University of Texas at Austin

The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT,

University of Texas at Austin
or Texas) is a public research university in Austin,
Texas, United States. Founded in 1883, it is the
flagship institution of the University of Texas System.
With 52,384 students as of fall 2022, it is also the
largest institution in the system.[12]

The university is a major center for academic research,

with research expenditures totaling $1.06 billion for
the 2023 fiscal year.[13] It joined the Association of
Former names The University of Texas
American Universities in 1929. The university houses
(1881–1967)[1]
seven museums and seventeen libraries, including the
Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library and the Motto Disciplina Praesidium
Blanton Museum of Art, and operates various auxiliary Civitatis (Latin)
research facilities, such as the J. J. Pickle Research Motto in English "Education is the
Campus and the McDonald Observatory. Guardian of the State"[a][2]
Type Public research university
UT Austin's athletics constitute the Texas Longhorns.
Established September 15, 1883
The Longhorns have won four NCAA Division I
National Football Championships, six NCAA Division Parent institution University of Texas
I National Baseball Championships, thirteen NCAA System
Division I National Men's Swimming and Diving Accreditation SACS
Championships, and the school has claimed more titles Academic AAU · ORAU · UARC ·
in men's and women's sports than any other member in affiliations URA · Space-grant
the Big 12.
Endowment $19.72 billion (2023)
As of 2020, 13 Nobel Prize winners, 25 Pulitzer Prize (UT Austin only)[3]
winners, three Turing Award winners, two Fields $44.97 billion (2023)
Medal recipients, two Wolf Prize winners, and three (system-wide)[4]

Abel Prize winners have been affiliated with the school Budget $3.97 billion (FY2024)[3]
as alumni, faculty members, or researchers. The President Jay Hartzell[5]
university has also been affiliated with three Primetime Provost Rachel D. Mersey
Emmy Award winners, and as of 2021, its students and
Academic staff 3,254 (fall 2022)[6]
alumni have earned a total of 155 Olympic medals.[14]
Administrative 11,645 (2015)[7]
staff

History Students 52,384 (fall 2022)[8]

Undergraduates 42,444 (fall 2023)[6]
Postgraduates 9,469 (fall 2023)[6]
Establishment Location Austin, Texas, United
States
The idea of a public university in Texas was first 30.285°N 97.735°W
mentioned in the 1827 constitution of the Mexican Campus Large city[9], 431 acres
state of Coahuila y Tejas, which promised public (1.74 km2)
education in the arts and sciences under Title 6, Article Newspaper The Daily Texan
217, but no action was taken.[15] After Texas gained
Colors Burnt orange and white[10]
independence from Mexico in 1836, the Constitution
of the Republic emphasized Congress's duty, in Section
5 of its General Provisions, to establish a general Nickname Longhorns
system of education when circumstances allowed.[16] Sporting NCAA Division I FBS -
affiliations SEC[11]
After Texas was annexed, the Seventh Texas
Mascot Bevo · Hook 'em
Legislature passed O.B. 102 on February 11, 1858,
allocating $100,000 in United States bonds from the Website utexas.edu (https://utexa
Compromise of 1850 for the University of s.edu)
Texas.[17][18] The Civil War delayed fund repayment,
leaving the university with only $16,000 by 1865.[19]
Nevertheless, the Texas Constitution of 1876
reaffirmed the mandate to establish "The University of
Texas" by popular vote.[20]

On March 30, 1881, the Texas legislature organized the structure

of the university and called for a popular vote to determine its
location.[21] Austin was chosen as the site with 30,913 votes,
while Galveston was designated for the medical
department. [22][23] On November 17, 1882, the cornerstone of the
Old Main building was laid at the original "College Hill" location,
and University President Ashbel Smith expressed optimism about
Texas's untapped resources.[24] The University of Texas officially
opened its doors on September 15, 1883.[25] The university's Old Main building in
1903

Expansion and growth

The old Main Building of the university was built in a Victorian-Gothic style and served as the central
point of the campus's 40-acre (16 ha) site, and was used for nearly all purposes. But by the 1930s,
discussions arose about the need for new library space, and the Main Building was razed in 1934, despite
the objections of many students and faculty. The modern-day tower and Main Building were constructed
in its place.[26][27]

In 1916, a contentious dispute erupted between Texas Governor James E. Ferguson and the University of
Texas over faculty appointments. Ferguson's attempt to influence these appointments led to a retaliatory
veto of the university's budget, jeopardizing its operations. Subsequently, Ferguson was impeached by the
Texas House of Representatives, convicted by the Senate on charges including misapplication of public
funds, and removed from office.[28]

In 1921, the legislature appropriated $1.35 million for the purchase of land next to the main campus.
However, expansion was hampered by the restriction against using state revenues to fund construction of
university buildings as set forth in Article 7, Section 14 of the Constitution. With the completion of Santa
Rita No. 1 well[29] and the discovery of oil on university-owned
lands in 1923, the university added significantly to its Permanent
University Fund. The additional income from Permanent
University Fund investments allowed for bond issues in 1931 and
1947, which allowed the legislature to address funding for the
university along with the Agricultural and Mechanical College
(now known as Texas A&M University). With sufficient funds to
finance construction on both campuses, on April 8, 1931, the Forty
Second Legislature passed H.B. 368.[30] which dedicated the UT Architecture Library
Agricultural and Mechanical College a 1/3 interest in the Available
University Fund,[31] the annual income from Permanent
University Fund investments.

In 1929, the University of Texas was inducted into the Association of American Universities.[32]

During World War II, the University of Texas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that
took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy
commission.[33] Additionally, to facilitate the wartime effort, academic calendars were compressed,
allowing for accelerated graduation.[34]

After Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, Houston, Texas, area teen Marion Ford had been accepted to
become one of the first Black attendees. In an interview with a reporter he announced his desire to try-out
for the football team. The Ford Crisis would begin and all Black admissions at the time were rescinded
until policy could be drawn up.[35]

In the fall of 1956, the first Black students entered the university's undergraduate class.[36] Black students
were permitted to live in campus dorms, but were barred from campus cafeterias.[36] The University of
Texas integrated its facilities and desegregated its dormitories in 1965.[37] UT, which had had an open
admissions policy, adopted standardized testing for admissions in the mid-1950s, at least in part as a
conscious strategy to minimize the number of Black undergraduates, given that they were no longer able
to simply bar their entry after the Brown decision [38]

Following growth in enrollment after World War II, the university unveiled an ambitious master plan in
1960 designed for "10 years of growth" that was intended to "boost the University of Texas into the ranks
of the top state universities in the nation."[39] In 1965, the Texas Legislature granted the university Board
of Regents to use eminent domain to purchase additional properties surrounding the original 40 acres
(160,000 m2). The university began buying parcels of land to the north, south, and east of the existing
campus, particularly in the Blackland neighborhood to the east and the Brackenridge tract to the
southeast, in hopes of using the land to relocate the university's intramural fields, baseball field, tennis
courts, and parking lots.[39]

On March 6, 1967, the Sixtieth Texas Legislature changed the university's official name from "The
University of Texas" to "The University of Texas at Austin" to reflect the growth of the University of
Texas System.[40]

1966 shooting
On August 1, 1966, Texas student Charles Whitman barricaded the
observation deck in the tower of the Main Building. Armed with
multiple firearms, he killed 14 people on campus, 11 from the
observation deck and below the clocks on the tower, and three
more in the tower, as well as wounding two others inside the
observation deck. The massacre ended when Whitman was shot
and killed by police after they breached the tower.

After the Whitman event, the observation deck was closed until
1968 and then closed again in 1975 following a series of suicide
jumps during the 1970s. In 1999, after installation of security
fencing and other safety precautions, the tower observation deck
reopened to the public. There is a turtle pond park near the tower
dedicated to those affected by the tragedy.

The first presidential library on a university campus was dedicated

on May 22, 1971, with former President Johnson, Lady Bird
Johnson and then-President Richard Nixon in attendance. The Tower, completed in 1937,
stands 307 ft (94 m) tall and dons
Constructed on the eastern side of the main campus, the Lyndon
different colors of lighting on special
Baines Johnson Library and Museum is one of 13 presidential occasions.
libraries administered by the National Archives and Records
Administration.

A statue of Martin Luther King Jr. was unveiled on campus in 1999 and subsequently vandalized.[41] By
2004, John Butler, a professor at the McCombs School of Business suggested moving it to Morehouse
College, a historically black college, "a place where he is loved".[41]

Recent history
The University of Texas at Austin has experienced a wave of new construction recently with several
significant buildings. On April 30, 2006, the school opened the Blanton Museum of Art.[42] In August
2008, the AT&T Executive Education and Conference Center opened, with the hotel and conference
center forming part of a new gateway to the university. Also in 2008, Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial
Stadium was expanded to a seating capacity of 100,119, making it the largest stadium (by capacity) in the
state of Texas at the time.[43]

On Tuesday, September 28, 2010, a shooting occurred at the Perry–Castañeda Library (PCL) where
student Colton Tooley, armed with an AK-47, fired shots on his walk from Guadalupe Street to the
library's front entrance. The student ascended to the sixth floor, before killing himself. No one else was
injured, except for one sprained ankle suffered by a female student fleeing the scene.[44]

In early 2020, following a major outbreak of the new coronavirus, the university restricted travel to
Wuhan province in China, aligning with the U.S. Department of State's recommendation.[45] By March
17, 2020, then-UT President Gregory L. Fenves announced a transition to online classes for the rest of the
spring semester after 49 confirmed COVID-19 cases emerged from students' travels to Cabo San Lucas,
Mexico, during spring break.[46] Throughout the summer, the university reported over 400 cases and its
first COVID-19-related death, a custodial worker.[47][48]
The fall 2020 semester consisted of a majority of online courses through platforms like Zoom. On August
6, 2020, UT Austin initiated plans for free COVID-19 tests for all students. UT Austin returned to
primarily in-person classes and campus activities for the fall 2021 semester, implementing safety
protocols like testing requirements and vaccination incentives to ensure a safe return amid the ongoing
pandemic.[49]

In 2024, after four years of test-optional admissions for undergraduate applications due to the COVID-19
pandemic, standardized testing scores were once again made a mandatory part of admissions, beginning
with applications for the fall 2025 semester.[50] Jay Hartzell commented that the SAT and ACT
standardized exams were "a proven differentiator that is in each student's and the University's best
interest."[50]

On April 2, 2024, the University of Texas at Austin announced additional adjustments in compliance with
Senate Bill 17,[51] particularly in response to a letter from March 26, 2024 from Texas State Senator
Brandon Creighton,[52] which led to the layoff of approximately 60 individuals, most of whom formerly
worked in DEI-related programs, and the elimination of the newly-renamed Division of Campus and
Community Engagement.[53] Students, faculty, staff, and outside critics denounced the university's over-
compliance with the anti-DEI law, since the university had already been compliant since January 1,
2024.[54][55] At a UT Austin Faculty Council meeting on April 15, 2024, in response to mounting
criticism, President Jay Hartzell stated the additional changes were made in response to the threats from
the Republican-led State Legislature and the University of Texas System Board of Regents, and to restore
"confidence" in the university, reacting to changing tides in public opinion towards higher education
amongst Republicans.[56] The university's Division of Campus and Community Engagement operated the
University of Texas-University Charter School, a charter school system with 23 campuses across Texas,
until the closure on April 2, 2024, leading the charter school to be moved to the College of Education.[57]

2024 pro-Palestinian protests

On February 4, 2024, a Palestinian-American student at a pro-
Palestinian protest at the campus was stabbed, receiving non-life-
threatening injuries.[58][59] The attacker used a racial slur against
the protestors and the attack was investigated as a hate
crime.[60][61][62] A month later the attacker was indicted by a
grand jury on an aggravated assault with a deadly weapon charge
but was not charged with any additional hate crime charge.[63] A police group has arrested a
protestor with zip ties. Both
A large student and faculty Pro-Palestinian protest occurred on protestors and student observers
April 24, 2024, demanding a ceasefire in the Israel-Hamas War and other watchers have
and that the university divest from companies profiting from surrounded the police in outrage.
Israel's actions.[64] The protests occurred amidst the ongoing
nationwide demonstrations on college campuses.[65][66]

In response, the university, under the explicit direction of President Hartzell,[67][68] requested the
assistance of the Austin Police Department (APD) and the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS), in
coordination with Texas Governor Greg Abbott, in an attempt to quell said protests and an "occupation"
of the university,[69][70] in contrast to free speech on campus laws praised by Abbott and the university in
prior years.[71] The deployment of multiple police units led to the confirmed arrest of 57 protesters,
including a photojournalist for Fox 7 Austin, with several more
detained.[72][73][74][75][76] Charges were then dismissed against 46
protesters the next day, leading to their subsequent
release,[77][64][78] with the charges against the remaining 11
protesters dropped on April 26, 2024.[79]

This decision received sharp backlash, including from general

faculty, staff, students, several Democratic legislators for the
region, and First Amendment advocacy groups,[80][81] including Police arrest a protester present at
the April 24, 2024, pro-Palestinian
an official statement from the UT Faculty Council Executive
protest on the South Lawn of the
Committee denouncing it,[82] in part due to the extreme, chaotic, University of Texas at Austin
and violent police response that ensued and alleged violations of
First Amendment rights.[83][72] The university additionally set new
rules for protests on campus, such as banning masks and face
coverings and instituting a 10 PM curfew for all protests, directly
contradicting prior guidelines.[84] Initially, the university told
students and faculty that arrested protestors would no longer be
allowed on campus, but retracted the statement two hours later,
stating that they would be allowed "academic" access, only to then
announce a change to full access for university affiliates.[85]
Additionally, the university temporarily suspended the student A protester is tackled by police and
organization that organized the protests, the Palestine Solidarity arrested at the pro-Palestinian
Committee.[86] Travis County Attorney Delia Garza stated that the protest on April 24, 2024, at the
University of Texas at Austin.
way that the university handled the protests put a strain on the
local criminal justice system, specifically reprimanding the
sending of protestors to jail for low-level charges.[87]

A report later released by the UT Austin Committee of Counsel on Academic Freedom and Responsibility
(CCAFR) on July 17, 2024 found that UT Austin administrators violated its own institutional rules in
clear disregard of freedom of speech and expression protections.[88]

Campus
The university's property totals 1,438.5 acres (582.1 ha), comprising the 423.5 acres (171.4 ha) for the
Main Campus in central Austin and the J. J. Pickle Research Campus in north Austin and the other
properties throughout Texas. The main campus has 150 buildings totaling over 18,000,000 square feet
(1,700,000 m2).

One of the university's most visible features is the Beaux-Arts Main Building, including a 307-foot
(94 m) tower designed by Paul Philippe Cret.[89] Completed in 1937, the Main Building is in the middle
of campus. The tower usually appears illuminated in white light in the evening but is lit burnt orange for
various special occasions, including athletic victories and academic accomplishments; conversely, it is
darkened for solemn occasions.[90] At the top of the tower is a carillon of 56 bells, the largest in Texas.
Songs are played on weekdays by student carillonneurs,[91] in addition to the usual pealing of
Westminster Quarters every quarter-hour between 6 a.m. and
9 p.m.[92] In 1998, after the installation of security and safety
measures, the observation deck reopened to the public indefinitely
for weekend tours.[93]

The university's seven museums and seventeen libraries hold over

nine million volumes, making it the seventh-largest academic
library in the country.[94] The holdings of the university's Harry
Ransom Humanities Research Center include one of only 21
Interior lobby of the Lyndon B
remaining complete copies of the Gutenberg Bible and the first
Johnson Presidential Library and
permanent photograph, View from the Window at Le Gras, taken Museum
by Nicéphore Niépce.[95] The newest museum, the 155,000-
square-foot (14,400 m2) Blanton Museum of Art, is the largest
university art museum in the United States and hosts approximately 17,000 works from Europe, the
United States, and Latin America.[96][97] The Perry–Castañeda Library, which houses the central
University Libraries operations and the Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection, is at the heart of
campus. The Benson Latin American Collection holds the largest collection of Latin American materials
among US university libraries,[98] and maintains substantial digital collections.[99]

The University of Texas at Austin has an extensive tunnel system that links the buildings on campus.
Constructed c. 1928 under the supervision of UT engineering professor Carl J. Eckhardt Jr., then head of
the physical plant, the tunnels have grown along with the campus.[100] They measure approximately six
miles in length.[101][102] The tunnel system is used for communications and utility service. It is closed to
the public and guarded by silent alarms. Since the late 1940s, the university has generated its own
electricity. Today its natural gas cogeneration plant has a capacity of 123 MW. The university also
operates a TRIGA nuclear reactor at the J. J. Pickle Research Campus.[103][104]

The university continues to expand its facilities on campus. In 2010, the university opened the state-of-
the-art Norman Hackerman building (on the site of the former Experimental Sciences Building) housing
chemistry and biology research and teaching laboratories. In 2010, the university broke ground on the
$120 million Bill & Melinda Gates Computer Science Complex and Dell Computer Science Hall and the
$51 million Belo Center for New Media, both of which are now complete.[105][106] The new LEED gold-
certified, 110,000-square-foot (10,000 m2) Student Activity Center (SAC) opened in January 2011,
housing study rooms, lounges and food vendors. The SAC was constructed as a result of a student
referendum passed in 2006 which raised student fees by $65 per semester.[107] In 2012, the Moody
Foundation awarded the College of Communication $50 million, the largest endowment any
communication college has received, so naming it the Moody College of Communication.

The university operates two public radio stations, KUT with news and information, and KUTX with
music, via local FM broadcasts as well as live streaming audio over the Internet. The university uses
CapMetro to provide bus transportation for students around the campus on the UT Shuttle system and
throughout Austin, and UT students, faculty, and staff with an active UT ID card are able to ride public
transportation without paying a fare.[108]

Organization and administration

The university contains eighteen colleges and schools and one
academic unit, each listed with its founding date:[109]

Cockrell School of Engineering (1894)

Dell Medical School (2013)
College of Education (1905)
College of Fine Arts (1938)
College of Liberal Arts (1883)
Battle Hall, also known as "The Old
College of Natural Sciences (1883)
Library", was added to the National
College of Pharmacy (1893 in Galveston, moved to Register of Historic Places in 1970.
Austin 1927)
Continuing Education (1909)
Graduate Studies (1910)
Jackson School of Geosciences (2005)
LBJ School of Public Affairs (1970)
McCombs School of Business (1922)
Moody College of Communication (1965)
School of Architecture (1948)
School of Information (1948)
School of Law (1883)
School of Nursing (1976)
School of Undergraduate Studies (2008)
Steve Hicks School of Social Work (1950)

Academics
The University of Texas at Austin offers more than 100
undergraduate and 170 graduate degrees. In the 2009–2010
academic year, the university awarded a total of 13,215 degrees:
67.7% bachelor's degrees, 22.0% master's degrees, 6.4% doctoral
degrees, and 3.9% Professional degrees.[110]

In addition, the university has nine honors programs, eight of

which span a variety of academic fields: Liberal Arts Honors, the
Business Honors Program, the Turing Scholars Program in
Student Union Building
Computer Science, Engineering Honors, the Dean's Scholars
Program in Natural Sciences, the Health Science Scholars
Program in Natural Sciences, the Polymathic Scholars Program in Natural Sciences, and the
Undergraduate Nursing Honors Program in School of Nursing. The ninth is the Plan II Honors Program, a
rigorous interdisciplinary program that is a major in and of itself.[111] Many Plan II students pursue a
second major, often participating in another department's honors program in addition to Plan II.[112] The
university also offers programs such as the Freshman Research Initiative and Texas Interdisciplinary
Plan.[113]

Admissions

Undergraduate
The University of Texas at Austin encourages
Undergraduate admissions
applicants to submit SAT/ACT scores, but it is not
statistics
required.[116] However, for students applying for
2021 entering Change vs.
admission from fall 2025 onwards, submission of
class[114] 2016[115]
SAT/ACT scores is mandatory as part of their
undergraduate admission application.[117] As of 2011,
Admit rate 28.8 ( −11.6)
the university was one of the most selective
universities in the region. Relative to other universities Yield rate 47.7 ( +2.2)

in the state of Texas, UT Austin was second to Rice Test scores middle 50%
University in selectivity according to a Business SAT Total 1230–1480
Journal study weighing acceptance rates and the mid- (among 56% of FTFs)
range of the SAT and ACT. The University of Texas at
ACT Composite 29–34
Austin was ranked as the 18th most selective in the
(among 26% of FTFs)
South.[118]

As a state public university, UT Austin was subject to

Texas House Bill 588, which guaranteed Texas high school seniors graduating in the top 10% of their
class admission to any public Texas university. A new state law granting UT Austin (but no other state
university) a partial exemption from the top 10% rule, Senate Bill 175, was passed by the 81st Legislature
in 2009. It modified this admissions policy by limiting automatically admitted freshmen to 75% of the
entering in-state freshman class, starting in 2011. The university will admit the top one percent, the top
two percent and so forth until the cap is reached; the university currently admits the top 6 percent.[119]
Furthermore, students admitted under Texas House Bill 588 are not guaranteed their choice of college or
major, but rather only guaranteed admission to the university as a whole. Many colleges, such as the
Cockrell School of Engineering, have secondary requirements that must be met for admission.[120]

For others who go through the traditional application process, selectivity is deemed "more selective"
according to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and by U.S. News & World
Report.[121][122] For fall 2017, 51,033 applied and 18,620 were accepted (36.5%), and of those accepted,
45.2% enrolled.[123] Among freshman students who enrolled in fall 2017, SAT scores for the middle 50%
ranged from 570 to 690 for critical reading and 600–710 for math.[123] ACT composite scores for the
middle 50% ranged from 26 to 31.[123] In terms of class rank, 74.4% of enrolled freshmen were in the top
10% of their high school classes and 91.7% ranked in the top quarter.[123] For fall 2019, 53,525
undergraduate students applied, 17,029 undergraduate students were admitted, and 8,170 undergraduate
students enrolled in the university full or part time, making the acceptance rate 31.8% and enrollment rate
48% overall.[124] In the 2020–2021 academic year, 79 freshman students were National Merit
Scholars.[125]
 Fall First-Time Freshman Statistics [114] [126] [127] [128] [129] [115]

2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016

Applicants 66,043 57,241 53,525 50,575 51,033 47,511

Admits 18,989 18,291 17,029 19,482 18,620 19,182

Admit rate 28.8 32.0 31.8 38.5 36.5 40.4

Enrolled 9,060 8,459 8,170 8,960 8,381 8,719

Yield rate 47.7 46.2 48.0 46.0 45.0 45.5

ACT composite* 29–34 26–33 27–33 27–33 26–33 26–32
(out of 36) (26%†) (47%†) (54%†) (56%†) (65%†) (64%†)

SAT composite* 1230–1480 1220–1450 1240–1470 1230–1480 1230–1460

—
(out of 1600) (56%†) (79%†) (79%†) (78%†) (73%†)

* middle 50% range

†
percentage of first-time freshmen who chose to submit

Rankings
The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin) was
Academic rankings
ranked 32nd among all universities in the U.S. and 9th
among public universities according to U.S. News & National
[130]
World Report's 2024 rankings.[131] Internationally, UT Forbes 46
Austin was tied for 56th in the 2024 "Best Global U.S. News & World Report[131] 30 (tie)
Universities" ranking by U.S. News & World Report, Washington Monthly[132] 98
45th in the world by Academic Ranking of World
WSJ/College Pulse[133] 41
Universities (ARWU) in 2024, 52nd worldwide by
Times Higher Education World University Rankings Global
(2024), and 66th globally by QS World University QS[134] 66
Rankings (2024). UT Austin was also ranked 35th in THE[135] 50
the world by the Center for World University Rankings
U.S. News & World Report[136] 56 (tie)
(CWUR) in 2024.[137]

The University of Texas at Austin is considered to be a "Public Ivy"—a public university that provides an
Ivy League collegiate experience at a public school price, having been ranked in virtually every list of
"Public Ivies" since Richard Moll coined the term in his 1985 book Public Ivies: A Guide to America's
best public undergraduate colleges and universities. The seven other "Public Ivy" universities, according
to Moll, were the College of William & Mary, Miami University, the University of California, the
University of Michigan, the University of North Carolina, the University of Vermont, and the University
of Virginia.[138]

The Accounting and Latin American History programs are consistently ranked top in the nation by the
U.S. News & World Report college rankings, most recently in their 2023 and 2021 editions,
respectively.[139][140] More than 50 other science, humanities, and professional programs rank in the top
25 nationally.[141] The College of Pharmacy is listed as the third-best in the nation and The School of
Information (iSchool) is sixth-best in Library and Information Sciences.[141] Among other rankings, the
School of Social Work is 7th, the Jackson School of Geosciences is 8th for Earth Sciences, the Cockrell
School of Engineering is tied for 10th-best (with the undergraduate engineering program tied for 11th-
best in the country), the Nursing School is tied for 13th, the University of Texas School of Law is 15th,
the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs is 7th, and the McCombs School of Business is tied for
16th-best (with the undergraduate business program tied for 5th-best in the country).[141]

The University of Texas School of Architecture was ranked second

among national undergraduate programs in 2012.[142]

A 2005 Bloomberg survey ranked the school 5th among all

business schools and first among public business schools for the
largest number of alumni who are S&P 500 CEOs.[143] Similarly,
a 2005 USA Today report ranked the university as "the number one
source of new Fortune 1000 CEOs".[144] A "payback" analysis
The Architectural Robotics Lab at
published by SmartMoney in 2011 comparing graduates' salaries
the Architecture School is one of
to tuition costs concluded the school was the second-best value of
only a small number of robotics labs
all colleges in the nation, behind only Georgia Tech.[145] A 2013 at architecture schools in the nation.
College Database study found that UT Austin was 22nd in the Sutton Hall
nation in terms of increased lifetime earnings by graduates.[146]

Research
UT Austin is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very
high research activity."[122] For the 2014–2015 cycle, the
university was awarded over $580 million in sponsored
projects,[147][148] and has earned more than 300 patents since
2003.[149] The University of Texas at Austin houses the Office of
Technology Commercialization, a technology transfer center
which serves as the bridge between laboratory research and
commercial development. In 2009, the university created nine new The Engineering Education and
start-up companies to commercialize technology developed at the Research Center (EERC), a
university and has created 46 start-ups in the past seven years. multidisciplinary teaching and
research facility for the Cockrell
License agreements generated $10.9 million in revenue for the
School of Engineering
university in 2009.[149] In January 2020, the University of Texas
Austin's Texas Innovation Center was established to provide
support for startups.[150]

Research at UT Austin is largely focused in the engineering and physical sciences,[151] and the university
is a world-leading research institution in fields such as computer science.[152] Energy is a major research
thrust, with federally funded projects on biofuels,[153] battery and solar cell technology, and geological
carbon dioxide storage,[154] water purification membranes, among others. In 2009, the University of
Texas founded the Energy Institute, led by former Under Secretary for Science Raymond L. Orbach, to
organize and advance multi-disciplinary energy research.[155] In addition to its own medical school, it
houses medical programs associated with other campuses and allied health professional programs, as well
as major research programs in pharmacy, biomedical engineering, neuroscience, and others.
In 2010, the University of Texas at Austin opened the $100 million Dell Pediatric Research Institute to
increase medical research at the university and establish a medical research complex, and associated
medical school, in Austin.[156][157]

The university operates several major auxiliary research centers. The world's third-largest telescope, the
Hobby–Eberly Telescope, and three other large telescopes are part of the university's McDonald
Observatory, 450 miles (720 km) west of Austin.[158][159] The university manages nearly 300 acres
(120 ha) of biological field laboratories, including the Brackenridge Field Laboratory in Austin. The
Center for Agile Technology focuses on software development challenges.[160] The J.J. Pickle Research
Campus (PRC) is home to the Texas Advanced Computing Center which operates a series of
supercomputers, such as Ranger (from 2008 to 2013 [161]), Stampede (2013–2017 [162]), Stampede2
(since 2017 [163]), and Frontera (since 2019).[164] The Pickle campus also hosts the Microelectronics
Research Center which houses micro- and nanoelectronics research and features a 15,000 square foot
(1,400 m2) cleanroom for device fabrication.

Founded in 1946, the university's Applied Research Laboratories at the PRC has developed or tested the
vast majority of the Navy's high-frequency sonar equipment. In 2007, the Navy granted it a research
contract funded up to $928 million over ten years.[165][166] The Institute for Advanced Technology,
founded in 1990 and located in the West Pickle Research Building, supports the U.S. Army with basic
and applied research in several fields.

The Center for Transportation Research is a nationally recognized research institution focusing on
transportation research, education, and public service. Established in 1963 as the Center for Highway
Research, its projects address virtually all aspects of transportation, including economics, multimodal
systems, traffic congestion relief, transportation policy, materials, structures, transit, environmental
impacts, driver behavior, land use, geometric design, accessibility, and pavements.[167]

In 2013, the University of Texas at Austin announced the naming of the O'Donnell Building for Applied
Computational Engineering and Sciences. The O'Donnell Foundation of Dallas, headed by Peter
O'Donnell and his wife, Edith Jones O'Donnell, has given more than $135 million to the university
between 1983 and 2013. University president William C. Powers declared the O'Donnells "among the
greatest supporters of the University of Texas in its 130-year history. Their transformative generosity is
based on the belief in our power to change society for the better."[168] In 2008, O'Donnell pledged
$18 million to finance the hiring of university faculty members undertaking research in mathematics,
computers, and multiple scientific disciplines; his pledge was matched by W. A. "Tex" Moncrief Jr., an
oilman and philanthropist from Fort Worth.[169] In addition, UT Austin and Amazon established a new
science hub in 2023.[170] [171]

The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute is located on the Gulf coast in Port Aransas.
Established in 1941, UTMSI was the first permanent marine research facility in the state of Texas and has
since contributed significantly to our understanding of marine ecosystems. Research at the Marine
Science Institute ranges from locally-important work on mariculture and estuarine ecosystems to the
investigation of global issues in marine science, from the Arctic to the tropics.

Endowment
The University of Texas System is entitled to at least 30% of the
distributions from the Permanent University Fund (PUF), with
over $33 billion in assets as of year-end 2021.[172][173] The
University of Texas System gets two-thirds of the Available
University Fund (the name of the annual distribution of PUF's
income), and the Texas A&M University System gets the other
third. A regental policy[174] requires at least 45 percent of UT
System's share of this money go to the University of Texas at
The Norman Hackerman Building
Austin for "program enrichment". By taking two-thirds and
multiplying it by 45 percent, UT gets 30 percent, which is the
minimum amount of AUF income that can be distributed to the school under current policies. The
Regents, however, can decide to allocate additional amounts to the university. Also, the majority of the
University of Texas system share of the AUF is used for its debt service bonds, some of which were
issued for the benefit of the Austin campus.[175] The Regents can change the 45 percent minimum of the
University of Texas System share that goes to the Austin campus at any time, although doing so might be
difficult politically.

Proceeds from lands appropriated in 1839 and 1876, as well as oil monies, comprise the majority of PUF.
At one time, the PUF was the chief source of income for Texas' two university systems, the University of
Texas System and the Texas A&M University System; today, however, its revenues account for less than
10 percent of the universities' annual budgets. This has challenged the universities to increase sponsored
research and private donations. Privately funded endowments contribute over $2 billion to the university's
total endowment.

The University of Texas System also has about $22 billion of assets in its General Endowment Fund.[176]

Student life
Student body composition as of May 2, 2022

Student profile Race and ethnicity[177] Total

For fall 2023, the university enrolled 42,444 White 37%

undergraduate students and 9,469 graduate Hispanic 26%
students, bringing the total student count to
Asian 23%
51,913. Out-of-state students accounted for
[b] 5%
10% of the undergraduate student body, and Other
international students comprised 9.6% of the Black 6%
total student body. [178] Out-of-state and Foreign national 4%
international students comprised 9.1% of the
Economic diversity
undergraduate student body and 20.1% of the
total student body, with students from all 50 Low-income[c] 23%
states and more than 120 foreign countries— Affluent[d] 77%
most notably, the Republic of Korea, followed
by the People's Republic of China, India, Mexico, and Taiwan.[179]
For fall 2015, the undergraduate student body was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.[180] In 2022, the three
most popular undergraduate majors were Biology/Biological Sciences, Psychology, and Computer and
Information Sciences. For graduate studies, the top choices were Business Administration and
Management, Accounting, and Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods.[181]

Residential life
The campus has fourteen residence halls, the newest of which opened in spring 2007. As of 2024, there
are a total of fifteen on-campus residence halls, with eight located in North Campus and seven in South
Campus.[182] Residence Hall Rates for the 2024–25 fall and spring terms vary across eleven different
rates, ranging from the lowest rate of $13,504 to the highest rate of $20,447, each corresponding to
different room types.[183] On-campus housing can hold more than 7,100 students.[184] Jester Center is the
largest residence hall with its capacity of 2,945.[185] Academic enrollment exceeds the on-campus
housing capacity; as a result, most students must live in private residence halls, housing cooperatives,
apartments, or with Greek organizations and other off-campus residences. University Housing and
Dining, which already has the largest market share of 7,000 of the estimated 27,000 beds in the campus
area, plans to expand to 9,000 beds.[186]

Greek life
The University of Texas at Austin is home to an active Greek community. Approximately 14 percent of
undergraduate students are in fraternities or sororities.[187] With more than 65 national chapters, the
university's Greek community is one of the nation's largest.[187] These chapters are under the authority of
one of the school's six Greek council communities, Interfraternity Council, National Pan-Hellenic
Council, Texas Asian Pan-Hellenic Council, Latino Pan-Hellenic Council, Multicultural Greek Council
and University Panhellenic Council.[188] Other registered student organizations also name themselves
with Greek letters and are called affiliates. They are not a part of one of the six councils but have all of
the same privileges and responsibilities of any other organization.[189] Most Greek houses are west of the
Drag in the West Campus neighborhood.

Media
Students express their opinions in and out of class through periodicals including Study Breaks magazine,
Longhorn Life, The Daily Texan (the most award-winning daily college newspaper in the United
States),[190] and the Texas Travesty. Over the airwaves students' voices are heard through Texas Student
Television (K29HW-D) and KVRX Radio.

The Computer Writing and Research Lab of the university's Department of Rhetoric and Writing also
hosts the Blogora, a blog for "connecting rhetoric, rhetorical methods and theories, and rhetoricians with
public life" by the Rhetoric Society of America.[191]

Traditions
Traditions at the University of Texas are perpetuated through
several school symbols and mediums. At athletic events, students
frequently sing "Texas Fight", the university's fight song[192]
while displaying the Hook 'em Horns hand gesture[193]—the
gesture mimicking the horns of the school's mascot, Bevo the
Texas Longhorn.

Smokey the Cannon The "Silver Spurs" with the

The University of Texas is also represented by the Texas university's mascot, Bevo
Cowboys, who maintain Smokey, the University's replica 1,200-
pound Civil War artillery cannon.[194][195][196]

Athletics
The University of Texas offers a wide variety of varsity and
intramural sports programs.

Varsity sports The Texas Cowboys fire Smokey

the Cannon during a football game.
The university's men's and women's athletics teams are nicknamed
the Longhorns. Texas has won 50 total national
championships,[197] 42 of which are NCAA national
championships.[198]

The football team experienced its greatest success under coach

Darrell Royal, winning three national championships in 1963,
1969, and 1970. It won a fourth title under head coach Mack
Brown in 2005 after a 41–38 victory over previously undefeated
Southern California in the 2006 Rose Bowl.
Texas Longhorns football playing
against Oklahoma in the 2007 Red
The university's baseball team has made more trips to the College
River Rivalry
World Series (35) than any other school, and won championships
in 1949, 1950, 1975, 1983, 2002, and 2005.[199]

The Texas Longhorns men’s basketball has qualified for the NCAA Final Four three times and achieved
28 conference championships and 38 total appearances in the NCAA tournament.[200]

Rick Barnes led the Texas Longhorns men's basketball from 1998 to 2015. Under his leadership, the team
achieved 16 NCAA Tournament appearances, including a Final Four appearance in 2003.[201]

Shaka Smart coached the Texas Longhorns men's basketball from 2015 to 2021. While at UT Austin,
Smart's teams made 3 NCAA Tournament appearances.[202]

Additionally, the university's men's and women's swimming and diving teams lay claim to sixteen NCAA
Division I titles, with the men's team having 13 of those titles, more than any other Division 1 team.[203]
The swim team was first developed under Coach Tex Robertson.[204]
On June 12, 2020, UT student-athletes banded together with their #WeAreOne statement on Twitter.
Among the list of changes included: renaming certain campus buildings, replacing statues, starting
outreach programs, and replacing "The Eyes of Texas". UT Interim President Jay Hartzell released a
statement on July 13, 2020, announcing the changes to be implemented in light of these demands from
UT student-athletes. Hartzell said the university would make a multi-million dollar investment to
programs that recruit, retain and support Black students; rename the Robert L. Moore Building as the
Physics, Math and Astronomy Building; honor Heman M. Sweatt in numerous ways, including placing a
statue of Sweatt near the entrance of T.S. Painter Hall; honor the Precursors, the first Black
undergraduates to attend the University of Texas at Austin, by commissioning a new monument on the
East Mall; erect a statue for Julius Whittier, the Longhorns' first Black football letterman, at DKR-Texas
Memorial Stadium; and more. However, one of the most controversial topics on the list – replacing "The
Eyes of Texas" as UT's alma mater – remained untouched.[205]

Further information: Horns Illustrated, print and digital university athletics publication.

Notable people

Faculty
In the fall of 2016, the school employed 3,128 full-time faculty members, with a student-to-faculty ratio
of 18.86 to 1. These include[206][207] winners of the Nobel Prize, the Pulitzer Prize, the National Medal of
Science, the National Medal of Technology, the Turing Award, the Primetime Emmy Award, and other
various awards.[208] Nine Nobel Laureates are or have been affiliated with the University of Texas at
Austin. Research expenditures for the university exceeded $679.8 million in fiscal year 2018.[209][210]

Alumni
Texas Exes is the official University of Texas alumni organization. The Alcalde, founded in 1913 and
pronounced "all-call-day", is the university's alumni magazine.

Alumni in government
At least 15 graduates have served in the U.S. Senate or U.S. House of Representatives, including Lloyd
Bentsen '42, who served in both Houses.[211] Presidential cabinet members include former U.S.
Secretaries of State Rex Tillerson '75, and James Baker '57,[212] former U.S. Secretary of Education
William J. Bennett, and former U.S. Secretary of Commerce Donald Evans '73. Former First Lady Laura
Bush '73 and daughter Jenna '04 both graduated from Texas,[213] as well as former First Lady Lady Bird
Johnson '33 & '34 and her eldest daughter Lynda.

In foreign governments, the university has been represented by Fernando Belaúnde Terry '36 (42nd
President of Peru) and by Abdullah al-Tariki (co-founder of OPEC). Additionally, the Prime Minister of
the Palestinian National Authority, Salam Fayyad, graduated from the university with a PhD in
economics. Tom C. Clark '21, Law '22, served as United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 and
as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1949 to 1967.

Alumni in academia
Alumni in academia include the Nobel Prize-winning immunologist James P. Allison, and the Nobel
Prize-winning hematologist E. Donnall Thomas. Additional alumni include 26th president of The College
of William & Mary Gene Nichol '76, the 10th president of Boston University Robert A. Brown '73 &
'75,[214] and the 8th president of the University of Southern California John R. Hubbard. The university
also graduated Alan Bean '55, the fourth man to walk on the Moon.

Alumni in business
Alumni who have served as business leaders include former Secretary of State and former ExxonMobil
Corporation CEO Rex Tillerson '75, Dell founder and CEO Michael Dell, Morton Meyerson (name sake
of the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center) and Gary C. Kelly, a former Southwest Airlines CEO.

Alumni in literature and journalism

In literature and journalism, the school boasts over 25 Pulitzer Prizes credited to alumni and faculty
members,[215] including Gail Caldwell and Ben Sargent '70. Walter Cronkite, the former CBS Evening
News anchor once called the most trusted man in America, attended the University of Texas at Austin, as
did CNN anchor Betty Nguyen '95. Alumnus J. M. Coetzee also received the 2003 Nobel Prize in
Literature. Novelist Raymond Benson ('78) was the official author of James Bond novels between 1996
and 2002, the only American to be commissioned to pen them. Donna Alvermann, a distinguished
research professor at the University of Georgia, department of education also graduated from the
University of Texas, as did Wallace Clift ('49) and Jean Dalby Clift ('50, Law '52), authors of several
books in the fields of psychology of religion and spiritual growth. Notable alumni authors also include
Kovid Gupta ('2010), author of several bestselling books, Ruth Cowan Nash ('23), America's first woman
war correspondent, and Alireza Jafarzadeh, author of "The Iran Threat: President Ahmadinejad and the
Coming Nuclear Crisis" and television commentator ('82, MS). Although expelled from the university,
former student and The Daily Texan writer John Patric went on to become a noted writer for National
Geographic, Reader's Digest, and author of 1940s best-seller Why Japan was Strong.[216]

Alumni with Fulbright Scholarships

University of Texas at Austin alumni also include 112 Fulbright Scholars,[217] 31 Rhodes Scholars,[217]
28 Truman Scholars,[218] 23 Marshall Scholars,[217] and nine astronauts.[219]

Alumni in music and entertainment

Several musicians and entertainers attended the university. Janis Joplin, the American singer
posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame who received a Grammy Lifetime
Achievement Award, attended the university,[220] as did February 1955 Playboy Playmate of the Month
and Golden Globe recipient Jayne Mansfield.[221] Composer Harold Morris is a 1910 graduate. Noted
film director, cinematographer, writer, and editor Robert Rodriguez is a Longhorn, as are actors Eli
Wallach and Matthew McConaughey, the latter of which now teaches a class at the university.[222]
Founding members of psychedelic rock band The Bright Light Social Hour Jackie O'Brien and Curtis
Roush both received master's degrees from the university in 2009 while completing their debut self-titled
album.[223]
Kendall Ross Bean completed his Master of Music Degree in Piano Performance in 1982. As a master
piano rebuilder and concert pianist, Bean first performed on a piano he rebuilt in one of the first classical
music videos to be broadcast across the United States on the A&E Network which in 1985 had 18 million
cable viewers. This broadcast coincided with MTV emerging as a medium for record production
companies to use music videos to promote the albums of Rock and Pop stars. The novelty of a classical
music video featuring a solo pianist and the inside view of piano hammers hitting strings, contrasted to
the high production rock music videos caught media attention from coast to coast. The video was titled:
Kendall Ross Bean: Chopin Polonaise in A Flat.

Karen Earle Lile, niece of Tony Terran, received her Bachelor of Arts Degree with Highest Honors in
English in 1982. She is the Art Director/Executive Producer for the USPS Building Bridges Special
Postal Cancellation Series and a Talk Show host for Sail Sport Talk on Sports Byline USA, a record
producer [224][225] at Fantasy Studios and the historian who discovered the provenance of the Lost
Lennon piano,[226] afterwards known as the Lennon-Ono-Green-Warhol piano.[227]

Robert Rodriguez dropped out of the university after two years to pursue his career in Hollywood, but
completed his degree from the Radio-Television-Film department on May 23, 2009. Rodriguez also gave
the keynote address at the university-wide commencement ceremony. Radio-Television-Film alumni
Mark Dennis and Ben Foster took their award-winning feature film, Strings, to the American film festival
circuit in 2011. Web and television actress Felicia Day and film actress Renée Zellweger attended the
university. Day graduated with degrees in music performance (violin) and mathematics, while Zellweger
graduated with a BA in English. Writer and recording artist Phillip Sandifer graduated with a degree in
history. Michael "Burnie" Burns is an actor, writer, film director and film producer who graduated with a
degree in computer science.[228] He, along with graduate Matt Hullum,[228] also founded the Austin-
based production company Rooster Teeth, that produces many hit shows, including the award-winning
Internet series, Red vs. Blue. Farrah Fawcett, one of the original Charlie's Angels, left after her junior year
to pursue a modeling career. Actor Owen Wilson and writer/director Wes Anderson attended the
university, where they wrote Bottle Rocket together, which became Anderson's first feature film. Writer
and producer Charles Olivier is a Longhorn. So too are filmmakers and actors Mark Duplass and his
brother Jay Duplass, key contributors to the mumblecore film genre. Another notable writer, Rob Thomas
graduated with a BA in history in 1987 and later wrote the young adult novel Rats Saw God and created
the series Veronica Mars. Illustrator, writer and alum Felicia Bond[229] is best known for her illustrations
in the If You Give... children's books series, starting with If You Give a Mouse a Cookie. Taiwanese singer-
songwriter, producer, actress Cindy Yen (birth name Cindy Wu) graduated with double degrees in music
(piano performance) and broadcast journalism in 2008. Noted composer and arranger Jack Cooper
received his D.M.A. in 1999 from the University of Texas at Austin in composition and has gone on to
teach in higher education and become known internationally through the music publishing industry. Actor
Trevante Rhodes competed as a sprinter for the Longhorns and graduated with a BS in Applied Learning
and Development in 2012. In 2016, he starred as Chiron in the Academy Award- and Golden Globe-
winning film Moonlight.

Alumni in sports
Many alumni have found success in professional sports. Legendary pro football coach Tom Landry '49
attended the university as an industrial engineering major but interrupted his education after a semester to
serve in the United States Army Air Corps during World War II. Following the war, he returned to the
university and played fullback and defensive back on the Longhorns' bowl-game winners on New Year's
Day of 1948 and 1949. Seven-time Cy Young Award-winner Roger Clemens entered the MLB after
helping the Longhorns win the 1983 College World Series.[230] NBA MVP and four-time scoring
champion Kevin Durant entered the 2007 NBA draft and was selected second overall behind Greg Oden,
after sweeping National Player of the Year honors, becoming the first freshman to win any of the awards.
After becoming the first freshman in school history to lead Texas in scoring and being named the Big 12
Freshman of the Year, Daniel Gibson entered the 2006 NBA draft and was selected in the second round
by the Cleveland Cavaliers. In his one year at Texas, golfer Jordan Spieth led the University of Texas
Golf club to the NCAA Men's Golf Championship in 2012 and went on to win The Masters Tournament
three years after leaving the university.[231] Several Olympic medalists have also attended the school,
including 2008 Summer Olympics athletes Ian Crocker '05 (swimming world record holder and two-time
Olympic gold medalist) and 4 × 400 m relay defending Olympic gold medalist Sanya Richards
'06.[232][233] Mary Lou Retton (the first female gymnast outside Eastern Europe to win the Olympic all-
around title, five-time Olympic medalist, and 1984 Sports Illustrated Sportswoman of the Year) also
attended the university.[234] Garrett Weber-Gale, a two-time Olympic gold medalist, and world record-
holder in two events, was a swimmer for the school. Also an alumnus is Dr. Robert Cade, the inventor of
the sports drink Gatorade. In big, global philanthropy, the university is honored by Darren Walker,
president of Ford Foundation. 2022 and 2024 Masters Tournament champion, Scottie Scheffler '18,
attended the university, where he was an All-American Golfer for the Longhorns.

Other notable alumni

Other notable alumni include prominent businessman Red McCombs, Diane Pamela Wood, the first
female chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, astrophysicist Neil
deGrasse Tyson, chemist Donna J. Nelson, and neuroscientist Tara Spires-Jones. Also an alumnus is
Admiral William H. McRaven, credited for organizing and executing Operation Neptune's Spear, the
special ops raid that led to the death of Osama bin Laden.[235] Oveta Culp Hobby, the first woman to earn
the rank of a colonel in the United States Army, first commanding officer and director of the Women's
Army Corps, first secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare attended the university
as well. Erika Thompson is a well-known beekeeper.

Notable alumni of UT Austin

 Greg Abbott, James P. Allison, James Baker, Lloyd Bentsen, Tom C. Clark,
Governor of Nobel Prize- former White Secretary of the Attorney General
Texas winning House Chief of Treasury and Associate
immunologist Staff and Justice of the
Secretary of Supreme Court
State

J. M. Coetzee, Kevin Durant, 14- Matthew Jordan Spieth, E. Donnall

novelist and time NBA All-Star McConaughey, professional Thomas, Nobel
Nobel laureate Academy Award- golfer Prize-winning
winning actor hematologist

Rex Tillerson, Neil deGrasse Owen Wilson,

Secretary of Tyson, actor
State astrophysicist

See also
Silicon Hills
University of Texas at Austin High School
University of Texas Elementary School

Notes
a. Disciplina Praesidium Civitatis is a Latinization of the quotation by Mirabeau Lamar that
"The cultivated mind is the guardian genius of democracy."
b. Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
c. The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for
low-income students.
 d. The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare
minimum.

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External links
Official website (https://www.utexas.edu/)
University of Texas at Austin Athletics website (https://www.texassports.com/)
University of Texas at Austin (https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kcu09) from the
Handbook of Texas Online
"Texas, University of" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(192
1)/Texas,_University_of). Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
"Texas, University of" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_W
ork/Texas,_University_of). The New Student's Reference Work (https://en.wikisource.org/wi
ki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work). 1914.
"Texas, University of" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C
3%A6dia/Texas,_University_of). New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

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