ACTIVITY 1(a) (Page 37, 38) 4. Metals are generally ductile.

Most of the metals are

Objective To study the following physical properties of available as wires like Cu, Al, Ag, Au, Pt, Fe etc.
metals
Viva Questions
l Metallic lustre C Hardness
l Malleability
1. What happens when we rub the surface of the metals
C Ductility with sand paper?
l Sonority
2. Name a metal which can be cut with a knife.
Materials Required Samples (ribbon/pieces/wires) of
3. Name the two metals which are most malleable?
some metals like Fe, Cu, Al, Mg, Pb, Zn, Na etc., sand
paper, knife, filter paper and hammer. 4. What is ductility?
Procedure 5. Name the property of metals of producing sound.
1. Initially note the appearance, i.e. brightness of the
surface of each metal. Then, rub their surfaces with the ACTIVITY 1(b) (Page 38, 39)
sand paper and note the changes observed.
2. Take small pieces of Fe, Al and Mg. Try to cut them Objective To study the (i) electrical conductivity (ii)
thermal conductivity in metals.
with a knife to check their hardness. Then, take a piece
of sodium out of kerosene and dry it with a filter paper. Materials Required Wires of metals like Al, Cu etc., stand,
Then, try to cut it with a knife and note down all burner, pin, wax, battery, metal wire or piece (to be tested),
observations. clips, switch and bulb.
3. Take small blocks of Fe, Zn, Pb and Cu metals and Procedure
place Zn, Pb and Cu pieces over the block of iron one 1. Activity (i) Take an aluminium or copper wire and
by one and strike them with the help of a hammer for arrange the electric circuit as shown in the diagram
4-5 times. Observe and note the changes in the shape of given below. Placed the metal wire in between the
these metals. Also note, if any sound is produced. terminals of A and B, record the observations, whether
4. Collect some metals which are available in the form of the bulb glows or not.
wires. Note down the names of these metals.
Battery
Bulb
Observations and Conclusions
1. Metals have metallic lustre. If some layer of oxide
covers the surface and hides its lustre then remove it Clips
Switch
with sand paper to bring the original lustre back.
A B
2. Iron, aluminium and magnesium metals are hard but
Insert sample
their degree of hardness vary. Mg can also be cut with to be tested
knife but with some difficulty. Sodium metal is soft and Electrical circuit diagram to show metals
can be easily cut with knife. It shows that metals are are good conductors of electricity
generally hard (except sodium or other alkali metals).
3. Metals are sonorous, i.e. they produce sound when 2. Activity (ii) Take a stand and fix an aluminium or
struck with a hard object like hammer. Metals are copper wire to it with the help of clamp. Fix a pin to
the free end of the wire with the help of wax. Heat the
also malleable as they can be converted into sheets
wire near the place where it is clamped.
when hammered.
Record the changes.

Chapter 03 : Metal and Non-Metals 01

 Metal wire Procedure
Stand
Clamp
1. Take coal/graphite (carbon), sulphur and iodine as the
Free end of wire
Wax samples of non-metals. Examine them as described in
Pin Activity 1 (a) and 1 (b) Note their physical properties and
make a comparative chart of the physical properties of
Burner metals and non-metals.
2. Take a magnesium ribbon and sulphur powder.
(i) First hold the magnesium ribbon with a pair of
Experimental set up to show that metals are tongs over flame and let it burn. Collect the ashes
good conductors of heat formed and dissolve them in water.
Test this solution with litmus and note the
Observations and Conclusions
observations.
1. Activity (i) When a metal wire is placed between the
(ii) Take some sulphur powder in a dry test tube and
terminals A and B, the bulb will glow. It shows that the
heat it over flame. Collect the fumes produced in
metals are good conductors of electricity.
another test tube by inverting the test tube over the
2. Activity (ii) The wax melts and pin falls down but fumes. Then, add some water to the test tube with
metal does not melt (except tin). It shows that given
fumes and shake it. Test this solution with litmus
metals are good conductors of heat. Metals also have
high melting points in most of the cases (as metal wires and note the observations.
does not melt on heating). 3. Take some samples of metals like Na, Fe, Ag and
non-metals like sulphur, iodine, graphite (C) and put
Viva Questions small pieces of these samples in beaker half filled with
1. When the copper wire is placed between the terminals cold water and observe reactivity of each. Put the
A and B in the given activity (i), the bulb glows. unreacted samples in beaker half filled with cold water
Which property of metals are shown by this?
and observe. Again, put still unreacted samples in the
2. Name the metal which is the best conductor of apparatus for studying their reaction with steam.
electricity.
3. What is thermal conductivity?
Metal sample
4. Aluminium metal does not melt in the given activity Hydrogen
(ii). Why? Glass wool
soaked in Cork
5. Name the metals which have low melting point. Water
water
Burner Stand Delivery
ACTIVITY 2 (Page 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44) tube

Objective To study
(i) the physical properties of non-metals and compare
Experimental setup to study the action of steam on a metal
them with those of metals.
Note In the same way, perform the experiments with water, dilute acids
(ii) the chemical properties of metals and non-metals and and other salt solutions. Record the results in the table.
compare them with each other.
4. Take all the samples given in point 3 except sodium
Materials Required Iron, sodium, silver, coal or graphite (Na) and clean them with sand paper (if tarnished) and
(carbon), sulphur, iodine, magnesium ribbon, water, dil. HCl, put them one by one separately in test tubes containing
litmus (red and blue), burner, a pair of tongs and test tubes, dilute hydrochloric acid. Suspend thermometers in the
beakers. test tubes, so that their bulbs are dipped in the acid.

02 ll ne Science 10th
Observations
1. Physical properties of metals and non-metals.
Element Lustre Hardness Malleability Ductility Conductivity Sonority
Carbon Diamond has lustre Diamond is No Diamond is ductile Poor No
(Diamond/graphite) hard
Sulphur No Soft No No Poor No
Iodine Yes Soft No No Poor No
Sodium Yes Soft Yes Yes Good Yes
Iron Yes Hard Yes Yes Good Yes
Silver Yes Hard Yes Yes Good Yes

2. Chemical properties of metals and non-metals.

M + O 2 ¾® MO X M + H2O ¾® M (OH)X + H2 M + HA ¾® MA + H2
Element Reaction with oxygen Reaction with water Reaction with dilute acids
C Reacts on heating No reaction to give H2 No reaction to give H2

S Reacts on heating No reaction to give H2 No reaction to give H2

I Reacts on heating No reaction to give H2 No reaction to give H2

Na Vigorous at room temperature Vigorous at room temperature Reacts to give H2

Fe Vigorous for Fe filings Reacts with steam Reacts to give H2

Ag No reaction, even at high temperature. No reaction No reaction

Conclusions 4. Metals form basic oxides (turns red litmus blue) and
1. Most non-metals do not have lustre. Most of non-metals form acidic oxides (turns blue litmus red)
non-metals are soft (if solid) except diamond (hardest on burning in air.
known substance) and brittle. 5. Metals release H 2 when reacts with water whereas
2. Non-metals are neither malleable nor ductile. If non-metals do not react with water to release hydrogen.
sulphur is hammered, it breaks into pieces. Diamond is Similarly, when metals react with dilute acids, they
non-ductile (Qhard). again release hydrogen gas whereas non-metals do not
release hydrogen on reaction with dilute acids. This is
3. Non-metals are non-sonorous, poor conductors of heat
due to the fact that non-metals are electron acceptors
and electricity, have low melting and boiling points. But
and cannot give electrons to hydrogen ions to from H 2
solid non-metals have comparatively high boiling points.
gas (whereas metals are electron donors).

Chapter 03 : Metal and Non-Metals 03

Viva Questions Battery Bulb
(–) (+)
1. Generally non-metals are non-lustrous. Which non-metal Switch
have lustrous appearance?
2. Name the non-metal which is in liquid state at room Beaker
temperature. Graphite rod

3. Write the nature of oxides of metals and non-metals. Salt solution

under test
4. Name the non-metal which is very hard.
5. What happens when metals react with dilute acids?
Testing the conductivity of a salt solution

ACTIVITY 3 (Page 48)

Observations and Conclusions
Objective To study the properties of ionic compounds.
1. Ionic compounds are solid, these are generally
Materials Required Sodium chloride, potassium chloride,
brittle and break into pieces when pressure is
burner, spatula, beaker, electrodes, battery, bulb, switch, test
applied.
tubes, water, petrol etc.
2. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling
Procedure
points.
1. Take the samples of some salts like sodium chloride,
3. Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water
potassium chloride etc.
and insoluble in solvents such as kerosene, petrol,
2. Examine the physical state of these salts. etc.
3. Take a small amount of a sample on spatula and heat it over 4. Ionic compounds in the solid state do not conduct
the flame. Repeat the process with the other sample too. electricity because movement of ions in the solid is
Spatula not possible, but they conduct electricity in the
containing molten state.
sample
Thus NaCl and KCl both are ionic solids, soluble
in water and conduct electricity in molten state.
Viva Questions
Burner 1. Why does sodium chloride conduct electricity in
aqueous solution but not in solid state?
2. Melting points of ionic compounds are ...............
(high/low).
3. Dissolve the sample of sodium chloride in water
Heating a salt sample on a spatula
and petrol in separate test tubes. In which test
4. Try to dissolve these samples in water and petrol in separate tube, sodium chloride is soluble?
test tubes. Note their solubility. 4. What is the physical state of ionic compounds?
5. Make a circuit as shown in the figure and insert the 5. Take the sugar solution in water and test the
electrodes in the solution of one salt. Note if the bulb glows. conductivity, will the bulb glow?
Repeat the process with other salt solution too.

04 ll ne Science 10th