A - ACN 124 (94) + Lulworthia sp I 23-05-93 (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 139 (94) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Periconia prolifica 18-07-93 (M)
KR TLY A - BRU 211 (94) + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 (M)
KR Tik - INT 427 (94) + Halosphaeria quadricornuta 31-10-93 (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 434 (94) + Halosphaeria salina 31-10-93 (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 449 (94) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halosarpheia marina 21-11-93 (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 271 (94) + Zalerion maritimum 19-12-93 (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 501 (94) + Zalerion varium + Periconia prolifica 23-01-94 (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 271 (94) + Marinosphaeria mangrovei 20-03-94 (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 273 (94) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 291 (94) + Periconia prolifica + Lulworthia grandispora 15-05-94 (Prm)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 114
KR TLY A - INT 554 (94) + Periconia prolifica 15-05-94 (Prm)
KR Bek - INT 563 (94) + Savoryella lignicola 24-07-94 (M)

T. alopallonellum is one of the most frequently encountered fungus in the tropical and subtropi-
cal marine habitats (Tubaki, 1969; Shearer, 1972; Kohlmeyer & Volkmann Kohlmeyer, 1987;
Hyde and Jones, 1988; Hyde, 1988; Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989; Hyde, 1990; Kohlmeyer &
Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1991; Tan et al., 1989; Leong et al., 1991; Vrijmoed et al., 1994).
From India Patil & Borse (1985) and Borse et al. (1988) have already recorded it. It has
already been recorded from Kerala by Prasannarai & Sridhar (2001).

Trichocladium sp.
Fig. 76
Conidiophores unbranched, straight or flexuous, pale brown, smooth and thin-walled. Conidia
(20) 25-35 x (10) 14-17.5 m, mostly terminal, solitary, dry, pyriform to ellipsoidal, straight or
slightly curved, 1- to 3-septate, rounded at the apex, thick-walled, smooth, apical cell larger,
proximal cell pale, other cells brown to dark brown.
Materials examined:
KR Mah-A - INT 107 (102) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 06-09-92 - (M)
KR Edk - AVI 80 (102) + Halosarpheia abonnis 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - ACN 90 (102) + Halosarpheia marina 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - AVI 109 (102) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Halocyphina villosa 03-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Mah-A - INT 337 (102) + Lulworthia sp. I + Halosarpheia marina 12-08-93 - (M)
KR Mah-A - INT 340 (102) + + Halosarpheia marina 12-08-93 - (M)

While the present collection is agreeing with the general characters of Trichocladium Harz., it is
not agreeing with any known marine species of the genus. Trichocladium nypae has similar
conidial morphology but different conidial dimensions. On the other hand, T. lignincola Schmidt
has similar conidial size but different conidial morphology.

Unidentified anamorph
Fig. 77
Pycnidia 350-380 x 290-480 m, superficial, solitary, ostiolate, papillate, pale yellow, fully cov-
ered with outwardly projecting hyphae and a thick gelatinous covering except at the neck region,
rupturing irregularly to release the conidia. Neck l190-290 x 80-110 m, hyaline, free from
gelatinous covering. Conidiophore 110-15 x 1.5-2 m, hyaline, septate and smooth. Conidia
20-25 (30) x 4-6 (9) m, cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, non-septate, thin-walled, with several
unbranched filiform appendages originating from the subapicular region. Appendages 10-20 x
1.5 m, with tapering apex. Appendages in immature spores are folded and adhere together
sideways as a cap like structure on both sides of the conidia.
Materials examined:
KR Vad - AVI 32 (129) 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - INT 62 (129) 02-08-92 - (M)
KR Vad - AVI 277 (129) 26-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Vad - INT 477 (129) + Anguillospora + Phomopsis sp. 26-12-93 - (Pm)

Conidiomata covered except at the neck region by outwardly projecting hyphae as well as a
thick gelatinous layer, and cylindrical, non-septate conidia with several unbranched filiform ap-
pendages originating from the subapicular region are the diagnostic features of this fungus. In
immature spores, the appendages remains as a single compact mass that hang to one side and at
this stage they are strikingly similar to those of ascopores of Halosarpheia species. We could
not find a suitable anamorphic genus to accommodate these collections. The genus
 115 Floristic Account
Chaetospermum is similar in a few characters but differs in the nature of the conidiomal enve-
lope and in the morphology of the appendages.

Zalerion maritimum (Linder) Anastasiou in Can. J. ,Bot. 41: 1136 (1963).

Helicoma maritimum Linder Farlowia 1: 405-406 (1944)
Helicoma salinum Linder in Farlowia 1: 406 (1944).
Zalerion eistla Moore & Meyers in Can. J. Microbiol. 8: 413 (1962).
Zalerion nepura Moore & Meyers in Can. J. Microbiol. 8: 413 (1962)
Zalerion raptor Moore & Meyers in Can. J. Microbiol. 8: 415 (1962)
Zalerion xylestrix Moore & Meyers - Can. J. Microbiol. 8: 414 (1962).
Fig. 78
Hyphae 2-2.5 m diam., septate, branched, light brown. Conidiophores 8-30 x 2-3 m, super-
ficial, simple or branched, straight or curved, septate, cylindrical, brown. Conidia 12-22 x 5-16
m, solitary, acrogenous, coiled, 4-9 septate, constricted at the septa, dark reddish brown.
Materials examined:
KR Mah-A - BRU 2 (100) + Cirrenalia pygmea 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Mah-A - BRU 8 (100) + Leptosphaeria australiensis 03-05-92 - (Prm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 11 (100) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - INT 81 (100) 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - SBI 7 (100) + Arenariomyces trifurcatus 23-08-92 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 66 (100) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 50 (100) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia basiminuta 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 51 (100) + Phoma sp. + Lulworthia grandispora 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY C - RHI 53 (100) + Halosarpheia marina + Lulworthia grandispora 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 229 (100) 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 263 (100) + Lulworthia grandispora + Trichocladium alopallonellum 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 264 (100) + Lulworthia grandispora + Phialophorophoma litoralis 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 226 (100) + Halosarpheia minuta + Halocyphina villosa 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 271 (100) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 19-12-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - AVI 311 (100) + Lulworthia grandispora 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - BRU 276 (100) + Periconia prolifica + Halosarpheia marina 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - BRU 287 (100) + Lignincola laevis 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 550 (100) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 17-04-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 555 (100) + Halosarpheia marina + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-05-94 - (Prm)
KR Bek - DRW 123 (100) + Antennospora quadricornuta 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - DRW 127 (100) + Savoryella lignicola 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 560 (100) + Savoryella lignicola 24-07-94 - (M)
KR Bek - INT 565 (100) + Savoryella lignicola 24-07-94 - (M)

The Kerala collections of this species, although agreed in all essential features, had slightly smaller
conidia. It is known from all major oceanic regions of the world and colonizes a wide range of
substrates (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979). The first report of this species from India was that of
Raghukumar (1973). It has already been recorded from Kerala by Prasannarai & Sridhar (2001).

Zalerion varium Anastasiou in Can. J. Bot. 41: 1136 (1963).

Fig. 79
Hyphae 3-3.5 m wide, hyaline, septate, branched, immersed. Conidiophores 7-55 m long,
2.3-5 m wide, septate, hyaline, cylindrical, superficial. Conidia 12-22 x 6-20 m, solitary,
variously coiled, having 2 to 9 cells; terminal cell largest in majority, 5.5-8.5 x 5-9.5 m,
subglobose or ovoid, thick-walled, smooth, brown to reddish brown.
Materials examined:
KR Ppd - SBI 2 (101) 19-04-92 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - INT 55 (101) + Halosarpheia marina 26-07-92 - (M)
KR Dha-A - DRW 8 (101) + Lignincola laevis 23-08-92 - (M)
KR Kad A - INT 125 (101) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 13-09-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 61 (101) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Ceriosporopsis halima 27-09-92 - (M)
Marine Fungi of Kerala 116
KR Bey - SBI 12 (101) 02-10-92 - (Pm)
KR Edk - AVI 75 (101) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 15-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 86 (101) + Periconia prolifica + Pleospora pelagica 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 71 (101) + Halosphaeria hamata + Halosarpheia marina 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 163 (101) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Periconia prolifica + Leptosphaeria australiensis 29-11-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 96 (101) + Halosarpheia marina + Halocyphina villosa 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 82 (101) + Phialophorophoma litoralis + Halosarpheia marina 27-12-92 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - AVI 110 (101) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia retorquens 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - BRU 98 (101) + Halosarpheia retorquens + Halosarpheia marina 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 206 (101) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia macrocephala 10-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - INT 212 (101) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Ppd - SBI 22 (101) 31-01-93 - (Pm)
KR Azi - INTER 222 (101) 13/2/93 Prm
KR Bek - SBI 36 (101) 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bek - SBI 37 (101) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 14-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 228 (101) + Trichocladium alopallonellum 21-02-93 - (Prm)
KR Bey - SBI 40 (101) 28-02-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 236 (101) + Halosarpheia marina + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 237 (101) + Halosarpheia marina + Cirrenalia pygmea 28-03-93 - (Prm)
KR Val - AVI 142 (101) + Halosarpheia marina + Halorosellinia oceanica 11-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 117 (101) 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - BRU 148 (101) + Savoryella lignicola 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 261 (101) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Lulworthia grandispora 18-04-93 - (Prm)
KR Tik - DRW 64 (101) + Lulworthia sp. V 25-04-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - AVI 166 (101) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 295 (101) + Cirrenalia pygmea 09-05-93 - (Prm)
KR Kad A - AVI 172 (101) + Halosarpheia marina 23-05-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY C - ACN 130 (101) + Savoryella lignicola + Halosarpheia marina 20-06-93 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 304 (101) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis 20-06-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - RHI 124 (101) + Verruculina enalia 18-07-93 - (M)
KR Bey - SBI 60 (101) 15-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - ACN 159 (101) + Aniptodera chesapeakensis + Halosarpheia marina 22-08-93 - (M)
KR TLY B - AVI 222 (101) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 22-08-93 - (M)
KR Tik - DRW 90 (101) + Halosphaeria salina 18-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - SBI 64 (101) 18-09-93 - (M)
KR TLY C - AVI 240 (101) + Dactylospora haliotrepha + Halocyphina villosa 19-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd - DRW 96 (101) 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Ppd - INT 396 (101) + Antennospora quadricornuta 26-09-93 - (M)
KR Tik - DRW 111 (101) + Antennospora quadricornuta 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Tik - INT 432 (101) + Antennospora quadricornuta 31-10-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 116 (101) + Lulworthia grandispora 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Dha-A - DRW 119 (101) 27-12-93 - (Pm)
KR Kad A - INT 496 (101) + Lulworthia grandispora + Halosarpheia marina 16-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY A - INT 501 (101) + Trichocladium alopallonellum + Periconia prolifica 23-01-94 - (Pm)
KR TLY B - ACN 219 (101) + Halosarpheia marina + Halosarpheia viscosa 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY B - ACN 221 (101) + Periconia prolifica 20-03-94 - (Prm)
KR TLY A - INT 549 (101) + Ceriosporopsis halima + Lulworthia grandispora 17-04-94 - (Prm)

Zalerion varium differs from Z. maritimum in producing variably coiled conidial filament. It is
widely distributed in both temperate and tropical waters (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer, 1979).
Raghukumar (1973) reported it for the first time from India. Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1979)
mention a collection of Z. varium from Kerala but no other details are given. It is already known
from Kerala (Prasannarai & Sridhar, 2001).

Zalerion sp.
Fig. 80
Conidiophores up to 14 m long, 2.5-3 m wide, cylindrical, septate, greenish brown. Conidia
acrogenous, 10-27 x 6-22 m, solitary, helicoid, multi-cellular (7-35 cells), thick-walled, with a
dark brown wall, eventually all cells fusing together to from an irregular compact, discoid mass of
highly thick-walled cells.
Materials examined:
KR TLY A- AVI 22 (104) + Marinosphaera mangrovei 26-07-92 - (M)
KR TLY A - AVI 118 (104) + Marinosphaera mangrovei + Lulworthia grandispora 21-02-93 - (Prm)
 117 Floristic Account
The most distinctive feature of this species of Zalerion is the eventual fusing-together of all cells
of the conidium to form an irregular, compact, discoid mass of highly thick-walled cells. The
conidial dimensions are also much different from those of Z. varium and Z. maritimum. We
believe that this is an as yet undescribed species of Zalerion.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 118

Fig.1. Aigialus grandis : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar 100 µm;
C. Immature ascus, bar 100 µm; D. Empty asci and paraphyses, bar 50 µm;
E. Different stages of development of ascospores, bar 50 µm.
 119 Floristic Account

Fig.2. Aigialus mangrovei : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar 100 µm;
C. A portion of the peridium, bar 50 µm; D. Portions of mature and immatureasci, bar
50 µm; E. Pseudoparaphyses, bar 50 µm; F. Ascospore, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 120

Fig.3. Aigialus parvus : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s. , bar 100 µm;
C. Pseudoparaphysis, bar 50 µm; D. Asci, bar 50 µm. E. Ascospore, bar 10 µm.
 121 Floristic Account

Fig.4. Aniptodera chesapeakensis : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s.,

bar 50 µm; C. Asci, different stages of development, bar 50 µm; D. Mature asci,
bar 50 µm; E. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 122

Fig.5. Aniptodera haispora : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar 100 µm;
C. Young and mature asci, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 100 µm.
 123 Floristic Account

Fig.6. Aniptodera longispora : A. Ascoma, bar 50 µm. B. Ascoma v.s., bar 100 µm;
C. Ascus, bar 100 µm; D . Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 124

Fig.7. Aniptodera mangrovei : A. Asoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascus, bar 50 µ m;

C. Ascorpores, bar 10 µm.
 125 Floristic Account

Fig.8. Aniptodera salsuginosa : A. Asoma, bar 50 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar 50 µm;
C. Ascomata showing different type of papillae, bar 100 µm; D. An ascus and asci
with different developmental stages, bar 50 µm; E. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 126

Fig.9. Aniptodera sp. I : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. A portion of the venter of
the ascoma v.s., bar 50 µm; C. Asci, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 127 Floristic Account

Fig.10. Aniptodera sp. II : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar 100 µm;
C. Ascus with ascospore, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 50 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 128

Fig.11. Antennospora quadricornuta : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s.,

bar 100 µm; C. Asci, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar, 10 µm
 129 Floristic Account

Fig.12. Antennospora salina : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar 50 µm;
C. Ascus, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm
Marine Fungi of Kerala 130

Fig.13. Arenariomyces majusculus : A. Ascomata, bar 100 µm; B. A portion of

peridium, bar 50 µm; C. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 131 Floristic Account

Fig.14 . Arenariomyces parvulus : A. Cleistothecium, bar 100 µm; B. Cleitothecium

v.s., bar 100 µ m; C. Ascus, bar 10 µ m; D. Immature ascospores, bar 10 µ m;
E. Mature ascospore, bar 10 µ m.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 132

Fig.15. Arenariomyces trifurcatus : A. Ascomata on sand grains, bar 100 µm;

B. Ascoma v.s., bar 100 µ m; C. Stages of development of asci, bar 50 µ m;
D. Ascospores, bar 50 µ m.
 133 Floristic Account

Fig.16. Ascocratera manglicola : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar
100 µm; C. Asci with paraphyses, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 134

Fig.17. Bathyascus tropicalis : A. Ascoma, bar 50 µ m; B. Ascoma v.s., bar

50 µ m; C. Ascus, bar 50 µ m; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µ m.
 135 Floristic Account

Fig.18. Biatriospora marina : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s. (lower
part), bar 100 µm; C. Pseudoparaphysis, D. Asci, bar 50 µm; E. Mature and immature
ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 136

Fig.19. Ceriosporopsis halima : A. Ascoma, bar 50 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., (a

portion), bar 50 µm; C. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 137 Floristic Account

Fig.20. Corollospora filiformis : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar
100 µm; C. Different stages of development of asci, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores,
bar 50 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 138

Fig.21. Corollospora pseudopulchella : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s.,

bar 100 µm; C. Ascus, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospore, bar 50 µm.
 139 Floristic Account

Fig.22. Dactylospora haliotrepha : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar
50 µm; C. Ascoma v.s. (a portion enlarged), D. Mature and immature asci and
paraphyses, bar 50 µm; E. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 140

Fig.23. Dryosphaera tropicalis : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s. (a

portion), bar 50 µm; C. Ascus, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 141 Floristic Account

Fig.24 . Halosarpheia abonnis : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar
100 µm; C. Ascus, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 142

Fig.25. Halosphaeria hamata : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar
100 µm; C. Asci, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 143 Floristic Account

Fig.26. Halosarpheia marina : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar
100 µm; C. Different stages of development of asci, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores,
bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 144

Fig.27 . Halosarpheia minuta : A. Ascoma, bar 50 µm; B. A portion of peridium

v.s., bar 50 µm; C. A portion of L.S. of the neck of ascoma, bar 50 µm; D. Asci, bar
10 µm; E. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 145 Floristic Account

Fig.28. Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s.,

bar 100 µm; C. Asci different stages of development, bar 100 µm; D. Ascus, bar
50 µm; E. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 146

Fig.29. Halosarpheia retorquens : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm ; B. Ascoma v.s., bar

50 µm; C. Ascospores, bar 10 µm; D. Ascospores (low magnification view), bar
50 µm.
 147 Floristic Account

Fig.30. Halosarpheia viscosa : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar 100 µm;
C. Asci, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 148

Fig.31. Halosphaeria cucullata : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma (venter

portion) v.s., bar 50 µm; C. Different stages of developments of asci, bar 50 µm;
D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 149 Floristic Account

A A

B1

B
100µm

B2
B3

B4

100µm

Fig - 32
39Halorosellinia
Fig.32. : Halorosellinia oceanica.
oceanica A - Ascocarp,
: A. Ascocarp, B-B4
bar 100 µm; - Ascospores
B. Ascospores, bar
100 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 150

Fig.33. Koralionastes sp : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascus, bar 50 µm; C. A

portion of peridium , bar 50 µm; D. Young asci and paraphyses, bar 50 µm; E. Stages
of development of ascospores bar 50 µm; F. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 151 Floristic Account

Fig.34. Leptosphaeria australiensis : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s.,

bar 50 µm; C. Ascus and paraphysis, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 152

Fig.35. Lignincola laevis : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar 100
µm; C. Asci, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 153 Floristic Account

Fig.36. Lignincola longirostris : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar
100 µm; C. Ascus, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 154

Fig.37. Lignincola tropica : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µ m; B. Ascoma v.s., bar

100 µ m; C. Asci (different stages), bar 50 µ m; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µ m.
 155 Floristic Account

Fig.38. Lindra hawaiiensis : A. Ascoma, bar100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s. (a portion

only), bar 100 µm; C. Asci, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 50 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 156

Fig.39. Lulworthia grandispora : A. Ascoma, bar100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s. (venter

part), bar 100 µm; C. Acoma c.s. showing peridial wall, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospore,
bar 100 µm; E. Asci, bar 100 µm.
 157 Floristic Account

Fig.40. Lulworthia sp. I : A. Ascomata, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s, bar 100 µm;
C. Ascus, bar 100 µm; D. Ascospore, bar 50 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 158

Fig.41. Lulworthia sp. II : A2. Ascomata, bar100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s; bar
100 µm; C. Ascus, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospore, bar 50 µm.
 159 Floristic Account

Fig.42. Lulworthia sp. III : A. Ascoma, bar100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar 100 µm;
C. Ascus, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospore, bar 50 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 160

Fig.43. Manglicola sp : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µ m; B. Ascus, bar 50 µ m;

C. Paraphysis and empty ascus, bar 50 µm; D. Tip of the ascus with two ascospores,
bar 50 µm.
 161 Floristic Account

Fig.44. Marinosphaera mangrovei : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s.

(venter part), bar 100 µm; C. Paraphysis, D. Ascus with mature ascospores, bar
50 µm; E. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 162

Fig.45. Ocostaspora apilongissima : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µ m; B. Cluster of

immature asci, bar 50 µ m; C. Part of the peridium of ascoma v.s., bar 50 µm;
D. A part of the neck L.S; bar 50 µ m; E. Asci, bar 50 µ m; F. Ascospores, bar
10 µm.
 163 Floristic Account

Fig.46. Payosphaeria minuta : A. Ascoma, bar 50 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar 50 µm;
C. Asci, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 164

Fig.47. Pleospora pelagica : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µ m; B. Ascoma v.s., bar

100 µm; C. Asci and pseudoparaphyses, bar 50 µm; D. Mature ascus, bar 50 µm;
E. Ascospores, bar 50 µm.
 165 Floristic Account

Fig.48. Salsuginea remicola : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar
100 µm; C. Young asci with paraphyses, bar 50 µm; D. Mature ascus, bar 50 µm;
E. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 166

Fig.49. Savoryella lignicola : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar
100 µ m; C. Young asci and paraphyses, bar 50 µm; D. Stages of development of
asci, bar 50 µm; E. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 167 Floristic Account

Fig.50. Savoryella paucispora : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µ m; B. Ascoma v.s., bar

50 µm; C. Young asci and paraphyses, bar 50 µm; D. Different stages of development
of asci, bar 50 µ m; E. Ascospores, bar 10 µ m.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 168

Fig.51. Savoryella sp. I : A. Ascoma, bar 50 µm; B. Ascus and paraphyses, bar 50 µm;
C. Ascospores, bar 50 µm; D. Tip of the ascus, bar 50 µm.
 169 Floristic Account

Fig.52. Savoryella sp. II : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Empty ascus, bar 50 µm;
C. Ascospore, bar 10 µm; D. Ascus tip with ascospore, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 170

A B

Fig.53. Unidentified ascomycete I : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s.,

bar 100 µm; C. Asci - different stage of development, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores,
bar 10 µm.
 171 Floristic Account

Fig.54. Unidentified ascomycete II : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s.,

bar 50 µm; C. Ascus, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 50 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 172

Fig.55. Unidentified ascomycete III : A. Ascoma, bar100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar
100 µm; C. Asci, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores different stages development, bar 10 µm.
 173 Floristic Account

Fig.56. Unidentified ascomycete IV : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Different stages of

development of asci, bar 50 µm; C. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 174

Fig.57. Unidentified ascomycete V : A. Ascoma, bar 50 µm; B. Ascoma v.s.,

bar 50 µm; C. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 175 Floristic Account

Fig.58. Unidentified ascomycete VI : A. Ascoma, bar 50 µm; B. Ascoma v.s; bar

50 µm; C. Immature and mature asci, bar 10 µm; D. Paraphyses with branched and
unbranched apices, bar 50 µm; E. Formation and liberation of secondary spores, bar
10 µm; F. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 176

Fig.59. Unidentified ascomycete VII : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar
100 µm; C. Different stages of ascus development, bar 50 µm; D. Mature ascus and
paraphyses, bar 50 µm; D. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 177 Floristic Account

Fig.60. Unidentified ascomycete VIII : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar
50 µm; C. A portion of the peridium, bar 50 µm; D. Different stages of development of
asci, bar 50 µm; E. Immature ascospores, bar 10 µm; F. Different stages of develop-
ment of ascospores, bar 50 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 178

Fig.61. Verruculina enalia : A. Ascoma, bar 100 µm; B. Ascoma v.s., bar 100 µm;
C. Asci and paraphyses, bar 50 µ m; D. Spore mass at the ostiole, bar 100 µ m;
E. Ascospores, bar 10 µm.
 179 Floristic Account

Fig.62. Halocyphina villosa : A. Basidioma, bar 100 µm; B. Basidioles, bar 10 µm;
C. Basidia, bar 10 µm; D. Basidiospores, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 180

Fig.63. Anguillospora sp : A. Conidia, bar 50 µm; B. Conidiophores, bar 50 µm.

 181 Floristic Account

Fig.64. Ascochyta sp : A. Pycnidium, bar 50 µm; B. Different stages of conidial

development, bar 10 µm; C. Conidia, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 182

Fig.65. Cirrenalia basiminuta : A-D. Conidia, bar 50 µm; E. Conidium and

conidiophore, bar 10 µm; F. Conidium, bar 10 µm.
 183 Floristic Account

Fig.66. Cirrenalia fusca : A. Conidia and conidiophores - different stages of

development, bar 50 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 184

Fig.67. Cirrenalia macrocephala : A & B. Conidiophores and conidia, bar 50 µm;

C. Conidium, bar 10 µm.
 185 Floristic Account

Fig.68. Cirrenalia pygmea : A-E. Conidia - different stages of development, bar

50 µm; F. Condium, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 186

Fig.69. Cladosporium sp : A. Conidiophores and conidia, B. Conidia, bar 10 µm.

 187 Floristic Account

Fig.70. Dendryphiella salina : A. Conidiophores and conidia, bar 10 µm; B. Conidia,

bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 188

Fig.71. Periconia prolifica : A. Conidiophores and conidia, bar 50 µm; B. Chain

of conidia, bar 50 µm; C. Conidia, bar 10 µm.
 189 Floristic Account

Fig.72. Phialophorophoma litoralis : A. Squashed pycnidium, bar100 µ m;

B. Conidiophores, C. Condiophores with conidia, D. Conidia, bar 10 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 190

Fig.73. Phoma sp : A.Pycnidium, bar 100 µm; B. Conidiophore, bar 10 µm; C. Conidia,
bar 10 µm.
 191 Floristic Account

Fig.74. Phomopsis sp : A. Conidioma, bar 100 µm; B. Alpha conidia and

conidophores, bar 50 µm; C. Beta conidia and conidiophores, bar 50 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 192

Fig.75. Trichocladium alopallonellum : A. Conidia (different stages of develop-

ment), bar, 50 µm; B. Conidiophore, bar 50 µm; C. Conidia, bar 10 µm.
 193 Floristic Account

Fig.76. Trichocladium sp : A. Conidia and conidiophores, B. Different stages of

conidial development, bar 50 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 194

Fig.77. Unidentified anamorph : A. Pycnidium, bar 100 µm; B. Different stages of

development of conidia, bar 10 µm; C. Conidia before unfolding of appendages,
bar10 µm; D. Mature conidia, bar 10 µm.
 195 Floristic Account

Fig.78. Zalerion maritimum : A & B. Conidiphores and conidia, bar 50 µ m; C.

Conidia different stages of development, bar 50 µm.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 196

Fig.79. Zalerion varium : A-A7. Different stages of conidial development, bar

10 µm.
 197 Floristic Account

Fig.80. Zalerion sp : A-A12. Different stages of conidial development, bar 10 µm.

Marine Fungi of Kerala 198

QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS

The quantitative data obtained in the present investigation are given in the follow-
ing order:

1. Hydrographical data of collecting locations (Table 1).

2. List of marine fungi collected during this study along with the number of isolates, overall
percent frequency of occurrence and overall percent relative abundance of each species
(Table 2).
3. Comparison of percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance of species
at each of the 19 locations (Tables 3 and 4).
4. Number of isolates, percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance of
species obtained during different seasons (Table 5).
5. List of marine fungi isolated from the different wood types, along with their percent relative
abundance and percent frequency of occurrence (Tables 6-12).
6. List of marine fungi collected from different water bodies along with their percent frequency
of occurrence and percent relative abundance (Tables 13-18).
7. Comparison of the occurrence of marine fungi at different locations (Table 19).
8. Comparison of the occurrence of marine fungi in different wood types (Table 20).
9. Comparison of the occurrence of marine fungi in different types of water bodies (Table 21).
10. Comparison of the occurrence of marine fungi in different seasons (Table 22).
11. Comparison of average isolates per wood sample in different locations, wood types, water
bodies, and season (Tables 23-27).
12. Shannon index and Simpson index calculated for the 19 locations and the 6 types of water
bodies (Tables 28-29).
13. Results of the logistic regression analysis (Table 30).
 199 Quantitative Observations
Table 1. Hydrographical data of collecting locations

Name of Location Date of Salinity of water Temperature pH of water

retrieval of water
Parappanangadi 19-4-92 31.3 ppt 30.5°C 8.2
Kadalundi-A 19-4-92 28.1 ppt 27°C 7.8
Kadalundi-B 19-4-92 26 ppt 26.5°C 5.5
Mahe-A 3-5-92 29 ppt 29°C 7.8
Mahe-B 3-5-92 26.5 ppt 29°C 5.7
Tellicherry-A 21-6-92 9 ppt 26°C 7
Tellicherry-A 26-7-92 Not recorded Not recorded Not recorded
Tellicherry-B 26-7-92 4 ppt 27°C 7
Vadakara 2-8-92 7 ppt 27.5°C 6.7
Valapattanam 9-8-92 25.2 ppt 28°C 7.2
Dharmadam-A 23-8-92 20 ppt 26.5°C 7.8
Tellicherry-A 23-8-92 12.5 ppt 26°C 7.35
Dharmadam-B 23-8-92 11 ppt 27°C 6.75
Mahe-A 6-9-92 11 ppt 27.5°C 7.3
Mahe-B 6-9-92 7 ppt 27°C 6.7
Kadalundi-A 13-9-92 15 ppt 28°C 7.13
Tellicherry-A 27-9-92 26.75 ppt 28.5°C 7.5
Beypore 2-10-92 26 ppt 27°C 7.85
Kadalundi-B 18-10-92 20 ppt 28°C 7.1
Tellicherry-A 25-10-92 25 ppt 29°C 7.5
Tellicherry-C 25-10-92 21.5 ppt 28°C 7.3
Edakkad 15-11-92 18 ppt 28°C 7.1
Tellicherry-A 29-11-92 26.5 ppt 27.5°C 7.4
Tellicherry-B 29-11-92 26.15 ppt 28°C 7.4
Tellicherry-C 29-11-92 27.3 ppt 27.5°C 7.5
Azhikkal 20-12-92 28 ppt 27°C 8
Tellicherry-A 27-12-92 28.5 ppt 28.5°C 7.7
Tellicherry-C 27-12-92 28.5 ppt 28°C 7.7
Dharmadam-B 27-12-92 19.6 ppt 26.5°C 6.9
Mahe-A 3-1-93 23 ppt 29°C 7.5
Mahe-B 3-1-93 26.3 ppt 28°C 7.1
Tellicherry-A 10-1-93 29.5 ppt 28.5°C 7.8
Tellicherry-C 10-1-93 30 ppt 27°C 7.8
Parappanangadi 31-1-93 30 ppt 27.5°C 8.1
Azhikkal 13-2-93 28.1 ppt 27°C 7.67
Bekkal 14-2-93 31 ppt 27.5°C 8.2
Tellicherry-A 21-2-93 30.5 ppt 27°C 7.85
Tellicherry-C 21-2-93 30 ppt 28.53°C 7.8
Beypore 28-2-93 30.2 ppt 28°C 8.1
Tellicherry-A 28-3-93 30 ppt 31.5°C 8.1
Tellicherry-C 28-3-93 31.5 ppt 30°C 8
Vadakara 4-4-93 23.5 ppt 30°C 7.4
Valapattanam 11-4-93 29 ppt 29°C 8.1
Chettuva 17-4-93 25.5 ppt 28°C 7.7
Dharmadam-A 18-4-93 25 ppt 29°C 8
Marine Fungi of Kerala 200
Tellicherry-A 18-4-93 30 ppt 30.5°C 8
Tellicherry-B 18-4-93 28 ppt 29°C 7.8
Tellicherry-C 18-4-93 30.1 ppt 29.5°C 8.1
Dharmadam-B 18-4-93 21.5 ppt 28.5°C 6.35
Tikkodi 25-4-93 31 ppt 29°C 8.1
Tellicherry-A 9-5-93 30 ppt 31°C 8
Tellicherry-C 9-5-93 31 ppt 30°C 8.2
Kadalundi-A 23-5-93 30.7 ppt 29.5°C 8
Tellicherry-A 20-6-93 17 ppt 27°C 7
Tellicherry-C 20-6-93 16.5 ppt 27.5°C 7.1
Edakkad 11-7-93 5 ppt 27.5°C 7
Azhikkal 17-7-93 22.6 ppt 28.5°C 7.6
Tellicherry-A 18-7-93 12.5 ppt 27°C 7.1
Tellicherry-C 18-7-93 6.25 ppt 28°C 7.4
Kavvai 19-7-93 7.1 ppt 26.3°C 7.3
Mahe-A 12-8-93 13 ppt 26°C 7.6
Beypore 15-8-93 21.5 ppt 26°C 7.8
Tellicherry-A 22-8-93 2.1 ppt 27°C 6.8
Tellicherry-B 22-8-93 13 ppt 27°C 7
Tellicherry-C 22-8-93 4.2 ppt 29°C 6.9
Dharmadam-B 22-8-93 7.2 ppt 27°C 7
Chettuva 5-9-93 24.4 ppt 27.5°C 7.8
Mahe-B 12-9-93 9.1 ppt 27°C 6.5
Tikkodi 18-9-93 28 ppt 28°C 7.9
Tellicherry-A 19-9-93 18.4 ppt 28°C 7.1
Tellicherry-C 19-9-93 17.2 ppt 30°C 7.6
Parappanangadi 26-9-93 29 ppt 29°C 8.1
Kadalundi-b 26-9-93 14 ppt 28°C 7
Bekkal 3-10-93 30.5 ppt 28.5°C 8
Tellicherry-A 17-10-93 26 ppt 29.5°C 7.8
Kavvai 30-10-93 23.5 ppt 28°C 7.6
Tikkodi 31-10-93 30 ppt 28°C 8.1
Tellicherry-A 21-11-93 28.15 ppt 30°C 7.65
Dharmadam-B 21-11-93 19.8 ppt 28°C 6.35
Valapattanam 5-12-93 26.7 ppt 27°C 7.6
Chettuva 18-12-93 22.5 ppt 25.5°C 7.3
Tellicherry-A 19-12-93 26.5 ppt 29°C 7.4
Vadakara 26-12-93 20.1 ppt 28.5°C 7.5
Dharmadam-A 27-12-93 25 ppt 29°C 7.9
Kadalundi-A 16-1-94 28 ppt 29°C 7.8
Tellicherry-A 23-1-94 27.5 ppt 28°C 7.6
Tellicherry-B 23-1-94 24.3 ppt 28°C 7.6
Tellicherry-A 27-2-94 28.5 ppt 29.5°C 7.4
Edakkad 6-3-94 24 ppt 28°C 7.3
Tellicherry-A 20-3-94 29 ppt 30°C 7.8
Tellicherry-B 20-3-94 27.65 ppt 28°C 7.8
Kavvai 15-4-94 26 ppt 26.4°C 7.8
Tellicherry-A 17-4-94 31 ppt 28°C 8.1
Tellicherry-A 15-5-94 28.5 ppt 30.5°C 7.8
Bekkal 24-7-94 29 ppt 26°C 8
 201 Quantitative Observations
Table 2. List of marine fungi collected during the entire duration of this study from all
localities with total number of isolates, overall percent frequency of occurrence and
overall percent relative abundance of each species
Number of
Number of * **
Name isolates
Isolates FO RA
Aigialus grandis 28 1.51 0.71
Aigialus mangrovei 13 0.70 0.33
Aigialus parvus 43 2.32 1.09
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 404 21.79 10.23
Aniptodera longispora 3 0.16 0.08
Aniptodera mangrovei 3 0.16 0.08
Aniptodera salsuginosa 3 0.16 0.08
Aniptodera haispora 7 0.38 0.18
Aniptodera sp I 4 0.22 0.10
Aniptodera sp II 2 0.11 0.05
Antennospora quadricornuta 77 4.15 1.95
Antennospora salina 9 0.49 0.23
Arenariomyces majusculus 5 0.27 0.13
Arenariomyces parvulus 3 0.16 0.08
Arenariomyces trifurcatus 38 2.05 0.96
Ascocratera manglicola 4 0.22 0.10
Anguillospora sp. 3 0.16 0.08
Ascochyta sp 6 0.32 0.15
Bathyascus tropicalis 6 0.32 0.15
Biatriospora marina 7 0.38 0.18
Ceriosporopsis halima 18 0.97 0.46
Corollospora filiformis 45 2.43 1.14
Corollospora pseudopulchella 1 0.05 0.03
Cirrenalia basiminuta 31 1.67 0.78
Cirrenalia fusca 13 0.70 0.33
Cirrenalia macrocephala 22 1.19 0.56
Cirrenalia pygmea 169 9.12 4.28
Cladosporium sp. 5 0.27 0.13
Dactylospora haliotrepha 119 6.42 3.01
Didymosphaeria enalia 98 5.29 2.48
Dryosphaera tropicalis 1 0.05 0.03
Dendryphiella salina 18 0.97 0.46
Halocyphina villosa 445 24.00 11.26
Halosarpheia abonnis 28 1.51 0.71
Halosphaeria hamata
Halosarpheia hamata 17 0.92 0.43
Halosarpheia marina 577 31.12 14.60
Halosarpheia minuta 23 1.24 0.58
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 30 1.62 0.76
Halosarpheia retorquens 40 2.16 1.01
Marine Fungi of Kerala 202
Halosarpheia viscosa 34 1.83 0.87
Halosphaeria cucullata 4 0.22 0.10
Halorosellinia oceanica 29 1.56 0.73
Koralionastes sp. 1 0.05 0.03
Leptosphaeria australiensis 95 5.12 2.40
Lignincola laevis 121 6.53 3.06
Lignincola longirostris 5 0.27 0.13
Lignincola tropica 6 0.32 0.15
Lulworthia grandispora 273 14.72 6.91
Lulworthia sp.I 90 4.85 2.28
Lindra hawaiiensis 45 2.43 1.14
Lulworthia sp.II 18 0.97 0.46
Lulworthia sp.V 8 0.43 0.20
Manglicola sp. 2 0.11 0.05
Marinosphaeria mangrovei 278 15 7.04
Ocostaspora apilongissima 2 0.11 0.05
Payosphaeria minuta 2 0.11 0.05
Pleospora pelagica 7 0.38 0.18
Periconia prolifica 138 7.44 3.49
Phialophorophoma litoralis 10 0.54 0.25
Phoma sp. 15 0.81 0.38
Phomopsis 1 0.05 0.03
Savoryella lignicola 206 11.11 5.21
Savoryella paucispora 34 1.83 0.86
Salsuginea remicola 2 0.11 0.05
Savoryella sp I 3 0.16 0.08
Savoryella sp II 1 0.05 0.03
Trichocladium alopallonellum 37 2 0.94
Trichocladium sp.
sp. 6 0.32 0.15
Unidentified anamorph I 4 0.05 0.03
Unidentified ascomycetes I 1 0.05 0.03
Unidentified ascomycetes II 1 0.70 0.33
Unidentified ascomycete III 13 0.22 0.10
Unidentified ascomycete IV 4 0.22 0.10
Unidentified ascomycete V 1 0.05 0.03
Unidentified ascomycete VI 3 0.16 0.08
Unidentified ascomycetes VII 2 0.11 0.05
Unidentified ascomycetes VIII 3 0.16 0.8
Zalerion maritimum 23 1.24 0.58
Zalerion varium 53 2.86 1.34
Zalerion sp. 2 0.11 0.05

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained during
this study divided by total number of wood sample (1854) supporting marine fungi x 100
** Percent relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of a particular species divided by total number
of isolates of all species (3951) on all wood samples collected x 100
 203 Quantitative Observations
Table 3. Comparison of percent frequency of occurrence of species at each of the 19
locations*

Aigialus grandis
Aigialus mangrovei
Aigialus parvus
Aniptodera chesapeakensis
Aniptodera longispora
Aniptodera mangrovei
Aniptodera salsuginosa
Aniptodera haispora
Aniptodera sp. I
Aniptodera sp. II
Antennospora quadricornuta
Antennospora salina
Arenariomyces majusculus
Arenariomyces parvulus
Arenariomyces trifurcatus
Ascocratera manglicola
Anguillospora sp.
Ascochyta sp.
Bathyascus tropicalis
Biatriospora marina
Ceriosporopsis halima
Corollospora filiformis
Corollospora pseudopulchella
Cirrenalia basiminuta
Cirrenaliafusca
Cirrenalia macrocephala
Cirrenalia pygmea
Cladosporiumsp.
Dactylospora haliotrepha
Dryosphaera tropicalis
Dendryphiella salina
Halocyphina villosa
Halosarpheia abonnis
Halosarpheia hamata
Halosphaeria hamata
Halosarpheia marina
Halosarpheia minuta
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis
Halosarpheia retorquens
Halosarpheia viscosa
Halosphaeria cucullata
Halorosellinia oceanica
Marine Fungi of Kerala 204

Koralionastes sp.
Leptosphaeria australiensis
Lignincola laevis
Lignincola longirostris
Lignincola tropica
Lulworthia grandispora
Lulworthiasp. I
Lindra hawaiiensis
Lulworthiasp. II
Lulworthiasp. III
Manglicola sp.
Marinosphaera mangrovei
Ocostaspora apilongissima
Payosphaeria minuta
Pleospora pelagica
Periconia prolifica
Phialophorophoma litoralis
Phoma sp.
Phomopsis sp.
Savoryella lignicola
Savoryella paucispora
Salsuginea ramicola
Savoryellasp. I
Savoryella sp. II
Trichocladiumalopallonellum
Trichocladiumsp.
Unidentified ascomycete I
Unidentified ascomycete II
Unidentified ascomycete III
Unidentified ascomycete IV
Unidentified ascomycete V
Unidentified ascomycete VI
Unidentified ascomycete VII
Unidentified ascomycete VIII
Unidentified anamorph
Verruculina enalia
Zalerion maritimum
Zalerion varium
Zalerion sp.

* Percent frequency of occurrence pertaining to specific location (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular
species at one location divided by total number of wood samples collected from that location x 100
 205 Quantitative Observations
Table 4. Comparison of percent relative abundance of species at each of the19 locations

Mah-A

Mah-B
Kad-A

Dha-A

Kad-B
Dha-A
Dha-A

Tly-A

Tly-B

Tly-C
Name of the fungus

Pad

Che
Bey
Bek

Vad
Kav

Eda
Val
Azi
Azi

Tik
Tik
Aigialus grandis 0 0 0 0 3.33 0 0 0.62 0.30 1.67 0.36 0 0.99 1.85 1.13 0 0 0 0
Aigialus mangrovei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.87 0.50 0.30 0.24 0 0 0.99 0 0.75 0 0 0 0
Aigialus parvus 0 0 0 0.97 0 0 2.61 1.24 1.22 1.91 0 0 1.65 2.16 0.75 0 0 0 0
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 5.88 9.58 3.75 6.80 8.33 11.48 9.13 10.17 10.94 9.55 8.76 9.60 11.25 11.11 12.78 12.97 9.76 19.05 25.00
Aniptodera longispora 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0.24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aniptodera mangrovei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.43 0 0.30 0 0 0 0.33 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aniptodera salsuginosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0 0.66 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aniptodera haispora 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0 1.32 0 0 1.08 0 0 0
Aniptodera sp. I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.36 0 0.33 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aniptodera sp. II 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.54 0 0 0
Antennospora quadricornuta 24.70 13.77 10.00 13.59 6.67 11.48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Antennospora salina 1.18 0.60 0 6.80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Arenariomyces majusculus 2.35 1.20 1.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Arenariomyces parvulus 2.35 0 0 0.97 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Arenariomyces trifurcatus 4.11 8.38 6.25 8.74 5.00 4.92 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ascocratera manglicola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.43 0 0 0.72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Anguillospora sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.62 0 0 0
Ascochyta sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.30 0 0 0 0 0 1.13 1.08 0 0 0
Bathyascus tropicalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.91 0.76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Biatriospora marina 0 0 0 0.97 0 0 0 0.25 0.65 0.48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ceriosporopsis halima 1.18 2.40 3.75 3.88 3.33 1.64 0 0.25 1.30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Corollospora filiformis 10.59 9.58 2.50 10.68 1.67 9.84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Corollospora pseudopulchella 0 0 0 0 0 1.64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cirrenalia basiminuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.30 0.87 0.91 1.43 0 0 2.65 12.34 0 0 0 0 0
Cirrenalia fusca 0 0.60 1.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.52 0 0 1.13 0 0 0 0
Cirrenalia macrocephala 0 0 0 0.97 0 0 0 0.74 0 0.24 0 1.13 0.35 0.31 1.13 3.78 0 0 0
Cirrenalia pygmea 0 4.19 3.75 0.97 1.67 1.64 2.61 3.35 2.74 4.77 6.20 3.95 5.63 5.86 3.38 5.41 17.07 14.28 25.00
Cladosporium sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.56 0.66 0 0 1.08 0 0 0
Dactylospora haliotrepha 1.18 2.40 1.25 1.94 3.33 3.28 3.04 2.85 5.47 1.67 4.01 3.39 3.31 4.01 2.26 3.24 0 0 0
Dryosphaera tropicalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dendryphiella salina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.43 0.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.76 1.62 0 0 0
Halocyphina villosa 0 9.58 6.25 2.91 5.00 0 12.17 13.52 13.37 12.41 10.50 11.86 16.89 13.58 5.26 13.51 2.44 0 0
Halosarpheia abonnis 0 0 0 0 1.67 0 0 0.74 1.52 0.95 1.09 0 1.32 0.93 0.38 0.54 0 0 0
Halosphaeira hamata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.12 0.91 1.19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Halosarpheia marina 2.35 10.18 10.00 5.83 5.00 6.56 17.39 15.88 23.40 12.89 13.86 15.20 11.58 15.74 16.54 16.76 21.95 0 15.00
Halosarpheia minuta 0 0 0 0 1.67 0 3.91 0.12 0 0.48 1.09 0 1.99 0 0 0.54 0 0 0

Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.30 0.50 0.61 0.24 1.09 0.56 1.99 2.16 1.13 0 0 0 0
Halosarpheia retorquens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.11 2.13 1.91 0 0 0.66 0 1.13 1.62 0 0 0
 Marine Fungi of Kerala 206

Mah-A

Mah-B
Dha-A
Dha-A

Kad-A

Dha-A

Kad-B
Tly-A

Tly-B

Tly-C
Name of the fungus

Bek

Che
Pad
Bey

Vad
Kav

Eda
Val
Azi
Azi

Tik
Tik
Halorosellinia oceanica 1.18 2.99 0 0 3.33 0 2.61 0 0 0 2.55 0.56 0.99 1.23 0 0 0 0 0
Koralionastes sp. 1.18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Leptosphaeria australiensis 0 0 2.5 0.97 6.67 0 1.74 0.37 1.50 2.63 3.64 3.39 2.65 1.23 2.26 2.12 0 0 0
Lignincola laevis 0 2.40 3.75 1.94 3.33 3.28 3.91 3.47 3.04 1.91 3.64 5.65 4.30 3.40 2.26 1.62 0 0 0
Lignincola longirostris 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0.24 0 0 0 0 0.38 0.54 0 0 0
Lignincola tropica 0 0 0 0 3.33 0 0 0.12 0 0.24 0 0 0 0 0.75 0 0 0 0
Lulworthia grandispora 12.94 8.98 7.5 7.77 6.67 6.56 3.91 10.05 6.38 6.68 6.93 7.34 2.98 6.17 7.89 0 4.88 4.76 0
Lulworthia sp.I 0 0 1.25 0 1.67 0 0.43 1.36 0.30 2.86 3.28 5.65 0.66 0.31 5.63 3.78 19.51 38.09 15.00
Lindra hawaiiensis 0 0 1.25 0 0 0 3.48 0.87 0.91 0.95 1.82 0 3.64 1.85 0 0 0 0 0
Lulworthia sp.II 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.61 0.25 1.22 0 0.36 0.57 1.32 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lulworthia sp.III 0 0 0 2.91 0 4.92 0 0 0 0 0 1.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Manglicola sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.30 0.24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Marinosphaera mangrovei 0 2.40 3.75 1.94 5.00 4.92 9.57 8.81 5.17 6.68 9.85 6.21 3.64 6.17 7.89 7.57 29.27 23.81 20.00

Ocostaspora apilongissima 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0.30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Payosphaeria minuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0.30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pleospora pelagica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0.48 0 1.13 0 0 0 0.54 0 0 0

Periconia prolifica 4.71 1.20 3.75 1.97 1.67 1.64 5.22 1.36 4.56 6.21 4.01 3.39 4.30 3.70 5.63 2.12 0 0 0
Phialophorophoma litoralis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 1.09 0 0 0 1.50 0.54 0 0 0
Phoma sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.62 0.30 0.72 0 0 0 0 1.13 1.62 0 0 0

Phomopsis sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.54 0 0 0

Savoryella lignicola 11.77 5.99 8.75 3.88 6.67 13.11 3.91 2.85 1.22 5.49 7.66 4.52 6.29 8.64 5.63 7.03 0 0 0

Savoryella paucispora 0 1.80 0 0 1.67 0 0.87 0.74 0.61 0.72 1.46 1.13 0.66 1.23 1.13 1.08 0 0 0
Salsuginea ramicola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.54 0 0 0
Savoryella sp. I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.57 0 0.31 0 0 0 0 0

Savoryella sp. II 0 0 1.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Trichocladium alopallonellum 3.53 0 2.50 2.91 1.67 0 0.87 1.24 0.91 1.43 1.46 1.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Trichocladium sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.24 1.46 0 0 0 0.38 0 0 0 0
Unidentified ascomycete I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Unidentified ascomycete II 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.31 0 0 0 0 0

Unidentified ascomycete III 0 0 1.25 0.97 1.67 1.64 1.30 0.25 0 0 0 1.13 0 0 0.38 0.54 0 0 0
Unidentified ascomycete IV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.48 0 0 0 0 0.38 0 0 0 0
Unidentified ascomycete V 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Unidentified ascomycete VI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0.31 0 0 0 0 0
Unidentified ascomycete VII 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.43 0 0.30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Unidentified ascomycete VIII 0 0 0 0 0 3.28 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Unidentified anamorph 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.12 0 0 0
Verruculina enalia 0 0.60 3.75 3.88 1.67 0 3.04 2.98 1.22 2.86 1.82 2.82 1.65 4.94 2.63 2.12 0 0 0
Zalerion maritimum 4.71 0 3.75 0 0 0 0 0.87 0.61 1.20 0.73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Zalerion varium 2.35 0.60 3.75 4.85 5.00 8.20 0.43 2.11 1.52 1.67 0 1.69 0 0 1.50 0 0 0 0
Zalerion sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 207 Quantitative Observations
Table 5. Number of isolates, percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative
abundance of species obtained during different seasons.
Monsoon Post monsoon Pre monsoon

No. of * ** No. of * ** No. of * **

Name of the Fungi
isolates FO RA isolates FO RA isolates FO RA

Aigialus grandis 9 1.44 0.71 9 1.45 0.63 10 1.65 0.80

Aigialus mangrovei 2 0.32 0.16 8 1.29 0.53 3 0.50 0.23

Aigialus parvus 9 1.44 0.71 20 3.22 1.41 14 2.31 1.11

Aniptodera chesapeakensis 150 23.92 11.76 128 20.61 18.18 126 20.79 10.03

Aniptodera longispora 1 0.16 0.08 2 0.32 0.14 0 0 0

Aniptodera mangrovei 1 0.16 0.08 1 0.16 0.07 1 0.17 0.08

Aniptodera salsuginosa 2 0.32 0.16 0 0 0 1 0.17 0.08

Aniptodera haispora 0 0 0 4 0.64 0.28 3 0.50 0.23

Aniptodera sp. I 1 0.16 0.08 3 0.48 0.21 0 0 0

Aniptodera sp. II 0 0 0 1 0.16 0.07 1 0.17 0.08

Antennospora quadricornuta 18 2.87 1.41 36 5.80 2.54 23 3.80 1.83

Antennospora salina 2 0.32 0.16 5 0.81 0.35 2 0.33 0.16

Arenariomyces majusculus 2 0.32 0.16 1 0.16 0.07 2 0.33 0.16

Arenariomyces parvulus 0 0 0 2 0.32 0.14 1 0.17 0.08

Arenariomyces trifurcatus 13 2.07 1.02 11 1.77 0.77 14 2.31 1.11

Ascocratera manglicola 0 0 0 1 0.16 0.07 3 0.50 .23

Anguillospora sp. 1 0.16 0.08 2 0.32 0.14 0 0 0

Ascochyta sp. 1 0.16 0.08 3 0.48 0.21 2 0.33 0.16

Bathyascus tropicalis 3 0.48 0.24 2 0.32 0.14 1 0.17 0.08

Biatriospora marina 2 0.32 0.16 3 0.48 .21 2 0.33 0.16

Ceriosporopsis halima 4 0.64 0.31 4 0.64 0.28 10 1.65 0.79

Corollospora filiformis 15 2.39 1.18 14 2.25 0.99 16 2.64 1.27

Corollospora pseudopulchella 0 0 0 1 0.16 0.07 0 0 0

Cirrenalia basiminuta 8 1.28 0.63 13 2.09 0.92 10 1.65 0.79

Cirrenalia fusca 4 0.64 0.31 3 0.48 0.21 6 0.99 0.48

Cirrenalia macrocephala 7 1.12 0.55 8 1.29 0.56 7 1.16 0.56

Cirrenalia pygmea 52 8.29 4.09 65 10.47 4.56 52 8.58 4.14

Cladosporium sp. 1 0.16 0.08 3 0.48 0.21 1 0.17 0.08

Dactylospora haliotrepha 27 4.31 2.12 49 7.89 3.45 43 10.40 5.02

Dryosphaera tropica 1 0.16 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0

Dendryphiella salina 8 1.20 0.63 6 0.97 0.42 4 0.66 0.32

Halocyphina villosa 211 33.67 16.54 169 27.21 11.90 65 10.73 5.18

Halosarpheia abonnis 4 0.64 0.31 10 1.51 0.70 14 2.31 1.11

Halosarpheia
Halosphaeria hamata
hamata 1 0.16 0.08 3 0.48 0.21 13 2.15 1.14

Halosarpheia marina 197 31.27 15.45 187 30.11 13.17 193 32.07 15.45

Halosarpheia minuta 6 0.96 0.47 14 2.25 0.99 3 0.50 0.23

Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 3 0.48 0.24 13 2.09 0.92 14 2.31 1.11

Halosarpheia retorquens 17 2.71 1.33 12 1.93 0.85 11 1.08 0.88

Halosarpheia viscosa 14 2.23 1.10 9 1.45 0.63 11 1.08 0.88

Halosphaeria cucullata 1 0.16 0.08 2 0.32 0.14 1 0.17 0.08

Marine Fungi of Kerala 208
Halorosellinia oceanica 11 1.75 0.86 9 1.45 0.63 9 1.49 0.72

Koralionastes sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.17 0.08

Leptosphaeria australiensis 23 3.67 1.80 44 7.09 3.10 28 4.62 2.22

Lignincola laevis 30 4.78 2.35 44 7.09 3.10 47 7.76 3.74

Lignincola longirostris 4 0.64 0.31 0 0 0 1 0.17 0.08

Lignincola tropica 1 0.16 0.08 1 0.16 0.07 4 0.66 0.32

Lulworthia grandispora 62 9.89 4.86 102 16.42 7.18 109 17.99 8.68

Lulworthia sp.I 30 4.78 2.35 29 4.67 2.04 31 5.12 2.47

Lindra hawaiiensis 17 2.71 1.33 12 1.93 0.85 16 2.64 1.27

Lulworthia sp.II 6 0.96 0.47 9 1.45 0.63 3 0.50 0.23

Lulworthia sp.III 2 0.32 0.16 1 0.16 0.07 5 0.83 0.40

Manglicola sp. 0 0 0 1 0.16 0.07 1 0.17 0.08

Marinosphaera mangrovei 98 15.63 7.69 91 14.65 6.41 89 14.60 7.09

Ocostaspora apilongissima 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.33 0.16

Payosphaeria minuta 0 0 0 1 0.16 0.07 1 0.17 0.08

Periconia prolifica 49 7.81 3.84 58 9.34 4.08 31 5.12 2.47

Pleospora pelagica 1 0.16 0.08 4 0.64 0.28 2 0.33 0.16

Phialophorophoma litoralis 4 0.64 0.31 4 0.64 0.28 2 0.33 0.16

Phoma sp. 5 0.80 0.39 8 1.29 0.56 2 0.33 0.16

Phomopsis sp. 0 0 0 1 0.16 0.07 0 0 0

Savoryella lignicola 58 9.25 4.55 73 11.76 5.14 75 12.38 5.97

Savoryella paucispora 11 1.75 0.86 15 2.42 1.07 8 1.32 0.63

Salsuginea ramicola 1 0.16 0.08 1 0.16 0.07 0 0 0

Savoryella sp. I 0 0 0 2 0.32 0.14 1 0.17 0.08

Savoryella sp. II 0 0 0 1 0.16 0.07 0 0 0

Trichocladium alopallonellum 8 1.28 0.63 10 1.61 0.70 19 3.14 1.51

Trichocladium sp. 3 0.48 0.24 2 0.32 0.14 1 0.17 0.08

Unidentified anamorph I 2 0.32 0.16 2 0.32 0.14 0 0 0

Unidentified ascomycete I 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.17 0.08

Unidentified ascomycete II 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.17 0.08

Unidentified ascomycete III 1 0.16 0.08 5 0.81 0.35 7 1.16 0.56

Unidentified ascomycete IV 3 0.48 0.24 1 0.16 0.07 0 0 0

Unidentified ascomycete V 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.17 0.08

Unidentified ascomycete VI 2 0.32 0.16 1 0.16 0.07 0 0 0

Unidentified ascomycete VII 0 0 0 1 0.16 0.07 1 0.17 0.08

Unidentified ascomycete VIII 0 0 0 2 0.32 0.16 1 0.17 0.17

Verruculina enalia 23 3.67 1.80 35 5.63 2.16 40 6.60 3.18

Zalerion maritimum 8 1.28 0.63 5 0.81 0.35 10 1.65 0.80

Zalerion varium 14 2.23 1.10 18 2.90 1.27 21 3.47 1.67

Zalerion sp. 1 0.16 0.08 0 0 0 1 0.17 0.08

Total isolates 1275 1420 1256

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained during a
season divided by total number of wood samples collected during that particular season x 100.
** Percent relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained during a season
divided by total number of fungal isolates obtained during that season.
 209 Quantitative Observations
Table 6. List of marine fungi isolated from Acanthus ilicifolius with number of iso-
lates obtained during monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons and total
number of isolates of each species with percent frequency of occurrence & percent
relative abundance
* **
Name M PM PrM TOTAL
FO RA
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 29 35 29 93 40.97 19.46
Aniptodera sp.I 1 1 0 2 0.88 0.42
Ascochyta sp. 0 1 0 1 0.44 0.21
Cirrenalia basiminuta 0 0 1 1 0.44 0.21
Cirrenalia fusca 2 1 2 5 2.20 1.05
Cirrenalia macrocephala 2 1 0 3 1.32 0.63
Cirrenalia pygmea 11 9 5 25 11.01 5.23
Dactylospora haliotrepha 1 0 1 2 0.88 0.42
Dendryphiella salina 1 1 0 2 0.88 0.42
Halosphaeria hamata
Halosarpheia hamata 0 0 1 1 0.44 0.21
Halosarpheia marina 24 34 29 87 38.33 18.20
Halosarpheia minuta 0 4 2 6 2.64 1.26
Halorosellinia oceanica 1 0 0 1 0.44 0.21
Halosarpheia retorquens 4 1 1 6 2.64 1.26
Halosarpheia viscosa 5 2 6 13 5.73 2.72
Leptosphaeria australiensis 6 15 5 26 11.45 5.44
Lulworthia grandispora 0 2 2 4 1.76 0.84
Lindra hawaiiensis 3 4 5 12 5.28 2.51
Lignincola laevis 5 12 14 31 13.66 6.49
Lignincola longirostris 2 0 0 2 0.88 0.42
Lulworthia sp.I 6 2 11 19 8.37 3.97
Lulworthia sp.II 0 4 1 5 2.20 1.05
Marinosphaera mangrovei 10 13 0 23 10.13 4.81
Periconia prolifica 15 22 8 45 19.82 9.41
Phialophorophoma litoralis 0 1 0 1 0.44 0.21
Phoma sp. 0 2 0 2 0.88 0.42
Savoryella lignicola 9 21 13 43 18.94 8.99
Savoryella paucispora 0 1 0 1 0.44 0.21
Trichocladium alopallonellum 4 1 2 7 3.08 1.46
Trichocladium sp. 0 0 1 1 0.44 0.21
Unidentified ascomycete IV 1 0 0 1 0.44 0.21
Zalerion maritimum 0 1 0 1 0.44 0.21
Zalerion varium 1 0 5 6 2.64 1.26
TOTAL 143 191 144 478

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained from Acanthus
ilicifolius divided by number of Acanthus ilicifolius wood samples (227) supporting marine fungi x 100
** Percent relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of particular species obtained from Acanthus
ilicifolius divided by total number of fungal isolates on Acanthus ilicifolius wood samples (478) x 100
Marine Fungi of Kerala 210
Table 7. List of marine fungi isolated from Avicennia with number of isolates obtained
during monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons and total number of isolates
of each species with percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance

* **
Name M PM PrM TOTAL
FO RA
Aigialus grandis 1 0 0 1 0.30 0.13
Aigialus mangrovei 0 1 1 2 0.60 0.26
Aigialus parvus 2 6 1 9 2.74 1.16
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 27 23 19 69 21.04 8.87
Aniptodera haispora 0 2 1 3 0.60 0.39
Aniptodera longispora 1 0 0 1 0.30 0.13
Aniptodera salsuginosa 1 0 0 1 0.30 0.13
Aniptodera sp. II 0 1 0 1 0.30 0.13
Ascochyta sp. 0 0 1 1 0.30 0.13
Bathyascus tropicalis 3 1 1 5 1.50 0.64
Biatriospora marina 0 1 1 2 0.60 0.26
Ceriosporopsis halima 1 0 0 1 0.30 0.13
Cirrenalia basiminuta 2 4 2 8 2.40 1.03
Cirrenalia fusca 1 1 1 3 0.90 0.39
Cirrenalia macrocephala 1 2 1 4 1.20 0.51
Cirrenalia pygmea 7 9 10 26 7.93 3.34
Cladosporium sp. 0 1 0 1 0.30 0.13
Dactylospora haliotrepha 4 5 12 21 6.40 2.70
Halocyphina villosa 62 44 11 117 35.67 15.02
Halosarpheia abonnis 0 4 3 7 2.13 0.90
Halosphaeriahamata
Halosarpheia hamata 1 2 3 6 1.83 0.77
Halosarpheia marina 41 29 41 111 33.84 14.25
Halosarpheia minuta 3 2 0 5 1.5 0.64
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 0 2 2 4 1.2 0.51
Halosarpheia retorquens 4 4 2 10 3.3 1.28
Halosarpheia viscosa 5 1 1 7 2.13 0.90
Halorosellinia oceanica 2 2 5 9 2.70 1.16
Lignincola leavis 10 9 7 26 7.93 3.34
Lignincola longirostris 1 0 0 1 0.30 0.13
 211 Quantitative Observations

Lignincola tropica 0 0 1 1 0.30 0.13

Lulworthia grandispora 10 20 30 60 18.29 7.70
Lulworthia sp. I 5 6 7 18 5.49 2.31
Lindra hawaiiensis 6 4 2 12 3.66 1.54
Lulworthia sp. II 2 2 0 4 1.22 0.51
Marinosphaera mangrovei 22 17 35 74 22.56 9.50
Payosphaeria minuta 0 0 1 1 0.30 0.13
Pleospora pelagica 1 4 2 7 2.13 0.90
Periconia prolifica 8 9 6 23 7.01 2.95
Phialophorophoma litoralis 1 0 0 1 0.30 0.13
Phoma sp. 1 1 0 2 0.60 0.26
Savoryella lignicola 13 14 21 48 14.63 6.16
Savoryella paucispora 5 2 2 9 2.74 1.16
Salsuginea ramicola 1 1 0 2 0.60 0.26
Savoryella sp. I 0 0 1 1 0.30 0.13
Trichocladium alopallonellum 0 1 2 3 0.90 0.39
Trichocladium sp. 0 2 0 2 0.60 0.26
Unidentified ascomycete I 1 1 0 2 0.60 0.26
Unidentified ascomycete III 0 1 1 2 0.60 0.26
Unidentified ascomycete IV 0 1 0 1 0.30 0.13
Unidentified ascomycete V 0 0 1 1 0.30 0.13
Unidentified ascomycete VI 0 1 0 1 0.30 0.13
Unidentified ascomycete VII 0 1 1 2 0.60 0.26
Verruculina enalia 6 6 13 25 7.62 3.21
Zalerion maritimum 1 1 1 3 0.90 0.39
Zalerion varium 3 4 3 10 3.00 1.28
Zalerion sp. 1 0 1 2 0.60 0.26
TOTAL 267 255 257 779

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained from Avicennia
divided by number of Avicennia wood samples (328) x 100
** Percent relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of particular species obtained from Avicennia
divided by total number of fungal isolates on Avicennia wood samples (779) x 100
Marine Fungi of Kerala 212
Table 8. List of marine fungi isolated from Bruguiera with number of isolates obtained
during monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon season and total number of isolates
of each species with percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance.
* **
Name M PM PrM TOTAL
FO RA
Aigialus grandis 1 0 0 1 0.34 0.15
Aigialus mangrovei 0 2 0 2 0.68 0.29
Aigialus parvus 1 0 1 2 0.68 0.29
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 25 24 26 75 25.77 10.93
Aniptodera longispora 0 2 0 2 0.68 0.29
Aniptodera mangrovei 1 0 1 2 0.68 0.29
Aniptodera salsuginosa 1 0 0 1 0.34 0.15
Ascocratera manglicola 0 0 2 2 0.68 0.29
Biatriospora marina 0 1 1 2 0.68 0.29
Cirrenalia basiminuta 1 2 2 5 1.72 0.73
Cirrenalia fusca 0 0 1 1 0.34 0.15
Cirrenalia macrocephala 1 0 1 2 0.68 0.29
Cirrenalia pygmea 5 16 8 29 9.97 4.23
Cladosporium sp. 1 2 1 4 1.37 0.58
Dactylospora haliotrepha 5 12 4 21 7.22 3.06
Dendryphiella salina 3 2 1 6 2.06 0.87
Halocyphina villosa 54 41 12 107 36.77 15.60
Halosarpheia abonnis 1 0 1 2 0.68 0.29
Halosphaeriahamata
Halosarpheia hamata 0 1 4 5 1.72 0.73
Halosarpheia marina 42 31 28 101 34.71 14.72
Halosarpheia minuta 1 5 1 7 2.41 1.02
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 0 0 2 2 0.68 0.29
Halosarpheia retorquens 5 2 2 9 3.09 1.31
Halosarpheia viscosa 1 2 2 5 1.72 0.73
Halorosellinia oceanica 2 1 0 3 1.03 0.44
Leptosphaeria australiensis 8 8 6 22 7.56 3.21
Lignincola leavis 2 10 11 23 7.90 3.35
Lignincola longirostris 1 0 0 1 0.34 0.15
Lignincola tropica 0 0 1 1 0.34 0.15
 213 Quantitative Observations

Lulworthia grandispora 6 21 17 44 15.12 6.41

Lulworthia sp. I 5 9 6 20 6.80 2.92
Lindra hawaiiensis 5 0 1 6 2.06 0.87
Lulworthia sp. II 3 2 1 6 2.06 0.87
Marinosphaera mangrovei 20 18 17 55 18.90 8.02
Periconia prolifica 10 9 8 27 9.28 3.94
Phialophorophoma litoralis 0 1 0 1 0.34 0.15
Phoma sp. 0 1 0 1 0.34 0.15
Savoryella lignicola 9 11 18 38 13.06 5.54
Savoryella paucispora 3 2 1 6 2.06 0.87
Trichocladium alopallonellum 1 2 5 8 7.75 1.17
Unidentified ascomycete III 0 0 2 2 0.68 0.29
Unidentified ascomycete VI 2 0 0 2 0.68 0.29
Unidentified ascomycete VIII 0 0 1 1 0.34 0.15
Verruculina enalia 4 7 5 16 5.50 2.33
Zalerion maritimum 0 0 4 4 1.37 0.58
Zalerion varium 0 3 1 4 1.37 0.58
TOTAL 230 250 206 686

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained from Bruguiera
divided by number of Bruguiera wood samples (291) x 100
** Percent relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of particular species obtained from Bruguiera
divided by total number of fungal isolates on Bruguiera wood samples (686) x 100
Marine Fungi of Kerala 214
Table 9. Marine fungi isolated from driftwood with number of isolates obtained during
monsoon, post-monsoon & pre-monsoon season and total number of isolates of each
species with percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance
* **
Name M PM PrM TOTAL
FO RA
Aigialus grandis 1 0 1 2 1.57 0.94
Aigialus parvus 0 0 1 1 0.79 0.47
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 6 4 8 18 14.17 8.49
Antennospora quadricornuta 6 10 5 21 16.57 9.91
Antennospora salina 1 1 2 4 3.15 1.89
Arenariomyces majusculus 2 0 1 3 2.36 1.42
Arenariomyces trifurcatus 4 3 2 9 7.09 4.25
Biatriospora marina 1 0 0 1 0.79 0.47
Corollospora filiformis 6 2 1 9 7.09 4.25
Cirrenalia fusca 0 0 1 1 0.79 0.47
Ceriosporopsis halima 1 1 0 2 1.57 0.94
Cirrenalia macrocephala 0 0 1 1 0.79 0.47
Cirrenalia pygmea 2 2 4 8 6.30 3.77
Dactylospora haliotrepha 0 1 1 2 1.57 0.94
Halocyphina villosa 2 4 5 11 8.66 5.19
Halosarpheia marina 6 6 8 20 15.79 9.43
Halosarpheia minuta 1 0 0 1 0.79 0.47
Halosphaeria cucullata 0 0 1 1 0.79 0.47
Halorosellinia oceanica 1 3 2 6 7.75 2.83
Leptosphaeria australiensis 1 1 1 3 2.36 1.42
Lignincola leavis 3 2 4 9 7.09 4.25
Lignincola tropica 0 1 0 1 0.79 0.47
Lulworthia grandispora 4 6 4 14 11.02 6.60
Lulworthia sp. I 0 0 1 1 0.79 0.47
Lindra hawaiiensis 0 0 1 1 0.79 0.47
Lulworthia sp. III 1 0 2 3 2.36 1.42
Marinosphaera mangrovei 3 3 3 9 7.10 4.25
Periconia prolifica 2 1 1 4 3.15 1.89
Savoryella lignicola 6 8 9 23 18.11 10.85
Savoryella paucispora 0 2 0 2 1.57 0.94
Trichocladium alopallonellum 0 0 2 2 1.57 0.94
Unidentified ascomycete III 0 0 2 2 1.57 0.94
Unidentitifed ascomycete VIII 0 2 0 2 1.57 0.94
Verruculina enalia 0 2 3 5 3.94 2.36
Zalerion maritimum 3 0 0 3 2.36 1.42
Zalerion varium 3 3 1 7 5.51 3.30
TOTAL 66 68 78 212

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained from drift
wood divided by number of drift wood samples (127) x 100
**Percent relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of particular species obtained from drift wood
divided by total number of fungal isolates on drift wood samples (212) x 100
 215 Quantitative Observations
Table 10. List of marine fungi isolated from intertidal wood with number of isolates
obtained during monsoon, post-monsoon andpre-monsoon season and total number
of isolates of each species with percent frequency of occurrence and percent rela-
tive abundance
* * ****
Name M PM PrM TOTAL FO RA
FO RA
Aigialus grandis 0 1 2 3 0.53 0.27
Aigialus mangrovei 1 1 1 3 0.53 0.27
Aigialus parvus 0 3 3 6 1.06 0.54
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 41 33 36 110 19.43 9.99
Aniptodera haispora 0 1 1 2 0.36 0.09
Aniptodera salsuginosa 0 0 1 1 0.18 0.09
Aniptodera sp. I 0 1 0 1 0.18 0.09
Aniptodera sp. II 0 0 1 1 0.18 0.09
Antennospora quadricornuta 11 18 16 45 7.95 4.09
Antennospora salina 0 2 0 2 0.36 0.18
Arenariomyces trifurcatus 0 1 3 4 0.71 0.36
Anguillospora sp. 1 2 0 3 0.53 0.27
Ascochyta sp. 1 2 0 3 0.53 0.27
Bathyascus tropicalis 0 1 0 1 0.18 0.09
Biatriospora marina 0 1 0 1 0.18 0.09
Ceriosporopsis halima 0 1 4 5 0.88 0.45
Cirrenalia basiminuta 3 4 4 11 1.94 1.00
Cirrenalia fusca 0 0 1 1 0.18 0.09
Cirrenalia macrocephala 3 4 3 10 1.80 0.91
Cirrenalia pygmea 23 17 19 59 10.42 5.36
Dactylospora haliotrepha 9 20 15 44 7.77 4.00
Dryosphaera navigans 1 0 0 1 0.18 0.09
Dendryphiella salina 4 2 2 8 1.41 0.73
Halocyphina villosa 52 47 24 123 21.73 11.17
Halosarpheia abonnis 1 2 2 5 0.88 0.45
Halosarpheia hamata
Halosphaeria hamata 0 0 2 2 0.36 0.18
Halosarpheia marina 54 53 57 164 28.98 14.90
Halosarpheia minuta 1 2 0 3 0.53 0.27
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 1 4 2 7 5.51 0.64
Halosarpheia retorquens 3 5 4 12 2.12 1.09
Halosarpheia viscosea 2 2 1 5 0.88 0.45
Halosphaeria cucullata 1 0 0 1 0.18 0.09
Halorosellinia oceanica 3 2 1 6 1.06 0.54
Koralionastes sp. 0 0 1 1 0.18 0.09
Leptosphaeria australiensis 5 7 11 23 4.06 2.09
Marine Fungi of Kerala 216
Lignincola leavis 8 8 6 22 3.89 2.00
Lignincola tropica 0 0 1 1 0.18 0.09
Lulworthia grandispora 28 34 27 89 15.72 8.08
Lulworthia sp.I 13 11 7 31 5.48 2.82
Lindra hawaiiensis 3 3 1 7 1.24 0.64
Lulworthia sp. II 0 0 1 1 0.18 0.09
Lulworthia sp.III 1 1 3 5 0.88 0.45
Marinosphaera mangrovei 34 27 21 82 14.49 7.45
Payosphaeria minuta 0 1 0 1 0.18 0.09
Periconia prolifica 13 14 8 35 6.18 3.18
Phialophorophoma litoralis 3 2 1 6 1.06 0.54
Phomopsis sp. 0 1 0 1 0.18 0.09
Phoma sp. 4 2 2 8 1.41 0.73
Savoryella lignicola 17 13 11 41 7.24 3.72
Savoryella paucispora 3 6 2 11 1.94 1.00
Savoryella sp. I 0 1 0 1 0.18 0.09
Savoryella sp. II 0 1 0 1 0.18 0.09
Trichocladium alopallonellum 3 6 6 15 2.65 1.36
Trichocladium sp. 3 0 0 3 0.53 0.27
Unidentified anamorph I 1 1 0 2 0.36 0.18
Unidentified ascomycete I 0 0 1 1 0.18 0.09
Unidentified ascomycete II 0 1 0 1 0.18 0.09
Unidentified ascomycete III 1 3 0 4 0.72 0.36
Unidentified ascomycete IV 2 0 0 2 0.36 0.18
Verruculina enalia 6 13 9 28 4.95 2.54
Zalerion maritimum 3 0 5 8 1.48 0.73
Zalerion varium 4 6 7 17 3.00 1.54
TOTAL 371 394 336 1101

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained from
intertidal wood samples divided by number of intertidal wood samples (566) x 100
** Percent relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of particular species obtained from intertidal
wood samples divided by total number of fungal isolates on intertidal wood samples (1101) x 100
 217 Quantitative Observations
Table 11. List of marine fungi isolated from Rhizophora with number of isolates
obtained during monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon season and total number
of isolates of each species with percent frequency of occurrence and percent rela-
tive abundance
** **
**
Name M PM PrM TOTAL FO
FO RA
RA
Aigialus grandis 6 8 7 21 9.25 3.71
Aigialus mangrovei 1 4 1 6 2.64 1.06
Aigialus parvus 6 11 8 25 11.01 4.42
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 22 7 6 35 15.42 6.18
Aniptodera mangrovei 0 1 0 1 0.44 0.18
Aniptodera haispora 0 1 1 2 0.88 0.35
Aniptodera sp. I 0 1 0 1 0.44 0.18
Ascocratera manglicola 0 1 1 2 0.88 0.35
Ascochyta sp. 0 0 1 1 0.44 0.18
Biatriospora marina 1 0 0 1 0.44 0.18
Cirrenalia basiminuta 2 3 1 6 2.64 1.06
Cirrenalia fusca 1 1 0 2 0.88 0.35
Cirrenalia macrocephala 0 1 1 2 0.88 0.35
Cirrenalia pygmea 4 12 5 21 9.25 3.71
Dactylospora haliotrepha 8 11 10 29 12.78 5.12
Dendryphiella salina 0 1 1 2 0.88 0.35
Halocyphina villosa 41 33 13 87 38.33 15.37
Halosarpheia abonnis 2 4 8 14 6.17 2.47
Halosphaeria hamata
Halosarpheia hamata 0 0 3 3 1.32 0.53
Halosarpheia marina 29 32 28 89 39.20 15.72
Halosarpheia minuta 0 1 0 1 0.44 0.18
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 2 7 8 17 7.49 3.00
Halosarpheia retorquens 1 0 2 3 1.82 0.53
Halosarpheia viscosa 1 2 1 4 1.76 0.71
Halorosellinia oceanica 2 1 0 3 1.32 0.53
Leptosphaeria australiensis 3 13 5 21 9.29 3.71
Lignincola leavis 2 3 5 10 4.41 1.77
Lignincola longirostris 0 0 1 1 0.44 0.18
Lignincola tropica 1 0 1 2 0.88 0.35
Lulworthia grandispora 11 16 26 53 23.35 9.36
Marine Fungi of Kerala 218

Lulworthia sp.I 1 0 0 1 0.44 0.18

Lindra hawaiiensis 0 1 6 7 3.08 1.24
Lulworthia sp. II 1 1 0 2 0.88 0.35
Manglicola sp. 0 1 1 2 0.88 0.35
Marinosphaera mangrovei 9 13 13 35 15.42 6.18
Ocostaspora apilongissima 0 0 2 2 0.88 0.35
Periconia prolifica 1 3 0 4 1.76 0.71
Phialophorophoma litoralis 0 0 1 1 0.44 0.18
Phoma sp. 0 2 0 2 0.88 0.35
Savoryella lignicola 3 3 2 8 3.52 1.41
Savoryella paucispora 0 2 3 5 2.20 0.88
Savoryella sp. I 0 1 0 1 0.44 0.18
Trichocladium alopallonellum 0 0 1 1 0.44 0.18
Unidentified ascomycete III 0 1 1 2 0.88 0.35
Verruculina enalia 7 7 10 24 10.57 4.24
Zalerion maritimum 0 3 0 3 1.32 0.53
Zalerion varium 1 0 0 1 0.44 0.18
TOTAL 169 213 184 566
* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained from
Rhizophora divided by number of Rhizophora wood samples (227) x 100
** Percent relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of particular species obtained from Rhizophora
divided by total number of fungal isolates on Rhizophora wood samples (566) x 100
 219 Quantitative Observations
Table 12. List of marine fungi isolated from sand-buried wood with number of iso-
lates obtained during monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon season and total
number of isolates of each species with percent frequency of occurrence and per-
cent relative abundance

** **
**
Name M PM PrM TOTAL FO RA
FO RA
Aigialus parvus 0 2 1 3 3.45 2.32
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 0 2 2 4 4.6 3.1
Antennospora quadricornuta 1 8 2 11 12.64 8.53
Antennospora salina 1 2 0 3 3.45 2.32
Arenariomyces majusculus 0 1 1 2 2.3 1.55
Arenariomyces trifurcates
us 9 7 9 25 28.74 19.38
Ceriosporopsis halima 2 2 6 10 11.49 7.75
Corollospora filiformis 9 12 15 36 41.38 27.91
Corollospora pseudopulchella 0 1 0 1 1.45 0.78
Cirrenalia pygmea 0 0 1 1 1.45 0.78
Halosphaeria cucullata 0 2 0 2 2.3 1.55
Halosphaeria marina 0 2 3 5 5.75 3.88
Halorosellinia oceanica 0 0 1 1 1.45 0.78
Lulworthia grandispora 3 3 3 9 10.34 6.98
Savoryella lignicola 1 3 1 5 5.75 3.88
Trichocladium alopallonellum 0 0 1 1 1.45 0.78
Unidentified ascomycete III 0 0 1 1 1.45 0.78
Zalerion maritimum 1 0 0 1 1.45 0.78
Zalerion varium 2 2 4 8 9.2 6.2
TOTAL 29 49 51 129

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained from sand-
buried wood samples divided by number of sand-buried wood samples (87) x 100
**Percent Relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of particular species obtained from sand-buried
wood samples divided by total number of fungal isolates on sand-buried wood samples (129) x 100
Marine Fungi of Kerala 220
Table 13. List of species of marine fungi isolated from shore-line locations (Category
A) along with percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance of each
species

Name
No. of ** ****
isolates
Isolates FO
FO RA
RA
Aigialus parvus 01 0.60 0.40
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 19 11.45 7.63
Antennospora quadricornuta 42 25.30 16.87
Antennospora salina 08 4.82 3.21
Arenariomyces majusculus 02 1.20 0.80
Arenariomyces parvulus 03 1.81 1.20
Arenariomyces trifurcatus 16 9.64 6.43
Biatriospora marina 01 0.60 0.40
Ceriosporopsis halima 06 3.61 2.41
Corollospora filiformis 26 15.66 10.44
Corollospora pseudopulchella 01 0.60 0.40
Cirrenalia macrocephala 01 0.60 0.40
Cirrenalia pygmea 02 1.20 0.80
Dactylospora haliotrepha 05 3.01 2.01
Halocyphina villosa 03 1.81 1.20
Halosarpheia marina 12 7.23 4.82
Halosphaeria cucullata 01 0.60 0.40
Halorosellinia oceanica 01 0.60 0.40
Koralionastes sp. 01 0.60 0.40
Leptosphaeria australiensis 01 0.60 0.40
Lignincola laevis 04 2.41 1.61
Lulworthia grandispora 23 13.86 9.24
Lulworthia sp.III 06 3.61 2.41
Marinosphaera mangrovei 05 3.01 2.01
Periconia prolifica 07 4.22 2.81
Savoryella lignicola 22 13.25 8.84
Trichocladium alopallonellum 06 3.61 2.41
Unidentified ascomycete III 02 1.20 0.80
Unidentified ascomycete VIII 02 1.20 0.80
Verruculina enalia 04 2.41 1.60
Zalerion maritimum 04 2.41 1.61
Zalerion varium 12 7.23 4.82
* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species divided by total
number of wood samples collected from shore-line sites (Category-A) = (166) supporting marine fungi x 100
** Percent relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of particular species divided by total number of
isolates obtained from wood samples collected from shore-line sites (Category-A) = (249) x 100
 221 Quantitative Observations
Table 14. List of species of marine fungi isolated from shore-line locations (Category
B) along with percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance of each
species

Name
No.
No. of
of ** ****
isolates
Isolates FO
FO RA
RA
Aigialus grandis 02 1.09 0.65
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 24 13.11 7.82
Antennospora quadricornuta 35 19.13 11.40
Antennospora salina 01 0.55 0.33
Arenariomyces majusculus 03 1.64 0.98
Arenariomyces trifurcatus 22 12.02 7.17
Ceriosporopsis halima 09 4.92 2.93
Corollospora filiformis 19 10.38 6.19
Cirrenalia fusca 02 1.09 0.65
Cirrenalia pygmea 11 6.01 3.58
Dactylospora haliotrepha 07 3.83 2.28
Halocyphina villosa 24 13.11 7.82
Halosarpheia abonnis 01 0.55 0.33
Halosarpheia marina 28 15.30 9.12
Halosarpheia minuta 01 0.55 0.33
Halosphaeria cucullata 03 1.64 0.98
Halorosellinia oceanica 07 3.83 2.28
Leptosphaeria australiensis 06 3.28 1.95
Lignincola laevis 09 4.92 2.93
Lignincola tropica 02 1.09 0.65
Lulworthia grandispora 26 14.21 8.47
Lulworthia sp. I 02 1.09 0.65
Lindra hawaiiensis 01 0.55 0.33
Marinosphaera mangrovei 10 5.46 3.26
Periconia prolifica 06 3.28 1.96
Savoryella lignicola 21 11.48 6.86
Savoryella paucispora 04 2.19 1.30
Savoryella sp. II 01 0.55 0.33
Trichocladium alopallonellum 03 1.64 0.98
Unidentified ascomycete III 02 1.09 0.65
Verruculina enalia 05 2.73 1.63
Zalerion maritimum 03 1.64 0.98
Zalerion varium 07 3.83 2.28

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained from shoreline
sites (category-B) divided by total number of wood samples (183) supporting marine fungi collected from
category-B locations x 100
** Percent relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of particular species obtained from shoreline
sites (category-B) divided by total number of fungal isolates obtained from shore-line (category-B) locations
(307) x 100
Marine Fungi of Kerala 222
Table 15. List of species of marine fungi isolated from estuarine locations along with
percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance of each species
No. of of
Number ** ** **
Name
isolates
Isolates FO
FO RARA
Aigialus grandis 14 1.49 0.63
Aigialus mangrovei 8 0.85 0.36
Aigialus parvus 28 2.99 1.25
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 220 23.48 9.85
Aniptodera haispora 1 0.11 0.045
Aniptodera longispora 3 0.32 0.13
Aniptodera mangrovei 2 0.21 0.09
Aniptodera salsuginosa 1 0.11 0.045
Aniptodera sp. I 3 0.32 0.13
Aniptodera sp. II 1 0.11 0.045
Ascocratera manglicola 4 0.43 0.18
Ascochyta sp. 1 0.11 0.045
Bathyascus tropicalis 6 0.64 0.27
Biatriospora marina 6 0.64 0.27
Ceriosporopsis halima 3 0.32 0.13
Cirrenalia basiminuta 19 2.03 0.85
Cirrenalia fusca 8 0.85 0.36
Cirrenalia macrocephala 9 0.96 0.40
Cirrenalia pygmea 86 9.18 3.85
Cladosporium sp. 1 0.11 0.045
Dactylospora haliotrepha 72 7.68 3.22
Dryosphaera tropicalis 1 0.11 0.045
Dendryphiella salina 5 0.53 0.22
Halocyphina villosa 283 30.20 12.67
Halosarpheia abonnis 18 1.92 0.81
Halosphaeria hamata
Halosarpheia hamata 17 1.81 0.76
Halosarpheia marina 364 38.85 16.29
Halosarpheia minuta 15 1.60 0.67
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 14 1.49 0.63
Halosarpheia retorquens 32 3.42 1.43
Halosarpheia viscosa 23 2.45 1.03
Halorosellinia oceanica 14 1.49 0.63
Leptosphaeria australiensis 66 7.04 2.95
Lignincola laevis 75 8.00 3.36
Lignincola longirostris 3 0.32 0.13
Lignincola tropica 2 0.21 0.09
Lulworthia grandispora 171 18.25 7.65
Lulworthia sp.I 44 4.70 1.97
Lindra hawaiiensis 27 2.88 1.21
Lulworthia sp.II 14 1.71
1.71 0.72
 223 Quantitative Observations

Lulworthia sp.III 02 0.21 0.09

Manglicola sp. 02 0.21 0.09
Marinosphaera mangrovei 176 18.78 7.88
Ocostaspora apilongissima 02 0.21 0.09
Payosphaeria minuta 02 0.21 0.09
Pleospora pelagica 06 0.64 0.27
Periconia prolifica 81 8.64 3.63
Phialophorophoma litoralis 05 0.53 0.22
Phoma sp. 09 0.96 0.40
Savoryella lignicola 88 9.39 3.94
Savoryella paucispora 19 2.03 0.85
Salsuginea ramicola 01 0.11 0.045
Savoryella sp. I 02 0.21 0.09
Trichocladium alopallonellum 28 2.99 1.25
Trichocladium sp. 05 0.53 0.22
Unidentified ascomycete I 01 0.11 0.045
Unidentified ascomycete III 07 0.75 0.31
Unidentified ascomycete V 01 0.11 0.45
Unidentified ascomycete VI 03 0.32 0.13
Unidentified ascomycete VII 02 0.21 0.09
Unidentified ascomycete VIII 01 0.11 0.045
Verruculina enalia 57 6.08 2.55
Zalerion maritimum 16 1.71 0.72
Zalerion varium 33 3.42 1.43
Zalerion sp. 02 0.21 0.09

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained from all
estuaries divided by total number of wood samples (937) supporting marine fungi collected from all estuaries
x 100
** Percent Relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of particular species obtained from all estuaries
divided by total number of fungal isolates (2234) obtained from all estuaries x 100
Marine Fungi of Kerala 224
Table 16. List of species of marine fungi isolated from backwater locations along with
percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance of each species
No. of of
Number * * ** **
Name FO
isolates
Isolates FO RARA
Aigialus grandis 9 3.90 1.44
Aigialus mangrovei 3 1.30 0.48
Aigialus parvus 12 5.19 1.92
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 70 30.30 11.18
Aniptodera mangrovei 01 0.43 0.16
Aniptodera salsuginosa 02 0.87 0.32
Aniptodera haispora 04 1.73 0.64
Aniptodera sp. I 01 0.43 0.16
Cirrenalia basiminuta 12 5.19 1.92
Cirrenalia macrocephala 02 0.87 0.32
Cirrenalia pygmea 36 15.58 5.75
Cladosporium sp. 02 0.87 0.32
Dactylospora haliotrepha 23 9.96 3.67
Halocyphina villosa 95 41.13 15.18
Halosarpheia abonnis 07 3.02 1.12
Halosarpheia marina 86 37.23 13.74
Halosarpheia minuta 06 2.60 0.96
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 13 5.63 2.08
Halosarpheia retorquens 02 0.87 0.32
Halosarpheia viscosa 11 4.76 1.76
Halorosellinia oceanica 07 3.03 1.12
Leptosphaeria australiensis 12 5.19 1.92
Lignincola laevis 24 10.39 3.83
Lulworthia grandispora 29 12.55 4.63
Lulworthia sp.I 03 1.30 0.48
Lindra hawaiiensis 17 7.36 2.72
Lulworthia sp.II 04 1.73 0.64
Marinosphaera mangrovei 31 13.42 4.95
Periconia prolifica 25 10.82 3.99
Savoryella lignicola 47 20.35 7.51
Savoryella paucispora 06 2.60 0.96
Savoryella sp. I 01 0.43 0.16
Unidentified ascomycete II 01 0.43 0.16
Unidentified ascomycete VI 01 0.43 0.16
Verruculina enalia 21 9.09 3.35

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained from all
backwater locations divided by total number of wood samples (231) supporting marine fungi collected from
all backwater locations x 100
** Percent relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of particular species obtained from all backwater
locations divided by total number of isolates (626) obtained from all backwater locations x 100
 225 Quantitative Observations
Table 17. List of species of marine fungi isolated from inland brackish water locations along
with percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance of each species

Name
No. of of
Number ** ****
isolates
Isolates FO
FO RA
RA
Aigialus grandis 03 1.38 0.67
Aigialus mangrovei 02 0.92 0.44
Aigialus parvus 02 0.92 0.44
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 58 26.61 12.86
Aniptodera haispora 02 0.92 0.44
Aniptodera sp. II 01 0.46 0.22
Anguillospora sp. 03 1.38 0.67
Ascochyta sp. 05 2.29 1.11
Cirrenalia fusca 03 1.38 0.67
Cirrenalia macrocephala 10 4.59 2.22
Cirrenalia pygmea 19 8.72 4.21
Cladosporium sp. 02 0.92 0.44
Dendryphiella salina 13 5.96 2.88
Halocyphina villosa 39 17.89 8.65
Halosarpheia abonnis 02 0.92 0.44
Halosarpheia marina 75 35.40 16.63
Halosarpheia minuta 01 0.46 0.22
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis 03 1.38 0.67
Halosarpheia retorquens 06 2.75 1.33
Dadylospora haliotrepha 12 5.50 2.66
Leptosphaeria australiensis 10 4.59 2.22
Lignincola laevis 09 4.13 2.00
Lignincola longirostris 02 0.92 0.44
Lignincola tropica 02 0.92 0.44
Lulworthia grandispora 21 9.63 4.66
Lulworthia sp.I 22 10.09 4.88
Marinosphaera mangrovei 35 16.06 7.76
Pleospora pelagica 01 0.46 0.22
Periconia prolifica 19 8.72 4.21
Phialophorophoma litoralis 05 2.29 1.11
Phoma sp. 06 2.75 1.33
Phomopsis sp. 01 0.46 0.22
Savoryella lignicola 28 12.84 6.21
Savoryella paucispora 05 2.29 1.11
Salsuginea ramicola 01 0.46 0.22
Trichocladium sp. 01 0.46 0.22
Unidentified ascomycete III 02 0.46 0.22
Unidentified ascomycete IV 04 1.83 0.89
Unidentified anamorph 04 1.83 0.89
Verruculina enalia 11 5.05 2.44
Zalerion varium 01 0.46 0.22

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained from all
inland brackish water locations divided by total number of wood samples (218) supporting marine fungi
collected from all inland brackish water locations x 100
** Percent relative abundance (RA) = Number of a isolates of particular species obtained from all inland
brackish water locations divided by total number of fungal isolates (451) obtained from all inland brackish
water locations x 100
Marine Fungi of Kerala 226
Table 18. List of species of marine fungi isolated from coir-retting fields along with
percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance of each species
Number
No. of of ** **
**
Name FO RA
isolates
Isolates FO RA
Aniptodera chesapeakensis 13 10.92 15.48
Cirrenalia pygmea 15 12.61 17.86
Halocyphina villosa 01 0.84 1.19
Halosarpheia marina 12 10.08 14.29
Lulworthia grandispora 03 2.52 3.57
Lulworthia sp.I 19 15.97 22.62
Marinosphaera mangrovei 21 17.65 25

* Percent frequency of occurrence (FO) = Number of isolates of a particular species obtained from all coir-
retting fields divided by total number of wood samples (119) collected from all coir-retting fields (119) x 100
** Percent Relative abundance (RA) = Number of isolates of particular species obtained from all coir-retting
fields divided by total number of fungal isolates obtained from all coir-retting fields (84) x 100
 227 Quantitative Observations
Table 19. Occurrence of species of marine fungi on different locations
Total No.
of

Mah-B
Mah-A
Dha-A

Kad-A

Kad-B
Dha-B
Tly-A

Tly-C
Tly-B
locations

Vad
Bek

Pad

Eda
Che
Kav
Bey
Tik
Azi

Val
Name of the fungus where the
species
occured
Aigialus grandis         8

Aigialus mangrovei       6

Aigialus parvus         8

Aniptodera chesapeakensis                    19

Aniptodera longispora   2

Aniptodera mangrovei     4

Aniptodera salsuginosa   2

Aniptodera haispora   2

Aniptodera sp. I   2

Aniptodera sp. II   2

Antennospora quadricornuta       6

Antennospora salina    3

Arenariomyces majusculus     4

Arenariomyces parvulus  1

Arenariomyces trifurcatus       6

Ascocratera manglicola   2

Anguillospora sp.  1

Ascochyta sp.    3

Bathyascus tropicalis   2

Biatriospora marina     4

Ceriosporopsis halima         8

Corollospora filiformis       6

Corollospora pseudopulchella  1

Cirrenalia basiminuta       6

Cirrenalia fusca     4

Cirrenalia macrocephala         8

Cirrenalia pygmea                   18

Cladosporium sp.    3

Dactylospora haliotrepha                 16

Dryosphaeria tropicalis  1

Dendryphiella salina     4

Halocyphina villosa                15

Halosarpheia abonnis          9

Halosphaeira hamata    3

Halosarpheia marina                   18

Halosarpheia minuta        7

Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis          9

Halosarpheia retorquens       6

Halorosellinia oceanica         8
 Marine Fungi of Kerala 228
Total No.
of

Mah-B
Mah-A
Dha-A

Kad-A

Kad-B
Dha-B
Tly-A

Tly-C
Tly-B
locations

Vad
Bek

Pad

Kav

Eda
Che
Bey
Tik
Azi

Val
Name of the fungus where the
species
occured
Koralionastes sp.  1

Leptosphaeria australiensis              13

Lignincola laevis                15

Lignincola longirostris     4

Lignincola tropica     4

Lulworthia grandispora                  17

Lulworthia sp.I                15

Lindra hawaiiensis         8

Lulworthia sp.II       6

Lulworthia sp.III    3

Manglicola sp.   2

Marinosphaera mangrovei                  18

Ocostaspora apilongissima   2

Payosphaeria minuta   2

Pleospora pelagica     4

Periconia prolifica                 16

Phialophorophoma litoralis     4

Phoma sp.I      5

Phomopsis sp.  1

Savoryella lignicola                 16

Savoryella paucispora             12

Salsuginea ramicola   2

Savoryella sp. I   2

Savoryella sp. II  1

Trichocladium alopallonellum           10

Trichocladium sp.    3

Unidentified ascomycete I  1

Unidentified ascomycete II  1

Unidentified ascomycete III          9

Unidentified ascomycete IV  1

Unidentified ascomycete V  1

Unidentified ascomycete VI   2

Unidentified ascomycete VII   2

Unidentified ascomycete VIII   2

Unidentified anamorph  1

Verruculina enalia               14

Zalerion maritimum       6

Zalerion varium             12

Zalerion sp.  1

Total number of species

obtained from each location 19 22 26 25 27 18 29 50 39 40 26 26 32 26 32 31 7 5 5
 229 Quantitative Observations
Table 20. Occurrence of species of marine fungi on different wood types
No. of wood types
Name of the Fungi ACN AVI BRU DRW INT RHI SBI on which the
species occurred
Aigialus grandis      5
Aigialus mangrovei     4
Aigialus parvus      5
Aniptodera chesapeakensis        7
Aniptodera longispora   2
Aniptodera mangrovei   2
Aniptodera salsuginosa    3
Aniptodera haispora    3
Aniptodera sp. I    3
Aniptodera sp. II   2
Antennospora quadricornuta    3
Antennospora salina    3
Arenariomyces majusculus   2
Arenariomyces parvulus  1
Arenariomyces trifurcatus    3
Ascocratera manglicola   2
Anguillospora sp.  1
Ascochyta sp.     4
Bathyascus tropicalis   2
Biatriospora marina      5
Ceriosporopsis halima     4
Corollospora filiformis   2
Corollospora pseudopulchella  1
Cirrenalia basiminuta      5
Cirrenalia fusca       6
Cirrenalia macrocephala       6
Cirrenalia pygmea        7
Cladosporium sp.   2
Dactylospora haliotrepha       6
Dryosphaeria tropicalis  1
Dendryphiella salina     4
Halocyphina villosa      5
Halosarpheia abonnis     4
Halosphaeriahamata
Halosarpheia hamata      5
Halosarpheia marina        7
Halosarpheia minuta       6
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis     4
Halosarpheia retorquens      5
Halosarpheia viscosa      5
Marine Fungi of Kerala 230
No. of wood types
Name of the Fungi ACN AVI BRU DRW INT RHI SBI on which the
species occurred
Halosphaeria cucullata    3
Halorosellinia oceanica        7
Koralionastes sp.  1
Leptosphaeria australiensis      5
Lignincola laevis       6
Lignincola longirostris     4
Lignincola tropica      5
Lulworthia grandispora        7
Lulworthia sp.I       6
Lindra hawaiiensis       6
Lulworthia sp.II      5
Lulworthia sp. III    3
Manglicola sp.  1
Marinosphaera mangrovei       6
Ocostaspora apilongissima  1
Payosphaeria minuta   2
Pleospora pelagica  1
Periconia prolifica       6
Phialophorophoma litoralis .      5
Phoma sp.      5
Phomopsis sp.  1
Savoryella lignicola        7
Savoryella paucispora       6
Salsuginea ramicola  1
Savoryella sp. I    3
Savoryella sp. II  1
Trichocladium alopallonellum        7
Trichocladium sp.    3
Unidentified ascomycete I  1
Unidentified ascomycete II  1
Unidentified ascomycete III       6
Unidentified ascomycete IV    3
Unidentified ascomycete V  1
Unidentified ascomycete VI   2
Unidentified ascomycete VII  1
Unidentified ascomycete VIII   2
Unidentified anamorph   2
Verruculina enalia      5
Zalerion maritimum        7
Zalerion varium        7
Zalerion sp.  1
Total number of species obtained
33 56 46 36 62 48 19
from each types of wood
 231 Quantitative Observations
Table 21. Occurrence of species of marine fungi in different types of water bodies

Shoreline No. of types of

Shoreline Inland Coir
locations Back water bodies in
Name of the fungus locations Estuaries b
Brackish retting
(B- waters which the species
(A-category) w
Waters field
category) occurred

Aigialus grandis     4
Aigialus mangrovei    3
Aigialus parvus     4
Aniptodera chesapeakensis       6
Aniptodera haispora    3
Aniptodera longispora  1
Aniptodera mangrovei   2
Aniptodera salsuginosa   2
Aniptodera sp. I   2
Aniptodera sp. II   2
Antennospora quadricornuta   2
Antennospora salina   2
Arenariomyces majusculus   2
Arenariomyces parvulus  1
Arenariomyces trifurcatus   2
Ascocratera manglicola  1
Anguillospora sp.  1
Ascochyta sp.   2
Bathyascus tropicalis  1
Biatriospora marina   2
Ceriosporopsis halima    3
Corollospora filiformis   2
Corollospora pseudopulchella  1
Cirrenalia basiminuta   2
Cirrenalia fusca    3
Cirrenalia macrocephala     4
Cirrenalia pygmea       6
Cladosporium sp.    3
Dactylospora haliotrepha      5
Dryosphaera tropicalis  1
Dendryphiella salina   2
Halocyphina villosa      5
Halosarpheia abonnis     4
Halosphaeriahamata
Halosarpheia hamata  1
Halosarpheia marina       6
Halosarpheia minuta     4
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis    3
Halosarpheia retorquens    3
Halosarpheia viscose   2
Halosphaeria cucullata   2
Marine Fungi of Kerala 232
Halorosellinia oceanica     4
Koralionastes sp.  1
Leptosphaeria australiensis      5
Lignincola laevis      5
Lignincola longirostris   2
Lignincola tropica   2
Lulworthia grandispora       6
Lulworthia sp. I     4
Lindra hawaiiensis    3
Lulworthia sp. II   2
Lulworthia sp. III   2
Manglicola sp.  1
Marinosphaera mangrovei       6
Ocostaspora apilongissima  1
Payosphaeria minuta  1
Pleospora pelagica   2
Periconia prolifica      5
Phialophorophoma litoralis   2
Phoma sp.   2
Phomopsis sp.  1
Savoryella lignicola      5
Savoryella paucispora     4
Salsuginea ramicola  1
Savoryella sp. I   2
Savoryella sp. II  1
Trichocladium alopallonellum    3
Trichocladium sp.   2
Unidentified ascomycete I  1
Unidentified ascomycetes II  1
Unidentified ascomycete III     4
Unidentified ascomycete IV  1
Unidentified ascomycete V -
Unidentified ascomycete VI   2
Unidentifiedascomycete VII  1
Unidentified ascomycete VIII   2
Unidentified anamorph  1
Verruculina enalia      5
Zalerion maritimum    3
Zalerion varium     4
Zalerion sp.  1
Total number of species obtained
32 31 63 34 41 7
from each type of water body
 233 Quantitative Observations
Table 22. Occurrence of species of marine fungi during different seasons

Number of seasons
Post- Pre-
Name of the fungus Monsoon in which the
monsoon monsoon
species appeared
Aigialus grandis    3
Aigialus mangrovei    3
Aigialus parvus    3
Aniptodera chesapeakensis    3
Aniptodera haispora   2
Aniptodera longispora   2
Aniptodera mangrovei    3
Aniptodera salsuginosa  1
Aniptodera sp. I   2
Aniptodera sp. II   2
Antennospora quadricornuta    3
Antennospora salina    3
Arenariomyces majusculus    3
Arenariomyces parvulus   2
Arenariomyces trifurcatus    3
Ascocratera manglicola   2
Anguillospora sp.   2
Ascochyta sp.    3
Bathyascus tropicalis    3
Biatriospora marina    3
Ceriosporopsis halima    3
Corollospora filiformis    3
Corollospora pseudopulchella  1
Cirrenalia basiminuta    3
Cirrenalia fusca    3
Cirrenalia macrocephala    3
Cirrenalia pygmea    3
Cladosporium sp.    3
Dactylospora haliotrepha    3
Dryosphaera tropicalis  1
Dendryphiella salina    3
Halocyphina villosa    3
Halosarpheia abonnis    3
Halosphaeria hamata
Halosarpheia hamata    3
Halosarpheia marina    3
Halosarpheia minuta    3
Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis    3
Halosarpheia retorquens    3
Halosarpheia viscosa    3
Halosphaeria cucullata    3
Halorosellinia oceanica    3
Koralionastes sp.  1
Leptosphaeria australiensis     3
Marine Fungi of Kerala 234
Lignincola laevis    3
Lignincola longirostris   2
Lignincola tropica    3
Lulworthia grandispora    3
Lulworthia sp. I    3
Lindra hawaiiensis    3
Lulworthia sp. II    3
Lulworthia sp. III    3
Manglicola sp.    3
Marinosphaera mangrovei    3
Ocostaspora apilongissima   2
Payosphaeria minuta    3
Pleospora pelagica    3
Periconia prolifica    3
Phialophorophoma litoralis    3
Phoma sp.    3
Phomopsis sp.    3
Savoryella lignicola    3
Savoryella paucispora    3
Salsuginea ramicola   2
Savoryella sp. I   2
Savoryella sp. II  1
Trichocladium alopallonellum    3
Trichocladium sp.    3
Unidentified ascomycete I  1
Unidentified ascomycetes II  1
Unidentified ascomycete III    3
Unidentified ascomycete IV   2
Unidentified ascomycete V  1
Unidentified ascomycete VI   2
Unidentified ascomycete VII   2
Unidentified ascomycete VIII   2
Unidentified anamorph   2
Verruculina enalia    3
Zalerion maritimum    3
Zalerion varium    3
Zalerion sp.   2
Total number of species obtained in
67 72 69
each season
 235 Quantitative Observations
Table 23. Average isolates per wood sample in various locations
T o ta l
L o c a tio n s T o ta l iso la te s w ood
sa m p le s
B ekkal 85 55 1 .5 5
T ik k o d i 103 68 1 .5 1
P a rap p an a n g a d i 61 43 1 .4 2
A z h ik k a l 167 79 2 .1 1
D h arm ad a m -A 80 58 1 .3 8
B ey p o re 60 46 1 .4 3
Va la p a tta n a m 230 104 2 .2 1
T e llic h e rr y - A 805 327 2 .4 6
T e llic h e rr y - B 329 122 2 .7 0
T e llic h e rr y - C 419 171 2 .4 5
M a h e- A 274 135 2 .0 3
K a d a lu n d i- A 177 78 2 .2 7
K avvai 302 111 2 .7 5
C h e ttu v a 324 120 2 .7 0
E dakkad 266 130 2 .0 4
Va d ak a ra 185 88 2 .1 0
D h a r m a d a m -B 43 48 0 .9 0
M ahe -B 21 37 0 .5 7
K a d a lu n d i- B 20 34 0 .5 9
T O TA L 3951 1854 2 .1 3

Table 24. Average isolates per wood sample in different wood type

Total Average isolates per

Wood Type Total isolates wood samples wood sample
Rhizophora 566 227 2.49
Avicennia 779 328 2.38
Bruguiera 686 291 2.36
Acanthus ilicifolius 478 228 2.10
Intertidal wood 1101 566 1.92
Drift wood 212 127 1.67
Sand-buried intertidal
Sandburied intertidalwood
wood 129 87 1.48
TOTAL
Total 3951 1854 2.13
Marine Fungi of Kerala 236
Table 25. Average isolates per wood sample in different water bodies

Total isolates Total Average isolates per wood

Type of water body wood samples sample
Shoreline locations (A -category) 249 166 1.50

Shoreline locations (B -category) 307 186 1.65

Estuaries 2234 937 2.38

Back waters 616 231 2.67

Inland brackish waters 451 218 2.07
Coir-retting fields
Coir 84 119 0.71

Table 26. Average isolates per wood samples in three seasons

Se aso n To ta l iso la te s To ta l Av era g e iso lates p e r

w o o d sa m p les w o o d sa m p le
M o n so o n 1275 630 2 .0 2
Po st m o n so o n 1420 619 2 .2 9
Pre- m o n so o n 1256 605 2 .0 8

Table 27. Average isolates per wood sample in different locations in different seasons
L o c atio n s M o n so o n P o st - m o n so o n P re - m o n so o n
B ek k a l 1 .5 5 1 .6 7 1 .3 3
T ikk o d i 1 .4 4 1 .5 8 1 .5
P a rap p an a ng a d i 1 .4 2 1 .4 7 1 .3 8
A z hik k al 1 .6 8 2 .7 1 1 .9 7
D h arm ad a m
m- A 1 .2 1 1 .3 5 1 .5 8
B ey p o re 1 .3 1 1 .3 5 1 .2 5
Va lap attan am 2 .3 8 2 .4 1 1 .6 8
Tellich e rry - A 2 .4 2 .6 6 2 .3 1
Tellich e rry - B 2 .6 1 2 .9 1 2 .5 5
Tellich e rry - C 2 .4 2 2 .6 6 2 .2 8
M a he - A 2 .0 3 2 .1 7 1 .8 8
K a da lun d i -A 2 .4 0 2 .4 6 2 .0 6
K a vv a i 2 .5 3 3 2 .7 3
C h ettu v a 2 .4 2 2 .9 8 2 .5 9
E d a k k ad 1 .7 6 2 .0 4 2 .3 7
Va d ak a ra 1 .7 6 2 .0 7 2 .5 6
D h arm ad a m - B 0 .8 2 1 .0 5 0 .7 1
M a he -B 0 .8 0 .4 4 0 .1 3
K a da lun d i -B 1 .1 0 .6 0 .2 1
T O TA L 2 .0 2 2 .2 9 2 .0 8
 237 Quantitative Observations
Table 28. Shannon index and simpson index for the 19 locations

S h an o n in d ex , S im p so n in d ex ,
L o c a tio n
H' D'

A z h ik k a l 2 .7 01 5 0 .0 75 5 7 5
B ek k a l 2 .4 82 2 0 .1 06 7 2 3
B ey p o re 3 .1 35 6 0 .0 33 3 3 3
C h ettu v a 2 .7 66 8 0 .0 81 4 3 9
D h a rm a d am -A 3 .0 56 7 0 .0 45 1 6 7
D h a rm a d am -B 1 .7 43 0 0 .1 74 9 7 2
Edakkad 2 .9 90 8 0 .0 71 5 5 1
K avvai 2 .9 88 7 0 .0 68 9 5 8
K a d alu n d i -A 2 .8 65 6 0 .0 68 3 1
K a d alu n d i -B 1 .5 84 2 0 .1 68 4 2 1
M a h e -A 2 .8 68 7 0 .0 68 5 5 4
M a h e -B 1 .4 48 2 0 .2 23 8 1
P ara p p a n an g ad i 2 .6 71 3 0 .0 65 0 2 7
Te llich e rrry - A 2 .9 60 0 0 .0 80 0 7 6
Te llich e rry - B 2 .8 19 2 0 .0 98 8 2 9
Te llich e rry - C 3 .0 99 3 0 .0 61 8 4
Tik k o d i 2 .8 99 9 7 2 0 .0 59 6 0 4
Va d a k ara 2 .8 33 1 0 .0 83 8 3 1
Va la p atta n a m 2 .8 98 9 0 .0 70 4 6 7

Table 29. Shannon index and simpson index for the 6 types of water bodies

S h an o n S im p so n
Ty p e o f w a te r b o d y
in d ex , H ' in d ex , D '
1 . S h o re lin e site s A 2 .7 36 4 2 0 .0 84 7
2 . S h o re lin e site s B 3 .0 41 4 7 6 0 .0 58 5
3 . E stu arie s 3 .0 75 5 0 2 0 .0 73 9
4 . B a ck w a te rs 2 .9 15 4 3 9 0 .0 75 4
5 . B ra c k ish w aters 3 .0 31 2 4 5 0 .0 74 5
6 . C o ir-rettin g field 1 .7 28 9 2 2 0 .1 81 6
Marine Fungi of Kerala 238

Table 30. Influence of water bodies, wood types, and seasons on the distribution of a
species as revealed by Logistic Regression Analysis.

Influence of parameters2
Species1
Water body Wood type Season

Aigialus grandis + + +

Aigialus parvus + + -

Aniptodera chesapeakensis - + -

Antennospora quadricornuta + - -

Antennospora salina + - -

Arenariomyces trifurcatus + + +

Ceriosporopsis halima - + +

Cirrenalia fusca + - -

Dactylospora haliotrepha + + -

Halocyphina villosa + + +

Halosarpheia viscosa - + -

Halosarpheia abonnis + + -

Halosarpheia marina + - -

Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis + - -

Halosarpheia minuta - + -

Leptosphaeria australiensis + - -

Lignincola laevis - + -

Lulworthia grandispora + + -

Lulworthia sp 1 - + -

Marinosphaera mangrovei + - -

Periconia prolifica - + -

Savoryella lignicola - + -

Verruculina enalia + + -

1
23 species were not considered for the analysis because of insufficient number of isolates obtained. Out of
the remaining 57 species, only those species which are significantly influenced by any one of the selected
three parameters are listed here.
2
A ‘+’ sign indicates significant influence of the parameter at 1% level (P<0.01)]
 239

DISCUSSION

Floristic novelties
During the course of this study eighty species of marine fungi were collected from differ-
ent parts of coastal Kerala. Of these eighty species, 61 were ascomycetes, one was a basidi-
omycete and 18 species were mitosporic fungi. Out of these eighty species, all except the twelve
species recorded by Prasannarai & Sridhar (2001) from Bekkal and Kovalam are new records
for the Kerala coast. The following 8 genera are new to the list of marine fungi known from India:
Lindra, Koralionastes, Manglicola, Dendriphiella, Phialophorophoma, Payosphaeria,
Salsuginea and Anguillospora. Aniptodera salsuginosa and Cirrenalia fusca are new records
for India.

Species Diversity and Composition

Aniptodera chesapeakensis was the only fungus that was obtained from all the 19
locations. Cirrenalia pygmea, Halosarpheia marina and Marinosphaera mangrovei were
obtained from 18 locations. In contrast, Arenariomyces parvulus, Anguillospora sp,
Corollospora pseudopulchella, Dryosphaera tropicalis, Koralionastes sp, Phomopsis sp.,
Savoryella sp. II, Unidentified ascomycete I, Unidentified ascomycete II, Unidentified asco-
mycete V, Unidentified anamorph and Zalerion sp. were obtained from any single location only.

Aniptodera chesapeakensis, Cirrenalia pygmea, Halosarpheia marina,

Halorosellinia oceanica, Lulworthia grandispora, Savoryella lingnicola, Zalerion maritimum
and Zalerion varium were obtained from all the wood types examined. Sixteen species were
obtained only from any one wood type.

Aniptodera chesapeakensis, Cirrenalia pygmea, Halosarpheia marina, Lulworthia

grandispora and Marinosphaera mangrovei were obtained from all the types of water bodies.
In contrast, 21 species were obtained only from any one type of water body.

Highest number of species (65) was obtained from intertidal wood and lowest (19) from
sand-buried wood. Amongst the mangrove woods, Acanthus twigs yielded the lowest number
of species (33). Highest number of species was obtained from estuaries (63) and lowest from
coir-retting fields (7).

Shannon index was highest for estuaries and lowest for coir-retting fields. Simpson
index was highest for coir-retting fields and lowest for shoreline site B.

Species diversity therefore was found to be highest in estuaries as both Shannon index
and the number of species obtained were highest for that type of water body. Species diversity
was lowest in coir-retting field.

The numbers of species obtained in each season were also remarkably similar further
proving the lack of influence of seasonal changes on marine fungi.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 240

Highest number of species was obtained from Tellicherry-A (50 species) followed by
Tellicherry-C (40 species) and Tellicherry-B (39 species). In contrast, 7 species or less only
were obtained from Dharmadam-B, Mahe-B and Kadalundi-B. All the other locations yielded
numbers between 18 and 32.

Shannon index was highest for Beypore (3.1356), closely followed by Tellicherry
(3.0993) and Dharmadam-A (3.0567). For the three coir-retting locations, Dharmadam-B,
Kadalundi-B, and Mahe-B, the Shannon indices were less than two. For all other locations the
indices were between 2 and 3.

Simpson index was lowest for Beypore followed by Dharmadam-A (0.045167) and
Tikkody (0.059604). The highest value of Simpson index was obtained for Mahe-B (0.22381)
followed by Dharmadam-B (0.174972) and Kadalundi-B (0.168421), which were all coir-
retting fields.

These values of both Shannon index and Simpson index indicate that species diversity is
highest at Beypore and is remarkably low at Dharmadam-B, Kadalundi-B and Mahe-B.

Although the species diversity was highest at Beypore, as indicated by the highest Shan-
non index value and lowest Simpson index value, highest number of species was obtained from
Tellicherry-A. This is because maximum collections were made from Tellicherry-A.

The very low species diversity of marine fungi observed at Dharmadam-B, Kadalundi-B
and Mahe-B can be easily explained. These locations are coir-retting fields that are highly
polluted and anoxic.

Population density of marine fungi

Average isolates per wood sample was calculated for each location, each type of water
body, each type of wood and for each season and it is taken as a measure of the population
density of marine fungi.

Amongst the 19 locations, highest value for average isolates per wood sample was ob-
tained form Kavvai closely followed by Chettuva and Tellicherry-B. Least isolates per wood
sample was obtained from Mahe-B with Dharmadam-B and Kadalundi-B (all coir retting fields)
also showing strikingly similar values.

Average isolates per wood sample was highest for Rhizophora wood (2.49) and lowest
for sand-buried wood (1.48). Average isolates per wood sample was highest at backwaters
(2.67) and was least at coir-retting fields (0.71). The numbers of average isolates per wood
sample were almost the same in all the three seasons indicating that seasonal charges have only
very limited influence on the population density of marine fungi in the Kerala coastal waters.

The observations on species diversity and population density on different locations, wood
types and water bodies indicate that highest species diversity and highest population density
need not go together. For example, species diversity was highest at Beypore while population
density was highest at Kawai.

The explanation given earlier for the least species diversity in the coir retting fields is
applicable for the least population density seen at these sites.
 241 Discussion
While seasonal influence was negligible on the population density of marine fungi in the
study area as a whole, it was not so in some particular locations. For example, in the coir retting
fields Mahe-B and Kadalundy-B, the population density doubled during the monsoon season.
This could be due to the flushing action of the monsoonal showers on these water bodies, which
brings down the level of pollution.

Frequency and relative abundance of species

In terms of overall percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance,
Halosarpheia marina emerged as the most dominant, followed by Halocyphina villosa,
Aniptodera chesapeakensis, Marinosphaera mangrovei, Lulworthia grandispora and
Savoryella lignicola. Only these six species had percent frequency of occurrence above 10
and percent relative abundance above 5. In contrast, Corollospora pseudopulchella,
Dryosphaera tropicalis, Koralionastes sp., Phomopsis sp., Savoryella sp. II, Unidentified
ascomycetes I, II and V were represented by a single isolate each and hence their percent
frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance were lowest (less than 0.05 and 0.03
respectively).

At the level of individual locations, however, the ascending order of the values of both
the percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance of each species were differ-
ent. For example, in the case of Halosarpheia marina, which showed the highest overall per-
cent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance, had only 10th position at Bekkal.

The percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance of individual spe-
cies at different seasons were remarkably similar in the case of most species. In a few cases,
however, some notable differences could be observed. For example, in the case of Halocyphina
villosa, the percent frequency of occurrence was 33.67 during monsoon season while it was just
10.73 in the pre-monsoon season.

With regard to the wood-type, the percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative
abundance of individual species exhibited notable differences in most cases. For example, the
percent frequency of occurrence of Aniptodera chesapeakensis was 40.97 on Acanthus twigs
while it was just 4.6 on sand-buried wood.

In the case of different types of water bodies also, the frequency and relative abundance
of individual species were remarkably different. For example, Aniptodera chesapeakensis had
a percent frequency of occurrence 30.3 in backwaters while the value was just 10.92 in coir-
retting fields.

Influence of water body, wood, and season on the occurrence of

individual species
Out of the 57 fungal species subjected to logistic regression analysis, the occurrence of
only twenty three fungi were found significantly influenced by any one or all the three predictor
variables considered (type of water body, type of wood and season). The occurrence of only
three species, i.e. Aigialus grandis, Arenariomyces trifurcatus and Halocyphina villosa were
found significantly influenced by the type of water body, type of wood and the season. Out of the
remaining 20 species, the occurrence of 12 species, i.e. Aigialus parvus, Dactylospora
haliotrepha, Halosarpheia abonnis, Halosarpheia marina, Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis,
Marine Fungi of Kerala 242
Antennospora quadricornuta, A. salina, Leptosphaeria australiensis, Lulworthia
grandispora, Marinosphaera mangrovei, Verruculina enalia, and Cirrenalia pygmea was
found to be significantly influenced by the type of water body. Thus, the distribution of a total of
15 species was found significantly influenced by the type of water body.

The occurrence of 16 species, i.e. Aigialus grandis, Aigialus parvus, Aniptodera

chesapeakensis, Arenariomyces trifurcatus, Ceriosporopsis halima, Dactylospora
haliotrepha, Halosarpheia viscosa, Halosarpheia abonnis, Halosarpheia minuta, Lignincola
laevis, Lulworthia grandispora, Lulworthia sp. I, Savoryella lignicola, Verruculina enalia,
Halocyphina villosa and Periconia prolifica were found to be significantly influenced by the
type of wood. The occurrences of only four species were found significantly influenced by the
season and these species are the following: Aigialus grandis, Arenariomyces trifurcatus,
Ceriosporopsis halima and Halocyphina villosa. Among the three parameters considered, it
was season that had the least influence on the occurrence of marine fungi in Kerala.

Ecological observations on individual species

Aigialus grandis

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus during the present study was
1.51. This is much less than the percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus reported by
Borse (1988) from Maharashtra (6.8%) and by Hyde & Jones (1989a) from Seychelles (3.95%).
Jones & Kuthubutheen (1989), however, reported a lower percent frequency (0.16%) of oc-
currence of this fungus from Malaysian coast.

Aigialus mangrovei

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus during this study was 0.70. It
seems that A. mangrovei prefers to colonize on mangrove plant materials and to grow in water
bodies having an intermediate salinity conditions. Leong, Tan & Jones (1991), Hyde (1988a)
and Borse (1988) isolated this species from mangrove material. Borse (l.c.) could collect this
species only from a mangrove site and adjacent non-mangrove sites did not yield it. The very
low percentage of occurrence of this species indicates that it is rather rare in Kerala coast.
Leong, Tan & Jones (1991), however, found it to be frequent in Singapore.

Aigialus parvus

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this species in the present study was
2.32. Borse (1988) reported a similar overall percentage of occurrence of this fungus in coastal
waters of Maharashtra (2.38), while Jones & Kuthubutheen (1989) reported a lower percent-
age from Malaysia (1.44%). Most of the wood samples that yielded A. parvus were collected
from backwaters (13 out of 43), which indicate a preference for this habitat. In contrast, wood
samples collected from beach sites were totally devoid of this species. Borse (1988) also ob-
served that the occurrence of this species in beach sites was very poor.

Aniptodera chesapeakensis

Aniptodera chesapeakensis was the most frequently encountered fungus during the
present study. It was observed on almost all types of substrates examined although the majority
 243 Discussion
of isolates were from Acanthus twigs. Similarly it was observed on all kinds of water bodies
studied, although, highest isolates were obtained from backwaters. Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer
(1979) observed the capacity of this species to tolerate a wide range of salinity and the present
data confirm their observations. The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus dur-
ing the present study was 21.79. Hyde (1990a) and Borse (1988) found the overall percent
frequency of occurrence of this fungus as 2.8 and 1.8 respectively. Compared to those values,
the percentage found in the present study is extremely high.

Aniptodera haispora

Out of the 19 collection sites, this fungus was obtained from only three sites. Out of the
total wood samples examined, only 7 were found to harbour this species. The percent frequency
of occurrence of this species observed in the present study was 0.38.

Aniptodera longispora

During the present study, this species was isolated from only 3 wood samples. The
samples were dead and decaying wood of Avicennia and Bruguiera. Out of the 19 collection
sites only two yielded this species and the percent frequency of occurrence was just 0.16. It
seems to be very rare in Kerala. According to Hyde (1990a), the percentage of occurrence of
this species in Brunei was 0.4.

Aniptodera mangrovei

In the present study, this species was observed in only 3 wood samples of which 2 were
Bruguiera and the remaining one belonged to Rhizophora. The percentage of occurrence of
this species in the present study was 0.16, which is the lowest value reported so far from any
region. The previously reported percentages were: Philippines – 0.75 (Jones, Uyenco &Follosco,
1988); Brunei – 2.8 (Hyde, 1990a); Seychelles – 3.7-6.7 (Hyde & Jones, 1989a) and Malaysia
– 1.44 (Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989). Of the 3 wood samples that supported the growth of this
species, 2 were from estuaries and 1 from backwater. Jones, Uyenco & Follosco (1988) ob-
served that this species could tolerate a wide range of salinity (10.2-27.2%).

Aniptodera salsuginosa

This species seems to be very rare in the Kerala coastal waters. It appeared only thrice
during the entire period of this study. Out of the 19 collection sites, this species was obtained
from only two sites. The percent frequency of occurrence during the present study was 0.16.

Anitpodera sp. I

The percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the Kerala coastal waters was only
on 0.22% and it was obtained from only four wood samples.

Aniptodera sp. II

This species of Aniptodera seems to be a rarely occurring fungus in the coastal waters
of Kerala. The overall percent frequency of occurrence was only 0.11.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 244
Antennospora quadricornuta

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this species in the present study was 4.15.
Koch (1982) reported a high percent of frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the coastal
waters of Sri Lanka (18.75%). Lower percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus was
reported from the coastal waters of Singapore (3.3%) by Leong, Tan & Jones (1991) and from
the Malaysian waters (0.16%) by Jones & Kuthubutheen (1989).

Antennospora salina

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in Kerala coastal region was
0.49. Hyde & Jones (1989a) observed that the percentage of occurrence of this fungus was 2.1
in Seychelles. During the course of the present study, this arenicolous marine fungus was ob-
tained mainly from shoreline sites. It seems that high salinity is required for this fungus to grow as
no trace of this fungus was found on the wood samples collected during monsoon seasons.

Arenariomyces majusculus

Out of the 1854 wood samples examined, only 5 samples yielded this species and all
these 5 samples were from shoreline sites. The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this
species in this study was 0.27. The affinity of this species for a sandy habitat is evident from the
observation that even in shoreline sites, intertidal woods trapped in rocky regions never yielded
this species.

Arenariomyces parvulus

Out of the 19 collection sites, this species was isolated from wood samples obtained
from 2 shoreline sites. This is understandable as it is an arenicolous fungus growing on sand
grains or on wood buried in the intertidal region of sandy beaches. The overall percent fre-
quency occurrence of this species in the present study was 0.16.

Arenariomyces trifurcatus

As this species is an arenicolous species, during the present study, it was obtained mostly
from beach sites. Almost the same number of isolates of this species was collected in all the three
seasons, which indicates the absence of seasonal fluctuations. The overall percent frequency of
this species in this study was 2.05.

Ascocratera manglicola

In Kerala, this species appears to be a rarely occurring one and the overall percent
frequency of occurrence was just 0.22. During this study only 4 wood samples showed coloni-
zation by this species, but remarkably, all of them were mangrove woods. A low percentage of
occurrence of this species, was also reported by Jones & Hyde (1990). Kohlmeyer (1986),
however, stated that this species was one of the most common marine fungi. All previous reports
about this species showed that this species grew only on mangroves. The present study confirms
this observation.
 245 Discussion
Bathyascus tropicalis

According to Borse (1988), the percent frequency of occurrence of this species in the
Maharashtra coast was 0.88. During the present study, this species was collected from two sites
and the substrates were decaying wood of Avicennia and an unidentified intertidal wood. The
percent frequency occurrence was only 0.32 but it could be isolated in all three seasons although
the frequency of occurrence was less during the pre-monsoon season.

Biatriospora marina

During the present study, this fungus appeared only at four out of the 19 collection sites
and out of the 1854 wood samples examined, only seven were found inhabited by this species.
The overall percent frequency of occurrence was 0.38. It was found on decaying wood of
Rhizophora sp., Avicennia sp., Bruguiera cylindrica and on unidentified intertidal wood and
driftwood. Hyde and Borse (1986a) reported that this fungus had only “occasional occur-
rence”. A similar comment was made by Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1987a) who observed that
during their many years of research, B. marina was found only once.

Ceriosporopsis halima

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this species in the present study was only
0.97. Rees, Johnson & Jones (1979) reported a similar percentage of occurrence in Danish
coastal waters. The present study revealed that C. halima prefers shoreline waters than estuar-
ies, backwaters and brackish waters. The percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the
shoreline waters was 4%. A similar percentage was obtained by Borse (1988) during his study
conducted in the Maharashtra coast. The arenicolous habitat of this species, reported by several
earlier workers, was confirmed during the present study as well, because, out of the 18 isolates
obtained, 15 were from the shoreline sites and they showed a preference for sand-buried wood.

Corollospora filiformis

During the present study, the fungus was obtained from wood samples collected only
from shoreline sites indicating its arenicolous nature. The overall percent frequency of occur-
rence of this fungus in this study was 2.43. Most of the wood samples were sand-buried (36/45)
while the rest were unidentified driftwood (9/45). This fungus was isolated from wood samples
collected in all seasons.

Corollospora pseudopulchella

This arenicolous fungus was obtained only once from a sand-buried wood sample col-
lected from a shoreline site. Its percent frequency of occurrence was 0.05.

Dactylospora haliotrepha

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the Kerala coast was 6.42,
which is nearer to the percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus (6%) at Mexican waters as
reported by Hyde (1992d). The percent frequencies of occurrence of this fungus at two man-
groves of Seychelles were 7.2% and 3% respectively (Hyde & Jones, 1989a). A slightly higher
percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus (7.18%) was reported by Jones & Kuthubutheen
(1989) in the coastal waters of Malaysia while it was 7.1% in the coastal waters of Singapore
Marine Fungi of Kerala 246
(Leong, Tan & Jones (1991). Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones (1994) reported a lesser percent fre-
quency of occurrence of this fungus (5.74%) from the coastal water of Hong Kong. Still lesser
percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus was reported by Borse (1988) from Maharashtra
beaches (2.62%) and mangrove habitats (5.1%) and overall the percent frequency of occur-
rence in the Maharashtra coast was only 3.2% which is much less than that of Kerala coastal
waters.

Dryosphaera tropicalis

As this species was isolated only once during the entire period of this study, it seems to
be a very rare species. The Kerala collection was obtained from an unidentified, intertidal man-
grove wood collected from Tellicherry estuary. The overall percent frequency of occurrence of
this fungus was 0.05.

Halosarpheia abonnis

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in Kerala coast was 1.51,
which is nearer (1.08) to the percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the coastal waters
of Maharashtra (Borse, 1988). Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones (1994) reported a slightly higher per-
cent frequency of occurrence (2.45) in the coastal waters of Macau and Hong Kong. A much
less percent frequency of occurrence (0.32) was reported from the coastal waters of Malaysia
(Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989). A preference of this fungus for mangrove wood substrates was
observed during the present course of investigation.

Halosphaeria hamata

During the course of the present study, this fungus was obtained from 17 wood samples.
All those samples were collected from estuaries. The overall percent frequency of occurrence of
this fungus in the coastal waters of Kerala was 0.92. Although this fungus was reported to have
a wide range of salinity tolerance (Shearer, 1972), during the present study, majority of the
isolates were obtained (13 out of 17) from the wood samples collected during pre-monsoon
months.

Halosarpheia marina

Halosarpheia marina is one of the most prolific fungi in the Kerala coastal waters.
During this study, 558 wood samples were found to harbour this species and its overall percent
frequency of occurrence was 31.12. This is a remarkably high value and such abundance has not
been reported from other parts of the world. Interestingly, from the Maharashtra coast, Borse
(1988) reported an extremely low (0.44) overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus.
The highest overall percent frequency of occurrence reported previously for this fungus was 22.5
by Tan, Leong & Jones (1989). Also, during the present study, all the sites visited except one
(18 out of 19) yielded this fungus. This species could be collected in all the three seasons and did
not show any appreciable seasonal variation. All types of woods considered in this study yielded
this fungus. All types of mangrove woods yielded this species without indicating preferential
occurrence on any type. Apart from mangrove woods, unidentified intertidal wood, drift wood
and wood buried in sand also yielded this species but the number of isolates made from wood
buried in sand was very small. All types of water bodies including highly polluted coir-retting
fields yielded this species but the number of isolates obtained from shoreline sites was conspicu-
 247 Discussion
ously small indicating that it is sensitive to higher level of salinity. Also, the comparatively higher
number of isolates made from coir-retting fields indicates that this species can tolerate a high level
of pollution.

Halosarpheia minuta

The overall percent frequency of this fungus in the coastal waters of Kerala was 0.11,
which is much less compared to the overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in
Singapore which was 6.7 as reported by Leong et al. (1991). Jones & Kuthubutheen (1989)
reported a still lesser percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus (1.28%) in the coast of
Malaysia.

Halosarpheia ratnagiriensis

The overall percent colonization of this fungus in Kerala coastal waters was 1.62. An
almost similar percent frequency of occurrence was reported in the beach sites of Maharashtra
(1.3) while the percent frequency of occurrence at mangrove sites of Maharashtra was 4.3
(Borse, 1988), which is similar to the percent frequency of this fungus in Kerala backwaters.

Halosarpheia retorquens

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this species during this study was 2.16.
A lesser percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus was reported by Vrijmoed, Hyde &
Jones (1994) from Hong Kong & Macau while a higher percent frequency of occurrence
(15.63%) of this fungus was reported by Koch (1982) from Sri Lanka.

Halosarpheia viscosa

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus was 1.83. In the present
study, this species was obtained mostly from estuaries. Its preference to estuarine water was
also reported by Shearer (1972).

Halosphaeria cucullata

During the course of the present study, this fungus was isolated only from three wood
samples and the overall percentage of occurrence was 0.16. Two of the wood samples were
unidentified intertidal wood partially buried in sand and the third was driftwood. All the three
wood samples were obtained from shoreline sites. The observed habitat and substrates indicate
that this species could be arenicolous. Hyde (1988a) reported that the overall percentage of
occurrence of this species found during his studies on marine fungi of Brunei was 1.4.

Halorosellinia oceanica

This fungus seems to be one of the widely distributed fungi in the Kerala coastal waters.
Although this fungus was found in four types of water bodies, no isolates were obtained from the
wood samples collected from either inland brackish water sites or coir-retting fields. The overall
percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus was 1.56. The overall percent frequency of
occurrence of this fungus in the coastal waters of Karnataka was reported as only 0.6, by
Prasannarai & Sridhar (2001) which is much less than the percent frequency of occurrence
observed during the present study.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 248
Koralionastes sp.

This fungus appeared on a single wood sample with some calcareous materials attached
to it. Its overall percent frequency of occurrence was just 0.20.
Leptosphaeria australiensis
The overall percentage of occurrence of this species observed during the present study
(5.12) is comparable to that of the species in Hong Kong and Macau (4.09%) reported by
Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones (1994). Hyde & Jones (1989a) observed the percent frequency of
occurrence of this fungus in the coastal waters of Seychelles as 6.4. Borse (1988) obtained
lesser number of isolates of this species from beach sites and the present study supports that
observation.
Lignincola laevis
The overall percent frequency of occurrence of L. laevis in the present study was 6.53.
A somewhat similar overall percentage of occurrence of this species (5.42) was reported by
Jones & Kuthubutheen (1989) from Malaysia, while a much higher value (14%) was obtained
by Hyde (1992d) from Mexico. In the present study, maximum isolates of this species were
obtained from Acanthus twigs. This species could be collected from 15 sites out of the 19 sites
visited.
Lignincola longirostris
This species was seen only on five wood samples. Its percent frequency of occurrence,
therefore, was very low (0.29). Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1993) and Tan, Leong &
Jones (1989) reported slightly higher percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus (i.e. 5.3 and
9.4 respectively).
Lignicola tropica
Percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the Kerala coastal waters was only
0.32. Slightly lower percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus was also reported by Borse
(1988) and Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones (1994).
Lindra hawaiiensis

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this species in the Kerala coastal water
was found as 2.43. Most of the collections were from backwaters and from monsoon season.
Lulworthia grandispora
The occurrences of this fungus in the western coastal waters of India have been reported
by Borse (1988) and Prasannarai & Sridhar (2001). But all the above-mentioned authors re-
ported a lesser percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus (below 3%). During the present
study, the percent frequency of occurrence of this species was 14.71. A similar high percentage
(15%) was reported by Hyde & Jones (1989a) from the coastal waters of Seychelles. Percent
frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the coastal waters of Malaysia was 8 (Jones &
Kuthubutheen, 1989), while it was 6.8 in Brunei (Hyde, 1988a) and 4.3 in Singapore coastal
waters (Tan, Leong & Jones, 1989). The highest percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus
(31%) was reported from the coastal waters of Mexico by Hyde (1992d).
 249 Discussion
Lulworthia sp. I

This species of Lulworthia seems to be a widely distributed one in Kerala coast. Out of
the six types of water bodies subjected for study, this fungus was found in all except the shoreline
sites (A category). Remarkably, the highest frequency of occurrence of this fungus was found in
coir retting fields where most other fungi were absent. Out of the seven types of wood samples,
this species was obtained from all except sand-buried wood. Among the total wood substrate
collected, 90 were found harbouring this fungus and the overall percent frequency of occurrence
was 4.85.

Lulworthia sp. II

18 wood samples collected from estuaries and backwaters were found harbouring this
fungus and the overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus was 0.97.

Lulworthia sp. III

A total of eight wood samples yielded this fungus and the overall percent frequency of
occurrence of this fungus in the present study was 0.43.

Manglicola sp.

This species seems to be a rarely occurring one in the Kerala coastal waters. The per-
cent frequency of occurrence was found as 0.11% and this fungus was isolated from two
Rhizophora wood samples collected from two nearby estuaries.

Marinosphaera mangrovei

Marinosphaera mangrovei seems to be one of the most widely distributed marine fungi
in the Kerala coast, because, out of the 19 collection sites, this fungus was present at eighteen
sites, and out of the seven types of wood substrates subjected for the study, six were found
colonized by this fungus. The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus observed
during this study was 15. Such a high percent frequency of occurrence has not been reported
from anywhere else till this date. Somewhat nearer percent frequencies of occurrence were
reported by Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones (1994) from Hong Kong (9.76%) and by Tan, Leong &
Jones (1989) from Singapore (8.5%) while in all other reports, the values were less than those
mentioned above (Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989; Sabada et al., 1995).

Ocostaspora apilongissima

The percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus at Mexican waters was reported as
3 by Hyde (1992d). During the course of present study, only two wood samples were found
colonised by this fungus and so it can be considered as a rarely occurring one in the coastal
waters of Kerala and the overall percent frequency of occurrence was 0.11.

Payosphaeria minuta

This fungus seems to be a rare one and occurred only twice during the entire collection
period. One isolate of this fungus was obtained from Avicennia wood and the other from an
intertidal wood, both collected from estuaries and the percent frequency of occurrence of this
fungus in the Kerala coastal waters was 0.12.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 250
Pleospora pelagica

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this species during the present study was
0.38. During this study it was obtained only from decaying wood of Avicennia, but it could be
collected in all the three seasons. Out of seven isolates, six were obtained from estuaries and one
from an inland brackish water body.

Salsuginea ramicola

This fungus seems to be of rare occurrence in Kerala coastal waters. This fungus was
obtained from Avicennia wood only. Hyde (1991a) also mentioned about isolation of this fungus
from Avicennia wood. The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this species in the present
study was 0.11.

Savoryella lignicola

During the present study, this species was observed on 206 samples and the overall
percent frequency of occurrence was 11.11. This is a much higher value when compared to the
percent frequency of occurrence of this species in Maharashtra coast (0.88%, Borse, 1988),
and Sri Lankan coast (3.13%, Koch, 1982). It was isolated from all types of mangrove wood
samples as well as from unidentified intertidal wood and driftwood. Acanthus twigs supported
the highest number of isolates. Also, it was isolated from all types of water bodies except coir-
retting fields of Kerala indicating its ability to tolerate a wide range of salinity. Highest number of
isolates was made from wood samples collected from backwaters.

Savoryella paucispora

During the course of the present study, this fungus was isolated from 34 wood samples
and the overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus was 1.83. A similar percentage
(1.4) was reported by Leong, Tan & Jones (1991) from Singapore, while Hyde (1990a) re-
ported that the overall percentage of occurrence of this species in Brunei was only 0.2. From
Seychelles also, Hyde & Jones (1989a) reported a much lower percentage (0.4) of occurrence
of this species. Another observation was made during the present study is that this species
colonise on a wide range of substrates including various mangrove woods. This ability of S.
paucispora has already been noted by Jones & Eaton (1969) and Jones & Hyde (1992).

Savoryella sp. I

This fungus was isolated from only three wood samples. The overall percentage of oc-
currence was only 0.16%. It seems to be a rare species.

Savoryella sp. II

This species was isolated only once from an intertidal wood sample collected from a
shoreline site (B category). The species seems to be a rare one in Kerala coastal water body
system as its percent frequency of occurrence was only 0.05.

Unidentified ascomycete I

This species was found only once and hence it seems to be a rarely occurring one in the
coastal water bodies of Kerala. Its overall percent frequency of occurrence was 0.05%.
 251 Discussion
Unidentified ascomycete II

This fungus was isolated from a single intertidal wood collected from a backwater. Its
percent frequency of occurrence in Kerala coastal waters was 0.05. It seems to be a very rare
fungus.

Unidentified ascomycete III

This fungus was found on thirteen wood samples collected during the course of this study
and the overall percent frequency of occurrence was 0.70.

Unidentified ascomycete IV

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the Kerala coastal waters
was 0.22. It seems to be a rare species.

Unidentified ascomycete V

This fungus was isolated only once from a decaying Avicennia wood sample collected
from an estuary. The overall percent frequency of occurrence was only 0.05.

Unidentified ascomycete VI

This fungus was found only on three wood samples and the overall percent frequency of
occurrence was 0.16.

Unidentified ascomycete VII

This fungus was found only on two Avicennia wood samples collected from estuarine
waters. The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the Kerala coastal waters
was 0.11.

Unidentified ascomycete VIII

This species seems to be a rare one in Kerala coastal waters and the overall percent
frequency of occurrence was only 0.16.

Verruculina enalia

During the present study, the overall percent frequency of occurrence is this fumgus was
5.29. Almost similar overall percentages were reported by Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones (1994) and
Jones & Kuthubutheen (1989) from coastal waters of Hong Kong & Macau and Malaysia
respectively. Borse (1988) observed that overall percentage of occurrence of this fungus in the
Maharashtra coast of India was 8.44. Hyde (1990a) reported an almost similar value from
Brunei. Hyde & Jones (1989a), however, observed a much less overall percentage of occur-
rence (2.13) of this species in Seychelles.

Halocyphina villosa

Halocyphina villosa is reported as one of the most widely distributed marine fungi
(Hyde & Jones, 1988; Hyde, 1990a; Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989). This basidiomycete has
been found colonizing on a wide variety of decaying wood substrates including mangroves
Marine Fungi of Kerala 252
(Kohlmeyer, 1980; Hyde & Jones, 1988; Hyde, 1990a). During the present study, this fungus
was isolated from all types of wood samples except Acanthus ilicifolius, and was present in all
the 19 collection sites. The overall percentage of occurrence of this fungus in the Kerala coastal
waters was 24. A similar percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus was also reported by
Hyde & Jones (1989a) from Seychelles. A smaller value (18) was reported from the coastal
water of Malaysia by Jones & Kuthubutheen (1989). During the present study Halocyphina
villosa emerged as one of the most widely distributed marine fungi in the Kerala coastal waters.
It is also interesting to note that H. villosa was present in all types of water bodies subjected to
study.

Anguillospora sp.

This species of Anguillospora was isolated from a single site located in an inland brack-
ish water body. The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus was 0.62.

Ascochyta sp.

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the present study was 0.32.
Only six isolates of this were obtained during the entire period of this study.

Cirrenalia basiminuta

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this species was only 1.67. A similar
(1.7%) percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus was reported by Leong, Tan & Jones
(1991) at Mandai mangrove of Singapore.

Cirrenalia fusca

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the Kerala coastal waters
was only 0.70. This fungus seems to prefer Acanthus twigs for colonisation. The present fre-
quency of occurrence of this fungus on Acanthus twigs was 2.19 while on all other types of
wood samples the percent frequency of occurrence was less than one.

Cirrenalia macrocephala
During the present study this fungus was present in four out of six types of water bodies
subjected for the study. Hughes (1974) reported that C. macrocephala was much less in the
tropical part compared to the temperate region. Rees, Johnson & Jones (1979) stated that the
percent frequency of occurrence was 21 in Danish sand dunes while the percent frequency of
occurrence of this fungus in Kerala coastal waters was only 1.19. Tubaki (1969) reported C.
macrocephala as one of the most widely distributed marine fungus in the coastal waters of
Japan.
Cirrenalia pygmea
During the present study, this fungus appeared in all types of water bodies considered
and also in all types of wood samples subjected for study. Previous authors also have recorded
the apparent absence of preference of this species for any particular substrate. The overall
percent frequency of occurrence of this species during the present study was 9.12. A similar,
high percentage has been recorded only from Brunei (Hyde, 1990a). Most previous records
from other parts of the world including that of Borse (1988) from the Maharashtra coast show
much less overall percent frequency of occurrence of this species.
 253 Discussion
Cladosporium sp.
This species seems to be a manglicolous marine fungus because all the five isolates ob-
tained during the present study were from mangrove wood. The overall percent frequency of
occurrence was 0.22.

Dendryphiella salina

This fungus could be isolated from only 18 samples and hence the overall percent fre-
quency of occurrence of this species during the present study was very low (0.98). Out of the 18
wood samples that yielded this species, 13 were from brackish waters and the rest were from
estuaries. This fungus was absent in all other types of water bodies studied. Of the 18 wood
samples, 6 belonged to Bruguiera, 8 to unidentified intertidal wood, 2 to Rhizophora and 2 to
Acanthus.

Periconia prolifica

During the present study, this fungus was isolated from 138 wood samples collected and
the percentage of occurrence was 7.44. A nearer percent frequency of occurrence (9%) of this
fungus was reported from Mexican waters by Hyde (1992d). Mouzouras (1989), Jones &
Kuthubutheen (1989), and Hyde (1990a) reported lesser percent frequency of this fungus. This
fungus seems to prefer estuaries, brackish waters and backwaters rather than shoreline waters.
This may be due to the high salinity of shoreline waters. A similar observation regarding this
species was made by Shearer (1972). Among the wood substrates, this species seems to prefer
the wood of Acanthus ilicifolius, as the maximum colonization was recorded on it. Sabada et
al. (1995) also have reported such a preference of this species for Acanthus.

Phialophorophoma litoralis

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in Kerala coastal waters was
only 0.54. A higher percent frequency of occurrence was reported by Rees, Johnson & Jones
(1979) from Denmark.

Phoma sp.

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the Kerala coastal waters
was 0.81 and it was always obtained from mangrove wood.

Phomopsis sp.

This fungus seems to be a rare one and was found only in an inland brackish water body.
It was isolated from an intertidal wood, collected during post- monsoon season.

Trichocladium alopallonellum

Trichocladium alopallonellum seems to be a rare fungus in the coastal water of Kerala

and its distribution seems to be limited to shoreline water and estuaries. It is absent in backwa-
ters and brackish waters of Kerala and this may be due to the lesser salinity of these two types of
water bodies. The overall percent frequency of occurrence of Trichocladium alopallonellum in
Kerala coastal waters was only 2. An almost equal (1.52) percent frequency of occurrence of
this fungus was reported from Maharashtra coast by Borse (1988). From Seychelles (Hyde &
Marine Fungi of Kerala 254
Jones, 1989a), Brunei (Hyde, 1988a), Malaysia (Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989) and Hong Kong
(Vrijmoed, Hyde & Jones, 194), however, workers reported lower frequency of occurrence of
this species.

Trichocladium sp.

The overall percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the present study was 0.32.
Only six isolates were obtained.

Unidentified Anamorph

This fungus seems to be a brackish water fungus, because, all the four isolates obtained
during the study period were from a single inland brackish water body at Vadakara. The overall
percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus in the Kerala coastal waters was 0.22.

Zalerion maritimum

During the present study, this fungus was isolated from 23 wood samples and its overall
percent frequency of occurrence was 1.24. It was isolated from decaying wood of Bruguiera,
Avicennia and Rhizophora as well as from unidentified intertidal wood, driftwood and sand-
buried wood. This species was seen only on wood samples collected from estuaries and shore-
line sites. Out of the 23 collections, 16 were from estuaries and 7 were from shoreline sites.

Zalerion varium

Zalerion varium was found on 53 wood samples during this study and the overall
percentage of occurrence was 2.86. It has been reported from Malaysia (Jones & Kuthubutheen,
1989) and Maharashtra coast (Borse, 1988). Shoreline sites yielded the maximum wood samples
harbouring this fungus. Most of the isolates were obtained from wood partially buried in sand
although it was obtained from all categories of wood including unidentified intertidal wood and
driftwood as well as various mangrove woods. Most of the wood samples that yielded this
species were collected during the post-monsoon season while least was from monsoon season.

Zalerion sp.

This fungus was isolated only once and that was from a decaying Avicennia wood
sample collected from an estuary. The percent frequency of occurrence of this fungus was 0.05.

Conclusions
The high diversity observed in the present study is similar to that of other tropical loca-
tions (Borse, 1988; Hyde, 1988a; Hyde & Jones,1989a; Sarma, Hyde & Vittal, 2001;
Prasannarai & Sridhar, 2001). Also, the observation that the great majority of the fungi collected
during this study belonged to Ascomycota supports similar reports by several workers (Kohlmayer,
1984; Kohlmayer & Volkmann-Kohlmayer, 1987a,c, 1989; Hyde & Jones, 1988; Hyde, 1988a;
Sarma & Vittal, 2001).

The frequency of species observed in the present study, however, is quite distinct from
earlier reports including those from other parts of peninsular India. For example, none of the five
fungi that showed more than 10% frequency of occurrence in Prasannarai & Sridhar’s (2001)
 255 Discussion
study of the marine fungi of the west coast of India, either was collected or showed more than
10% frequency in the present study. One reason for this contrasting observation could be the
fact that the earlier study concentrated mostly on beach locations. The observations of Sarma,
Hyde & Vittal (2001) on the mangrove fungi of east coast of India are also in conflict with the
present observations, as far as the most dominant fungi are concerned. OnlyVerruculina enalia
and Eutypa bathurstensis had more than 10% frequency of occurrence in their study. None of
the fungi observed by Borse (1988) showed more than 10% frequency of occurrence. The only
other reports where Halosarpheia marina was the most dominant species were those of Tan &
Leong (1992, from Singapore), Hyde (1989, from North Sumatra) and Hyde & Jones (1988,
from Anse Boileau, Seychelles).

All these studies together indicate that subtle local environmental factors play a signifi-
cant role in the frequency and distribution of marine fungi. Looking with a different perspective,
these studies also indicate that comparisons are useless when stretched beyond a point, espe-
cially when samplings were either uneven or inadequate or both.

Similarly, although each location, wood type and water body had its own profile of
species diversity, frequency and population density, meaningful comparisons are not possible as
there was no uniformity in the number of samples examined in each case. In fact, to do the
logistic regression analysis, statistically significant numbers of samples were available only for 57
species. The analysis revealed that the occurrences of 23 species of marine fungi in the Kerala
coastal waters were significantly influenced by at east one of the following factors: wood type,
type of water body and season.
Marine Fungi of Kerala 256

SUMMARY
This treatise presents the results of a preliminary floristic and ecological study of the
marine fungi of the Kerala coastal waters with emphasis on mangrove fungi.

Altogether, eighty species of marine fungi were collected from different parts of coastal
Kerala. Of these eighty species, 61 were ascomycetes, one was a basidiomycete and 18 spe-
cies were mitosporic fungi. All these species are fully described and illustrated and detailed
collection data are given for each species. Keys are provided for all the ascomycetes and
mitosporic fungi collected. Full synonymy and author citations are given for each species. Eight
species are recorded as unidentified ascomycetes and one as unidentified anamorph.

Out of these eighty species, all except twelve species are new records for the Kerala
coast. The following 8 genera are new to the list of marine fungi known from India: Lindra,
Koralionastes, Manglicola, Dendriphiella, Phialophorophomina, Payosphaeria, Salsuginea
and Anguillospora. Two species, Aniptodera salsuginosa and Cirrenalia fusca are new records
for India.

Percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance of each species were
calculated for each location, wood-type, water body and season, in addition to their overall
values for the entire study. Shannon Index and Simpson Index were calculated for each location
and each type of water body.

Average isolates per wood sample was calculated for each location, each type of water
body, each type of wood and for each season and it is taken as a measure of the population
density of marine fungi.

In order to see whether the types of water body, wood type and season had any influ-
ence on the occurrence of marine fungi. logistic regression analysis was done.

Aniptodera chesapeakensis was the only fungus that was obtained from all the loca-
tions. In terms of overall percent frequency of occurrence and percent relative abundance,
Halosarpheia marina emerged as the most dominant, followed by Halocyphina villosa,
Aniptodera chesapeakensis, Marinosphaera mangrovei, Lulworthia grandispora and
Savoryella lignicola.

Each location, wood type and season had its own profile of species diversity, frequency
and population density. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the occurrences of 23 species
of marine fungi in the Kerala coastal waters were significantly influenced by at least one of the
following factors: wood type, water body and season.

Ecological observations are given for each species treated and the ecological and floristical
data obtained are discussed and compared to those from other geographical locations.
 257
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 269
INDEX TO NAMES
Abyssomyces, 8 Dendriphiella, 140, 239, 256
A. hydrozoicus, 5, 7 D. salina, 103, 109, 187, 253
Acrocordiopsis, 7 Digitatispora, 9
Aegiceras corniculatum, 20 D. marina, 5, 6
Aigialus, 8 Dryosphaera, 7, 8
A. grandis, 9, 26, 27, 118, 241, 242 D. tropicalis, 26, 48, 239, 241, 246
A. mangrovei, 26, 27, 28, 119, 242 Etheirophora, 7
A. parvus, 26, 28, 29, 120, 241, 242 Eutypa bathurstensis, 255
Athornia crouchii 6 Halocyphina, 9
Amylocarpus, 7 H. villosa, 6, 95, 101, 179, 241, 242, 251, 256
A. encephaloides, 5 Halorosellinia oceanica, 25, 63, 149, 239, 247
Anguillospora sp, 102, 103, 180, 239, 252, 256 Halosarpheia, 9
Aniptodera, 7, 9, 243 H. abonnis, 25, 49, 141, 241, 242, 246
A. chesapeakensis, 25, 29, 35, 121, 239, 241, 242, 256 H. marina, 25, 50, 143, 239, 241, 246, 255, 256
A. haispora, 25, 35, 36, 122, 243 H. minuta sp., 25, 59, 144, 242, 247
A. longispora, 7, 25, 36, 123, 243 H. ratnagiriensis, 25, 60, 145, 241, 247
A. mangrovei, 25, 36, 124 H. retorquens, 24, 60, 146, 247
A. salsuginosa, 25, 37, 125, 239, 243, 256 H. viscosa, 24, 61, 62, 147, 242, 247
Aniptodera sp. I, 25, 37, 126, 243 Halosphaeria cucullata, 23, 62, 63, 148, 247
Aniptodera sp. II, 25, 38, 127, 243 H. hamata, 24, 49, 50, 142, 246
Antennospora quadricornuta, 7, 24, 128, 242, 244 Halosphaeriopsis, 9
A. salina, 7, 24, 40, 129, 242, 244 Hypophloeda, 7
Arenariomyces, 7, 8 Koralionastes, 239, 256
A. majusculus, 24, 40, 41, 130, 244 Koralionastes sp, 23, 150, 236, 241, 248
A. parvulus, 24, 41, 131, 239, 244 Lanspora, 9
A. trifurcatus, 6, 24, 41, 132, 241, 242, 244 Lautospora gigantea, 7
Ascochyta sp; 103, 181, 252 Leptosphaeria australiensis, 7, 26, 151, 242,
Ascocratera, 8 248
A. manglicola, 26, 42, 133, 244, 262 Lignicola tropica, 248
Abyssomyces hydrozoicus, 3 Lignincola laevis, 26, 66, 68, 152, 242, 248
Bathyascus tropicalis, 23, 43, 134, 245 Lignincola longirostris, 26, 69, 153, 248
Biatriospora marina, 26, 43, 44, 135, 245, 259 Lignincola tropica, 26, 69, 70, 154
Bovicornua intricata, 268 Lindra, 239, 256
Calathella, 9 L. hawaiiensis, 23, 70, 155, 248
Capillatospora, 7, 8 Lophiostoma spp., 9
Carbosphaerella, 8 Lulworthia, 249
Caryosporella, 7 L. grandispora, 23, 71, 75, 156, 239, 241, 242,
Ceriosporopsis halima, 24, 44, 136, 242, 245 248, 256
Ceriosporopsis tubulifera, 7 L. mangrovei, 8
Chadefaudia, 7 Lulworthia sp. I, 6, 7, 9, 24, 75, 157, 242, 249
Chaetosphaeria, 9 Lulworthia sp. II, 24, 77, 158, 249
Cirrenalia basiminuta, 102, 104, 182, 252 Lulworthia sp. III, 23, 77, 159, 249
C. fusca, 102, 104, 105, 183, 239, 252, 256 Manglicola, 239, 256
C. macrocephala, 102, 105, 184, 252 Manglicola sp., 26, 78, 160, 249
C. pygmea , 102, 106, 108, 185, 239, 242, 252 Marinosphaera mangrovei, 25, 78, 82, 161, 239,
Cladosporium sp., 103, 108, 186, 253 241, 242, 249, 256
Corollospora , 7, 8, 9, 263, 265 Massarina spp., 9
C. filiformis, 24, 45, 137, 245 Melanotaenium, 9
C. pseudopulchella, 24, 46, 138, 239, 241, 245 Monodictys pelagica, 6
Crinigera, 8 Mycaureola, 9
Cryptovalsa, 8 Nereiospora, 7
Cucullosporella, 9 Nia, 9
Dactylospora, 7, 8 Nia vibrissa, 5, 6
D. haliotrepha, 26, 46, 139, 241, 242, 245 Oceanites, 7
Marine Fungi of Kerala 270
O. scuticella, 5
Ocostaspora apilongissima, 24, 82, 162, 249
Ondiniella torquata, 7
Ophiodeira, 9
Passeriniella, 8
P. savoryellopsis sp, 8
Payosphaeria minuta, 23, 83, 163, 249
Payosphaeria, 239, 256
Periconia abyssa, 5
Periconia prolifica, 188, 242, 253
Pharicidia balani, 7
Phialophorophoma, 239
P. litoralis, 103, 112, 189, 253
Phialophorophomina, 256
Phoma, 9
Phoma sp., 7, 103, 112, 190, 253
Phomopsis sp., 191, 239, 241, 253
Phycomelaina, 8
Physalacria, 9
P. pelagica, 26, 83, 84, 164, 250
Pontoporeia biturbinata, 7
Posidonia oceanica, 3 , 7
Rhizophila, 7
Salsuginea, 239, 256
S. ramicola, 26, 84, 165, 250
Savoryella, 8
S. lignicola, 6, 25, 84, 87, 166, 239, 241, 242, 250, 256
S. paucispora, 8, 25, 88, 167, 250
Savoryella sp. I, 25, 89, 168, 250
Savoryella sp. II, 25, 89, 169, 239, 241, 250
Sphaeria posidoniae, 3
Thalassogena, 7
Trematosphaeria, 8
Trematosphaeria spp., 9
Trichocladium alopallonellum, 102, 113, 114, 192, 253
Trichocladium sp., 103, 114 , 193, 254
Trichomaris invadens,7
Trichomaris, 9
Tunicatispora, 9
Verruculina enalia, 26, 93, 94, 178, 242, 251, 255
Zalerion maritimum, 102, 115, 195, 239, 254
Zalerion sp., 102, 116, 197, 239, 254
Zalerion varium, 102, 115, 116, 196, 239, 254