Data structures

Vũ Thị Hồng Nhạn

([email protected])

Dept. of Software Engineering, FIT, UET,

Vietnam National Univ., Hanoi

 Content
 Primitive data types
 String
 Math class
 Arrays
 Collections (container classes)
 Lists
 ArrayLists
 Stacks
 Queues
 HashMap
 Summary

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 Basic classes

Object

Boolean Character Void Number Math String StringBuffer ...

Byte Short Integer Long Float Double

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 The Object class
 Class getClass() returns class name of the current objects.

Cat a = new Cat(”Tom”);

Class c = a.getClass();
System.out.println(c);

 boolean equals(Object) compares objects, is usually

redefined.
 String toString() returns text representation of the object, is
usually redefined.

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 Wrapper classes
 A wrapper class wraps around a data type and gives it an object
appearance
 Wrapper classes include methods to unwrap the object and give
back the data type
 Example
int x = 100;
Integer o = new Integer(x)
 The int data type x is converted into an object, o using Integer class
 Unwrap an object
 int y= o.intValue()
 System.out.println(y*y);// 10000

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 Primitive data types
 Utility methods:
 valueOf(String s) returns an object of the corresponding type
holding the value of String s.
Integer k = Integer.valueOf( "12"); // k = 12
 typeValue() returns primitive value of the object
int i = k.intValue(); // i = 12
 static parseType(String s) converts a string into a value of the
corresponding primitive type
int i = Integer.parseInt("12"); // i = 12
 constants
 Type.MAX_VALUE, Type.MIN_VALUE

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 The Character class
 Methods
 static boolean isUppercase(char ch)
 static boolean isLowercase(char ch)
 static boolean isDigit(char ch)
 static boolean isLetter(char ch)
 static boolean isLetterOrDigit(char ch)
 static char toUpperCase(char ch)
 static char toLowerCase(char ch)

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 The String class
 String: unmodifiable sequence of characters.
 Initialize
 String(String)
 String(StringBuffer)
 String(byte[])
 String(char[])
 Methods
 int length the length of the string
 char charAt(int index) returns the character at position index

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 The String class
 Comparison
 boolean equals(String)
 boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String)
 boolean startWith(String)
 boolean endWith(String)
 int compareTo(String)
 Conversion
 String toUpperCase()
 String toLowerCase()
 Concatenation
 String concat(String)
 operator “+”
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 The String class
 Search forwards
 int indexOf(int ch)
 int indexOf(int ch, int from)
 int indexOf(String)
 int indexOf(String s, int from)
 Search backwards
 int lastIndexOf(int ch)
 int lastIndexOf(int ch, int from)
 int lastIndexOf(String)
 int lastIndexOf(String, int)

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 The String class
 Replace
 String replace(char oldChar, char newChar) returns a
new string resulting from replacing all occurrences
of oldChar with newChar
 Substring
 String trim() returns a copy of the string, with leading and
trailing white space omitted.
 String substring(int startIndex)
 String substring(int start, int end)

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 StringBuffer
StringBuffer: modifiable sequence of characters
 Initialize
 StringBuffer(String)
 StringBuffer(int length)
 StringBuffer(): default size is 16
 Utilities
 int length()
 char charAt(int index)
 void setCharAt(int index, char ch)
 String toString()

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 StringBuffer
 Edit
 append(String)
 append(type t) appends t's string representation
 insert(int offset, String s)
 insert(int offset, char[] chs)
 insert(int offset, type t)
 delete(int start, int end) deletes a substring
 delete(int index) deletes 01 character
 reverse()

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 The Math class
 Constants
 Math.E
 Math.PI
 Static methods
 type abs(type): absolute value of int/double/long
 double ceil(double)
 double floor(double)
 int round(float)
 long round(double)
 type max(type, type), type min(type, type)

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 The Math class
 Static methods (cont.)
 double random() generates random value in the range [0.0,1.0]
 double pow(double, double)
 double exp(double) e raised to the power of a value.
 double log(double) natural logarithm (base e)
 double sqrt(double)
 trigonometric
 double sin(double) returns sine of an angle
 double cos(double) returns cosine of an angle
 double tan(double) returns tangent of an angle

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 Arrays
 We already know the best way to store multiple items of the same type is
to use arrays
 Array simply allocates a bunch of cells to store each item separately
 but the whole array is treated as if it’s a single variable
 Each cell in the array has an index that start from zero and these indices
allow you to access each item individually inside the array

String[] names = new String[10]

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 Array
 An array is an object must be created (new) before use

int a[];
a = new int[10];
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a[i] = i * i;
for (int j: a)
System.out.print(j + " ");

int b[] = {2, 3, 5, 7};

a = b;
int m, n[];
double[] arr1, arr2;

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Array as argument and return value

int[] myCopy(int[] a)
{
int b[] = new int[a.length];
for (i=0; i<a.length; i++)
b[i] = a[i];
return b;
}
...
int a[] = {0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8};
int b[] = myCopy(a);

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 Multi-dimensional arrays

int a[][];
a = new int[10][20];
a[2][3] = 10;
for (int i=0; i<a[0].length; i++)
a[0][i] = i;
for (int j: a[0])
System.out.print(j + " ");

int b[][] = { {1 , 2}, {3, 4} };

int c[][] = new int[2][];
c[0] = new int[5];
c[1] = new int[10];

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 Array copy
 System.arraycopy(src, s_off, des, d_off, len)
 src: source array, s_off: source array's offset
 des: destination array, d_off: destination array's offset
 len: number of entries to be copied
 Entry’s content is copied
 Primitive value
 Object reference.

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 The Array class
 In the package java.util
 Four static methods
 fill() initializes array entries with one same value
 sort() sorts array
 works with arrays of primitive values
 works with classes that implement Comparable
 equals() compares two arrays
 binarySearch() performs binary search in sorted arrays,
creates logic error if used for unsorted arrays.

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Arrays

Limitations

 Firstly, you need to know exactly the number of items you’re going to be
using in that array while you’re initializing it, which is even before you start
using it
 Once you initialize an array with a specific number you’re not allowed to
add or remove any cells
 i.e., if you try to access an index that doesn’t exists within the bounds of the
array it will show you a runtime error
 e.g., names[100]= “Mike” !!!

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Arrays

Limitations

 Another limitation is when you start filling that array, you’re not allowed to
add any extra items without replacing an existing one

 When you start removing items it create these weird gaps in the array
 and you have to shift items manually to fill those gaps

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 Collections
 Collections are simply a bunch of different classes and
interfaces that Java offers you to use to simplify your dealing with
multiple items of the same type

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 List
 A List in Java is an interface that behaves very similarly to an array
 It’s an ordered collection (also known as a sequence)
 The user of this interface has precise control over where each item is inserted
in the list
 The user can access items by their integer index (position in the list)
 The user can search for items in the list by looping over the items in it

 ArrayList is the most common class that implements the List interface
 It uses an array internally

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ArrayList
 is simply a wrapper around an array
 allows you to initialize this collection variable without specifying the number
of items that you will need in it
 ArrayList names= new ArrayList();
 an array called names is created names

 You could use the add method that exists in the John
ArrayList class to continue to add items without
Biff
worrying about any indices or any array
implementation in the background Kipper

 E.g., names.add(“John”); names.add(“Biff”);

names.add(“Kipper”);

 You can also use the remove method inside the ArrayList class which
would take care of removing the items as well as shifting all the other items
back to reorganizing your indices
 E.g, names.remove(“Biff”);

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 ArrayList…
 It provides really powerful methods that are dealing with the array much
simpler,
 check the link for the full list of methods

 E.g.,
 add(E element): appends the specified element to the end of this list
 add(int index, E element): appends the specified element to the specified
index of this list
 get(int index): returns the element at the specified position in this list
 contains(Object o): returns true if this lists contains the specified element
 remove(int index): removes the element at the specified position in this list
 size(): returns the number of elements in the list
 clear(): clear the entire list

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ArrayList…

Loops
 Just like with arrays, the best way to access each and every element in
an ArrayList is to create a loop and use the loop counter as an index

int size =list.size();

for(int i=0; i<size; i++){
System.out.prinltn(list.get(i));//get element at index “i” and print it
}
 Another type of loop that’s a shorthand for loops
 consists of 2 parts, declaring item variable followed by a colon “ : ” then the
ArrayList variable (or any collection type)

for(String i: list){
System.out.prinltn(i);//get element at index “i” and print it

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ArrayList…

Loops
 Method indexOf(Object o)
 returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list
 or -1 if that element is not contained in the list

 So when we want to search if an object is in the list, instead of using a loop

we can replace it with just one line
 list.indexOf(“Biff”);
 if -1 is returned, then Biff is not in the list

 Check the link for more information in the ArrayList class

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 Stacks
 The stack collection represents a last-in-first out (LIFO) stack of
objects

 Stack class includes these 5 methods

 push(e Item): add an item onto the
top of the stack
 pop(): remove the object at the top of
the stack and return that object

 peek(): returns the object at the top without removing it from the stack
 empty(): checks if this stack is empty
 search(Object o): searches for an object in the stack and returns its
position

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Stack

Example
 An example of when a stack is useful would be
 when developing something like an email system
 once the email server receives a new email, it would add this email to the top
of the stack of emails so that the user will read the latest email first
 E.g.,
Stack newsFeed = new Stack();
newsFeed.push(“Morning news”);
newsFeed.push(“Afternoon news”);
newsFeed.push(“Everning news”);
String breakingNews = (String) newsFeed.pop();
System.out.println(breakingNews);
String moreNews = (String) newsFeed.pop(); System.out.println(moreNews);

What will the code print?

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 Queue interface
 is another common collection type in Java
 unlike Stack, it’s First In First Out (FIFO) data
type
 the first element added to the queue is
the first element to be accessed or
removed
 The Queue is only an interface and not a Class by itself, however, it defines
2 important methods for all classes that do implement the Queue interface
 add(E element): inserts the specified element into the queue
 poll(): retrieve and remove the head of this queue

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Queue interface

Deque interface & LinkedList classes

 Deque is a special type of Queue and is a double-ended queue
 i.e., you can add or remove from either end of a Deque (Front or End)

 Along with 2 Queue methods, a Deque also offers these methods

 addFirst(E element): inserts the specified element at the front of this queue
 addLast(E element): inserts the specified element at the end of this deque
 pollFirst(): retrieves and removes the first element of this queue
 pollLast(): retrieves and removes the last element of this queue

 Java also provides a few classes that implement the Queue interface,
perhaps the most popular of all this is the LinkedList

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Queue interface

Example of LinkedList
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.LinkedList;
Queue orders = new LinkedList();
orders.add(“order1”);
orders.add(“order2”);
orders.add(“order3”);
System.out.print(orders.poll());
System.out.print(orders.poll());
System.out.print(orders.poll());

 What will the above code print?

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Optimization: HashMap
 Optimization
 To use the correct data structure for a variable or collection is
performance

 A single program can be implemented in so many different ways, but only

some will run smoothly and fast enough that users will want to continue
using it

 usually, users consider a program “non-responding” if it takes more than 10

seconds to complete an operation

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 Hashmaps
 Hashmap is a type of collection that was introduced in Java to speed up
the search process in an ArrayList
 In some sense, it’s just another collection of items (String or Integers or
any other Object),
 but the way it stores those items are unique

 Hashmaps allow you to store a key for every item you want to add
 This key has to be unique for the entire list,
 very much like the index of a typical array, except that this key can be any
Object of any Type!

 The point is to be able to find an item in this collection instantly without

having to loop through all the items inside  save the precious run-time

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 Example
 Consider a class called Book which contains every detail about
such book

public class Book{

String title;
String author;
int numberOfPages;
int pulishedYears;
int edition;
String ISBN
}

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 Example: using ArrayList
 If you were to create a Library class that will simulate a virtual library of all the
books that exist in the world,
 you can easily create an ArrayList of Books, and fill it up with all the book
details that you may have
public class Library{
ArrayList<Book> allBooks;
……
}
 Now, to search for a book by its ISBN, you’ll need to create a loop to compare the
ISBN of each book with the one you’re looking for

Book findBookByISBN(String isbn){

for(Book book: allBooks)
if(book.ISBN.equals(isbn))
return book;
}
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 Example: using HashMap
 A more optimal solution is to use a HashMap instead of ArrayLists
 To use HashMap, you need to import it at the every top of your Java file
import java.util.HashMap;

 This is how you declare HashMap

public class Library{
HashMap<String, Book> allBooks;
……
}

 The above declaration means that we are creating a collection of Book with a
key of type String

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 Example: using HashMap…
 To initialize this hash map, use the default constructor like so
 allBooks = new HashMap<String, Book>();

 Then, to add items to the HashMap

 Book takeOfTwoCities = new Book();
 allBooks.put(“1234567”, taleOfTwoCities);
 ……..

 To search for a book using its ISBN This code will use the String
key(ISBN) to find the book
Book findBookByISBN(String isbn){
instantly in the entire collection
Book book = allBooks.get(isbn);
of books leading to a much
return book; better performing java program
}

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 Iterator
 An iterator allows a program to walk through a collection and
remove elements from the collection during the iteration.
 Java Iterator interface
 hasNext()
 next()
 remove()
 Collection classes implement Iterator

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import java.util.*;

public class TestList {

static public void main(String args[])
{
Collection list = new LinkedList();

list.add(3); 3
list.add(2); 2
list.add(1); 1
list.add(0); 0
list.add("go!"); go!

Iterator i = list.iterator();
while (i.hasNext()) {
System.out.println(i.next());
}
}
}

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 Summary
 Wrapper classes make the primitive type data to act as objects
 There are two uses with wrapper classes
 convert simple data types into objects by using a constructor
 convert strings into data types , methods of type parseXXX() are used
 Features of the Java wrapper classes
 convert numeric strings into numeric values
 store primitive data in an object
 valueOf() method is available in all wrapper classes except Character
 all wrapper classes have typeValue() method. This method returns the
value of the object as its primitive type

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 Summary...
 Collection in Java is a framework that provides an architecture to
store and manipulate the group of objects
 Java collections can achieve all the operations that you perform on a
data such as searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation, and
deletion
 Java collection framework provides
 many interfaces such as List, Queue ...
 many classes suh chas Stack, ArrayList, LinkedList, HashMap...
 Understanding how different data structures work in Java will
help you become a great software developer

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