‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ALFURAT AL-AWSAT TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﺓ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ALSMAWA TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
Department of oil and gas refining technologies

EXPERIMENT: HEAT CONDUCTION IN SOLID LINEAR

HEAT TRANSFER LABORATORY
Nomenclature

Name Symbol SI unit

Radius of Disk R [m]

Heat transfer area A [m2]

Wall thickness (distance) L [m]

Constant Value (k/A) C

Electrical power to heating element Q [W]

Heat transfer rate per unit time (heat flow) Q [W]

Temperature measured Ta (eg. T1) [°C]

Temperature at hot interface Thot face [°C]

Temperature at cold interface T cold face [°C]

Temperature gradient Grad (eg. Grad hot) [W/m°C]

Thermal conductivity k [W/m°C]

Time

t [secs] α

STRUCTURE OF DEVICE

1
545455

1. OBJECT

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the constant of proportionality (the

thermal conductivity k) for one-dimensional steady flow of heat.
2. INTRODUCTION

Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat energy in a material due to the temperature
gradient within it. It always takes place from a region of higher temperature to a region
of lower temperature. A solid is chosen for the experiment of pure conduction because
both liquids and gasses exhibit excessive convective heat transfer. For practical
situation, heat conduction occurs in three dimensions, a complexity which often
requires extensive computation to analyze. For experiment, a single dimensional
approach is required to demonstrate the basic law that relates rate of heat flow to
temperature gradient and area.
3. THEORY

3.1. LINEAR HEAT CONDUCTION

According to Fourier’s law of heat conduction: If a plane wall of thickness ( ∆L ) and

area (A) supports a temperature difference ( ∆T ) then the heat transfer rate per unit
time (Q) by conduction through the wall is found to be:
∆T
Q =α A where∆L = (L − L )
∆L b a

If the material of the wall is homogeneous and has a thermal conductivity k (the
constant of proportionality) then:
∆T
Q = −kA where∆T = (T − T )
∆L a b

It should be noted that heat flow is positive in the direction of temperature fall hence
the negative sign in the equation. For convenience the equation can ve rearranged to
avoid the negative sign as follows:
∆T
Q = kA where ∆T = (T − T )
∆L b a

Note: In this exercise k and A are constant.

Linear heat conduction experiment setup can be seen in Fig.1.

2
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ALFURAT AL-AWSAT TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﺓ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ALSMAWA TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
Department of oil and gas refining technologies

3.EXPERIMENTS TO BE PERFORMED

The test unit will be introduced in the laboratory before the experiment by the relevant
assistant.
3.1 Linear Heat Conduction

Aim of the Experiment: To comprehend how to calculate thermal

conductivity(k) The necessary data for calculations will be recorded to

the table given below.

Calculations: Using the equation given below, calculate the thermal

conductivity. Thermal conductivity is defined as:

Q∆L
k= Eq.1
A∆T
Where:
Q=heat transfer added
∆x= thickness of specimen
A=area
∆T different between temperature.
.

3
545455

∆
= × −−−−−−−−−−− 2
∆

∆
= × −−−−−−− .3
∆ 4−6

= × −−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4
! #
= " −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− .5
4

∆% = 0.03'

= 0.04'

Table reading measuring: ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻗﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬

Material: BRASS
Power (W) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
V I
9 0.9 52.2 50.8 49.4 28.3 27.25 26.8
12 1.2 87.6 85.0 82.3 31.2 38.4 36.4
15 1.8 95.2 92.3 89.4 36.6 45.2 40.3
18 2.1 105.2 103.6 95.6 46.3 53.3 50.6
25 2.5 110.2 106.3 100.2 55.8 65.4 61.6
36 3.2 120.2 116.6 110.2 66.2 75.2 70.3
Distance from 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
T1 (m)

Table reading measuring : ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻗﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻞ‬

Material: STEEL
Power (W) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
V I
9 0.9 45.4 43.2 41.6 25.3 24.2 23.2
12 1.2 55.2 51.1 46.6 28.3 26.2 24.4
15 1.8 76.5 61.2 55.3 33.4 30.3 25.3
18 2.1 85.4 77.2 70.6 41.3 36.8 33.3
25 2.5 98.2 90.3 81.2 55.3 46.2 40.6
36 3.2 106.2 100.3 90.6 63.4 56.2 47.4
Distance from 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
T1 (m)

4
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ALFURAT AL-AWSAT TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﺓ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ALSMAWA TECHNICAL INSTITUTE
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
Department of oil and gas refining technologies

A sample graph of temperature against position along the bar can be seen.

Thotface Tcoldface

Compare your result with Table 1.

Table 1. Thermal Conductivities for Different Material Types

Materials in Normal Conditions (298 K, 24.85 °C) Thermal Conductivity (k) W/m°C

Pure Aluminium 205-237

Aluminium Alloy (6082) 170
Brass (CZ 121 ) 123
Brass (63% Copper) 125
Metals Brass (70% Copper) 109-121
Pure Copper 353-386
Copper (C101) 388
Light Steel 50
Stainless Steel 16
Air 0.0234
Gas
Hydrogen 0.172
Asbestos 0.28
Glass 0.8
Others
Water 0.6
Wood 0.07-0.2

5
545455

4. DISSCUSION ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬:

In your laboratory reports must have the followings;

a) Discus different result of thermal conductivity of materialsand compare between

theoretical thermal conductivity and experimental . ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ؟‬

b) Calculate thermal conductivity of the materials? ‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻞ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ؟‬

c) All the necessary calculations using measured data. ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
. ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‬

d) Discussion of your results and a conclusion. ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻋﻄﺎء ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻣﺎﺗﻢ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ؟‬

e)

‫ﺍﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ‬: ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

Prepared by: BSC Saad A .faraj