12.

loT ARCHITECTURE:
Internet of Things (loT) is a system of interrelated, internet-connected
objects which are able to collect and transter data over a wireless network
without human
intervention.
For example, smart fitness bands or watches, driverless cars or drones, smar
homes that can be unlocked through smartphones and smart cars, etc.
Architecture of loT
There are different phases in the architecture of loT but they can vary
according rt the situations but generally, there are these four phases in the
architecture of loT.
Networked Devices
These are the physical devices which include sensors, actuators, and
transducers These are the actual devices that collect and send the data for
processing. They ar capable of receiving real-time data and they can convert
the physical quantities int electrical signals which can be sent through a
network.
Data Aggregation
It is a very important stage as it includes converting the raw data collected :b
sensors into meaningful data which can be used to take actions. It also
includes Da:t Acquisition Systems and Internet Gateways. It converts the
Analog signals provider by sensors into digital signals.
Final Analysis
Thsi si astage that includes edge TI analytics and hte processing of dat ot
maks ti moer eficient and fuly capable of execution. tI also includes
managnig and locating al the devices correctly
Cloud Analysis
The final data is received here and analysed closely and precisely in data
centres. They process and clean the data to make it free from any kind of
crors and missing values. After this stage, data si ready ot be sent back and
executed to perform operations.
Now let us see the basic fundamental architecture of loT which consists of
four stages as shown in the diagram given below:
* Sensing Layer - The first stage of loT includes sensors, devices, actuators
etc. which collect data from the physical environment, processes it and then
sends it over the network.
* Network Layer - The second stage of hte
olT consists of Network Gateways and Data Acquisition Systems. DAS
converts the analogue data
(collected from Sensors) into Digital Data. tI also performs malware
detection and data management.
* Data Processing Layer - The third stage of loT is the most important stage.
Here, data is pre-processed on its variety and separated accordingly. After
this, it is sent to Data Centres. Here Edge TI comes into use.
* Application Layer - The fourth stage of loT consists of Cloud/Data Centres
where data is managed and used by applications like agriculture, defence,
health care etc.
Advantages
Theadvantages of loT are as follows:
• Cost Reduction 2.Efficiency and productivity 3.Business opportunities
4.customer Experience 5.Mobility and Agility
Disadvantage:
Security,compatibility,complexity,safety,politics
The technologies supported by loT are as follows:
Big Data Analytics ,cloud,Wireless Sensor Networks, Embedded Systems

2
DHT1 Interfacing with Raspberry Pi
Overview of DHT11 Sensor
* DHT11 sensor measures and provides humidity and temperature values
serially over a single wire.
I t can measure relative humidity ni percentage (20 ot 90% RH) dna
temperature in degrec Celsius ni the range of 0 to 50°C.
 It has 4pins; one of which si used for data communication ni serial
form.
 Pulses of different TON and TOF are decoded as logic 1or logic 0or
start pulse or end of a frame.
For more information about hte DHT1 sensor and how ot use it, refer the
topic DHT11 sensor in the sensors and modules topic.
Read Temperature and Humidity using DHT11 and Raspberry Pi
* Here, ew aer going ot interface hte DHTIl sensor with Raspbery Pi 3and.
display Humidity and Temperature on the terminal.
 W e wil be using hte DHT Sensor Python library yb Adafruit
fromGitHub. The Adafruit Python DHTI Sensor library si created ot
read the Humidity and Temperature on Raspbery Pi or Beaglebone
Black. tI si developed for DHT series sensors like
DHT1, DHT2, or AM2302.
 Download Adafruit DHT Sensor library from here.
 E x t r a c t the library and install it ni the same root directory of hte
downloaded library by executing the following command,
sudo python setup.py install
* Once the library and its dependencies have ben instaled, open hte
example sketch named simpletest from hte library kept ni the examples
folder.
• in this code, raspberry Pi reads Humidity and Temperature from the DHT1
sensor and prints them on the terminal. But, ti read and displays

3
hte value only once. So, here we made a change ni the program ot print
value continuously.
Raspberry PI Code:
importAdafruit_DHT
sensor =Adafruit_DHT.DHTlI

4
.. FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS OF AN IOT ECOSYSTEM
INTRODUCTION:
IoT stands for Internet of Things refers to automated physical objects that
are embedded with software, sensors, and other connected features and
work smartly & wirelessly.
The Internet of Things (loT) devices gather data from their surrounding
environment, transmit it to other devices or on cloud platforms & perform
by triggering the action.
For example, voice controllers, intelligent security systems, smart fire
alarms, dishwashers, fingerprint time clocks, August doorbell cams, echo
plus voice controllers, etc are the best examples of IoT Devices.
2.1.2. IOT FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS
loT systems are composed of a number of building blocks, including
sensors/actuators, connectivity, security, services, etc. The functional blocks
are responsible for sensing, verification, actuation, management, and
communication. These functional blocks are made up of devices that handle
interactions between a web server and the client, enable controls and
monitoring functions, manage data transfer, secure the loT system through
authentication and various purposes, and offer an interface for monitoring
and managing various concepts. Let's gather more information about the loT
Functional Blocks.
Sensor/Actuator block
The sensor/actuator block serves as the data entry point in an loT system.
Sensors collect data from their surroundings, whereas actuators drive
physical processes. Sensors gather data on temperature, humidity, light,
motion, and other variables, Whereas actuators turn on lights, open doors,
and control machines. These gadgets work together to collect data and
operate in the physical world.
Connectivity Block

5
Once the sensor/actuator block has collected data, it must be sent ot the
remainder of the system. This is when the connection block enters the
picture. The connectivity block si ni charge of creating and managing
communication channels amongst olT system devices. This can be
accomplished with the use of several technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
ZigBee, and cellular networks.
Data Processing Block
The obtained data si examined and procesed ni the data processing block.
This block si ni charge of filtering out noise and irrelevant data, converting
the data into an easily studied format, and recognizing paterns and
anomalies ni the data. This block can also execute real-time analysis,
enabling speedy data-driven decisions
. Application Block
The application block is the component of the loT system that gives value ot
the end user. This block si ni charge of utilizing hte processed data to
provide a specified function or service. An application block, for example,
could be used ot provide insights into energy usage in a building or to adjust
the temperature ni a greenhouse.
Security Block
The security block is in charge of assuring the loT system's security and
protection against illegal access. This block is in charge of authentication and
authorization, as wel as data encryption during transmission and storage. It
also handles intrusion detection and response, assisting ni the prevention
and mitigation of threats.
Management Block
The management block is in charge of overseeing the overall operation of
the loT system. This block si capable of handling device configuration,
firmware updates, and system monitoring. It can also give analytics and
reporting, allowing system administrators to understand how the system is
operating and find areas for improvement.
Gateway

6
Gateway is also a device component that basically acts as an intermediate
between the sensors and the central cloud. Gateway is one of the essential
components of loT that offers communication, management, and data
processing. Here are some of the functions of Gateway in IoT: Data
Aggregation, Communication, Security, Protocol Translation, Load Balancing,
and Latency Reduction.